Article(id=1200860515368038510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1397, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1703520000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-26, revisedDate=1705766400000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764237057773, onlineDateStr=2025-11-27, pubDate=1715443200000, pubDateStr=2024-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764237057773, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764237057773, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764237057773, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200860506031518620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1101', pageEnd='1508', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764237055547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764241222263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200877982563824311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200877982563824312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1176, endPage=1185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200860516685050048, articleId=1200860515368038510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Recent advances in analytical techniques for deuterium isotopic purity of deuterated drugs, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Deuterated drugs have been new strategies in drug design and development for advantages in improving pharmacokinetic properties, reducing toxic metabolites, and stabilizing chiral structures over their non-deuterated counterparts. Deuterium isotopic impurities, including isotopologues and isotopomers, are inevitably generated even with state-of-the-art deuteration techniques, which significantly affect the safety and potency of drugs through deuterium kinetic isotope effects. Therefore, deuterium isotopic purity is the most characteristic critical quality attribute of deuterated drugs compared to other drugs. However, it is challenging to separate isotopic mixtures with routine analytical methods, and regulatory agencies have not proposed guidelines for deuterated drugs in terms of analytical techniques and quality control, which presents great analytical challenges for the development of deuterated drugs. This paper reviews the analytical techniques for deuterium isotopic purity of deuterated drugs and discusses the features and scopes of different methods. It aims to provide references for the development and relevant study of deuterated drugs.

, correspAuthors=Yang WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-wen HUANG, Zhong LI, Hui LU, Yang WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200860519784640868, articleId=1200860515368038510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=氘代药物氘同位素纯度检测方法研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

氘代药物相比原型药物因具有改善药动学特性、减少毒性代谢产物、稳定手性结构等优势, 已成为药物设计与开发的新策略。现代氘代合成技术仍不可避免地会生成氘同位素杂质(包括氘同位素异数体和氘同位素异构体), 这些氘同位素杂质通过氘动力学同位素效应显著影响药物的安全性与有效性。因此, 氘同位素纯度是氘代药物相比其他药物最为特征的关键质量属性。然而, 同位素混合物在常规分析方法下难以分离, 且目前尚无药品监管机构制定氘代药物分析检测和质量控制相关的指南, 这使得氘代药物的开发在分析上面临着很大的挑战。本文对目前氘代药物同位素纯度检测技术的研究进展进行了综述, 总结了不同方法的优缺点及应用范围, 以期为氘代药物的开发和相关研究提供参考。

, correspAuthors=吴杨, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*吴杨, E-mail:
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LR-MS: Low-resolution mass spectrometer; HR-MS: High-resolution mass spectrometer; qNMR: Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance; MRR: Molecular rotational resonance; FTIR: Fourier-transform mid infrared spectroscopy; PLS: Partial least squares; LC: Liquid chromatography; GC: Gas chromatography , figureFileSmall=XRufsuQC/B8e3Jk5n25EvA==, figureFileBig=bVQz6M8uVDmeMjdIOB7rTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106660652704029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860515368038510, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=S1qgSVEVYlHClVT9bNgaIg==, figureFileBig=Bj4SPU5goBjmzPhlAaE7cQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106660833059108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860515368038510, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Contribution of natural isotopes to the observed intensity of a dideuterated compound (D<sub>2</sub>) sample with isotopic impurities of undeuterated (D<sub>0</sub>) and monodeuterated (D<sub>1</sub>) molecules. The left side spectra show the individual spectra for the pure isotopologues: D<sub>0</sub> (red), D<sub>1</sub> (yellow), and D<sub>2</sub> (green). Each pure isotopologue also consists of natural isotopologues that are 1, 2, or 3 mass heavier than the nominal mass and are defined as D<sub>0(1)</sub>, D<sub>0(2)</sub>, D<sub>0(3)</sub>, D<sub>1(1)</sub>, D<sub>1(2)</sub>, D<sub>1(3)</sub>, D<sub>2(1)</sub>, D<sub>2(2)</sub>, D<sub>2(3)</sub>, respectively. The right side panel shows the observed intensity formed by the mixture of the three isotopologues. M is indexed to the nominal mass of D<sub>0</sub> , figureFileSmall=S1qgSVEVYlHClVT9bNgaIg==, figureFileBig=Bj4SPU5goBjmzPhlAaE7cQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106661030191414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860515368038510, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MethodPrincipleStrengthWeaknessTypical application
LR-MSIsotopologues ions with different m/z valuesSimple pretreatment; accurate, sensitiveComplicated corrections for natural isotope abundance; inapplicable for isotopomersDonafenib (D3); higenamine (D4); levofloxacin (D3); ractopamine (D6)
HR-MSSeparating isotopologues ions from close interference ionsNo correction required; rapid determination; accurate, sensitiveSpecific requirements of accuracy and resolution of instruments; inapplicable for isotopomersTretoquinol (D9); sarafloxacin (D8); enrofloxacin (D5); lomefloxacin (D5)
qNMRResidual 1H signals of isotopic impuritiesAccurate determination of site and extent of deuterium incorporationIsotopologues cannot be quantified individually in most casesVerapamil (D4); tamsulosin (D4); eplerenone (D3); clopidogrel (D3)
MRRSpecific transitions between rotational energy level of isotopic impuritiesApplicable for both isotopologues and isotopomersLimits in commercialization and costsAcetone (D6); methanol (D3); acetonitrile (D3)
FTIR+PLSSpecific transitions between vibrational energy levelRapid, nondestructive and low-costDependent on methods established in advanceMethylamine (D3)
LC/GCChromatographic isotope effectsDirect separation and determinationNot general, few casesUlipristal (D6); aldehyde (D3); amphetamine (D5)
), ArticleFig(id=1201106661357347140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860515368038510, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Principles, strengths, weaknesses, and typical applications of main analytical techniques

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MethodPrincipleStrengthWeaknessTypical application
LR-MSIsotopologues ions with different m/z valuesSimple pretreatment; accurate, sensitiveComplicated corrections for natural isotope abundance; inapplicable for isotopomersDonafenib (D3); higenamine (D4); levofloxacin (D3); ractopamine (D6)
HR-MSSeparating isotopologues ions from close interference ionsNo correction required; rapid determination; accurate, sensitiveSpecific requirements of accuracy and resolution of instruments; inapplicable for isotopomersTretoquinol (D9); sarafloxacin (D8); enrofloxacin (D5); lomefloxacin (D5)
qNMRResidual 1H signals of isotopic impuritiesAccurate determination of site and extent of deuterium incorporationIsotopologues cannot be quantified individually in most casesVerapamil (D4); tamsulosin (D4); eplerenone (D3); clopidogrel (D3)
MRRSpecific transitions between rotational energy level of isotopic impuritiesApplicable for both isotopologues and isotopomersLimits in commercialization and costsAcetone (D6); methanol (D3); acetonitrile (D3)
FTIR+PLSSpecific transitions between vibrational energy levelRapid, nondestructive and low-costDependent on methods established in advanceMethylamine (D3)
LC/GCChromatographic isotope effectsDirect separation and determinationNot general, few casesUlipristal (D6); aldehyde (D3); amphetamine (D5)
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氘代药物氘同位素纯度检测方法研究进展
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黄逸文 1 , 李忠 2 , 鲁辉 1 , 吴杨 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(5): 1176-1185
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(5): 1176-1185
氘代药物氘同位素纯度检测方法研究进展
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黄逸文1, 李忠2, 鲁辉1, 吴杨1, *
作者信息
  • 1.苏州市药品检验检测研究中心, 江苏 苏州 215104
  • 2.烟台药物研究所, 烟台市纳米药物与高端制剂重点实验室, 山东 烟台 264000

通讯作者:

*吴杨, E-mail:
Recent advances in analytical techniques for deuterium isotopic purity of deuterated drugs
Yi-wen HUANG1, Zhong LI2, Hui LU1, Yang WU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Suzhou Institute for Drug Control, Suzhou 215104, China
  • 2. Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China
出版时间: 2024-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1397
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氘代药物相比原型药物因具有改善药动学特性、减少毒性代谢产物、稳定手性结构等优势, 已成为药物设计与开发的新策略。现代氘代合成技术仍不可避免地会生成氘同位素杂质(包括氘同位素异数体和氘同位素异构体), 这些氘同位素杂质通过氘动力学同位素效应显著影响药物的安全性与有效性。因此, 氘同位素纯度是氘代药物相比其他药物最为特征的关键质量属性。然而, 同位素混合物在常规分析方法下难以分离, 且目前尚无药品监管机构制定氘代药物分析检测和质量控制相关的指南, 这使得氘代药物的开发在分析上面临着很大的挑战。本文对目前氘代药物同位素纯度检测技术的研究进展进行了综述, 总结了不同方法的优缺点及应用范围, 以期为氘代药物的开发和相关研究提供参考。

氘代药物  /  氘同位素纯度  /  氘代率  /  质谱法  /  定量核磁共振波谱法  /  分子转动共振波谱法

Deuterated drugs have been new strategies in drug design and development for advantages in improving pharmacokinetic properties, reducing toxic metabolites, and stabilizing chiral structures over their non-deuterated counterparts. Deuterium isotopic impurities, including isotopologues and isotopomers, are inevitably generated even with state-of-the-art deuteration techniques, which significantly affect the safety and potency of drugs through deuterium kinetic isotope effects. Therefore, deuterium isotopic purity is the most characteristic critical quality attribute of deuterated drugs compared to other drugs. However, it is challenging to separate isotopic mixtures with routine analytical methods, and regulatory agencies have not proposed guidelines for deuterated drugs in terms of analytical techniques and quality control, which presents great analytical challenges for the development of deuterated drugs. This paper reviews the analytical techniques for deuterium isotopic purity of deuterated drugs and discusses the features and scopes of different methods. It aims to provide references for the development and relevant study of deuterated drugs.

deuterated drug  /  deuterium isotopic purity  /  degree of deuterium incorporation  /  mass spectrometry  /  quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance  /  molecular rotational resonance
黄逸文, 李忠, 鲁辉, 吴杨. 氘代药物氘同位素纯度检测方法研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (5) : 1176 -1185 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1397
Yi-wen HUANG, Zhong LI, Hui LU, Yang WU. Recent advances in analytical techniques for deuterium isotopic purity of deuterated drugs[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (5) : 1176 -1185 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1397
氘代药物是将原药物分子上处于特定代谢部位的1个或多个氢原子(1H) 用氘原子(D) 替代所获得的药物分子。由于D的原子质量是1H的2倍, 相比C-1H键, C-D键振动频率更低, 基态能量更低, 代谢过程中键断裂所需活化能更高, 反应速率常数更低, 这称为氘动力学同位素效应(deuterium kinetic isotope effect, DKIE)。相比于D修饰前的药物分子, 氘代药物可通过DKIE改善药代动力学特性、减少毒性代谢产物、增加生物活性、稳定分子手性结构[1-3]。自2017年全球首个氘代药物—氘代丁苯那嗪片获FDA批准上市以来, 氘代药物越来越成为药物设计与开发的新策略和新选择[4-6]
近年来氘代合成技术的发展极大地推动了氘代药物的开发, 目前氘代药物的合成策略主要分为从商业化的氘代试剂(氘代合成砌块) 出发, 经多步反应制备的氘池合成法; 以及在催化剂和氘源作用下, 通过还原氘化、卤素-氘交换或氢-氘交换等反应直接对原型药物或后期合成中间体进行氘代修饰的同位素交换法[7-9]。这些合成技术仍不可避免地会生成氘同位素杂质, 这些同位素杂质可分为氘代位点相同但取代数量不同的同位素异数体(isotopologues, 图 1A) 和氘取代数量相同但取代位点不同的同位素异构体(isotopomers, 图 1B)[10, 11]。这些氘同位素杂质通过DKIE显著影响药物的安全性与有效性, 因此氘代药物的氘同位素纯度是氘代药物相比其他药物最为特征的关键质量属性, 其常表示为氘同位素分子百分数和目标修饰位点的D原子百分数, 后者也称为氘代率或氘同位素丰度。
由于氘代药物与氘同位素杂质, 包括原型药物, 在理化性质上极为相似, 通常无法对它们进行分离测定[1, 10]。目前国际上尚无药品监管机构制定了相关的指南为氘代药物同位素纯度的分析检测和质量控制提供建议, 这使得氘代药物的开发在分析上面临着很大挑战。Li等[12]综述了氘代药物分析检测技术的研究进展, 但主要介绍的是氘代药物及其体内代谢产物的定性及定量分析, 依旧未对氘代药物同位素纯度的检测方法进行阐述。
D和1H的原子质量不同、自旋核不同, C-D和C-1H键的振动、转动频率不同, 针对这些特征, 目前已发展了多种方法用于氘代药物中氘同位素杂质以及氘代率的检测。本文主要从质谱/色谱质谱联用法、定量核磁共振波谱法(quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance, qNMR)、分子转动共振波谱法(molecular rotational resonance, MRR)、傅里叶变换中红外光谱法(Fourier-transform mid infrared spectroscopy, FTIR)、色谱法等方面对氘代药物同位素纯度检测技术的研究进展进行综述(图 2), 分析其原理、优缺点及应用范围(表 1), 以期为氘代药物合成反应的监测与优化、质量控制、稳定性研究等相关研究提供参考。由于氘代药物合成中前体化合物的氘同位素纯度对氘代药物的纯度产生直接和广泛的影响, 因此这些氘代前体化合物的同位素纯度检测方法也在本文的论述范围内。
气体同位素比质谱法(isotope ratio mass spectrometry, IRMS) 是一种测定稳定同位素比值的方法, 如D/1H、13C/12C、15N/14N等。该方法首先将各种类型的样品对应的目标元素通过不同的前处理转化为气体, 如H2、CO2、N2等, 接着通过电子轰击离子源(EI) 将气体分子离子化, 记录不同质荷比(m/z) 的信号强度, 最后代入同位素丰度计算公式以获得样品中目标元素同位素比值的信息。对于D/1H比的测定, 该方法需要复杂的前处理将样品对应的D/1H转化为可用于IRMS法分析的气体, 因此通常只用于氘代药物合成的小分子氘源, 如重水(D2O) 等同位素纯度的测定。如Xie等[13]通过轻金属镁条在200 ℃条件下将D2O转化成氘气, 再引入IRMS仪检测m/z强度, 代入推导出的计算公式计算氘同位素丰度; 并通过精确地配制高、中、低不同氘同位素丰度的D2O样品对方法的准确度进行了验证。Perini等[14]通过热裂解器将香草醛转化为H2后, 通过IRMS法测定了D/1H比。
相比传统的IRMS法, 目前最常用的质谱检测方法是通过流动注射进样(flow injection analysis, FIA) 或与液相/气相色谱联用从色谱柱引入样品后直接对氘代药物进行质谱分析。由于D和1H原子质量不同, 氘代药物与各氘同位素异数体的m/z不同, 可通过全扫模式(full scan) 记录不同m/z的质谱峰强度, 或通过选择离子监测模式(SIM), 提取不同m/z的色谱峰面积。在理想情况下, 可根据各氘同位素化合物的分子离子或准分子离子峰的质谱峰强度或色谱峰面积的观测值, 分别按公式(1) 和公式(2) 直接计算各氘同位素化合物的摩尔分数和氘代率, 从而表征氘代药物的同位素纯度。
$ {X}_{i}=\frac{{A}_{i}}{{\sum }_{i=0}^{n}{A}_{i}} $
$ \mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{\%}\mathrm{D}={\sum }_{i=0}^{n}\frac{i\times {X}_{i}}{n} $
式中, i表示氘代位点氘取代数量, AiXi分别表示为氘取代数量为i的化合物的响应值和摩尔分数, n表示氘代位点最大氘取代数量, atom% D表示氘代率或氘同位素丰度。
然而, 组成这些氘化合物的元素均存在天然丰度的重同位素, 如D/1H、13C/12C、15N/14N、37Cl/35Cl等, 因此低分辨质谱法所观测到的各氘化合物的响应值实际是由人工氘标记化合物和天然丰度的重同位素化合物共同组成的重叠信号(图 3)。因此需要对观测值进行校正, 以扣除由13C等其他元素以及非氘代位点上的D等天然重同位素引起的天然同位素化合物的贡献值。最终将校正后的响应值分别按公式(1) 和公式(2) 计算各氘同位素化合物的摩尔分数和氘代率。
在低分辨质谱分析时, 通常以每个同位素异数体(未标记、不同程度标记化合物) 各自的天然同位素丰度比作为校正参数对稳定同位素标记化合物观测值中天然同位素的贡献值进行扣除[15]。由于未标记、不同程度标记化合物的天然同位素丰度比各不相同, 因此校正过程中涉及多个不同的校正参数, 计算过程较为复杂。这种情况主要用于以13C标记化合物为示踪剂的代谢流分析中。对于氘标记化合物, 由于D的天然丰度很低, 因此每个氘同位素异数体各自的天然同位素丰度比基本相同[16]。因此, 可采用近似化处理, 用未氘代化合物的天然同位素丰度比作为统一的校正参数[17-22]
未氘代化合物的天然同位素丰度比可通过未氘代化合物对照品实测值、根据分子式通过ChemDraw或同位素分布计算器计算、依据多项式分布推导3种方式获得, 结果应一致。依据确定的校正参数, 可通过3种计算方法对观测值进行校正, 分别为质量簇计算法[17-21]、逐步校正法[22]、商业软件计算法[23-25]
质量簇计算法是由校正矩阵法[15]转换而来。首先对未氘代化合物的天然同位素丰度比进行归一化处理, 然后对各氘同位素异数体的摩尔分数和对应的响应观测值联立方程组, 通过对方程组求解直接获得各氘化合物的摩尔分数, 进一步按公式(2) 计算氘代率, 从而表征氘代药物的同位素纯度。如Liu等[17]采用质量簇法测定了氘代盐酸莱克多巴胺(D6) 中氘同位素异数体杂质的摩尔百分数和氘代率; Han等[18]采用质量簇法测定了氘代去甲乌药碱(D4) 的氘代率。
逐步校正法是从未氘代杂质的响应值开始, 依次对各氘同位素异素体响应的观测值进行校正, 得到校正后的响应值, 再分别按公式(1) 和公式(2) 计算得各氘化合物的摩尔分数和氘代率。与质量簇法联立方程组相比, 逐步校正法的计算过程更为直观, 但两者在计算原理上无本质区别, 计算结果一致。如本课题组[22]开发了液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS) 法, 通过SIM模式和逐步校正法对我国自主研发的1类创新药, 也是国产首个获批上市的氘代药物—甲苯磺酸多纳非尼(D3) 的氘同位素纯度进行了表征; 并采用未氘代杂质对照品对天然同位素分布、氘同位素杂质与氘代药物的摩尔相对响应因子、基质效应等进行了验证。
质量簇法和逐步校正法都需要较为复杂的人工计算, 氘代药物的D取代数目越多, 理论上同位素异素体杂质种类就越多, 计算过程就越复杂, 因此一些自动计算软件应运而生。Gruber等[23]设计了基于Excel电子表格的IsoPat2程序, 可自动对氘同位素混合物的观测值进行去卷积, 并计算相应的摩尔分数和氘代率, 并成功应用于氢-氘交换反应的监测。Barakzai等[24]采用C语言编写了NAIC程序, 该程序采用了基于C++ Builder 6.0环境和VCL库的图形用户界面, 用户通过该界面输入原始质谱数据、未氘代化合物的天然同位素丰度比, 即可自动校正并输出相应的摩尔分数; 通过输入最大可氘代原子数即可自动输出氘代率。Du等[25]开发了基于质谱分辨率的自动校正软件ElemCor, 进一步考虑了质谱分辨率对校正过程的影响。
低分辨质谱法是目前测定氘同位素纯度最常用的方法, 其检测结果的准确性受很多参数的影响。有研究表明通过色谱质谱联用技术采用SIM模式采集色谱数据测定同位素纯度相比采用Full Scan模式采集质谱数据测定同位素纯度, 前者灵敏度、精密度、准确度明显更高, SIM模式下的测定结果与理论计算值更为接近[26]。当选择Full Scan模式采集质谱数据测定同位素纯度时, 通过FIA引入样品相比从色谱柱引入样品得到的质谱信号更稳定, 重现性更好; 后者在色谱峰的前沿、中部、拖尾处等不同位置以及选择不同的质谱图数量得到的m/z分布有较大差异[27]。高样品浓度有利于提高检测准确度, 通常选择质谱仪线性范围内的最高浓度[16, 27]。González-Antuña等[28]总结了质谱法测定同位素丰度时引起测量误差的各种因素, 包括离子信号线性、质谱谱图准确度、分辨率、干扰离子(尤其是EI源下的失氢碎片)、样品浓度等; 提出了评估同位素丰度测量不确定度的通用方法, 并应用于氘代克伦特罗(D9) 和氘代对特辛基苯酚(D2)。Kuehl等[29]也阐述了质谱的谱图准确度在同位素丰度测量中的作用。
高分辨质谱法(high resolution mass spectrometer, HRMS) 可以准确分辨与各氘同位素异数体m/z相近的由13C等其他元素引起的天然同位素化合物, 因此在氘同位素纯度的测定中有着无需校正、直接测定、快速计算的优势, 但对方法的质量准确度、分辨率都提出了较高的要求。
当药物分子的1个1H被D取代, m/z的增量∆m/z (D-1H) 为1.006 27, 而由干扰最大的13C (天然丰度高, 分子中原子数目多) 引起的∆m/z (13C-12C) 为1.003 35, 两者差值为0.002 92。其他丰度较高的可能的干扰原子还包括37Cl、79Br, 相应的∆m/z分别为1.997 05、1.997 94, 而2个1H被D取代后的∆m/z (2D-21H) 为2.012 54, 两者的差值分别为0.015 49、0.014 60。由此可见, 与氘同位素化合物m/z最接近的干扰离子主要来自13C化合物, m/z最小绝对偏差为0.002 92, 最小相对偏差(10-6) 为0.002 92/M×106, 其中M为氘代药物分子离子或准分子离子峰的m/z
因此, Tian等[30]提出HRMS法直接测定氘同位素化合物时对质量准确度的要求, 即仪器质量偏差和测量允许偏差(10-6)均应 < 0.002 92/M×106。并通过FIA进样, 采用Q-Orbitrap HRMS法对10种氘代β-受体激动剂的氘同位素纯度进行测定; 同时将HRMS法与基于低分辨质谱的质量簇计算法进行比较, 结果表明HRMS法灵敏度更高, 检测结果更加准确。Zhang等[31]在此基础上进一步完善了对质谱分辨率的要求, 即半峰宽 < 0.002 92/2, 分辨率 > 2M/0.002 92。并在满足质量准确度和分辨率的前提下, 分别采用HRMS法采集质谱峰强度和LC-HRMS法采集色谱峰面积2种方法计算氘代恩诺沙星(D5)、氘代洛美沙星(D5)、氘代沙氟沙星(D8) 的氘同位素纯度, 结果两种HRMS法测定结果一致, 且与标准品证书标示值一致。此外, 该研究进一步将HRMS法用于监测氢-氘交换反应中产物同位素纯度的动态变化。HRMS法因简单、快速、灵敏, 已被广泛用于同位素交换反应研究中产物同位素纯度的快速测定[32-34]
质谱法是测定氘同位素异数体的常用手段, 但在识别氘代位点以及检测氘同位素异构体方面存在不足。qNMR法因可以准确识别氘取代位置且可同时实现定量目的, 成为了同位素纯度测定的有力工具。首先需要获得未氘代化合物的1H NMR信息并准确归属, 通过与氘代化合物的1H NMR对比即可确定氘代位点。通过对氘代位点化学位移处残留1H信号的裂分情况可进一步判断氘同位素杂质的种类, 并通过对残留1H信号的积分计算氘同位素杂质的含量。
1H qNMR内标法采用结构、含量已知的标准物质作为内标物, 与氘代药物制成混合溶液同时测定, 通过内标物定量峰与氘代药物中同位素杂质残留1H峰的强度比计算同位素杂质的绝对含量。如Wang等[35]以丁二酸酐为内标物采用1H qNMR内标法测定了氘代氯吡格雷(D3) 中未氘代杂质(D0) 的含量。Lu等[36]以马来酸为内标物测定了甲苯磺酸多纳非尼(D3) 中未氘代杂质(D0) 的含量。Chang等[37]以1,3,5-三甲基苯为内标物测定了氘代维拉帕米(D4) 的氘代率。还有研究以对苯二甲酸二甲酯为内标物分别测定了氘代药物常用合成砌块—氘代碘甲烷(D3) 中的二氘代杂质(D2)[38], 以及氘代苯(D6) 中的苯(D0)[39]
1H qNMR外标法以已知纯度的氘同位素化合物为对照品, 分别测定对照品和氘代药物样品中定量峰的信号强度, 并根据比值计算氘代率。如Deng等[40]以准确标定的氘代氯仿为对照品, 采用1H qNMR外标法测定了氘代氯仿样品的氘代率。Zhang等[41]以未氘代化合物为对照品, 测定了一种合成氘代药物的关键中间体—氘代苯偶姻的氘代率。由于对照品较难获得, 且NMR信号在不同测量实验下重现性差[42], 这种方法较少使用。
以上定量方法是将杂质定量峰以某一种氘同位素杂质的形式用于计算氘代分子中同位素杂质的绝对含量, 对于单氘代药物(D1) 可准确测定其中的未氘代杂质(D0)。但对于多氘代药物(Dn), 残留1H信号是由各同位素杂质共同组成的重叠信号, 无法区分和单独定量, 因此这种定量方法是依据残留1H信号的裂分情况, 用主要的同位素杂质代替全部的同位素杂质而进行的近似处理。为此, 有研究[22, 43]提出以氘代药物分子其他位点的1H信号作为自身对照, 依据氘代位点与该位点质子数的化学计量学比和积分值比, 直接计算残留的1H百分比, 继而计算氘代率[公式(3)]。这种相对定量法无需任何内标或外标物, 无需准确称量, 可准确计算氘代率, 但不能单独计算各氘化合物的具体含量。
$ \mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{\%}\mathrm{D}=1-\frac{{I}_{x}/{I}_{s}}{{N}_{x}/{N}_{s}} $
式中, IxIs分别表示氘代位点和自身对照位点1H信号的积分值, NxNs分别表示氘代位点和自身对照位点质子数, atom% D表示氘代率。
1H qNMR因自身灵敏度较低、较大分子量的化合物定量限较高、待测峰信噪比要求较高(> 250) 等因素[44], 在测定氘代药物中痕量的同位素杂质时, 灵敏度不如质谱法; 且对多氘代药物中同位素杂质的定量是一种近似处理。为此, 又发展了1H qNMR法与质谱法相结合的分析策略, 相互佐证, 互为补充, 共同表征氘代药物的氘代位置和氘同位素纯度。如本课题组[22]采用LC-MS法和1H NMR相对定量法2种方法测定了甲苯磺酸多纳非尼(D3) 的氘代率, 结果基本一致。Kumar等[45]通过HRMS法和1H NMR法相结合同时表征了氘代依普利酮(D3)、氘代坦索罗辛(D4)、氘代奥昔布宁(D5)、氘代普罗帕酮(D7) 等氘代药物的氘代位点及同位素纯度, 且两种方法测定的同位素纯度基本一致。Li等[46]分别将HRMS法和1H NMR法应用于高氘代率(> 95%) 和低氘代率(< 95%) 药物的氘代率测定。
MRR也称傅里叶变换微波波谱, 是一种通过分子在气相中的纯转动能级跃迁来表征化合物的光谱技术。由于分子的转动能级取决于三维空间上的质量分布, 因此MRR法适用于结构高度相似的混合物的直接测定, 如非对映异构体、区域异构体等, 都可以通过其分子转动能级的差异获得很多高度特异的谱线, 并根据谱线强度计算各化合物的含量[47]。因此, MRR法在检测质谱法和qNMR法难以区分的氘同位素异构体中显示出独特的优势。
MRR法分为宽带测量和窄带测量两种类型, 常先使用宽带MRR法对样品进行预扫描, 再使用窄带MRR法对特定区域进行高分辨率扫描。如Vang等[48]采用MRR法对芳基烯烃的氘化产物的同位素纯度进行测定, 首先采用宽带MRR法扫描分析各氘同位素杂质的特征谱线, 然后依据特征谱线采用灵敏度更高、测量时间更短、样品消耗量很低的窄带MRR法测定各氘同位素杂质的相对含量。其根据测定结果对1H NMR中特定位点1H的积分计算值和实际值进行比较, 从而间接验证了MRR法的准确性。
常规MRR法无法对由D引入而产生的氘同位素对映异构体(enantio-isotopomers) 直接区分和测定。为此, Mills等[49]开发了“手性标记”的宽带MRR法, 通过向载气中添加少量已知构型的手性分子对待测物进行非共价衍生化, 产生可被MRR区分的氘同位素非对映异构体, 从而实现了对氘同位素对映异构体的测定。Sonstrom等[50]基于相同的衍生化原理, 进一步开发了窄带MRR法对6对氘同位素对映异构体实现了高通量的快速测定。
与质谱法类似, MRR法可与色谱联用进一步提高选择性, 并通过提取分子色谱模式(extracted molecule chromatogram, EMC) 记录各同位素化合物的色谱峰面积, 如Armstrong等[51]建立了气相色谱-MRR法对5个化合物的24个同位素异数体和同位素异构体进行了同时测定。然而MRR设备商业化程度低, 检测成本高, 因此限制了这项技术的推广使用。
上述检测方法需要较为昂贵的仪器, 在从事日常批检验放行的质量控制(QC) 实验室通常不具备条件。FTIR法通过激发分子的振动能级跃迁而获得化合物的特征吸收光谱。由于分子的振动频率取决于与化学键相关的原子质量, 因此C-D键和C-1H键因振动频率不同而在FTIR中吸收不同波长的中红外辐射, 从而使得FTIR对氘同位素化合物的定量成为可能。
由于多组分体系中红外特征峰交错重叠, FTIR法定量常采用多元校正法。通过制备一系列的校正集及验证集混合样品, 以前期已验证过的其他定量法的测定结果作为参照值, 采用偏最小二乘法(partial least squares, PLS) 建立定量校正模型, 并考察多元散射校正、求导等不同光谱预处理方式、主成分数、建模波段对模型性能和预测效果的影响, 以获得最佳定量模型测定各待测物的含量。如Marriott等[52]以LC-MS法检测数据为参照值, 采用FTIR技术结合PLS, 建立了化学计量学模型用于测定氘代甲胺(D3) 中氘同位素异数体杂质(D0、D1、D2) 的含量, 并对方法进行了验证。3个杂质的定量限均为0.3%, 回收率为85.7%~116.7%。快速无损的FITR法很适合产品在QC实验室的检测放行, 但定量模型的建立需要事先开发其他检测方法作为参照。
正如前文所述, 氘代药物与氘同位素杂质在理化性质上极为相似, 因此在大多数情况下色谱方法无法分离测定。然而D与1H质量上的差异除了引发C-D/1H键的DIKE外, 有时也会使得化合物在色谱保留上呈现差异, 这称为氘色谱同位素效应(chromatographic isotope effect, CIE)。引发CIE的根本原因在于D与1H的质量差异使得C-D键相比C-1H键更短, 键能更强, 因此不同氘同位素异数体具有一些不同的物理性质, 如摩尔体积、亲脂性、极化率、蒸气压等[53, 54]; 此外氘代位置不同的氘同位素异构体也会引发CIE[54, 55], 这为氘代药物与氘同位素杂质在色谱上的分离测定提供了理论基础。
Beni等[56]以核壳柱Accucore C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.6 μm)为色谱柱, 建立了反相液相色谱法对氘代醋酸乌利司他(D6)、D3、D1、D0四种同位素异数体进行分离, 其中D6与D3实现了基线分离, 但在其他色谱柱上均不能重现。研究者推测是由于色谱柱的独特性能以及N-(CH3)2位点的高氘代使得化合物的pKa值产生了相对显著的差异。Kanao等[57]开发了以C70富勒烯键合的整体柱为色谱柱, 极性溶剂甲醇为流动相的毛细管液相色谱系统, 利用氘代芳香化合物与极性流动相有更强的OH-π相互作用以及未氘代化合物与C70固定相有更强的CH-π相互作用对氘代菲(D10)/菲实现了基线分离。
Schmarr等[58]采用以二乙烯基苯乙二醇/二甲基丙烯酸酯为固定相的多孔层开口毛细管柱对氘代乙醛(D3)/乙醛和氘代甲醇(D3)/甲醇实现了分离测定, 分离度约为1.0。Thakur等[54]采用12种气相色谱柱, 对氘代安非他命(D5)/安非他命等16对药物以及氘代甲醇(D3)/甲醇等31对小分子化合物的色谱分离方法进行了开发与优化, 实现了部分或完全分离; 其研究表明氘同位素化合物的分离仍然适用“相似相溶原理”, 并总结了氘同位素化合物在不同固定相中洗脱顺序的基本规律; 总体而言, 基于苯基含量20%的聚二甲基硅氧烷固定相的SPB-20、离子液体固定相的IL111i、聚亚烷基二醇固定性的PAG三种色谱柱对氘同位素化合物的分离性能最佳。
虽然采用色谱法对氘同位素化合物直接分离是测定同位素纯度最为简便的方法, 但目前主要用于低分子量、特殊氘代位点及高取代数量差异的氘同位素化合物的分离, 且较少实现完全分离。通过色谱法同时分离氘代药物中彼此间仅差1个氘取代数量的同位素异数体以及取代数量相同的同位素异构体在目前仍然非常具有挑战性。
此外, CIE引起的同位素化合物在色谱保留时间上的微小差异也解释了“1.2.5”项所述在色谱峰的不同位置处m/z分布有较大差异, 在选择质谱数据时常常会导致检测结果的误差, 因此选择质谱数据时可覆盖整个色谱峰后进行平均, 或采用FIA的进样方式, 以减少测量误差; 保留时间的差异在质谱法中有时也会造成不同的离子化环境[59, 60], 从而影响化合物响应的一致性, 此时有必要对摩尔相对响应因子进行验证。
氘代药物的氘同位素纯度是氘代药物相比其他药物最为特征的关键质量属性, 由于氘代药物与同位素杂质在理化性质上极为相似, 通常无法分离测定, 这使得氘代药物的开发在分析上面临着很大的挑战。国际药物开发创新与质量联盟近期成立了一个专门工作组, 以期为氘代药物同位素纯度的分析方法、可接受限度、稳定性研究等方面提供可行的建议和指南[10]
在目前已报道的方法中, 传统的IRMS法需要高温燃烧将样品对应的D/1H转化为气体, 通常只用于小分子氘源的氘代率测定。低分辨质谱法样品处理简单、灵敏度高、测定结果准确, 已广泛用于氘代药物和前体氘化合物中各同位素杂质以及氘代率的测定, 但该方法需要较为复杂的校正计算以扣除天然重同位素的干扰, 且氘取代数量越多, 校正过程越复杂, 目前已有一些开源的商业软件可代替人工计算。高分辨质谱法则有着无需校正、直接测定、快速计算的优势, 已广泛用于氘代药物的反应监测, 但对质谱仪的质量准确度、分辨率有着很高的要求。qNMR法是目前测定氘同位素纯度的另一种常用方法, 可以准确识别氘代位点, 且同时实现定量的目的, 尤其是利用自身对照法可快速、准确测定氘代位点的氘代率, 但相比质谱法灵敏度较低, 且对多氘代药物中的同位素杂质无法单独定量。MRR法因其高分辨率和对分子结构微小差异的高选择性, 在检测质谱法和qNMR法难以区分的氘同位素异构体中显示出独特的优势, 但目前尚未商业化。虽然已有一些通过色谱法直接分离氘同位素化合物的研究报道, 但对氘代药物中的氘同位素杂质进行分离测定在目前仍然非常具有挑战性。
随着氘代药物质量设计的提高, 多种分析技术联合, 尤其是HRMS法与qNMR法的联合测定, 将是未来氘代药物及其前体氘化合物同位素纯度表征的趋势, 而用于实时监测的过程分析技术将是其未来发展的需求和重点。随着MRR技术的推广和仪器小型化, 在氘代药物的研发阶段也展现出良好的应用前景。FTIR作为一种快速无损、使用广泛的光谱技术, 可采用研发阶段的测定方法作为参照值建立定量模型, 很适合氘代药物获批上市后在QC实验室的检测放行。
此外, 从文献报道的氘代药物或氘代化合物的同位素杂质测定结果来看, 主要以比目标氘取代数量少1个D的不完全氘代杂质(Dn-1) 为主, 因此在工艺优化、毒理学评价、质量控制、稳定性研究中应给予更多的关注。
作者贡献: 黄逸文负责文献检索及综述撰写; 李忠、鲁辉负责文章修改; 吴杨负责文章的思路指导和框架搭建。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明无任何利益冲突。
  • 国家药品标准制修订研究课题(2022Y09)
  • 江苏省市场监督管理局科技计划项目资助(KJ2024084)
  • 苏州市科技计划项目(SKYD2023165)
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2024年第59卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1397
  • 接收时间:2023-12-26
  • 首发时间:2025-11-27
  • 出版时间:2024-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-26
  • 修回日期:2024-01-21
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国家药品标准制修订研究课题(2022Y09)
江苏省市场监督管理局科技计划项目资助(KJ2024084)
苏州市科技计划项目(SKYD2023165)
作者信息
    1.苏州市药品检验检测研究中心, 江苏 苏州 215104
    2.烟台药物研究所, 烟台市纳米药物与高端制剂重点实验室, 山东 烟台 264000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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