Article(id=1200860511274398699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1694448000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-12, revisedDate=1700582400000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764237056796, onlineDateStr=2025-11-27, pubDate=1715443200000, pubDateStr=2024-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764237056796, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764237056796, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764237056796, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200860506031518620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1101', pageEnd='1508', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764237055547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764241222263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200877982563824311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200877982563824312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1391, endPage=1398, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200860511962264574, articleId=1200860511274398699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanistic modeling for cation exchange chromatography process of trastuzumab and its application, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cation exchange chromatography, as a commonly used separation and purification technique in biopharmaceutical manufacturing, is often employed for downstream processes to separate target monoclonal antibodies from their charge variants. For samples with complex and poorly resolved charge variant profiles, the collection solely based on ultraviolet detection does not provide specific compositional information for individual charge variants, making it challenging to determine the range of pooled fractions directly. Subsequent laborious fractionation analysis is then required to guide collection according to production requirements. A mechanistic model for the cation exchange chromatography process of the target monoclonal antibody's critical components was established, and it was employed to assist in product collection. The model accurately predicted the elution peak shapes of the modeled variants, with a root mean square error between predicted and actual values below 0.009. In comparison to the online ultraviolet-based collection method, the model-assisted collection method not only visualized the chromatographic process but also increased the relative productivity by fourfold while ensuring compliance rate.

, correspAuthors=Hai-bin QU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Le-yi LI, Xu YAN, Jing-yu JIAO, Dan GAO, Dong GAO, Hai-bin QU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200860515699388549, articleId=1200860511274398699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=曲妥珠单抗阳离子交换色谱过程机理模型建立及其应用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

阳离子交换色谱作为一种常用的生物制药分离和纯化技术, 常用于单抗的下游生产过程以分离电荷异质体。对于电荷异质体种类复杂、分离度低的样品, 基于紫外数据的收集方式无法明确各异质体的组成, 因此无法直接确定合并范围, 仍需进行繁琐的馏分分析来指导产品收集。本文对目标单抗关键组分的阳离子交换色谱过程建立机理模型, 并辅助于产品收集。该模型可以准确预测电荷异质体的洗脱峰形状, 且真实值与预测值的均方根误差小于0.009。与基于在线紫外的收集方式相比, 模型辅助收集方式不仅能够可视化洗脱过程, 并且在保证产品合格率的情况下可提高相对产率4倍。

, correspAuthors=瞿海斌, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*瞿海斌, Tel: 86-571-88208428, E-mail:
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The diffusion of electrolytes in a cation-exchange resin membrane Ⅰ. Theoretical [J]. Proc R Soc Lond A Math Phys Sci, 1955, 232: 498-509., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1201106674422604733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860511274398699, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Heymann W, Glaser J, Schlegel F, et al. Advanced score system and automated search strategies for parameter estimation in mechanistic chromatography modeling [J]. 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AKTA: Protein purification apparatus; Time_M: Time point for the merged fractions determined based on model prediction; Time_UV: Time point for the merged fractions determined based on UV data , figureFileSmall=3YShdWi1m7xhdFsj7fnk9w==, figureFileBig=iILuIR+rcdOFzlEGbMYCtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106661483176268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860511274398699, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+AIkToizAAbgWMq0CsdG2Q==, figureFileBig=LYTI3Ux5l7knFI4jNNyqpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106661739028831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860511274398699, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= RP and CR of each experiment based on model-assisted collection , figureFileSmall=+AIkToizAAbgWMq0CsdG2Q==, figureFileBig=LYTI3Ux5l7knFI4jNNyqpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106663064428905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860511274398699, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Elution modeNumberVelocity /×10-4m·s-1Volume /CVLoading /mg·mL-1
Linear gradient14.25415.4
24.25615.4
32.12415.4
42.12615.4
53.18515.4
63.18515.4
73.18515.4
Step84.2553.85
), ArticleFig(id=1201106663181869427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860511274398699, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental condition of the cation exchange chromatography. CV: Column volume

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Elution modeNumberVelocity /×10-4m·s-1Volume /CVLoading /mg·mL-1
Linear gradient14.25415.4
24.25615.4
32.12415.4
42.12615.4
53.18515.4
63.18515.4
73.18515.4
Step84.2553.85
), ArticleFig(id=1201106663337058689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860511274398699, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParameterProceedingEquation
DFrom manufacturer-
LFrom manufacturer-
dpFrom manufacturer-
ε1% Acetone as tracer performed pulse injection without and with column to get system dead volume $ {V}_{\mathrm{d}} $ and acetone retention volume and $ {V}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{A}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}} $$ \varepsilon =\frac{\left({V}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{A}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}}–{V}_{\mathrm{d}}\right)}{{V}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}}} $ ($ {V}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}}=\frac{\pi {D}^{2}}{4}·L $)
εc1 mol·L-1 Dextran as tracer performed pulse injection with column to get dextran retention volume$ {V}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{D}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}} $$ {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{c}}=\frac{\left({V}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{D}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}}–{V}_{\mathrm{d}}\right)}{{V}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}}} $
εpFormula conversion$ \varepsilon ={\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{c}}+\left(1-{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{c}}\right){\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{p}} $
ΛThe column was first stabilized through HCl and water flushing, then titrated with 0.1 mol·L-1 NaOH until a conductivity increase was observed, denoted as $ {V}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}} $$ \varLambda = $$ \frac{1000·{c}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}}·({V}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}}-{V}_{\mathrm{d}}-{V}_{\mathrm{e}})}{{V}_{\mathrm{e}}} $
$ ({V}_{\mathrm{e}}={V}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}}\left(1-\varepsilon \right)) $
DaxPeak integration in dextran pulse injection$ {D}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}=\frac{{u}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}}·\mathrm{H}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{P}}{2} $
HETP: Height equivalent of theoretical plate
kfilmWilke Chang equation correlation & penetration correlation$ {D}_{\mathrm{m}}=2.74\times {10}^{-9}{M}^{-\frac{1}{3}} $
$ {k}_{\mathrm{f}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{m}}=\sqrt[]{\frac{4{D}_{m}u}{\pi {d}_{P}}} $ $ (M=148\mathrm{ }\mathrm{k}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{a}) $
DpMackie and Meares correlation$ {D}_{\mathrm{p}}=\left(\frac{{\varepsilon }_{p}}{2-{\varepsilon }_{p}}\right){D}_{\mathrm{m}} $
), ArticleFig(id=1201106663538385290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860511274398699, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Measured and calculated parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParameterProceedingEquation
DFrom manufacturer-
LFrom manufacturer-
dpFrom manufacturer-
ε1% Acetone as tracer performed pulse injection without and with column to get system dead volume $ {V}_{\mathrm{d}} $ and acetone retention volume and $ {V}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{A}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}} $$ \varepsilon =\frac{\left({V}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{A}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}}–{V}_{\mathrm{d}}\right)}{{V}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}}} $ ($ {V}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}}=\frac{\pi {D}^{2}}{4}·L $)
εc1 mol·L-1 Dextran as tracer performed pulse injection with column to get dextran retention volume$ {V}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{D}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}} $$ {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{c}}=\frac{\left({V}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{D}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}}–{V}_{\mathrm{d}}\right)}{{V}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}}} $
εpFormula conversion$ \varepsilon ={\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{c}}+\left(1-{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{c}}\right){\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{p}} $
ΛThe column was first stabilized through HCl and water flushing, then titrated with 0.1 mol·L-1 NaOH until a conductivity increase was observed, denoted as $ {V}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}} $$ \varLambda = $$ \frac{1000·{c}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}}·({V}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}}-{V}_{\mathrm{d}}-{V}_{\mathrm{e}})}{{V}_{\mathrm{e}}} $
$ ({V}_{\mathrm{e}}={V}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}}\left(1-\varepsilon \right)) $
DaxPeak integration in dextran pulse injection$ {D}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}=\frac{{u}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}}·\mathrm{H}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{P}}{2} $
HETP: Height equivalent of theoretical plate
kfilmWilke Chang equation correlation & penetration correlation$ {D}_{\mathrm{m}}=2.74\times {10}^{-9}{M}^{-\frac{1}{3}} $
$ {k}_{\mathrm{f}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{m}}=\sqrt[]{\frac{4{D}_{m}u}{\pi {d}_{P}}} $ $ (M=148\mathrm{ }\mathrm{k}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{a}) $
DpMackie and Meares correlation$ {D}_{\mathrm{p}}=\left(\frac{{\varepsilon }_{p}}{2-{\varepsilon }_{p}}\right){D}_{\mathrm{m}} $
), ArticleFig(id=1201106663781654941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860511274398699, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParameterSymbolValueUnit
Column parameterD0.01m
L0.255m
dp1.0e-4m
ε0.72
εc0.41
Λ276.06mol·m-3
Mass transfer coefficientDax9.08e-8m2·s-1
kfilm2.37e-5m2·s-1
Dp1.50e-11m2·s-1
Adsorption parameterAMB
ν8.909.2910.46
ka2.033.035.97
σ32.02
), ArticleFig(id=1201106663999758761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860511274398699, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameters for the modeling

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ParameterSymbolValueUnit
Column parameterD0.01m
L0.255m
dp1.0e-4m
ε0.72
εc0.41
Λ276.06mol·m-3
Mass transfer coefficientDax9.08e-8m2·s-1
kfilm2.37e-5m2·s-1
Dp1.50e-11m2·s-1
Adsorption parameterAMB
ν8.909.2910.46
ka2.033.035.97
σ32.02
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曲妥珠单抗阳离子交换色谱过程机理模型建立及其应用
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李乐仪 1 , 阎续 1, 2 , 焦静雨 2 , 高丹 2 , 高栋 2 , 瞿海斌 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(5): 1391-1398
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(5): 1391-1398
曲妥珠单抗阳离子交换色谱过程机理模型建立及其应用
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李乐仪1, 阎续1, 2, 焦静雨2, 高丹2, 高栋2, 瞿海斌1, *
作者信息
  • 1.浙江大学药学院, 药物信息学研究所, 浙江 杭州 310058
  • 2.海正生物制药有限公司, 浙江 杭州 311404

通讯作者:

*瞿海斌, Tel: 86-571-88208428, E-mail:
Mechanistic modeling for cation exchange chromatography process of trastuzumab and its application
Le-yi LI1, Xu YAN1, 2, Jing-yu JIAO2, Dan GAO2, Dong GAO2, Hai-bin QU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 2. Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311404, China
出版时间: 2024-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1042
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阳离子交换色谱作为一种常用的生物制药分离和纯化技术, 常用于单抗的下游生产过程以分离电荷异质体。对于电荷异质体种类复杂、分离度低的样品, 基于紫外数据的收集方式无法明确各异质体的组成, 因此无法直接确定合并范围, 仍需进行繁琐的馏分分析来指导产品收集。本文对目标单抗关键组分的阳离子交换色谱过程建立机理模型, 并辅助于产品收集。该模型可以准确预测电荷异质体的洗脱峰形状, 且真实值与预测值的均方根误差小于0.009。与基于在线紫外的收集方式相比, 模型辅助收集方式不仅能够可视化洗脱过程, 并且在保证产品合格率的情况下可提高相对产率4倍。

单克隆抗体  /  曲妥珠单抗  /  电荷异质体  /  纯化  /  机理模型

Cation exchange chromatography, as a commonly used separation and purification technique in biopharmaceutical manufacturing, is often employed for downstream processes to separate target monoclonal antibodies from their charge variants. For samples with complex and poorly resolved charge variant profiles, the collection solely based on ultraviolet detection does not provide specific compositional information for individual charge variants, making it challenging to determine the range of pooled fractions directly. Subsequent laborious fractionation analysis is then required to guide collection according to production requirements. A mechanistic model for the cation exchange chromatography process of the target monoclonal antibody's critical components was established, and it was employed to assist in product collection. The model accurately predicted the elution peak shapes of the modeled variants, with a root mean square error between predicted and actual values below 0.009. In comparison to the online ultraviolet-based collection method, the model-assisted collection method not only visualized the chromatographic process but also increased the relative productivity by fourfold while ensuring compliance rate.

monoclonal antibody  /  trastuzumab  /  charge variant  /  purification  /  mechanistic modeling
李乐仪, 阎续, 焦静雨, 高丹, 高栋, 瞿海斌. 曲妥珠单抗阳离子交换色谱过程机理模型建立及其应用. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (5) : 1391 -1398 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1042
Le-yi LI, Xu YAN, Jing-yu JIAO, Dan GAO, Dong GAO, Hai-bin QU. Mechanistic modeling for cation exchange chromatography process of trastuzumab and its application[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (5) : 1391 -1398 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1042
曲妥珠单抗(trastuzumab) 作为第一个用于治疗实体瘤的人源化单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody, mAb) 通过抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路诱导机体产生免疫反应, 广泛用于乳腺癌等HER2阳性恶性肿瘤的治疗[1-3]。在细胞表达、生产、储存、运输等环节中, 单抗分子会发生聚集、降解以及各类翻译后修饰, 从而导致产品表面电荷分布发生变化生成电荷异质体, 根据等电点(pI) 的不同可分为酸性电荷异质体和碱性电荷异质体[4-6]。对于曲妥珠单抗而言, 不同电荷异质体组成的产品与HER2基因的结合能力不同, 从而影响抗增殖作用[7]。由于专利时限以及经济效益, 曲妥珠单抗生物类似药快速发展, 因此为保证产品实际疗效, 需严格控制产品中电荷异质体的比例[8]
在生物制药下游纯化工艺的环节中, 色谱过程是提升生产效率的首选优化对象[9], 其中阳离子交换色谱(cation exchange chromatography, CEX) 常用于分离单抗的电荷异质体。已有研究表明有多种方法可用于优化CEX工艺。早期通过实验设计方法(design of experiment, DoE) 建立操作参数、缓冲液条件等工艺条件与纯度、产率等目标之间的统计模型, 这种方法不需要深入的理论理解, 但需进行多次试验, 易造成时间和资源浪费[10-12]。随着计算机计算能力的迅速提升, 基于物理化学原理的机理模型方法得到了极大发展。由传质方程和吸附等温线方程组成的偏微分方程组能够在较短的时间内获得数值解, 从而加速过程优化, 推动生产工艺开发[13-16]。已有研究表明, 机理模型在辅助单抗分离过程中具有应用潜力, 可用于树脂结合能力预测[17-19]、聚体与异质体分离[20-26]以及过程优化[27-30]。针对电荷异质体分离过程建模, 通常选用标准蛋白[25, 26]或经过预纯化处理以便人为控制比例的样品[22-24]。但受到原料量、样品保存时间等因素制约, 预纯化步骤可能难以进行, 使用原始物料进行建模的研究尚未见报道。
通用速率模型(general rate model, GRM) 考虑色谱柱内轴向和颗粒内径向的质量传递, 涵盖对流传质、轴向扩散、膜扩散、孔扩散等影响因素最全面, 而经常用于复杂色谱过程建模[31-33]。空间质量作用等温线(steric mass action, SMA) 由化学计量学方法推导而来, 常用于描述单抗色谱分离过程中流动相、树脂吸附剂和溶质间的吸附作用[34-36]
本研究针对未进行预纯化处理的曲妥珠单抗生物类似药HS022生产中间体, 使用GRM和SMA建立阳离子交换色谱过程的机理模型, 实现关键组分洗脱行为的模型表征。并根据模型预测值有效指导馏分合并范围, 辅助产品收集, 在保证产品合格率的情况下提高相对产率4倍。
原料与试剂  HS022经阴离子交换色谱处理后得到的洗脱液(批号22002, 由海正生物制药有限公司提供, 样品不进行单独的纯化处理)。醋酸盐(批号RH408179, 上海易恩化学技术有限公司罗恩试剂)、磷酸盐(批号J2123631, 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司)、氯化钠(批号C14845080, 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司) 配置相应离子强度缓冲液作洗脱液。蓝色葡聚糖2000 (批号528E054, 北京索莱宝科技有限公司)、丙酮(批号20200128, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司) 配置相应浓度作示踪剂。氢氧化钠(批号20210730, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司) 配置相应浓度作再生与清洗用途。
仪器设备  AKTA pureTM 25 L蛋白纯化仪(Cytiva, 美国) 配有20 μL的进样环、电导率监测器、紫外检测器(波长280 nm, 光程0.2 cm)、圆形组分收集器F9-R以及UNICORN 7.0控制系统; 10 mm × 400 mm的Generik FPLC空柱(苏州赛分科技有限公司) 填有25.5 cm高Poros HS50树脂(Thermo Fisher Scientific, 美国); 150 mL Highloop超级定量环(苏州采石仪器有限公司); Spark多功能酶标仪(TECAN, 瑞士); Centrifuge 5424型高速离心机(Eppendorf, 德国); ProPac WCX-10 4 mm × 250 mm柱(Thermo Fisher Scientific, 美国); Agilent 1260高效液相色谱仪(Agilent, 美国); Milli-Q Synthesis水纯化系统(Merck, 德国)。
阳离子交换色谱实验  首先, 使用流动相A (醋酸盐缓冲液, pH 5.5) 和流动相B (醋酸盐缓冲液, pH 5.5) 平衡色谱柱至电导稳定后, 上样载量为15.4 mg·mL-1的样品。进行平衡与预洗后, 采用线性梯度洗脱。当紫外检测器记录的数值达到40 mAU时, 组分收集器开始接样, 每个馏分收集1 mL, 直到紫外数据低于40 mAU时停止接样。最后, 使用0.5、1 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液进行色谱柱的再生与保存。
具体实验条件通过DoE确定, 固定pH为5.5, 研究流速和洗脱体积对主成分纯度大于65%时的相对产率和产品合格率的影响。控制流速在2.12×10-4~4.25×10-4 m·s-1之间, 洗脱体积在4个柱体积(column volume, CV) 到6个柱体积之间变化, 进行2因子2水平3个中心点的全因实验设计, 共7次实验。此外, 为了避免吸附参数多解问题还额外进行了上样量为3.85 mg·mL-1的阶梯式梯度洗脱实验[23, 37], 详细的实验条件见表 1
分析实验  馏分经12 000 r·min-1转速离心10 min后, 取上清液, 采用二喹啉甲酸法(bicinchoninic acid, BCA), 根据酶标仪562 nm波长的紫外吸光度测定各个馏分的总蛋白浓度。并据此稀释每个样品至1 mg·mL-1后进行高效液相色谱分析(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) 分析。使用流动相A (磷酸盐缓冲液, pH 7.5) 和流动相D (磷酸盐缓冲液, pH 7.5) 进行线性梯度洗脱, 紫外检测波长214 nm, 每针进样50 μL, 体积流速0.8 mL·min-1, 柱温25 ℃。对色谱图进行手动积分, 结合参比品建立的标准曲线计算每个馏分中各电荷异质体的浓度, 浓度数据将用于吸附参数的确定[23, 38]
评价标准[37, 39, 40]
纯度  纯度P为各种类电荷异质体峰面积Ai (i = Acid, M, Basic) 占总峰面积AAll的比例(式1)。生产要求酸性电荷异质体应小于25%, 碱性电荷异质体应小于15%, 主成分应大于65%。
$ P=\frac{{A}_{i}}{{A}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}}}(i=\mathrm{A}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{d}, \mathrm{M}, \mathrm{B}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{c}) $
相对产率  相对产率(relative productivity, RP) 为单位收集时间t单位柱体积CV内满足生产要求的主成分的质量(式2)。
$ \mathrm{R}\mathrm{P}=\frac{{m}_{\mathrm{M}}}{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{V}\cdot t} $
产品合格率  产品合格率(compliance rate, CR) 为满足生产要求的主成分的质量mM占收集到的主成分的质量mM_POOL的比例(式3)。
$ \mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}=\frac{{m}_{\mathrm{M}}}{{m}_{\mathrm{M}\_\mathrm{P}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{L}}} $
建模方法
色谱柱模型  利用GRM描述溶质分子在色谱柱中流动相和填料颗粒孔隙间的质量平衡。考虑一个孔隙率为εc, 长度为L, 充满了半径为rp的球形填料颗粒的色谱柱。沿着柱子的轴向距离x, 溶质分子在液相中经历对流传质和轴向扩散进行质量传递, 与此同时填料颗粒周围的停滞膜造成的相间传质不可忽视, 见式4、5。
$ \begin{array}{l} \frac{\partial {c}_{i}}{\partial t}+{u}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}}\frac{\partial {c}_{i}}{\partial x}+\frac{1-{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{c}}}{{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{c}}}{k}_{\mathrm{f}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{m}}\frac{3}{{r}_{\mathrm{p}}}\left[\left({c}_{i}-{c}_{\mathrm{p}, i}\right)\left(r={r}_{\mathrm{p}}\right)\right]=\\\;\;\;\;\;{D}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\frac{{\partial }^{2}{c}_{i}}{\partial {x}^{2}}\end{array}$
式中, ci是组分i在液体相中的间隙浓度, cp, i (r = rp) 是组分i在填料颗粒表面液体相中的浓度, 其中i ≥ 0, 当i = 0时, 代表盐组分, 下同。uintkfilmDax分别代表间隙流速、膜传质系数和轴向扩散系数。
考虑一个颗粒孔隙率为εp的球形填料颗粒, 沿着颗粒内的径向距离r, 考虑溶质分子在颗粒内仅发生孔扩散, 见式5。
$ {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{p}}\frac{\partial {c}_{\mathrm{p}, i}}{\partial t}+\left(1-{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{p}}\right)\frac{\partial {q}_{i}}{\partial t}={\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{p}}\frac{1}{{r}^{2}}\frac{\partial }{\partial r}\left({r}^{2}{D}_{\mathrm{p}}\frac{\partial {c}_{\mathrm{p}, i}}{\partial r}\right) $
式中, cp, i代表组分$ i $在颗粒间隙液体相中的浓度, 而qi代表组分i与填料颗粒的结合浓度。Dp代表填料颗粒孔隙中的孔扩散系数。
最后确定边界条件便于后续求解, 如式6~9所示。
$ {c}_{i}\left(t, x=0\right)={c}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}, i}\left(t\right)-\frac{{D}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}{{u}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}}}.\frac{\partial {c}_{i}\left(t, x=0\right)}{\partial x}, t\ge \mathrm{ }0 $
$ \frac{\partial {c}_{i}}{\partial x}\left(t, x=L\right)=0, t\ge 0 $
$ \frac{\partial {c}_{\mathrm{p}, i}}{\partial r}\left(t, x, r=0\right)=0, t\ge 0\mathrm{ }\&x\in \left[0, L\right] $
$ \begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial {c}_{\mathrm{p}, i}}{\partial r}\left(t, x, r={r}_{p}\right)=\frac{{k}_{\mathrm{f}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{m}}}{{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{p}}{D}_{\mathrm{p}}}\left({c}_{i}\left(x, t\right)-{c}_{\mathrm{p}, i}\left(x, {r}_{\mathrm{p}}, t\right)\right), \\ \;\;\;\;\;\; t\ge 0\mathrm{ }\&x\in \left[0, L\right]\end{array} $
吸附等温线模型  利用SMA描述溶质分子在流动相与填料颗粒间的吸附作用, 组分i在填料颗粒表面的浓度随时间的变化$ \frac{\partial {q}_{i}}{\partial t} $由式10、11给出。
$ \frac{\partial {q}_{i}}{\partial t}={k}_{\mathrm{a}, i}{\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }-{\sum }_{i=1}^{n}({v}_{i}+{\sigma }_{i}){q}_{j}\right)}^{{v}_{i}}{c}_{\mathrm{p}, i}-{k}_{\mathrm{d}, i}{q}_{i}{c}_{\mathrm{p}, 0}^{{v}_{i}} $
$ {q}_{0}=\mathrm{\Lambda }-{\sum }_{i=1}^{n}{v}_{i}{q}_{i} $
式中, 指qi组分i与填料颗粒的结合浓度, cp, i指组分i在颗粒间隙液体相中的浓度。填料离子容量Λ、蛋白质的特征电荷数νi和屏蔽因子数σi, 以及吸附速率常数ka, i和解吸速率常数kd, i均是影响平衡的因素。
数值解法  由GRM和SMA构成的偏微分方程通过开源软件包色谱分析和设计工具包(chromatography analysis and design toolkit, CADET) 进行求解[13]。CADET采用有限体积法及具有可变步长和阶数的向后微分公式对方程进行离散化求解[41]。软件包集成了多种计算技术, 以实现最大的求解器性能, 并已在离子交换色谱建模中得到广泛应用[23, 38, 42, 43]
参数确定  建模所需参数可大致分为两类, 一类可通过实验、关联公式换算得到, 例如柱参数和传质参数, 一类则可通过逆方法拟合得到, 例如吸附参数。
对于柱参数, 柱长L、柱径D以及填料颗粒直径dp通过产品说明书获得, 柱孔隙率εc、颗粒孔隙率εp使用不同的示踪剂由体积排阻层析法(size exclusion chromatography, SEC) 实验测定[31, 33, 44], 离子容量Λ通过酸碱滴定实验测定[35, 45, 46], 具体实验条件见表 2
对于传质参数, 轴向扩散系数Dax通过等板高度(height equivalent of theoretical plate, HETP) 获得[35, 36, 47], 膜扩散系数kfilm与孔扩散系数Dp使用关联方程换算得到[48, 49], 具体方程见表 2
对于吸附参数, 特征电荷值νi、屏蔽因子σi和吸附速率常数ka, i利用逆方法通过最小化实验数据和模拟数据之间的误差确定。为了减少计算难度, 属于同一样品的不同电荷异质体的屏蔽因子被设定为相同的值, 且kd, i值设定为1[33, 37, 38]。拟合时, 首先设定初始值并调用CADET求解器进行一次正向模拟, 其次利用CADET-MATCH中的非支配排序遗传算法, 在给定的搜寻范围内对实验数据与模拟数据进行多目标优化。使用标量值峰形(shape) 作为得分指标(scores) 逐步缩小搜寻范围, 并根据残差平方和(sum of squares due to error, SSE) 筛选参数[50], 具体流程见图 1
上样液经HPLC分析后得到的电荷异质体分布情况如图 2所示。手动积分表明, 上样液中含有24.62%的酸性电荷异质体, 53.07%的主成分, 以及22.31%的碱性电荷异质体。从图 2中可知, 样品电荷异质体种类多且分离度低。选择与主成分洗脱时间最接近的组分进行建模, 可对后续产品收集提供数据支持[23, 38, 51]。在选择建模组分时, 由HPLC积分结果组成的浓度峰轮廓应近似呈高斯对称, 若不同电荷异质体合并浓度峰轮廓近似呈高斯对称则合并为同一组分[20, 23, 38, 50, 51]。最终确定A、M和B三组分用于建模, 分别是酸性电荷异质体中第四个酸性电荷异质体A4作为A, 主成分作为M, 碱性电荷异质体中前两个碱性电荷异质体B1和B2合并为B。
实验1洗脱时段所接馏分中建模组分的浓度及紫外吸收数据如图 3所示。从图 3中可见, 紫外吸收曲线呈现一个大的吸收峰, 表明各个电荷异质体未实现基线分离且具体组成无法确定[37]。在210 min左右处的小峰则表明碱性电荷异质体实现了部分分离, 这与组分B浓度峰轮廓与组分M相比有向右偏移的趋势一致[23]。在DoE设定范围内改变流速与洗脱梯度, 均不能实现电荷异质体的基线分离, 仅凭紫外数据无法确定各个电荷异质体的具体组成。
表 3所示为建模所需的参数及其数值符号。对于吸附参数, 选择实验1、4、5、8的浓度数据进行逆拟合, 因其涵盖流速与洗脱体积范围可有效保证模型的适用性, 并且选择不同的洗脱模式可以有效避免多解问题[23, 37, 38]。根据结果可知, 特征电荷数随着保留时间的增加而逐渐变大, 即数值排序A < M < B, 符合规律, 这也验证了之前合并B1和B2作为同一组分是合理的[33, 38]。同时, A与M的特征电荷数值差距较小, 难以获得基线分辨率(baseline resolution)[38], M与B的特征电荷数值之差大于0.5, 这与图 3中B的浓度峰轮廓分离较明显一致。
利用模型对实验集中未进行参数拟合的实验进行预测, 实验2、3、6、7洗脱时段所接馏分中建模组分的浓度值与模型预测值对比如图 4所示。从图 4中可见, 流速在2.12×10-4~4.25×10-4 m·s-1之间, 洗脱体积在4~6 CV之间, 模型很好地预测了建模组分洗脱峰的形状, 预测值与真实值的均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSE) 小于0.009。部分数据之间的差异可能由两个原因引起。一是分析过程中采用手动积分造成的计算误差。其次, 系统死体积与柱参数基于示踪试剂的滞留量确定, 受样品量限制未进行实验考察管道内的实际扩散所带来的影响[44]。对于目标样品生产优化目的是控制不同电荷异质体的比例在一定范围内, 并不深究各个电荷异质体的确切浓度, 因此该模型在一定程度上可以起到预测作用。
在实际生产中, 产品的收集节点完全依据紫外数据进行判断。具体而言, 当实时记录的UV数值超过500 mAU时开始收集, 每个馏分收集1 mL, 当洗脱液体积达到2.8 CV时停止收集, 如图 4中的灰色虚线所示。由于紫外数据无法准确反映各个电荷异质体的具体组成, 直接合并馏分得到的产品可能无法完全符合生产要求。因此, 为了选择符合纯度要求的产品, 需要进行繁琐的浓度测定和HPLC分析。基于紫外数据收集产品, 模型预测集实验的相对产率与产品合格率如图 5所示。这种收集方式无法直接指导馏分合并的范围, 而且收集范围广, 需分析的馏分数量多, 易造成人力和物力损失。
为了提高产品收集的效率, 可借助机理模型, 在合并馏分前预测各组分的浓度比例, 从而有选择地收集符合生产要求的馏分。模型辅助产品收集的流程如图 6所示, 首先, 可调用求解器进行正向模拟得到各组分浓度随时间变化的曲线, 并以0.1 s为间隔计算各建模组分的纯度; 其次, 利用filtered函数选择符合纯度要求的时间点后将其作为合并馏分的起始点, 并通过matpilot实现可视化, 如图 4中的灰色实线所示。实际应用时, 预测时间段内馏分可直接合并, 起始点处可选取2个馏分进行HPLC分析, 以防造成产品损失。这种收集方式可直接指导馏分收集范围, 减少了馏分HPLC分析的数量, 从而有效降低实验成本。基于模型收集产品, 模型预测集实验的相对产率与产品合格率如图 7所示。因样品分离度低, 并非所有电荷异质体都被建模, 因此需要根据参比品中A、M、B所占比例确定筛选要求, 在本实验中选择了A < 16%、M > 74%和B < 25%的纯度要求。以实验2为例, 不同收集方式下, 相对产率由6.003 9 g·L-1·h-1增长至24.464 3 g·L-1·h-1。对比发现, 模型辅助产品收集在保证产品合格率的同时, 可提高相对产率, 并且减少了HPLC分析的工作量。
本研究对曲妥珠单抗的阳离子交换色谱分离电荷异质体过程建立了机理模型。结果表明, 由GRM与SMA构成的模型可预测色谱柱中关键组分的洗脱行为, 预测值与真实值间的均方根误差小于0.009。同时, 提出了一种模型辅助的产品收集方式, 该方式可直接指导馏分合并, 有效地降低了实验成本, 成功提高相对产率4倍。研究为单抗电荷异质体洗脱行为数字化表征提供了基础, 可望用于单抗电荷异质体分离工艺条件优化及馏分收集策略制定。后续研究中, 可考虑考察管道内的实际扩散的影响, 从而提高模型预测性能, 以期为优化阳离子交换层析实际生产工艺提供可行方法。
作者贡献: 李乐仪负责实验工作、数据处理及文章撰写、修改; 阎续负责数据处理指导、写作指导及文章修改; 焦静雨负责提供原料、参比品等样品; 高丹、高栋负责工艺技术支持, 瞿海斌负责选题指导与文章修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 浙江省重点研发计划(2023C03116)
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2024年第59卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1042
  • 接收时间:2023-09-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-27
  • 出版时间:2024-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-12
  • 修回日期:2023-11-22
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浙江省重点研发计划(2023C03116)
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    1.浙江大学药学院, 药物信息学研究所, 浙江 杭州 310058
    2.海正生物制药有限公司, 浙江 杭州 311404

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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