Article(id=1200860509122711653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0154, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708531200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-22, revisedDate=1711900800000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764237056283, onlineDateStr=2025-11-27, pubDate=1715443200000, pubDateStr=2024-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764237056283, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764237056283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764237056283, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200860506031518620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1101', pageEnd='1508', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764237055547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764241222263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200877982563824311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200877982563824312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200860506031518620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1295, endPage=1305, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200860509462450289, articleId=1200860509122711653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanism of chrysophanol in improving acute kidney injury induced by ischemia reperfusion, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Kidney ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) with a poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Recent studies have reported that chrysophanol may have a renal protective effect, but its specific impact and mechanism on IRI remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the effects and mechanisms of chrysophanol on AKI induced by IRI. By utilizing a unilateral kidney IRI mouse model, histopathological changes in the kidney, serum levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen, and protein expressions of apoptosis and mitophagy in kidney tissue were examined. Additionally, a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model of human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells was established to measure mitochondrial membrane potential levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Functional enrichment analysis was performed to screen relevant targets of chrysophanol and AKI, and to verify key targets and pathways. The animal experiments conducted in this study were ethically approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Peking University (No. LA2021503). The findings indicate that the IRI group exhibited elevated levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen in serum, significant renal tissue damage, and increased expression of renal injury markers (KIM1), apoptosis-related proteins (cleaved-caspase 3, caspase 3, cytochrome C), and mitochondrial autophagy protein (PINK1) compared to the sham surgery group. Chrysophanol treatment ameliorated the aforementioned pathological changes in a dose-dependent manner in an IRI model. Additionally, it exhibited significant improvements in mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibition of ROS production in HK-2 cells subjected to H/R conditions. Through network pharmacological analysis, HSP90AA1 and PIK3R1 were identified as key targets primarily enriched in the phosphoinositide 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) validation confirmed that chrysophanol significantly decreased HSP90AA1 and PIK3R1 mRNA levels in HK-2 cells under H/R conditions, while also enhancing the protein expressions of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, and Akt. In conclusion, chrysophanol has the potential to enhance AKI by selectively modulating HSP90AA1 and PIK3R1, activating the PI3K/Akt pathway, decreasing apoptosis, regulating mitochondrial autophagy, enhancing mitochondrial membrane potential, and suppressing ROS production. These findings suggest that chrysophanol could serve as a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of AKI.

, correspAuthors=Lu TIE, Lin-lin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xue YANG, Yan-qing WANG, Min DENG, Lu TIE, Lin-lin LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200860512641732854, articleId=1200860509122711653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=大黄酚改善缺血再灌注诱导的急性肾损伤的机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肾脏缺血再灌注损伤(ischemic reperfusion injury, IRI) 是导致急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury, AKI) 的主要原因, 预后不良且死亡率高。有报道提示大黄酚具有肾脏保护作用, 但其对IRI的影响及机制尚不清楚。本研究旨在探索大黄酚对IRI诱导的AKI的影响及其作用机制。通过建立小鼠单侧肾脏IRI模型, 观察肾脏组织病理变化, 检测血清中肌酐、尿素氮水平及肾组织中细胞凋亡、线粒体自噬相关蛋白的表达; 建立肾小管上皮细胞(human kidney-2, HK-2) 缺氧复氧(hypoxia/reoxygenation, H/R) 模型, 测定其线粒体膜电位水平及活性氧含量; 筛选大黄酚与AKI的相关作用靶点并进行功能富集分析, 对核心靶点、关键通路进行验证。动物实验经北京大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(编号: LA2021503)。结果显示, 与假手术组相比, IRI组小鼠血清肌酐、尿素氮水平升高, 肾组织结构明显遭到破坏, 肾损伤分子(KIM1)、凋亡相关蛋白(cleaved-caspase 3、caspase 3、cytochrome C)、线粒体自噬蛋白(PINK1) 表达增加, 而大黄酚可呈剂量依赖性地改善上述病理变化, 并能够显著提高H/R条件下HK-2细胞线粒体膜电位, 抑制活性氧产生; 通过网络药理学分析发现HSP90AA1PIK3R1为关键靶点, 主要富集于磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B (phosphoinositide 3 kinase/protein kinase B, PI3K/Akt) 通路, 验证发现大黄酚能够显著降低H/R条件下HK-2细胞HSP90AA1PIK3R1 mRNA水平, 并增加p-PI3K、PI3K、p-Akt和Akt蛋白表达水平。综上, 大黄酚可能通过靶向调节HSP90AA1PIK3R1, 并活化PI3K/Akt通路, 减少细胞凋亡, 调节线粒体自噬, 提高线粒体膜电位, 抑制活性氧产生, 进而改善由IRI诱导的AKI, 为急性肾损伤提供了潜在治疗方案。

, correspAuthors=铁璐, 李琳琳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*铁璐, Tel: 13501268196, E-mail: ;
李琳琳, Tel: 13325539393, E-mail:
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A: Blood creatinine level (<i>n</i> = 6); B: Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level (<i>n</i> = 6); C: Expression of kidney damage protein (KIM1), apoptotic protein (cleaved-caspase 3, caspase 3, cytochrome C, Bcl-2) in mouse kidney tissue by Western blot; D: Quantitative analysis of Figure 1C (<i>n</i> = 3); E: H&E staining of kidney tissue. Scale bar, 50 μm; magnification, ×400. Black arrows indicate the injured renal tubules. <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> Sham group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> IRI group. KIM1: Kidney injury molecule 1; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma-2 , figureFileSmall=CH0vvsX5Q0QWf5G4r02zvw==, figureFileBig=WnAGQ7o7jPB+azeICbjOfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106665962693203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860509122711653, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=deOsQTi1S1rmb7tMIHpf9Q==, figureFileBig=1ZxTvjHmt8WWmSDYlHWzOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106666113688161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860509122711653, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Effect of chrysophanol on mitochondria. The expression levels of mitochondrial autophagy proteins (PINK1, Parkin, LC3, p62), split protein (Drp1), fusion protein (Mfn1, Mfn2, Opa1), biosynthetic protein (PGC-1<i>α</i>) were measured in mouse kidney tissues by Western blot, <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> Sham group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> IRI group. PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; LC3: Microtubule-associated protein Ⅰ light chain 3; p62: Sequestosome 1; Drp1: Dynamin-related protein 1; Mfn1: Mitofusin-1; Mfn2: Mitofusin-2; Opa1: Optic atrophy 1; PGC-1<i>α</i>: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor <i>γ</i> coactivator 1-alpha , figureFileSmall=deOsQTi1S1rmb7tMIHpf9Q==, figureFileBig=1ZxTvjHmt8WWmSDYlHWzOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106667309064814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860509122711653, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nIdQk/WKf0cWfM+Pyc6/2w==, figureFileBig=z7ZcwsV4XMxcMrw1TtDHHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106667594277499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860509122711653, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Determination of mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen in HK-2 cells. A: Fluorescence image of mitochondrial membrane potential in hypoxia. Scale bar, 50 μm. <i>n</i> = 4, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> H/R group; B: Generated fluorescence image of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) in HK-2 cells. Scale bar, 10 μm. H/R: Hypoxia/reoxygenation , figureFileSmall=nIdQk/WKf0cWfM+Pyc6/2w==, figureFileBig=z7ZcwsV4XMxcMrw1TtDHHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106667749466764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860509122711653, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=M1ezv2rNk2vfO0HrELOenA==, figureFileBig=08M84zPGQx/BLo3nckQh9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106667854324371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860509122711653, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Network pharmacology analysis-key target acquisition and protein-protein interactions (PPI) network construction. A: PPI network diagram; B: Cytoscape constructs molecular interaction network, ranked by degree value from large to small , figureFileSmall=M1ezv2rNk2vfO0HrELOenA==, figureFileBig=08M84zPGQx/BLo3nckQh9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106667967570587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860509122711653, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=JuNgTqkJze4Py372Pg8IJQ==, figureFileBig=zeX+HKRMR2X54eEqPoH+cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106668097594020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860509122711653, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Validation of the H/R model targets in HK-2 cells. The expression of mRNA in H/R models <i>HSP90AA1</i>, <i>SRC</i>, <i>HSP90AB1</i>, <i>EGFR</i>, <i>ESR1</i>, <i>PIK3R1</i>, <i>PTPN11</i>, <i>MED1</i>, <i>PLCG1</i>, and <i>RXRA</i> were measured by qPCR. <i>n</i> = 6, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> H/R group , figureFileSmall=JuNgTqkJze4Py372Pg8IJQ==, figureFileBig=zeX+HKRMR2X54eEqPoH+cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106668244394669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860509122711653, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=845FtJWRc/zkPSyp1WMpzA==, figureFileBig=QSXjN030RvvX5CiG/kXgHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106668470887093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860509122711653, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Chrysophanol-AKI pathway enrichment analysis. A: KEGG functional enrichment analysis (top 25); B: Wiki functional enrichment analysis (top 25) , figureFileSmall=845FtJWRc/zkPSyp1WMpzA==, figureFileBig=QSXjN030RvvX5CiG/kXgHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106668638659265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860509122711653, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=WsKCnQ/GHlIwDvdaP/JWcA==, figureFileBig=DDKdT+2WQgXGKEr0BWkXLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106668768682698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860509122711653, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Validation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The expression level of PI3K/Akt signal pathway proteins (p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, Akt). <i>n</i> = 6, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> H/R group , figureFileSmall=WsKCnQ/GHlIwDvdaP/JWcA==, figureFileBig=DDKdT+2WQgXGKEr0BWkXLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201106668999369432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860509122711653, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneSpeciesForward primerReverse primer
HSP90AA1HumanGCTTGACCAATGACTGGGAAGAGCTCCTCACAGTTATCCATGA
SRCHumanGAGCGGCTCCAGATTGTCAACTGGGGATGTAGCCTGTCTGT
EGFRHumanCCCACTCATGCTCTACAACCCTCGCACTTCTTACACTTGCGG
HSP90AB1HumanCATCTCCATGATTGGGCAGTTCTTTGACCCGCCTCTCTTCTA
ESR1HumanGAAAGGTGGGATACGAAAAGACCGCTGTTCTTCTTAGAGCGTTTGA
PIK3R1HumanTGGACGGCGAAGTAAAGCATTAGTGTGACATTGAGGGAGTCG
PTPN11HumanGAACTGTGCAGATCCTACCTCTTCTGGCTCTCTCGTACAAGAAA
MED1HumanGAGGGCATCAACATTTGGTCAAGATGAGAGCCCAGTCCATTC
PLCG1HumanGGAAGACCTCACGGGACTTTGGCGTTTTCAGGCGAAATTCCA
RXRAHumanGGACTGCCTGATTGACAAGCTTCAGCCCCATGTTTGCCTC
), ArticleFig(id=1201106669141975781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200860509122711653, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

qPCR primer sequences. HSP90AA1: Heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1; SRC: Sarcoma; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; HSP90AB1: Heat shock protein 90 alpha class B member 1; ESR1: Estrogen receptor 1; PIK3R1: Phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1; PTPN11: Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 11; MED1: Mediator complex subunit 1; PLCG1: Phospholipase C gamma 1; RXRA: Retinoid X receptor alpha

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneSpeciesForward primerReverse primer
HSP90AA1HumanGCTTGACCAATGACTGGGAAGAGCTCCTCACAGTTATCCATGA
SRCHumanGAGCGGCTCCAGATTGTCAACTGGGGATGTAGCCTGTCTGT
EGFRHumanCCCACTCATGCTCTACAACCCTCGCACTTCTTACACTTGCGG
HSP90AB1HumanCATCTCCATGATTGGGCAGTTCTTTGACCCGCCTCTCTTCTA
ESR1HumanGAAAGGTGGGATACGAAAAGACCGCTGTTCTTCTTAGAGCGTTTGA
PIK3R1HumanTGGACGGCGAAGTAAAGCATTAGTGTGACATTGAGGGAGTCG
PTPN11HumanGAACTGTGCAGATCCTACCTCTTCTGGCTCTCTCGTACAAGAAA
MED1HumanGAGGGCATCAACATTTGGTCAAGATGAGAGCCCAGTCCATTC
PLCG1HumanGGAAGACCTCACGGGACTTTGGCGTTTTCAGGCGAAATTCCA
RXRAHumanGGACTGCCTGATTGACAAGCTTCAGCCCCATGTTTGCCTC
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大黄酚改善缺血再灌注诱导的急性肾损伤的机制研究
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杨雪 1, 2 , 王燕青 3 , 邓敏 1, 2 , 铁璐 2, * , 李琳琳 1, 4, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(5): 1295-1305
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(5): 1295-1305
大黄酚改善缺血再灌注诱导的急性肾损伤的机制研究
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杨雪1, 2, 王燕青3, 邓敏1, 2, 铁璐2, * , 李琳琳1, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.新疆医科大学药学院, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
  • 2.北京大学基础医学院, 北京 100191
  • 3.广州中医药大学基础医学院, 广东 广州 510006
  • 4.新疆天然药物活性组分与释药技术重点实验室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017

通讯作者:

*铁璐, Tel: 13501268196, E-mail: ;
李琳琳, Tel: 13325539393, E-mail:
Mechanism of chrysophanol in improving acute kidney injury induced by ischemia reperfusion
Xue YANG1, 2, Yan-qing WANG3, Min DENG1, 2, Lu TIE2, * , Lin-lin LI1, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China
  • 2. School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
  • 3. School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 4. Key Laboratory of Active Components of Xinjiang Natural Medicine and Drug Release Technology, Urumqi 830017, China
出版时间: 2024-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0154
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肾脏缺血再灌注损伤(ischemic reperfusion injury, IRI) 是导致急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury, AKI) 的主要原因, 预后不良且死亡率高。有报道提示大黄酚具有肾脏保护作用, 但其对IRI的影响及机制尚不清楚。本研究旨在探索大黄酚对IRI诱导的AKI的影响及其作用机制。通过建立小鼠单侧肾脏IRI模型, 观察肾脏组织病理变化, 检测血清中肌酐、尿素氮水平及肾组织中细胞凋亡、线粒体自噬相关蛋白的表达; 建立肾小管上皮细胞(human kidney-2, HK-2) 缺氧复氧(hypoxia/reoxygenation, H/R) 模型, 测定其线粒体膜电位水平及活性氧含量; 筛选大黄酚与AKI的相关作用靶点并进行功能富集分析, 对核心靶点、关键通路进行验证。动物实验经北京大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(编号: LA2021503)。结果显示, 与假手术组相比, IRI组小鼠血清肌酐、尿素氮水平升高, 肾组织结构明显遭到破坏, 肾损伤分子(KIM1)、凋亡相关蛋白(cleaved-caspase 3、caspase 3、cytochrome C)、线粒体自噬蛋白(PINK1) 表达增加, 而大黄酚可呈剂量依赖性地改善上述病理变化, 并能够显著提高H/R条件下HK-2细胞线粒体膜电位, 抑制活性氧产生; 通过网络药理学分析发现HSP90AA1PIK3R1为关键靶点, 主要富集于磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B (phosphoinositide 3 kinase/protein kinase B, PI3K/Akt) 通路, 验证发现大黄酚能够显著降低H/R条件下HK-2细胞HSP90AA1PIK3R1 mRNA水平, 并增加p-PI3K、PI3K、p-Akt和Akt蛋白表达水平。综上, 大黄酚可能通过靶向调节HSP90AA1PIK3R1, 并活化PI3K/Akt通路, 减少细胞凋亡, 调节线粒体自噬, 提高线粒体膜电位, 抑制活性氧产生, 进而改善由IRI诱导的AKI, 为急性肾损伤提供了潜在治疗方案。

大黄酚  /  急性肾损伤  /  缺血再灌注损伤  /  网络药理学  /  线粒体

Kidney ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) with a poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Recent studies have reported that chrysophanol may have a renal protective effect, but its specific impact and mechanism on IRI remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the effects and mechanisms of chrysophanol on AKI induced by IRI. By utilizing a unilateral kidney IRI mouse model, histopathological changes in the kidney, serum levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen, and protein expressions of apoptosis and mitophagy in kidney tissue were examined. Additionally, a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model of human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells was established to measure mitochondrial membrane potential levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Functional enrichment analysis was performed to screen relevant targets of chrysophanol and AKI, and to verify key targets and pathways. The animal experiments conducted in this study were ethically approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Peking University (No. LA2021503). The findings indicate that the IRI group exhibited elevated levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen in serum, significant renal tissue damage, and increased expression of renal injury markers (KIM1), apoptosis-related proteins (cleaved-caspase 3, caspase 3, cytochrome C), and mitochondrial autophagy protein (PINK1) compared to the sham surgery group. Chrysophanol treatment ameliorated the aforementioned pathological changes in a dose-dependent manner in an IRI model. Additionally, it exhibited significant improvements in mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibition of ROS production in HK-2 cells subjected to H/R conditions. Through network pharmacological analysis, HSP90AA1 and PIK3R1 were identified as key targets primarily enriched in the phosphoinositide 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) validation confirmed that chrysophanol significantly decreased HSP90AA1 and PIK3R1 mRNA levels in HK-2 cells under H/R conditions, while also enhancing the protein expressions of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, and Akt. In conclusion, chrysophanol has the potential to enhance AKI by selectively modulating HSP90AA1 and PIK3R1, activating the PI3K/Akt pathway, decreasing apoptosis, regulating mitochondrial autophagy, enhancing mitochondrial membrane potential, and suppressing ROS production. These findings suggest that chrysophanol could serve as a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of AKI.

chrysophanol  /  acute kidney injury  /  ischemia reperfusion injury  /  network pharmacology  /  mitochondria
杨雪, 王燕青, 邓敏, 铁璐, 李琳琳. 大黄酚改善缺血再灌注诱导的急性肾损伤的机制研究. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (5) : 1295 -1305 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0154
Xue YANG, Yan-qing WANG, Min DENG, Lu TIE, Lin-lin LI. Mechanism of chrysophanol in improving acute kidney injury induced by ischemia reperfusion[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (5) : 1295 -1305 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0154
急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury, AKI) 是一种以肾功能快速衰竭为特征的严重临床综合征, 具有高发病率、预后不良且死亡率高的特点, 被认为是引发慢性肾病和终末期肾病的独立风险因素[1, 2]。AKI的发病机制复杂且多样化, 缺血再灌注损伤(ischemic reperfusion injury, IRI)、梗阻性损伤、脓毒血症、肾脏微循环障碍、炎症和感染等均可能导致AKI[3]。其中, IRI是造成AKI最主要的途径, 临床上多发生于肾移植、肾部分切除术、复杂心血管手术等过程中[4]。IRI诱导的AKI主要表现为肾小管上皮细胞的损伤和凋亡、炎症反应的激活及活性氧的产生和自噬激活等[5]。研究发现, 肾小管上皮细胞中的线粒体功能损伤在IRI发展过程中发挥重要作用[1]。肾小管上皮细胞重吸收过程主要依靠线粒体脂肪酸氧化来提供能量, 线粒体功能障碍会导致其丰度降低、肿胀和嵴结构破坏, 而线粒体过度碎片化必然会影响肾小管上皮细胞的功能[6-8]。目前, 临床尚缺乏有效的预防措施和治疗药物用于已确诊的AKI。
大黄酚(chrysophanol, 也称1, 8-二羟基-3-甲基蒽醌) 是从大黄(Rhei Radix et Rhizoma) 中分离的一种天然蒽醌衍生物, 具有抗癌、抗病毒、抗糖尿病、抗炎、抗原虫、降血脂、保肝、神经保护、抗溃疡和抗肥胖等多种药理作用[9, 10]。研究表明, 大黄酚能够通过阻断核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB) 的p50/p65异二聚体, 对局灶性脑IRI小鼠模型的缺血性脑损伤具有长期的神经保护作用[11]。最近有研究表明, 大黄酚具有肾脏保护作用的潜力, 如Dou等[12]发现大黄酚可以改善慢性肾病小鼠的肾功能, 延缓转化生长因子-β (transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β) 刺激诱导的人肾细胞纤维化过程; Lin等[13]证实大黄酚可以防止急性肾损伤转化为慢性肾病; Gu等[14]还表明大黄酚可以显著降低慢性肾病小鼠的血肌酐水平, 改善肾纤维化, 并对肾足细胞显示出良好的保护作用。然而, 关于大黄酚对IRI诱导的急性肾损伤的潜在保护作用研究甚少, 其作用机制尚不清楚。
本研究采用体内小鼠肾脏IRI模型及体外肾小管上皮细胞缺氧复氧(hypoxia/reoxygenation, H/R) 模型, 观察大黄酚对IRI肾脏组织病理变化, 探究大黄酚对肾小管上皮细胞线粒体稳态的影响, 并结合网络药理学分析, 探索大黄酚与AKI的相关作用靶点及通路, 以进一步阐明大黄酚改善肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的机制, 为临床预防缺血再灌注导致的急性肾损伤及新药研发提供理论依据。
试剂与仪器  肌酐检测试剂盒(C011-2-1)、尿素氮检测试剂盒(C013-2-1) 均购于南京建成生物工程研究所有限公司; PEG-400 (A611781-0500) 购于生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司; 二甲基亚砜(0231) 购于美国Amresco公司; 苏木精-伊红染液(ZLI-9039) 购于北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司; 胎牛血清(900-108) 购于北京拜尔迪生物技术有限公司; 胰蛋白酶(T1300) 购于北京索莱宝科技有限公司; DMEM培养基(CM15019) 购于中科迈晨(北京) 商贸有限公司; MitoSOX Red (M36008)、BCA蛋白定量试剂盒(23225)、反转录试剂盒(K1622) 均购于美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司; JC-1线粒体膜电位试剂盒(C2006) 购于上海碧云天生物技术有限公司; NovoStart®SYBR qPCR SuperMix Plus (E096-01B) 购于苏州近岸蛋白质科技股份有限公司。β-肌动蛋白(β-actin, sc-47778)、视神经萎缩蛋白1 (optic atrophy 1, Opa1, sc-5372)、PTEN诱导激酶1 (PTEN induced putative kinase 1, PINK1, sc-33796)、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(phosphoinositide 3 kinase, PI3K, sc-8010) 均购于Santa Cruz Biotechnology公司; 甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH, 20301707-1) 购于美国BioWorld公司; 动力相关蛋白1 (dynamin-related protein 1, Drp1, 8570s)、线粒体融合蛋白1 (mitofusin 1, Mfn1, 14739s)、线粒体融合蛋白2 (mitofusin 2, Mfn2, 9482s)、微管相关蛋白1轻链3 (microtubule-associated protein Ⅰ light chain 3, LC3, 4108S)、B细胞淋巴瘤-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2, Bcl-2, 3498S) 均购于美国Cell Signaling Technology公司; 细胞色素C (cytochrome C, 66264-1) 购于美国Proteintech公司; 螯合体1 (sequestosome 1, p62, A11250)、半胱氨酸-天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶3 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3, caspase 3, A19654) 均购于武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司; 活化的caspase 3 (cleaved caspase 3, ab214430) 购于英国Abcam公司; 磷酸化PI3K (p-PI3K, T40116)、蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, Akt, T55561)、磷酸化Akt (p-Akt, T40067) 均购于艾比玛特生物医药(上海) 有限公司。
台式高速冷冻离心机(5417R) 购于德国Eppendorf公司; 全自动酶标仪(Mutliscan MK3) 购于美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司; 倒置荧光显微镜(IX71-22PHFL) 购于日本Olympus Corporation公司; 小型垂直电泳槽(1658001)、电泳仪(PowerPac HC) 均购于美国Bio-Rad Laboratories公司; 实时荧光定量核酸扩增检测仪(Mx3000P) 购于美国Agilent Technologies公司; 激光共聚焦显微镜(TCS-SP8) 购于德国Leica公司。
实验动物及小鼠单侧肾脏缺血再灌注损伤模型的建立  C57BL/6小鼠, 雄性, 8~10周龄, 20~25 g, 购买自北京大学医学部实验动物中心, 许可证号为SCXK (京) 2022-0009。在温度(22 ± 2) ℃、湿度(40 ± 5)% 的条件下, 自由饮水、饮食, 12 h光照/黑暗交替。所涉及动物实验均按照欧共体使用实验动物指南进行, 并经北京大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(LA2021503)。
根据课题组前期预实验结果绘制的量效关系曲线, 选择了3个最合适的剂量进行后续研究。将实验动物随机分为5组: ①假手术(Sham) 组; ②缺血再灌注(IRI) 组; ③ IRI + 大黄酚(0.2 mg·kg-1) 组; ④ IRI + 大黄酚(1 mg·kg-1) 组; ⑤ IRI + 大黄酚(5 mg·kg-1) 组。预给药组分别腹腔注射不同剂量大黄酚, Sham组与IRI组给予等量的10% DMSO + 90% PEG-400, 每天1次。连续给药7天后, IRI组与预给药组: 摘除左侧肾脏, 夹闭右侧肾蒂, 结扎35 min后去除动脉夹, 待肾脏变回红色视为灌注成功。Sham组右侧肾脏不做处理。再灌注24 h后, 取血清和肾脏放入-80 ℃冰箱冻存, 用于后续研究。
肾小管上皮细胞HK-2培养及缺氧复氧模型的建立  HK-2细胞加入含10%胎牛血清的DMEM/F12培养基, 置于37 ℃、5% CO2孵箱中培养。当HK-2细胞生长融合至80%时, 随机分为①对照(control) 组: 普通孵箱培养; ② H/R组: 无血清4 g·L-1 DMEM培养基培养24 h后, 更换无血清1 g·L-1 DMEM培养基, 置于缺氧孵箱(混合气N2∶O2∶CO2 = 94∶1∶5) 12 h后, 复氧8 h; ③大黄酚给药组: 在无血清4 g·L-1 DMEM培养基加入不同浓度(0.3、1、3 µmol·L-1) 的大黄酚, 预给药24 h, 其余处理与H/R组相同。
血肌酐、血尿素氮水平检测  按照肌酐和尿素氮测定试剂盒步骤测定小鼠血清中肌酐及尿素氮含量。
H&E染色  取出各组小鼠右肾, 4%多聚甲醛固定, 石蜡包埋切片后进行H&E染色, 显微镜下观察肾组织病理结构变化。
线粒体膜电位(ΔΨm) 的测定  采用线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒JC-1荧光探针法测定线粒体膜电位的水平。取指数生长期HK-2细胞, PBS洗3次, 在37 ℃暗处与JC-1染液孵育20 min, 再用PBS洗3次, 置于荧光显微镜下观察拍照。使用Operetta CLS高含量分析系统获取图像, 分析染色后细胞, 将530 nm处的读数与590 nm处的读数(530∶590) 的比率视为相对ΔΨm值。
HK-2细胞线粒体活性氧(mtROS) 测定  将HK-2细胞用PBS洗3遍, 加入100 μL染液(50 µmol·L-1 MitoSox Red + 100 µmol·L-1 Hochest), 37 ℃避光孵育30 min, 终止染色, PBS洗3遍, 加入100 μL培养基, 采用激光共聚焦显微镜采集荧光图像, 激发光波长为510 nm。
网络分析  以大黄酚为关键词在TCMSP (https://old.tcmsp-e.com/tcmsp.php)、ETCM (http://www.tcmip.cn/ETCM/)、Swiss Target Predict (http://swisstargetprediction.ch/)、Batman tcm (http://bionet.ncpsb.org.cn/batman-tcm/index.php)、Pubchem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)、SuperPred (https://prediction.charite.de/)、SEA (http://sea.edbc.org/) 和Phammapper (https://www.lilab-ecust.cn/pharmmapper/) 数据库检索药物相关靶点。以AKI为关键词在OMIM (https://www.omim.org)、Malacards (https://www.malacards.org/)、Genecards (https://www.genecards.org) 和Disgenet (https://www.disgenet.org/) 数据库检索疾病相关靶点, 利用Excel软件去除重复靶点。通过VENNY 2.1平台(https://bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es/tools/venny/) 获取大黄酚-AKI交集靶点绘制韦恩图, 并将靶点信息导入STRING数据库(https://cn.string-db.org/) 以“Homo Sapiens”为条件并去除游离基因, 选择高置信度(0.7), 构建蛋白质互作网络(protein-protein interaction networks, PPI)。利用Cytoscape v3.10.0软件构建药物-疾病网络模型, 以degree值筛选关键靶点。
将药物-疾病交集靶点信息导入DAVID平台https://cn.string-db.org/), 对靶点进行Wiki及KEGG通路富集分析, 通过微生信平台(https://www.bioinformatics.com.cn/) 进行可视化, P < 0.05具有生物学意义。
免疫印迹法(Western blot)  取小鼠肾脏组织或HK-2细胞, 加入RIPA裂解液制备总蛋白提取液。BCA法测定蛋白质浓度。按80 V, 30 min; 120 V, 90 min进行电泳。采用三明治夹心法转膜, 200 mA恒流, 时间根据目的蛋白分子质量大小进行调整。转膜后封闭1 h, 孵育一抗(1∶1 000), 4 ℃摇床过夜。TBST洗涤后加入二抗(1∶10 000), 室温孵育1 h后曝光显影。
实时荧光定量核酸扩增检测(real-time quantitative PCR, qPCR)  采用TRIzol试剂提取肾脏组织和HK-2细胞总RNA, 测定总RNA浓度, 逆转录合成cDNA。采用Taqman SYBR试剂盒进行实时定量PCR反应, 检测HSP90AA1SRCHSP90AB1EGFRESR1PIK3R1PTPN11MED1PLCG1RXRA基因mRNA表达水平。引物序列见表 1
统计学分析  应用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件对实验数据进行统计与分析。所有数据用均值±标准差表示, 多组间的统计学差异使用one-way ANOVA检验进行评估。P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
为研究大黄酚对肾脏IRI的影响, 本研究构建了单侧肾脏IRI小鼠模型。由图 1A~D可知, 与假手术(Sham) 组相比, IRI组小鼠血清中肌酐、尿素氮水平明显升高, 肾脏组织中肾损伤蛋白(KIM1)、凋亡蛋白(cleaved-caspase 3/caspase 3、cytochrome C) 的表达量增加, Bcl-2蛋白表达下降, 而不同剂量的大黄酚能够降低血清肌酐、尿素氮水平, 调节肾损伤蛋白和凋亡相关蛋白的表达水平, 且呈现剂量依赖性。H&E染色结果显示, Sham组肾组织形态完整, 肾小管及肾小球结构清晰, 而IRI组肾组织结构明显遭到破坏, 肾小管上皮细胞肿胀、变性, 肾小管扩张, 部分管腔内可见大量上皮细胞碎片, 肾脏外髓充血(图 1E)。与IRI组相比, 不同剂量的大黄酚给药组肾损伤明显减少。上述结果证明, 大黄酚对肾脏缺血再灌注损伤小鼠的肾功能具有改善作用。
通过采用Western blot技术检测肾脏组织中线粒体相关蛋白的表达发现, 与Sham组相比, IRI组肾组织中线粒体自噬蛋白PINK1的表达明显增加, LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-I的表达显著下降, 而大黄酚预给药组能够显著降低PINK1的表达, 并呈剂量依赖性升高LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-I的表达, 但其对分裂蛋白(Drp1)、融合蛋白(Mfn1、Mfn2、Opa1)、生物合成蛋白(PGC-1α) 的表达水平没有显著影响(图 2)。结果表明, 大黄酚可能通过调节线粒体自噬而发挥肾功能保护作用。
采用肾小管上皮细胞HK-2构建H/R模型, 从细胞水平研究大黄酚对肾脏缺血再灌注损伤时线粒体的影响。通过采用JC-1荧光探针法测定线粒体膜电位的水平, 发现缺氧复氧处理后HK-2细胞中的线粒体膜电位与对照组相比显著降低, 而大黄酚能够呈剂量依赖性地提高HK-2细胞中线粒体膜电位水平(图 3A)。同时, 采用MitoSox Red染色法检测了HK-2细胞中mtROS水平, 红色荧光越强, 则mtROS的水平越高。实验结果显示, 与对照组相比, H/R组HK-2细胞中mtROS水平显著增加, 而大黄酚(3µmol·L-1) 能够抑制mtROS的产生(图 3B)。上述结果提示, 大黄酚可以改善由缺氧复氧引发的线粒体功能损伤。
以AKI为关键词在OMIM、Malacards、Genecards、Disgenet四大数据库检索得到4 341个不重复的潜在靶点, 以大黄酚为关键词在TCMSP、ETCM、Swiss Target Predict、Batman tcm、Pubchem、SuperPred、SEA数据库检索获得539个不重复的潜在靶点, 大黄酚与AKI的共同作用靶点有305个, 对这些靶点进行蛋白质互作网络(PPI) 绘制(图 4A), PPI网络中有304个节点(靶点蛋白), 350条边(蛋白相互作用)。将有相互作用的靶点结合信息导入Cytoscape构建大黄酚-AKI网络模型, 并按节点度值从大到小进行排序, 以degree值筛选top10的关键靶点(HSP90AA1SRCHSP90AB1EGFRESR1PIK3R1PTPN11MED1PLCG1RXRA) (图 4B)。
采用HK-2细胞构建H/R模型, 通过qPCR技术检测HK-2细胞中大黄酚-AKI关键靶点(HSP90AA1SRCHSP90AB1EGFRESR1PIK3R1PTPN11MED1PLCG1RXRA) 的基因水平, 发现与对照组相比, H/R组的HSP90AA1PIK3R1基因水平显著升高, 而大黄酚(3 µmol·L-1) 能够明显抑制HSP90AA1PIK3R1基因水平(图 5)。结果提示, 大黄酚改善肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的作用机制可能与靶向抑制HSP90AA1PIK3R1有关。
将大黄酚-AKI交集靶点信息导入DAVID平台, 对潜在靶点进行Wiki及KEGG通路富集分析, 发现在两种通路富集分析结果中均涉及PI3K/Akt通路, 且该信号通路在两种分析方法中均排列第一(图 6)。采用HK-2细胞构建H/R模型对该信号通路进行验证, 发现与对照组比较, H/R组p-PI3K、PI3K、p-Akt和Akt蛋白表达均显著降低, 而大黄酚(3 µmol·L-1) 能够显著提高H/R条件下HK-2细胞中p-PI3K、PI3K、p-Akt和Akt蛋白表达水平(图 7)。上述结果提示, 大黄酚可能通过活化PI3K/Akt信号通路而发挥肾脏保护作用。
AKI是一种以肾脏突发性功能障碍为特点的临床综合征。在过去的20年中, AKI的发病率在全球范围内逐年上升, 尤其是在危重患者中, 其发生率可达到30%以上[1, 15]。最终可能发展为需要透析甚至肾脏代替治疗的慢性肾病, 而肾脏替代治疗的患者死亡率高达60%, 这对患者的生命安全构成了严重威胁[16]。由于其复杂的发病机制, 目前仍缺乏对AKI的治疗。有研究表明, 大黄酚对AKI具有潜在治疗作用。本研究通过体内缺血再灌注损伤模型和体外缺氧复氧模型, 并结合网络药理学分析探索大黄酚对AKI的影响及其作用机制。
首先, 本研究证实了大黄酚对IRI诱导的AKI具有保护作用, 并能够呈剂量依赖性地调节肾组织细胞凋亡相关蛋白(cleaved-caspase 3/caspase 3、cytochrome C、Bcl2) 表达及改善肾组织形态结构。其中, 细胞色素C是线粒体ATP产生不可或缺的蛋白质, 当其从线粒体中释放时可触发Ⅱ型细胞凋亡[17]。在生理条件下, cytochrome C被磷酸化, 从而控制线粒体呼吸和细胞凋亡[18]。当肾脏缺血再灌注损伤时, 肾小管上皮细胞中的线粒体内膜通透性转换孔被开启, 导致cytochrome C等关键因子进入细胞质, 促进caspases的表达和细胞凋亡; 线粒体通透性的显著增加会引发线粒体肿胀及嵴结构重塑, 进一步加剧cytochrome C、mtDNA等促凋亡因子的释放[19-22]。而cytochrome C从线粒体内膜释放的过程中, 会促使凋亡蛋白激活因子1 (Apaf-1) 与ATP结合, 形成半胱天冬酶激活复合物, 进而驱动下游的caspase 9, 并进一步激活caspase 3转化为cleaved-caspase 3 (即活化的caspase 3), 形成一个正反馈循环, 加速凋亡过程[18]
此外, 线粒体通过产生ATP、活性氧(ROS) 和调节胞质钙水平, 在细胞的存活和死亡中扮演着关键角色[23, 24]。肾脏的缺血再灌注损伤会破坏线粒体的稳态, 增强线粒体的分裂功能而抑制线粒体融合, 加上线粒体肿胀, 会导致肾小管上皮细胞中的大多数线粒体功能失调, 表现为短小破碎状[25]。过度碎片化的线粒体将导致膜电位水平和呼吸功能降低, ATP产生减少及ROS含量增加, 进而触发炎症反应的激活以及mtDNA和线粒体蛋白改变等一系列不可逆损伤, 最终导致线粒体功能丧失和肾小管上皮细胞的凋亡[26]。本研究通过体外给予HK2细胞H/R模型不同剂量的大黄酚, 发现大黄酚能够显著提高缺氧复氧处理后HK-2细胞中线粒体膜电位水平, 并抑制mtROS的产生, 证明了大黄酚能够改善AKI引发的线粒体功能障碍。
经过进一步研究发现, 大黄酚对线粒体自噬相关蛋白PINK1、LC3的表达具有调节作用。目前研究表明, 线粒体自噬途径主要分为依赖泛素途径和非泛素依赖途径两大类, 而PINK1是泛素依赖途径的关键蛋白, 大多数细胞类型的线粒体自噬受PINK1-Parkin机制的调节[27]。PINK1是一种位于胞质溶胶中的激酶, 被输入线粒体后在生理条件下降解[28]。由于蛋白质输入依赖于线粒体膜电位, 当线粒体去极化时, PINK1因进入线粒体途径受阻而被滞留在外膜上; 累积的PINK1通过介导外膜上某些蛋白质(pSer65-Ub) 的磷酸化招募并激活E3泛素连接酶Parkin[29]。Parkin泛素化线粒体外膜蛋白(如Mfn1和Mfn2) N-末端的赖氨酸残基, 从而靶向线粒体以通过自噬体降解[6]。此外, 非泛素依赖途径由线粒体自噬受体(如NIX、BNIP3和FUNDC1) 主导, 而这些受体都包含一个保守的LC3结合域。在缺氧的刺激下, 线粒体自噬受体可以通过耗散线粒体膜电位并与LC3相互作用, 将线粒体输送到自噬体来激活线粒体自噬[30-32]。线粒体自噬的适度激活发挥保护作用, Livingston等[33]证明通过线粒体自噬的激活增加受损线粒体的清除率可防止线粒体功能丧失, 减弱ROS生成, 并减轻肾小管细胞凋亡和肾损伤。然而, 线粒体自噬激活有一个上限, 过度的线粒体自噬和广泛的免疫浸润是影响IRI的主要因素[34, 35]
结合差异表达基因分析和蛋白质相互作用网络分析的结果显示, 大黄酚可以通过调节HSP90AA1、PIK3R1的基因表达水平来发挥保护作用。多项研究表明, HSP90AA1、PIK3R1在慢性肾小球肾炎、糖尿病肾病、顺铂诱导的急性肾损伤、肾纤维化等肾脏疾病中均作为关键基因靶点[36-39]。其中, HSP90AA1是热休克蛋白90 (HSP90) 的4种亚型之一, 是一种ATP酶依赖性分子伴侣, 其在包括Akt在内的许多客户蛋白的稳定性中发挥着至关重要的作用[40]。Zhang等[38]证明芍药花素能够诱导HSP90AA1-Akt复合物的形成, 导致Akt显著激活, 从而抑制细胞凋亡和炎症反应, 进一步缓解顺铂诱导的急性肾损伤。上述研究提示, 靶向HSP90AA1能够通过Akt通路缓解AKI。
通过对大黄酚-AKI共同作用靶点进行功能富集分析, 发现PI3K/Akt信号通路可能是大黄酚对AKI起保护作用的重要通路。PI3K/Akt信号通路已被证明在调节不同系统中的有丝分裂信号传导、细胞凋亡、细胞增殖和存活中发挥关键作用[41]。研究发现, 通过激活PI3K/Akt介导的线粒体依赖性细胞凋亡信号通路, 能够保护肾功能免受IRI损伤, 防止肾小管细胞在体内和体外凋亡[42], 上调PI3K/Akt磷酸化可以改善IRI损伤后的肾脏修复[43]。本研究通过验证发现, 大黄酚能够显著上调H/R条件下HK-2细胞中p-PI3K、PI3K、p-Akt和Akt蛋白表达。此外, PIK3R1为PI3K的负调节亚基, 研究显示槲皮素可以通过干扰PIK3R1抑制PI3K/Akt通路来有效缓解慢性肾功能衰竭[44], 且PIK3R1的耗竭促进了细胞中Akt的磷酸化[45]。而本研究发现, PIK3R1在H/R条件下基因表达增加, 大黄酚能够抑制其表达, 提示大黄酚可能通过靶向PIK3R1调节PI3K/Akt通路, 进而改善IRI诱导的急性肾损伤。
综上所述, 本研究结合网络药理学方法探究了大黄酚对缺血再灌注诱导的急性肾损伤的保护作用及其机制。研究结果提示, 大黄酚可改善由IRI诱导的AKI, 其机制可能与调节PI3K/Akt信号通路及关键作用靶点HSP90AA1、PIK3R1, 减少细胞凋亡, 调节线粒体自噬, 提高线粒体膜电位, 抑制mtROS产生有关, 为临床治疗缺血再灌注诱导的急性肾损伤提供了新的药物选择。
作者贡献: 铁璐和李琳琳负责本实验研究的设计; 王燕青和杨雪负责实验研究及数据分析; 杨雪和邓敏负责撰写并修订文章; 所有作者阅读和修改本论文。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发项目(2023B02010)
  • 中央引导地方科技发展资金项目
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2024年第59卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0154
  • 接收时间:2024-02-22
  • 首发时间:2025-11-27
  • 出版时间:2024-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-22
  • 修回日期:2024-04-01
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新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发项目(2023B02010)
中央引导地方科技发展资金项目
作者信息
    1.新疆医科大学药学院, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
    2.北京大学基础医学院, 北京 100191
    3.广州中医药大学基础医学院, 广东 广州 510006
    4.新疆天然药物活性组分与释药技术重点实验室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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