Article(id=1200500175350395232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0244, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710691200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-18, revisedDate=1713369600000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764151146018, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1718121600000, pubDateStr=2024-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764151146018, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764151146018, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764151146018, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200500165426672625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='6', pageStart='1509', pageEnd='1896', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764151143651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225143180, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810542001680840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810542001680841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1812, endPage=1818, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200500175870488963, articleId=1200500175350395232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Hemoglobin-stabilizd platinum-based polypyrrole nanoparticles and their photothermal antitumor studies, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Photothermal therapy is a new type of tumor therapy that uses near-infrared laser to specifically activate the photothermal agent accumulated in the lesion site, so as to achieve thermal ablation of cancer cells. However, the long metabolic cycle and difficult clearance of photothermal agent materials in vivo are also one of the major obstacles hindering their clinical transformation. In this work, we used hemoglobin as a novel stabilizer, hexachloroplatinic acid as a novel oxidant, and pyrrole as a monomer to prepare hemoglobin-stabilized platinum-based polypyrrole nanoparticles (Hb@PtP) by a one-step oxidative polymerization method and investigated in detail to study their physicochemical properties, such as morphology and structure. After polyethylene glycol modification, the particle size of obtained Hb@PtPP was 99.08 ± 8.3 nm and the zeta potential was -18.7 ± 1.2 mV. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the Hb@PtPP nanoparticles exhibited irregular spherical shape and uniform dispersion in the system. Under the irradiation of 808 nm laser with different power densities, Hb@PtPP showed power density-dependent temperature-raising behavior, and CCK-8 and dead-live staining experiments confirmed that they could effectively exert the photothermal effect to kill tumor cells. Small living animal imaging results demonstrated that Hb@PtPP had good tumor targeting and retention ability, and achieved tumor growth inhibition and ablation in vivo under laser excitation. All animal experiments involved in the study were performed in accordance with the program approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Union Medical College, Institute of Radiation Medicine [IRM/2-IACUC-2312-005].

, correspAuthors=Lin MEI, Da-quan CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing LI, Wei-wei ZENG, Han-yue LI, Lin MEI, Da-quan CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200500179330790008, articleId=1200500175350395232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=血红蛋白稳定的铂基聚吡咯纳米颗粒及其光热抗肿瘤研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

光热治疗是利用近红外激光特异性激活蓄积在病灶部位的光热剂, 从而达到热消融癌细胞的一种新型肿瘤治疗手段。然而, 光热材料在体内代谢周期长、清除难, 这成为阻碍其临床转化的主要障碍之一。本研究利用血红蛋白作为新型稳定剂、六氯铂酸作为新型氧化剂、吡咯作为单体, 通过氧化聚合一步法, 制得血红蛋白稳定的铂基聚吡咯纳米颗粒(Hb@PtP)并对其形貌结构等理化性质进行详细考察。在聚乙二醇修饰后, 获得的Hb@PtPP粒径为99.08 ± 8.3 nm, zeta电位为-18.7 ± 1.2 mV, 透射电镜显示Hb@PtPP纳米颗粒为不规则球形且分散均匀。在不同功率密度的808 nm激光照射下, Hb@PtPP呈现出功率密度依赖性升温行为, CCK-8和死活染色实验证实其能有效地发挥光热效应杀伤肿瘤细胞。小动物活体成像结果表明Hb@PtPP具有较好的肿瘤靶向和滞留能力, 在激光激发下, 实现了小鼠肿瘤生长的抑制和消融。研究涉及的所有动物实验均按照中国医学科学院机构动物护理与使用委员会中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院放射医学研究所批准的方案执行[IRM/2-IACUC-2312-005]。

, correspAuthors=梅林, 陈大全, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*梅林, Tel: 18665387360, E-mail: ;
陈大全, Tel: 13853525397, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=D4to1Wesrz17pFcz7+ESyw==, magXml=HEidIFl5yq5mVy7TNqJCcQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=qQMap4asez/TMCJPAuLuug==, pdfFileSize=4107983, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=RDkjleJMznSqkQHTHL3JAg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=fqj/hsBnfRHulkM1YrTt+w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=李静, 曾伟伟, 李晗玥, 梅林, 陈大全)}, authors=[Author(id=1201118431622947467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500175350395232, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1201118431933325997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500175350395232, authorId=1201118431622947467, language=EN, stringName=Jing LI, firstName=Jing, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. 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血红蛋白稳定的铂基聚吡咯纳米颗粒及其光热抗肿瘤研究
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李静 1 , 曾伟伟 2 , 李晗玥 2 , 梅林 2, * , 陈大全 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(6): 1812-1818
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(6): 1812-1818
血红蛋白稳定的铂基聚吡咯纳米颗粒及其光热抗肿瘤研究
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李静1, 曾伟伟2, 李晗玥2, 梅林2, * , 陈大全1, *
作者信息
  • 1.烟台大学药学院, 分子药理和药物评价教育部重点实验室 (烟台大学), 新型制剂与生物技术药物研究山东省高校协同创新中心, 山东 烟台 264005
  • 2.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院生物医学工程研究所, 先进医用材料与医疗器械全国重点实验室, 天津市生物医学材料重点实验室, 天津 300192

通讯作者:

*梅林, Tel: 18665387360, E-mail: ;
陈大全, Tel: 13853525397, E-mail:
Hemoglobin-stabilizd platinum-based polypyrrole nanoparticles and their photothermal antitumor studies
Jing LI1, Wei-wei ZENG2, Han-yue LI2, Lin MEI2, * , Da-quan CHEN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
出版时间: 2024-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0244
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光热治疗是利用近红外激光特异性激活蓄积在病灶部位的光热剂, 从而达到热消融癌细胞的一种新型肿瘤治疗手段。然而, 光热材料在体内代谢周期长、清除难, 这成为阻碍其临床转化的主要障碍之一。本研究利用血红蛋白作为新型稳定剂、六氯铂酸作为新型氧化剂、吡咯作为单体, 通过氧化聚合一步法, 制得血红蛋白稳定的铂基聚吡咯纳米颗粒(Hb@PtP)并对其形貌结构等理化性质进行详细考察。在聚乙二醇修饰后, 获得的Hb@PtPP粒径为99.08 ± 8.3 nm, zeta电位为-18.7 ± 1.2 mV, 透射电镜显示Hb@PtPP纳米颗粒为不规则球形且分散均匀。在不同功率密度的808 nm激光照射下, Hb@PtPP呈现出功率密度依赖性升温行为, CCK-8和死活染色实验证实其能有效地发挥光热效应杀伤肿瘤细胞。小动物活体成像结果表明Hb@PtPP具有较好的肿瘤靶向和滞留能力, 在激光激发下, 实现了小鼠肿瘤生长的抑制和消融。研究涉及的所有动物实验均按照中国医学科学院机构动物护理与使用委员会中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院放射医学研究所批准的方案执行[IRM/2-IACUC-2312-005]。

血红蛋白  /  稳定剂  /  纳米粒  /  聚吡咯  /  光热治疗

Photothermal therapy is a new type of tumor therapy that uses near-infrared laser to specifically activate the photothermal agent accumulated in the lesion site, so as to achieve thermal ablation of cancer cells. However, the long metabolic cycle and difficult clearance of photothermal agent materials in vivo are also one of the major obstacles hindering their clinical transformation. In this work, we used hemoglobin as a novel stabilizer, hexachloroplatinic acid as a novel oxidant, and pyrrole as a monomer to prepare hemoglobin-stabilized platinum-based polypyrrole nanoparticles (Hb@PtP) by a one-step oxidative polymerization method and investigated in detail to study their physicochemical properties, such as morphology and structure. After polyethylene glycol modification, the particle size of obtained Hb@PtPP was 99.08 ± 8.3 nm and the zeta potential was -18.7 ± 1.2 mV. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the Hb@PtPP nanoparticles exhibited irregular spherical shape and uniform dispersion in the system. Under the irradiation of 808 nm laser with different power densities, Hb@PtPP showed power density-dependent temperature-raising behavior, and CCK-8 and dead-live staining experiments confirmed that they could effectively exert the photothermal effect to kill tumor cells. Small living animal imaging results demonstrated that Hb@PtPP had good tumor targeting and retention ability, and achieved tumor growth inhibition and ablation in vivo under laser excitation. All animal experiments involved in the study were performed in accordance with the program approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Union Medical College, Institute of Radiation Medicine [IRM/2-IACUC-2312-005].

hemoglobin  /  stabilizer  /  nanoparticle  /  polypyrrole  /  photothermal therapy
李静, 曾伟伟, 李晗玥, 梅林, 陈大全. 血红蛋白稳定的铂基聚吡咯纳米颗粒及其光热抗肿瘤研究. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (6) : 1812 -1818 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0244
Jing LI, Wei-wei ZENG, Han-yue LI, Lin MEI, Da-quan CHEN. Hemoglobin-stabilizd platinum-based polypyrrole nanoparticles and their photothermal antitumor studies[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (6) : 1812 -1818 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0244
近年来, 利用纳米颗粒介导的非侵入性激光疗法的兴起, 特别是光热疗法(photothermal therapy, PTT), 凭借其特异性、微创、低毒等独特优势, 已演变成为一种极具潜力的癌症治疗手段[1, 2]。PTT是指利用能够在近红外(near infrared ray, NIR)激光照射下产生热量的光热剂来诱导组织热疗, 以达到消融癌细胞的治疗效果[3]。到目前为止, 许多纳米材料包括无机纳米材料、贵金属纳米材料、纳米碳和聚合物纳米材料已被广泛研究[4-7], 并发展成为潜在的光热剂。其中, 共轭聚合物是一类具有特殊共轭结构的聚合物, 其特点是分子中的重复单元之间通过共轭键(如π-π共轭)连接, 形成一个连续的共轭体系[8, 9]。这一独特的结构特性赋予其较好的导电性、光学吸收能力和化学稳定性[10, 11]。作为经典的共轭聚合物之一, 聚吡咯(polypyrrole, PPy)具有较好的生物相容性、生物降解性及较强的光学吸收和光热转换效率, 已在光热治疗、组织工程、生物传感器等领域崭露头角[12, 13]。例如, 华中科技大学杨祥良教授团队[14]开发出以三嵌段温敏聚合物(聚丙烯酸-聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-聚丙烯酸, PNA)作为聚吡咯氧化聚合的稳定剂, 通过一步法合成温敏聚吡咯纳米凝胶(PPy@PNA)用于近红外Ⅰ和Ⅱ区激光介导的光热治疗肿瘤, 在体内外均显示出较明显的抗肿瘤效果。又如, 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院生物医学工程研究所梅林教授团队[15]开发了一款葡萄糖氧化酶功能化的铼纳米簇掺杂的聚吡咯(Re@ReP-G), 在肿瘤微环境过氧化氢等物质刺激下, Re@ReP-G纳米结构中的铼纳米簇降解为铼酸或碎片而代谢出体内, 加速了其在体内的代谢清除, 具有较好的生物安全性。
值得注意的是, PPy制备三要素分别是吡咯或其衍生物单体、催化剂和稳定剂。而现在普遍使用的稳定剂是聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、十二烷基磺酸钠等化学高分子试剂, 应用于体内存在长期安全隐患[16, 17]。研究表明, 使用天然来源的血清白蛋白作为稳定剂协助聚合物制造过程, 有利于血清白蛋白稳定的纳米颗粒的体内循环、分布和代谢, 具有较好的生物安全性[18]。华中科技大学同济医学院协和医院癌症中心任精华团队[19]利用牛血清白蛋白作为新型稳定剂成功构建钆掺杂的聚吡咯纳米治疗剂(PPy@BSA-Gd), 在体内外显示出长期稳定性、良好的生物相容性、优异的光热性能及较强的光热抗肿瘤疗效。作为天然来源的蛋白质, 牛血清白蛋白作为稳定剂的优势有: ①内源性蛋白质具有较低的免疫原性, 降低毒副作用的风险; ②较好的生物相容性, 提高血液循环时间[20]。因此, 开发天然来源蛋白质稳定的聚合物是提高纳米制剂安全性的解决策略之一。但遗憾的是, 目前已报道的天然蛋白质作为稳定剂协助聚吡咯制造仅限于白蛋白和卵清蛋白, 存在大量潜在的蛋白质稳定剂有待探索[21, 22]
基于以上研究背景, 本文利用六氯铂酸和血红蛋白作为新型氧化剂和稳定剂成功引发吡咯的氧化聚合, 制得血红蛋白稳定的铂基聚吡咯纳米颗粒(Hb@PtP)。通过粒径分析、电位测定、透射电镜观察、紫外光谱等分析了所获得的Hb@PtP和聚乙二醇化的Hb@PtP (Hb@PtPP)的形貌结构等理化特性, 并使用808 nm激光器和红外热成像仪评价了Hb@PtP和Hb@PtPP的光热转换性能及对肿瘤细胞的杀伤效果。体内外结果显示, Hb@PtPP具有较好的光热转换能力, 有效地杀伤肿瘤细胞和抑制肿瘤的生长, 具备较强的临床转化潜能。
仪器  动态光散射粒度分析仪(ZEN3590, 英国Malvern公司); 紫外分光光度计(UH5700, 日本日立公司); 数控超声波清洗器(KQ-500DB, 昆山市超声仪器有限公司); 细胞培养箱(Midi 40, 美国ThermoFisher); 红外热成像仪(Fluke TiS55+, 美国福禄克公司); 808 nm激光器(FC-D-808, 长春新产业光电有限公司); 倒置荧光显微镜(CKX53, 日本奥林巴斯公司); 小动物活体成像系统(MaestroTM 2 MaestroTM EX-R, 美国CRi)。
试剂  血红蛋白(hemoglobin, Hb, H195714)、六水合氯铂酸(chloroplatinic acid, H2PtCl6, C120776)、亚甲基蓝(methylene blue, MB, M134389)、吡咯(pyrrole, P104879) (上海阿拉丁生物化学技术有限公司); 二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇2000 (1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N[amino-(polyethylene glycol)2000], DSPE-PEG2000, R-1028-2K, 西安瑞禧生物技术有限公司); 细胞计数试剂盒-8 (cell counting kit-8, CCK-8, K1018, 美国APE×BIO公司); 胰酶消化液(R001100)、胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS, A5669701)、DMEM培养基(Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium, DMEM, 11960044)、青霉素、链霉素(15070063) (赛默飞世尔科技公司); 磷酸缓冲生理盐水缓冲液(phosphate buffer saline, PBS, G4207, 塞维尔有限公司); Calcein/PI细胞活性与细胞毒性检测试剂盒(C2015M, 上海碧云天生物技术有限公司)。
动物  雌性Balb/c小鼠, SPF级, 4~6周龄, 20~22 g, 合格证号: NO.110324241101160947, 许可证号: SCXK (京)2019-0010, 来自斯贝福(北京)生物技术有限公司。所有动物实验均经中国医学科学院机构动物护理与使用委员会中国医学科学院北京协和医学院放射医学研究所批准[IRM/2-IACUC-2312-005]。
血红蛋白稳定的铂基聚吡咯纳米粒的制备  首先, 称取100 mg血红蛋白溶解于5 mL去离子水中并在600 r·min-1磁力搅拌条件下搅拌。随后, 向溶液中加入200 μL浓度为7.7 mmol·L-1的六氯铂酸, 并进行20 min的搅拌以便充分混合。接着, 向所得混合液中加入200 μL质量浓度为100 mg·mL-1的吡咯溶剂, 然后在室温条件下继续搅拌5 h。在完成上述步骤之后, 使用离心机以5 000 r·min-1的转速对溶液进行初步离心处理5 min, 以弃掉较大的颗粒物。然后, 取出上清液, 并将其置于300 kDa的透析袋中, 在适宜的条件下透析48 h, 以获得血红蛋白稳定的铂基聚吡咯纳米粒子(Hb@PtP)。
聚乙二醇化血红蛋白稳定的铂基聚吡咯纳米粒的制备  首先, 将6 mg的Hb@PtP与10 mL去离子水混合, 通过震荡并辅以超声波充分分散。随后, 称取6 mg的DSPE-PEG2000, 加入到上述混合溶液中, 在600 r·min-1磁力搅拌条件下搅拌2.5 h。反应结束后, 将混合溶液以20 000 r·min-1的转速进行离心处理15 min, 并用去离子水洗3次, 完全去除可能残留的杂质。最后, 将洗净的沉淀重新分散于去离子水中, 即得到目标产物: 聚乙二醇化血红蛋白稳定的聚吡咯纳米粒(Hb@PtPP)。
纳米粒的形态及理化性质  通过透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM)观察纳米颗粒形貌。动态光散射粒径分析仪(dynamic light scattering, DLS)用于监测流体动力学颗粒尺寸和zeta电位。Hb@PtPP溶液采用探头超声处理5 min, 以便实现纳米颗粒的充分分散。随后, 将分散后的纳米颗粒悬液进行适当稀释, 并将其滴涂在铜网表面。干燥完成后, 将铜网放入透射电子显微镜中, 调节放大倍数至约100万倍, 设定加速电压为120 kV。在此参数下, 仔细观察样品在视野中的形态, 并对其进行拍照记录。此外, 取稀释后的纳米粒悬液, 使用激光粒度分析仪对其进行检测, 准确记录下流体动力学粒径及zeta电位等参数。
紫外光谱检测  为了评估Hb@PtP和Hb@PtPP纳米粒中血红蛋白的成功装载, 将溶液按比例稀释至不同质量浓度(12.5、25、50、100、200 μg·mL-1), 随后使用紫外分光光度计在波长范围200~1 000 nm间对各浓度溶液进行吸光度测量。
光热性能评价  将装有100 μL Hb@PtPP (100 μg·mL-1)溶液的艾本德(Eppendorf, EP)管置于808 nm激光下, 随后调整近红外激光的辐射强度(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 W·cm-2), 在设定功率密度下, 对溶液进行激光照射5 min。期间, 利用光热成像系统连续记录溶液温度随不同功率和时间的变化情况。
细胞培养  小鼠乳腺癌细胞(mouse breast cancer cells, 4T1)和小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, 3T3)使用含有10%胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS)、1%的链霉素/青霉素的DMEM培养基(Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium, DMEM), 置于37 ℃、含5% CO2的细胞培养箱中培养, 定期换液、传代, 取对数生长期细胞进行实验。
生物相容性考察  使用CCK-8法评估纳米颗粒对4T1和3T3细胞的细胞毒性。将4T1和3T3细胞以1×104细胞/孔的密度接种于96孔板中, 并在DMEM培养基中预孵育12 h。从96孔板中移除培养基, 并向每孔添加100 μL用完全培养基稀释至不同质量浓度的Hb@PtPP (0、12.5、25、50、100、200 μg·mL-1)溶液。为保证实验结果的可靠性, 每个浓度均设置3个重复孔。将96孔板置于CO2培养箱中培养24 h。随后, 弃去孔中的药物溶液, 并以PBS溶液进行3次清洗。每孔加入10 μL CCK-8溶液和90 μL DMEM培养基, 并继续培养1 h。之后, 使用多功能酶标仪在450 nm波长下测定各孔的吸光度。
细胞光毒性考察  将4T1细胞与不同质量浓度的Hb@PtPP (0、12.5、25、50、100、200 μg·mL-1)共孵育3 h, 然后将细胞暴露于不同激光密度(1或1.5 W·cm-2)的808 nm激光下5 min, 最后用CCK-8测定细胞毒性。
活/死细胞染色测定  4T1细胞以1×105个细胞/孔的密度种在6孔板上, 并培养12 h以评估细胞活力和死亡。将细胞与含有Hb@PtPP (150 μg·mL-1)的DMEM培养基分别孵育3 h。之后, 对于激光组, 将细胞暴露于808 nm激光(1 W·cm-2)照射5 min。继续培养12 h后, 加入钙黄绿素乙酰氧基甲酯(calcein acetoxymethyl ester, Calcein-AM, 10 nmol·L-1)和碘化丙酯(propidium iodide, PI, 10 nmol·L-1)共孵育30 min。图像由倒置荧光显微镜获得。
体内分布研究  首先, 将4T1细胞悬液(1×107细胞)皮下注射到小鼠右大腿的上背部, 建立4T1肿瘤模型。通过尾静脉注射Cy5标记的Hb@PtPP到携带4T1肿瘤的Balb/c小鼠体内, Cy5剂量为1.5 mg kg-1。在特定的时间点(2、6、12 h), 使用小动物活体成像系统对小鼠进行成像。注射12 h后, 对小鼠进行安乐死, 收集主要器官和肿瘤进行成像。
抑瘤实验  当4T1荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤体积生长到接近80 mm3时, 将4T1荷瘤小鼠随机分为3组(n = 5), 实验分组如下: ① PBS组(对照组), ② Hb@PtPP组, ③ Hb@PtPP+激光组(Hb@PtPP+L)。①组小鼠静脉尾注射PBS, ②和③组小鼠尾静脉注射剂量20 mg·kg-1 Hb@PtPP。对接受光照的小鼠进行808 nm激光照射, 并每间隔一天记录小鼠的体重和肿瘤体积变化, 持续测量14天, 根据公式(1)计算肿瘤体积。
$肿瘤体积= 1/2× (肿瘤宽度)^{2} × (肿瘤长度)$
统计学方法  CCK-8法实验独立重复3次。数据分析通过OriginPro软件完成。数据表示为平均值±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s)。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
图 1A的透射电子显微镜图像显示, 所合成的Hb@PtPP在形态上较为均一, 表现为分散的、较为均匀的球状结构。通过动态光散射技术对颗粒大小进行表征, 结果显示Hb@PtP与Hb@PtPP的平均粒径分别为34 ± 11.8 nm和99.1 ± 8.3 nm (图 1B), 均匀的粒径分布表明了稳定剂能够有效防止纳米粒的粘连聚集。值得注意的是, 在聚乙二醇修饰处理后, Hb@PtPP纳米粒子的zeta电位从11.8 ± 0.6 mV降低至-18.7 ± 1.2 mV (图 1C), 初步证明DSPE-PEG2000的成功包覆。
采用紫外-可见光谱仪对不同质量浓度(12.5、25、50、100、200 μg·mL-1)的Hb@PtPP纳米粒的吸收光谱进行了详细分析。研究结果表明(图 2A), 纳米粒在400 nm处呈现Hb的特征吸收峰并表现出浓度依赖性, 这一现象表明血红蛋白在纳米粒中成功且有效地进行了嵌合。采用热成像技术对Hb@PtPP的光热性能进行了评估。如图 2B所示, 在NIR (808 nm)光照射下, Hb@PtPP纳米粒在不同激光功率密度(0.5、1、1.5、2 W·cm-2)下温度分别升高至37.5、50.1、65.5和72.4 ℃。这一结果表明, Hb@PtPP纳米粒的光热升温效应与激光功率密度呈正相关。综上所述, 本研究成功制备的Hb@PtPP纳米粒初步展现了其良好的光热性能。
用CCK-8法评价Hb@PtPP对3T3和4T1细胞的相对存活率。结果如图 3AB, 在没有激光照射的情况下, 即使用高达200 μg·mL-1的Hb@PtPP处理细胞, 3T3细胞的存活率仍保持在90%以上, 而4T1细胞的存活率下降至76%, 表明纳米粒对肿瘤细胞有一定的毒性, 但对正常细胞无毒性。这一发现表明, 作为稳定剂的血红蛋白不仅提升了纳米粒的生物相容性, 而且在高浓度处理时仍能对正常细胞保持其生物安全性。而对肿瘤细胞的微弱毒性主要归因于血红蛋白在肿瘤高浓度过氧化氢刺激下发生自氧化, 从而产生活性氧杀伤肿瘤细胞[23, 24]。在808 nm近红外激光存在下, Hb@PtPP显示出依赖于浓度和功率的光毒性趋势, 明显观察到Hb@PtPP在808 nm激光照射后的细胞存活率显著降低, 这是由于激光触发的光热效应所致。
活/死试验结果与CCK-8法检测结果相符。与对照组相比, 用Hb@PtPP纳米粒处理的4T1细胞显示出的红色荧光, 进一步证实了Hb@PtPP纳米粒对肿瘤细胞存在一定的细胞毒性(图 4), 表明了Hb@PtPP在抑制4T1癌细胞生长上的优异能力。在Hb@PtPP+L组中观察到最高的红/绿比, 证实了Hb@PtPP的光热相关细胞毒性。
在考察Hb@PtPP的体内光热治疗效果之前, 评估了其对携带4T1肿瘤的雌性BALB/c小鼠的肿瘤靶向性和体内分布。如图 5A所示, Cy5标记的Hb@PtPP纳米颗粒尾静脉注射小鼠后, 快速地积累在肿瘤部位, 其荧光信号随着时间缓慢下降, 说明纳米颗粒不仅在肿瘤组织具有较好的靶向性, 还可较稳定地滞留在肿瘤组织中, 这为后续的光热治疗提供了良好的基础。在实验终点(12 h), 收集小鼠主要器官(心、肝、脾、肺、肾)和肿瘤组织, 随即使用小动物活体成像系统检测。图 5B显示, Cy5标记的Hb@PtPP主要积累在肿瘤组织, 与体内监测结果一致。
随后, 考察了Hb@PtPP纳米颗粒对荷瘤小鼠的光热抗肿瘤疗效。如图 5C所示, 在监测时间内, Hb@PtPP治疗组的小鼠肿瘤比空白组的小鼠肿瘤生长速度更缓慢, 这归因于血红蛋白在肿瘤高浓度过氧化氢刺激下发生自氧化, 从而产生活性氧杀伤肿瘤细胞。而808 nm激光的照射进一步诱发了Hb@PtPP的光热效应, 从而提升肿瘤局部的温度, 达到杀伤肿瘤细胞的效果, 因此Hb@PtPP+L组呈现出最强的抗肿瘤疗效。此外, 与空白组相比, 所有的实验组均未显示明显的体重变化(图 5D), 初步说明Hb@PtPP纳米颗粒具有较好的生物安全性。随后, 采用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记(terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labeling, TUNEL)染色对肿瘤组织进行凋亡分析。结果(图 5E)显示, Hb@PtPP与808 nm激光共同处理的肿瘤模型中发生了最高程度的细胞凋亡, 这说明在808 nm激光的照射下, Hb@PtPP能够有效吸收光能并转化为热能, 进而引起肿瘤局部温度的显著升高, 导致肿瘤细胞发生程序性死亡。
本项研究成功构建了一种以血红蛋白为稳定剂的创新性纳米平台, 该平台采用六氯铂酸作为氧化催化剂, 通过吡咯原位快速聚合技术并辅以聚乙二醇包裹所得到的血红蛋白稳定的聚吡咯纳米粒。所制备的纳米粒不仅具备良好的物理稳定性和生物相容性, 还展现出较强的光热转换能力, 从而验证了血红蛋白作为纳米粒稳定剂的应用价值。体外与体内实验结果均证实, 该纳米平台能有效利用激光激活的光热疗法, 对肿瘤细胞产生显著的抑制作用。基于血红蛋白的这一发现不仅提供了一种全新的癌症治疗手段, 更揭示了其在治疗性蛋白递送策略中的巨大潜力。
作者贡献: 李静完成了文献调研、实验方法建立、结果处理及论文初稿的撰写; 李晗玥负责部分体外抗肿瘤活性考察和结果处理; 曾伟伟负责课题设计和论文指导、修改; 梅林和陈大全负责课题的总体进展、论文的润色并提供实验经费支持。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作重点专项(2022YFE0139800)
  • 天津市杰出青年基金项目(22JCJQJC00120)
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2024年第59卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0244
  • 接收时间:2024-03-18
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-18
  • 修回日期:2024-04-18
基金
国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作重点专项(2022YFE0139800)
天津市杰出青年基金项目(22JCJQJC00120)
作者信息
    1.烟台大学药学院, 分子药理和药物评价教育部重点实验室 (烟台大学), 新型制剂与生物技术药物研究山东省高校协同创新中心, 山东 烟台 264005
    2.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院生物医学工程研究所, 先进医用材料与医疗器械全国重点实验室, 天津市生物医学材料重点实验室, 天津 300192

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*梅林, Tel: 18665387360, E-mail: ;
陈大全, Tel: 13853525397, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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