Article(id=1200500174175990058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1455, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1703692800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-28, revisedDate=1706803200000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764151145737, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1718121600000, pubDateStr=2024-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764151145737, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764151145737, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764151145737, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200500165426672625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='6', pageStart='1509', pageEnd='1896', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764151143651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225143180, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810542001680840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810542001680841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1656, endPage=1663, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200500175312646496, articleId=1200500174175990058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Anti-glioblastoma study of YHP-836, a novel PARP1/2 inhibitor, in combination with temozolomide, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the antitumor effects of a novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1/2 inhibitor, YHP-836, in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). The cytotoxicity of YHP-836 was tested alone or in combination with TMZ using MTT assay. Immunoblotting and flow cytometry were also employed to assess the combination activity of YHP-836 and TMZ in multiply GBM cell lines. Further, the antitumor activity of YHP-836 and TMZ was evaluated using subcutaneous and orthotopic mice xenograft tumor models. All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Experiments of the Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and conducted under the Guidelines for Animal Experiments of Peking Union Medical College. The approval number is 00009138. It was demonstrated that the combination of YHP-836 and TMZ increased the cytotoxicity against GBM cells and upregulated histone H2AX phosphorylation (γH2AX) expression levels compared to TMZ treatment alone. The combination also led to the S-phase cell cycle arrest. Moreover, YHP-836 significantly enhanced TMZ antitumor effects without significantly increasing chemotherapy drug toxicity in vivo, whereas YHP-836 alone showed limited therapeutic efficacy against GBM. In conclusion, the novel PARP1/2 inhibitor, YHP-836, sensitizes TMZ and provides a basis for further investigation into its mechanism of action. These findings suggest that YHP-836 may be a potential candidate for combination therapy with TMZ in patients with TMZ resistance.

, correspAuthors=Ming JI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-ling DENG, Ting-ting DU, Jie ZHOU, Bai-ling XU, Xiao-guang CHEN, Ming JI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200500176881316321, articleId=1200500174175990058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=新型PARP1/2抑制剂YHP-836与替莫唑胺联用的抗脑胶质瘤研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文研究和评价一种新型多聚(ADP-核糖) 聚合酶[poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, PARP]-1和PARP2抑制剂YHP-836与替莫唑胺(temozolomide, TMZ) 联用的抗脑胶质瘤(glioblastoma, GBM) 作用。体外采用MTT、蛋白免疫印迹法、流式细胞术, 测定化合物单用和与TMZ联用对多株脑胶质瘤细胞的细胞杀伤活性和DNA损伤修复标志物磷酸化组蛋白H2AX (histone H2AX phosphorylation, γH2AX) 水平以及细胞周期的影响。通过脑胶质瘤异体移植模型和原位移植瘤模型, 评价YHP-836与TMZ联用的体内药效。动物实验按照中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所实验动物伦理委员会操作规范严格执行(00009138)。结果显示, YHP-836与TMZ联用增加了对人脑胶质瘤细胞的细胞杀伤活性和γH2AX的表达水平, 使细胞周期阻滞在S期。体内动物模型结果表明, 单独使用YHP-836对U251/TMZ肿瘤的治疗作用较差, 而在与TMZ联用时, 发现其能显著增加TMZ的抗肿瘤作用, 且未显著增加化疗药物毒性。综上所述, 新型PARP1/2抑制剂YHP-836可以增敏化疗药物TMZ的作用, 并为下一步研究其作用机制奠定了基础。提示PARP1/2抑制剂YHP-836可能成为TMZ耐药患者联合TMZ治疗的候选药物之一。

, correspAuthors=季鸣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*季鸣, Tel: 86-10-63165207, E-mail:
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A: U251, U87MG, A172, U251/TMZ and T98G cells were treated with indicated concentrations of TMZ combined with fixed concentrations of YHP-836 for 72 h, respectively. The cell viability was calculated and shown as cell survival curve. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>; B: YHP-836 increased the DNA damage marker histone H2AX phosphorylation (<i>γ</i>H2AX) in GBM cells. The levels of <i>γ</i>H2AX increased in both U87MG, U251, A172, U251/TMZ, T98G and U343/TMZ cells treated with TMZ (250 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) combined with different concentrations of YHP-836 (5 and 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 24 h , figureFileSmall=l23M/6tnsuY1LW4wRsgCmA==, figureFileBig=6xc7kkCy5NP19ExmXgpL4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118427260875130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500174175990058, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=eiyeWhNgCE9BviLhNYemNw==, figureFileBig=DVdQqZo8FohaWLioI52Aqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118427407675791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500174175990058, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= YHP-836 combined with TMZ can cause S phase arrest to overcome TMZ resistance. Exposure to YHP-836 at the indicated concentrations (5 and 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) or combined with TMZ (250 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 24 h. A: A172 cells; B: U251/TMZ cells , figureFileSmall=eiyeWhNgCE9BviLhNYemNw==, figureFileBig=DVdQqZo8FohaWLioI52Aqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118427499950490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500174175990058, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2xvWmCC1W+axAGyUtBxzOQ==, figureFileBig=wPh44MHEiZWjC0rD5yx8jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118427604808099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500174175990058, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= <i>In vivo</i> monitoring of tumor growth in orthotopic xenograft model. A: MRI monitoring of tumor growth; B: Life curve in orthotopic xenograft model. <i>n</i> = 6, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=2xvWmCC1W+axAGyUtBxzOQ==, figureFileBig=wPh44MHEiZWjC0rD5yx8jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118427718054318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500174175990058, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=oCXlmdD7TODDbY/ixu5v5Q==, figureFileBig=DbmJfKQof7UVfV4IiTVekg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118427894215098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500174175990058, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The sensitizing effects of YHP-836 to TMZ on tumor growth in U251/TMZ xenograft model. A: Antitumor activity of YHP-836 in an U251/TMZ subcutaneous xenograft model. <i>n</i> = 5, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> the vehicle group; B: Tumor weight in an U251/TMZ xenograft model. <i>n</i> = 5, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001; C: The body weight of mice in an U251/TMZ subcutaneous xenograft model; D: After the tumors were implantation for 15 days, the mice were sacrificed and the photos of the tumor were presented , figureFileSmall=oCXlmdD7TODDbY/ixu5v5Q==, figureFileBig=DbmJfKQof7UVfV4IiTVekg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118429131534785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500174175990058, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupDose/mg·kg-1×dayNumber (end/start)Tumor weight/gTGIveh/%TGITMZ/%
Vehicle-5/53.02 ± 0.38--
TMZ50×55/51.80 ± 0.46***40-
YHP-83650×115/52.62 ± 0.6613-
YHP-836/TMZ25×5, 50×55/51.67 ± 0.46***456
50×5, 50×55/50.59 ± 0.37***8067
), ArticleFig(id=1201118429232198089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500174175990058, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Antitumor activity of YHP-836 in an U251/TMZ subcutaneous xenograft model. n = 5, x ± s. ***P < 0.001 vs vehicle group. TGI: Tumor growth inhibition; TGIveh: 1-mean tumor volume of treated group/mean tumor volume of vehicle group; TGITMZ: 1-mean tumor volume of treated group/mean tumor volume of TMZ group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupDose/mg·kg-1×dayNumber (end/start)Tumor weight/gTGIveh/%TGITMZ/%
Vehicle-5/53.02 ± 0.38--
TMZ50×55/51.80 ± 0.46***40-
YHP-83650×115/52.62 ± 0.6613-
YHP-836/TMZ25×5, 50×55/51.67 ± 0.46***456
50×5, 50×55/50.59 ± 0.37***8067
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新型PARP1/2抑制剂YHP-836与替莫唑胺联用的抗脑胶质瘤研究
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邓佳玲 , 杜婷婷 , 周洁 , 徐柏玲 , 陈晓光 , 季鸣 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(6): 1656-1663
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(6): 1656-1663
新型PARP1/2抑制剂YHP-836与替莫唑胺联用的抗脑胶质瘤研究
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邓佳玲, 杜婷婷, 周洁, 徐柏玲, 陈晓光, 季鸣*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室/创新药物非临床药物代谢及PK/PD研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*季鸣, Tel: 86-10-63165207, E-mail:
Anti-glioblastoma study of YHP-836, a novel PARP1/2 inhibitor, in combination with temozolomide
Jia-ling DENG, Ting-ting DU, Jie ZHOU, Bai-ling XU, Xiao-guang CHEN, Ming JI*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines/Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2024-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1455
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本文研究和评价一种新型多聚(ADP-核糖) 聚合酶[poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, PARP]-1和PARP2抑制剂YHP-836与替莫唑胺(temozolomide, TMZ) 联用的抗脑胶质瘤(glioblastoma, GBM) 作用。体外采用MTT、蛋白免疫印迹法、流式细胞术, 测定化合物单用和与TMZ联用对多株脑胶质瘤细胞的细胞杀伤活性和DNA损伤修复标志物磷酸化组蛋白H2AX (histone H2AX phosphorylation, γH2AX) 水平以及细胞周期的影响。通过脑胶质瘤异体移植模型和原位移植瘤模型, 评价YHP-836与TMZ联用的体内药效。动物实验按照中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所实验动物伦理委员会操作规范严格执行(00009138)。结果显示, YHP-836与TMZ联用增加了对人脑胶质瘤细胞的细胞杀伤活性和γH2AX的表达水平, 使细胞周期阻滞在S期。体内动物模型结果表明, 单独使用YHP-836对U251/TMZ肿瘤的治疗作用较差, 而在与TMZ联用时, 发现其能显著增加TMZ的抗肿瘤作用, 且未显著增加化疗药物毒性。综上所述, 新型PARP1/2抑制剂YHP-836可以增敏化疗药物TMZ的作用, 并为下一步研究其作用机制奠定了基础。提示PARP1/2抑制剂YHP-836可能成为TMZ耐药患者联合TMZ治疗的候选药物之一。

替莫唑胺  /  PARP抑制剂  /  脑胶质瘤  /  多聚(ADP-核糖) 聚合酶  /  药物联用

The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the antitumor effects of a novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1/2 inhibitor, YHP-836, in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). The cytotoxicity of YHP-836 was tested alone or in combination with TMZ using MTT assay. Immunoblotting and flow cytometry were also employed to assess the combination activity of YHP-836 and TMZ in multiply GBM cell lines. Further, the antitumor activity of YHP-836 and TMZ was evaluated using subcutaneous and orthotopic mice xenograft tumor models. All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Experiments of the Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and conducted under the Guidelines for Animal Experiments of Peking Union Medical College. The approval number is 00009138. It was demonstrated that the combination of YHP-836 and TMZ increased the cytotoxicity against GBM cells and upregulated histone H2AX phosphorylation (γH2AX) expression levels compared to TMZ treatment alone. The combination also led to the S-phase cell cycle arrest. Moreover, YHP-836 significantly enhanced TMZ antitumor effects without significantly increasing chemotherapy drug toxicity in vivo, whereas YHP-836 alone showed limited therapeutic efficacy against GBM. In conclusion, the novel PARP1/2 inhibitor, YHP-836, sensitizes TMZ and provides a basis for further investigation into its mechanism of action. These findings suggest that YHP-836 may be a potential candidate for combination therapy with TMZ in patients with TMZ resistance.

temozolomide  /  PARP inhibitor  /  glioblastoma  /  poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase  /  drug combination
邓佳玲, 杜婷婷, 周洁, 徐柏玲, 陈晓光, 季鸣. 新型PARP1/2抑制剂YHP-836与替莫唑胺联用的抗脑胶质瘤研究. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (6) : 1656 -1663 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1455
Jia-ling DENG, Ting-ting DU, Jie ZHOU, Bai-ling XU, Xiao-guang CHEN, Ming JI. Anti-glioblastoma study of YHP-836, a novel PARP1/2 inhibitor, in combination with temozolomide[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (6) : 1656 -1663 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1455
脑胶质瘤(glioblastoma brain, GBM) 形成于神经上皮组织, 占脑肿瘤的40%~50%[1], 是最常见和最具侵袭性的原发性脑肿瘤[2]。根据CBTRUS统计报告, 胶质瘤患者的平均生存时间为12~15个月[3]。目前, GBM患者的标准治疗为手术切除, 之后进行放射治疗和替莫唑胺(temozolomide, TMZ) 为主的化学药物治疗[4]。其中, TMZ是第二代咪唑并四嗪衍生物, 易透过血脑屏障, 是临床治疗脑胶质瘤的一线化疗药物[5], 其通过甲基化DNA分子以干扰DNA复制, 从而抑制肿瘤细胞增殖[6, 7]。然而, 近半数接受TMZ治疗的患者均对TMZ产生耐药以致中止治疗。其中, 约55%的GBM患者因其DNA修复系统异常而对TMZ天然耐药[8]。此外, 对TMZ敏感的患者也会因获得性耐药而导致治疗失败[4]。因此, 增强TMZ疗效, 克服其耐药性是临床亟需解决的问题。
多聚(ADP-核糖) 聚合酶[poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, PARP] 是一类存在于真核细胞中的蛋白修饰酶, 通过将烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸NAD+中的ADP-核糖转移到自身或其他靶蛋白上, 从而调控各种细胞反应。PARP家族由18个成员组成, 它们的催化结构域具有高度的相似性[9]。其中, PARP1和PARP2的结构和功能已被广泛研究, 两者通过碱基切除修复途径(base excision repair, BER) 对DNA单链损伤(single strand breaks, SSB) 进行修复, 以此在维持基因的稳定性中起着关键作用[10]。抑制PARP1/2不仅可以选择性抑制因同源重组而受损的肿瘤细胞生长, 如BRCA1/2基因突变的肿瘤[11, 12], 还可以增强肿瘤细胞对放疗和化疗的敏感性。目前, 已有多个PARP1抑制剂被批准用于临床, 如olaparib、rucaparib、niraparib、talazoparib、fluzoparib和pamiparib[13-15]
本研究针对新型PARP1/2抑制剂喹唑啉二酮类化合物YHP-836[16]开展了其与TMZ联用治疗脑胶质瘤的体内外研究。在多株脑胶质瘤细胞上, YHP-836均对TMZ具有良好的增敏效果, 同时对于TMZ耐药的脑胶质瘤细胞, YHP-836与TMZ联用还可逆转其耐药性。在裸鼠皮下和原位异体移植人脑胶质瘤细胞模型上, YHP-836与TMZ联用显示了良好的抑瘤作用。
细胞    U87MG、U251、A172购自中国医学科学院基础医学研究所细胞中心, MX-1、U343、U343/TMZ、U251/TMZ由实验室保存。
试剂及仪器    Olaparib由科莱博公司合成并赠与, 纯度为98%以上; TMZ购自百灵威公司; YHP-836由中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所(中国北京) 徐柏玲课题组合成和提供。
抗聚ADP-核糖[poly(ADP-ribose), PAR] 抗体购自美国Trevegen公司; 抗磷酸化组蛋白H2AX (histone H2AX phosphorylation, γH2AX) 抗体购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司; MTT购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司; BCA定量试剂盒购于北京康为试剂生物技术有限公司; RIPA裂解液、蛋白酶抑制剂、磷酸酶抑制剂均购于北京索莱宝生物技术有限公司; mouse β-actin antibody购于北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司。
小动物核磁共振成像仪BRUKER PharmaScan 7.0T/16 US (德国BRUKER公司); GE ImageQuant LAS 4000mini凝胶成像仪(美国GE公司); 全自动化学发光图像分析仪Tanon 5200Multi (中国上海天能科技有限公司); BD FACSVerse流式细胞仪(美国Becton Dickinson公司); SYNERGY H1多功能酶标仪(美国BIO-TEK公司); Bio-RAD凝胶电泳系统(美国Bio-RAD公司); XM-650DT一体式超声波细胞破碎机(中国小美超声仪器有限公司)。
MTT检测      取对数生长期的肿瘤细胞用胰酶消化后配制成浓度为每毫升2.5×104个细胞的细胞液, 每孔100 μL (2 500个细胞) 接种于96孔板。次日每孔加入不同浓度YHP-836或olaparib (为PARP1/2抑制剂, 用作阳性对照药) 及相应溶剂对照的新鲜培养基100 μL (DMSO终浓度 < 0.5%), 每组设3个平行孔, 于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱内继续培养72 h后, 每孔加入浓度为50 μg·mL-1 MTT 20 μL, 总体积为220 μL。37 ℃孵育4 h后弃上清, 加入DMSO 100 μL, 振荡混匀后, 用酶标仪在570 nm波长下测定光吸收值(A)。细胞生存抑制率(%) = (1-Atest/Acon) ×100%, 其中, Atest为待测化合物组吸光度值, Acon为空白对照组吸光度值。
增敏作用检测    参照上述方法, 每孔加入不同浓度的化疗药物TMZ和固定浓度的YHP-836或olaparib及相应溶剂对照的新鲜培养基100 μL (DMSO终浓度 < 0.5%), 于37 ℃继续培养72 h后, 按照“MTT检测”方法测定光吸收值(A)。
蛋白免疫印迹法检测蛋白表达    向肿瘤细胞中加入不同浓度的YHP-836和TMZ处理24 h后, 每个样本加入含1%蛋白酶抑制剂和1%磷酸酶抑制剂的高效RIPA裂解液100 μL, 用细胞超声破碎仪在40 W功率下充分裂解细胞, 并冰上裂解30 min。超速离心机在4 ℃、12 000 ×g下离心20 min后, 收集细胞裂解液进行蛋白定量。电泳转膜, 用含5%脱脂奶粉的TBS-T缓冲液室温封闭非特异性结合位点1 h, TBS-T缓冲液洗膜3次, 每次10 min。加入1∶1 000稀释的一抗, 4 ℃孵育过夜。次日, TBS-T缓冲液洗膜3次, 加1∶2 000稀释的HRP标记的二抗, 室温孵育1 h后加入TBS-T缓冲液洗膜3次, 加入ECL化学发光底物反应液进行凝胶成像检测。
异体移植瘤模型的建立    无菌条件下收集人胶质瘤U251/TMZ细胞, 用无菌生理盐水调整至每毫升1×107个细胞, 取0.2 mL接种于雌性BALB/c裸鼠腋背部皮下, 待肿瘤生长至直径1 cm大小, 无菌条件下取出, 匀浆后均匀接种于裸鼠腋背部皮下(2×106个细胞, 0.2 mL)。7日后待肿瘤生长至100~300 mm3, 将动物随机分组, 每组5只, 开始给药(记为第0天)。TMZ口服给予50 mg·kg-1连续5天; 单药YHP-836组分别给予25和50 mg·kg-1连续11天; 联合给药组TMZ 50 mg·kg-1与YHP-836 25和50 mg·kg-1分别联用均连续口服给药5天(两种药物给药间隔时间为1 h)。所有化合物均混悬于0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液中。每周3次称量体重, 并用游标卡尺测量肿瘤的长度(a) 和宽度(b), 给药第11天将裸鼠脱臼处死, 剥离肿瘤组织, 称重并拍照。肿瘤体积(V) = 1/2×a×b2, 计算抑瘤率TGI (%) = (1- Wtest/Wcon)×100%, Wtest为YHP-836组肿瘤重量, Wcon为阴性对照组或TMZ组肿瘤重量, 以抑瘤率评价YHP-836抗肿瘤作用强度。动物来源斯贝福(北京) 生物技术有限公司(动物合格证号: No.11401500009976)。
原位移植瘤模型的建立    无菌条件下收集人胶质瘤U87MG细胞, 用无菌生理盐水调整至每毫升2×108个细胞。雌性BALB/c裸鼠用50 mg·kg-1戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射麻醉后, 将动物俯卧位固定于小鼠脑立体定位仪上。用酒精消毒裸鼠头皮后, 手术刀矢状切开裸鼠头皮, 3% H2O2清洁切口, 暴露颅骨。延前囟后2 mm, 旁开右侧1.5 mm, 牙科钻打孔。26号微量注射器手动注射5 μL细胞悬液(1×106个细胞), 进针深度3 mm, 退针0.5 mm, 注射时间约30 s。停针5 min后, 缓慢拔针, 消毒缝合切口。腹腔注射5万单位青霉素抗感染[17]。原位移植U87MG荷瘤小鼠造模5天后分组给药, 每组6只, 共30只。模型组每天口服给予生理盐水, 连续给药5天; TMZ组每天口服给予50 mg·kg-1, 连续给药5天; YHP-836单药给药组每天口服给予50 mg·kg-1, 连续给药5天; YHP-836 (每天口服给予25 mg·kg-1) 与TMZ (每天口服给予50 mg·kg-1) 联用组和YHP-836 (每天口服给予50 mg·kg-1) 与TMZ (每天口服给予50 mg·kg-1) 联用组, 连续给药5天。动物来源北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司(动物合格证号: No.11400700092087)。
实验均由中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所实验动物管理与动物福利委员会审核并批准(00009138), 按照动物实验中心标准操作规程执行。
MRI检测   裸鼠用异氟烷麻醉后, 利用小动物核磁共振成像仪进行MRI检测。检测参数为: T2_ TurboRARE, TR/TE =5 000/40, 6 averages, 20×20视野, 0.5 mm层厚。肿瘤体积= Lmax×W×T, 其中Lmax为肿瘤最大直径, W为肿瘤最大直径垂直对应的短径, T为MRI扫描到的肿瘤断层数乘以层厚0.5 mm[17]
统计学方法    实验结果用平均值±标准差表示, 采用GraphPad Prism 9.5.1软件进行统计分析。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA), 多组间组内比较采用two way ANOVA分析。P < 0.05认为有统计学意义差异。
前期研究显示, YHP-836是一种高活性选择性的PARP1/2抑制剂[16], 其在BRCA缺陷的肿瘤中显示了良好的抗肿瘤活性。已有文献报道, PARP1/2抑制剂在脑胶质瘤中对TMZ有增敏作用, 为此首先评价了YHP-836对多种人脑胶质瘤细胞的增殖抑制作用, 并选用同为PARP1/2抑制剂的olaparib用作YHP-836的阳性对照药。YHP-836处理不同的人脑胶质瘤细胞72 h后, 结果显示单独使用YHP-836对胶质瘤细胞的杀伤作用较弱, 其中对U87MG细胞的IC50仅为26.34 ± 3.24 μmol·L-1, 且对其他6株胶质瘤细胞A172、U251、U251/T、U343、U343/T、T98G的IC50均大于100 μmol·L-1。而olaparib对U87MG肿瘤细胞杀伤的IC50为64.28 ± 2.44 μmol·L-1, 对其他6株胶质瘤细胞的IC50也均大于100 μmol·L-1, 提示YHP-836抗U87MG作用较olaparib强。
由于该7株人脑胶质瘤细胞都不存在BRCA突变, 为此进一步考察了YHP-836与化疗药物TMZ联用的增殖抑制作用, 如图 1A所示, YHP-836在5 μmol·L-1浓度下与TMZ联用对U87MG、U251和A172都展现显著的抑制肿瘤细胞增殖作用。同时, 对于TMZ获得性耐药的U251/TMZ细胞和天然耐药的T98G细胞, YHP-836与TMZ联用也有非常好的协调作用。
蛋白免疫印迹结果显示, YHP-836与TMZ联用通过抑制细胞内的PAR水平, 增加了DNA损伤标志物γH2AX (图 1B), 从而增强了TMZ的杀伤肿瘤细胞的活性。
TMZ是一种DNA烷化剂, 其可诱导细胞周期阻滞在G2/M期并最终导致细胞凋亡[18], 但是G2/M期长期停滞在一定程度上会使肿瘤细胞对TMZ产生耐药性[19, 20]。为此, 进一步评价YHP-836是否可以通过抑制细胞周期来增强TMZ的药效。由图 2A可见, YHP-836单独处理人胶质瘤细胞A172, 随着浓度的增加, 细胞周期被阻滞在G2/M期, TMZ在250 μmol·L-1浓度下也导致G2/M期细胞周期阻滞; 而YHP-836联用后细胞周期被阻滞在S期, YHP-836 (5和10 μmol·L-1) 分别与TMZ联合用药, S期的细胞比例相较于TMZ单药组明显上调(88.67%、88.78%比31.82%)。同时, 在TMZ耐药的人脑胶质瘤细胞U251/TMZ上, 也评价了YHP-836与TMZ联用对细胞周期的影响。由图 2B可见, TMZ在250 μmol·L-1浓度下对细胞周期没有影响(S期比例为31.82%), YHP-836分别在5和10 μmol·L-1浓度下与TMZ联用后, 细胞周期被显著抑制在S期, 联用组S期比例分别为89.77%、91.23%。以上结果提示, YHP-836与TMZ联合用药能克服TMZ耐药导致的G2/M期细胞周期停滞, 而将细胞周期阻滞在S期, 从而克服TMZ的耐药。
目前, 抗肿瘤药物的临床前药效学评价通常采用皮下移植瘤模型, 但由于血脑屏障的缘故, 该模型不能充分评价药物透过血脑屏障发挥抗肿瘤的作用, 也不能有效反映体内肿瘤的生物学进程, 如血管生成、浸润和转移[17]。相比之下, 原位移植瘤模型能更为直观且有效地验证化合物的抗脑胶质瘤效果。因此, 采用人脑胶质瘤细胞U87MG原位移植瘤模型评价了YHP-836与TMZ联用的抗肿瘤作用。
图 3A荷瘤裸鼠的MRI影像结果可见, 每天口服给予YHP-836 50 mg·kg-1并未显著抑制小鼠原位胶质瘤的生长, 而连续口服给予TMZ 5天, 小鼠原位胶质瘤的生长明显受到抑制。同样, YHP-836与TMZ联用组核磁影像结果均未显示有明显肿瘤。各组停药后, 溶剂对照组和YHP-836单独给药组由于小鼠颅内肿瘤生长逐渐死亡。第30天核磁影像结果显示, TMZ组肿瘤明显增大, 但联用组仍未观察到明显的肿瘤影像。生存期观察也证实YHP-836与TMZ联用可增加TMZ的抑瘤效果并显著延长荷瘤裸鼠的总生存期(图 3B)。
在TMZ耐药的U251/TMZ裸鼠异体移植瘤模型上, 进一步考察了YHP-836单药以及与TMZ联合用药对体内肿瘤生长的抑制作用。由图 4可见, 联合给药组YHP-836和TMZ连续口服给药11天后可显著抑制肿瘤的生长。YHP-836在25和50 mg·kg-1剂量下与TMZ合用, 相对于溶剂组的抑瘤率分别为45%和80%, 相对于TMZ组的抑瘤率分别为7%和67% (表 1)。同样, YHP-836单药给药组未见明显的抑制肿瘤生长的作用, TMZ组相对于溶剂组的抑瘤率为40%。在实验过程中, 联用组与TMZ组相比小鼠体重未出现显著性降低。
脑胶质瘤是恶性程度最高、预后最差的脑肿瘤, 具有极易复发和转移的特点。目前, TMZ是唯一被批准用于脑胶质瘤治疗的药物。然而, TMZ在治疗过程中经常出现耐药性, 从而限制了治疗效果。已有研究发现TMZ耐药与DNA损伤修复相关, 且PARP1/2在TMZ耐药中发挥重要作用[21]。因此, 本文选用一种全新结构的PARP1/2抑制剂以探究其对TMZ的增敏作用。
本文研究了新型PARP1/2抑制剂YHP-836对于脑胶质瘤的体内外单药抗肿瘤效果和对TMZ的增敏活性。YHP-836的抗肿瘤效果在细胞上表现为可以抑制PAR水平、增加γH2AX水平。在U87MG、U251、A172、U251/TMZ和T98G 5种胶质瘤细胞上, YHP-836单独使用抑制胶质瘤细胞增殖的能力不明显, 但与TMZ联用可显著增强TMZ杀伤肿瘤细胞的作用。同时, 基于胶质瘤细胞长期滞留在G2/M期导致TMZ耐药的机制, 研究结果表明YHP-836与TMZ联用可以使细胞周期阻滞在S期, 提示YHP-836可能通过此机制克服TMZ耐药从而增敏TMZ。
PARP抑制剂单药由于合成致死原理, 对于BRCA1/2以及PTEN功能缺陷的乳腺癌有较好的体外抑制率, 一般IC50可以达到微摩尔水平[22]。在本研究中, 初步的体外实验发现, YHP-836单药对多种胶质瘤细胞的IC50最小达到26.34 μmol·L-1, 这表明YHP-836单药对脑胶质瘤的抗肿瘤作用不是很理想, 而即便是作为阳性对照的olaparib对各脑胶质瘤细胞的抑制作用也不明显, 也提示这几种脑胶质瘤细胞并不是一个BRCA/PTEN缺陷或者突变的肿瘤。但是在联用化疗药物TMZ后发现YHP-836对TMZ的增敏作用非常明显, 而进一步的体内结果也证实了这一点。
在体内, YHP-836与TMZ联用具有显著的抑制肿瘤生长作用, 在50 mg·kg-1剂量下与TMZ合用相对于TMZ组的抑瘤率为67%。但是YHP-836单药未见明显抑制肿瘤生长的作用。此外, 在实验过程中, YHP-836与TMZ联合给药组与TMZ组相比, 动物的总生存期明显延长且未出现明显体重变化, 初步证明YHP-836与TMZ联用在动物模型水平上具有较好的安全性。
研究发现, 无论是在体内还是体外, 单独使用YHP-836对U251/TMZ肿瘤的治疗作用较差, 而在联合TMZ使用时, 能显著增敏TMZ的抗肿瘤作用。因此, 下一步将考察YHP-836等新型PARP抑制剂单药和联用化疗药物对U251/TMZ侵袭和转移能力的影响, 这对于PARP抑制剂的抗脑胶质肿瘤作用研究有重要意义。
作者贡献: 邓佳玲负责实验操作、数据处理及文章撰写; 杜婷婷协助动物实验及流式数据分析; 周洁负责合成制备化合物YHP-836; 陈晓光、徐柏玲和季鸣负责提供研究思路和文章的修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073891)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1455
  • 接收时间:2023-12-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-28
  • 修回日期:2024-02-02
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073891)
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    中国医学科学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室/创新药物非临床药物代谢及PK/PD研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

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