Article(id=1200500173563621672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1704902400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-11, revisedDate=1708704000000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764151145591, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1718121600000, pubDateStr=2024-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764151145591, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764151145591, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764151145591, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200500165426672625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='6', pageStart='1509', pageEnd='1896', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764151143651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225143180, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810542001680840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810542001680841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1664, endPage=1673, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200500174922576199, articleId=1200500173563621672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Rosmarinic acid ameliorates acute liver injury by activating NRF2 and inhibiting ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 signal pathway, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Acute liver injury (ALI) is one of the common severe diseases in clinic, which is characterized by redox imbalance and inflammatory storm. Untimely treatment can easily lead to liver failure and even death. Rosmarinic acid (RA) has been proved to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, but it is not clear how to protect ALI through antioxidation and inhibition of inflammation. Therefore, this study explored the therapeutic effect and molecular mechanism of RA on ALI through in vitro and in vivo experiments. In the mouse ALI model, the effects of RA on liver function and inflammatory indexes were studied, the pathological changes of liver were observed by HE, the effect of RA on reactive oxygen species in liver was detected by fluorescence method, and the level of F4/80 in liver tissue was detected by immunohistochemical method. The levels of thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (CASPASE-1) in liver tissue were measured by Western blot. All animal welfare and experimental procedures follow the rules of the Animal Ethics Committee of Southwest Minzu University. In vitro, human hepatoma cell line HepG2 was used to establish the model of oxidative damage induced by H2O2. The cell viability was detected by CCK-8 method. The level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the supernatant was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the activity of lactatede hydrogenase (LDH) was detected by LDH kit, and the level of ROS was detected by fluorescence probe DCFH-DA labeling. The mRNA expression of Txnip, Nlrp3, Caspase 1, Il1β was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR), and the protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (NRF2), TXNIP, NLRP3 and CASPASE-1 were measured by Western blot. The results showed that compared with the model group, the degree of liver swelling, tissue injury, liver function index in RA group were significantly lower than those in model group. And RA significantly attenuated the increases of ROS in liver tissue. The expression levels of TXNIP, NLRP3 and CASPASE-1 in liver tissue were significantly lower than those in model group. Additionally, RA inhibited the expressions of F4/80 and IL-1β. In vitro experiment, compared with model group, RA effectively inhibited the secretion of IL-1β and LDH. The level of ROS also decreased significantly. RA inhibited the mRNA expressions of Txnip, Caspase 1, Il1β. Furthermore, RA significantly increased the expression level of NRF2 protein in nucleus, and decreased the expression level of TXNIP and NLRP3 protein. Specifically, with the addition of ML385, the effect of RA on NRF2, TXNIP, NLRP3, CASPASE-1 protein expression was reversed. Collectively, these findings suggested that RA may inhibit the production of ROS by promoting NRF2 nuclear transfer, and then reduce the activation of NLRP3 inflammatory bodies by TXNIP, reduce cell death and inflammatory response to prevent the liver injury.

, correspAuthors=Heng-xiu YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun-fu ZHOU, Xin-yan DAI, Hui LI, Yu-juan WANG, Li-du SHEN, DU Xiao-bi A, Shi-ying ZHANG, Jia-cheng GUO, Heng-xiu YAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200500178902970952, articleId=1200500173563621672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=迷迭香酸活化NRF2负调控ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3信号通路改善急性肝损伤, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

急性肝损伤(acute liver injury, ALI) 是临床上常见的重症疾病之一, 氧化还原失衡和炎症风暴为主要特点, 治疗不及时极易引起肝功能衰竭甚至死亡。迷迭香酸(rosmarinic acid, RA) 已被证明具有抗炎抗氧化的活性, 但是如何通过抗氧化及抑制炎症反应发挥对ALI的保护作用尚不清楚。因此, 本研究通过体内外实验探究RA对ALI的治疗作用和分子机制。在小鼠ALI模型上, 研究RA对肝功能和炎性指标水平的影响; HE观察肝脏病理变化; 荧光法检测RA对肝脏活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 的影响; 免疫组化法检测肝组织F4/80水平; Western blot测定肝脏组织硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白(thioredoxin-interacting protein, TXNIP)、NOD-like受体蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3) 炎症小体和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶-1 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1, CASPASE-1) 蛋白的水平。动物福利和实验过程均遵循西南民族大学动物伦理委员会的规定。在H2O2诱导的HepG2细胞氧化性损伤模型上, CCK-8法分析RA对细胞活力的影响; 试剂盒检测白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β) 和乳酸脱氢酶(lactatede hydrogenase, LDH) 释放量; 荧光探针DCFH-DA检测ROS水平; 实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR) 法检测TxnipNlrp3Caspase 1Il1β mRNA表达水平; Western blot法测定细胞核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2, NRF2)、TXNIP、NLRP3和CASPASE-1蛋白的水平。实验结果显示, 与模型组比较, RA组小鼠肝肿胀程度明显减轻, 组织损伤缓解, 肝功能指标和ROS水平显著下降, TXNIP、NLRP3、CASPASE-1蛋白水平均显著降低, F4/80和IL-1β水平明显下降。在细胞水平上, RA能显著降低H2O2诱导的IL-1β、LDH和ROS水平, 同时降低了TxnipCaspase 1Il1β mRNA表达水平, 以及TXNIP、NLRP3、CASPASE-1蛋白水平, 但NRF2蛋白表达水平明显上升, 而NRF2抑制剂ML385逆转了RA对NRF2、TXNIP、NLRP3、CASPASE-1蛋白表达的作用。结果表明, RA可能通过促进NRF2核转移抑制ROS生成, 进而减少TXNIP激活NLRP3炎症小体, 减少细胞死亡和炎症反应从而发挥对肝损伤的缓解作用。

, correspAuthors=严亨秀, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*严亨秀, Tel: 13688095345, E-mail:
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A: Hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining microscopic images (scale bars: 100 μm) of representative liver tissue slices of each group; B: Liver injury score; C-E: The content levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactatede hydrogenase (LDH) in serum of mice were analyzed. DG: Diammonium glycyrrhizinate. <i>n</i> = 10, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>###</sup><i>P</i><0.001 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i><0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i><0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i><0.001 <i>vs</i> model; <sup>&</sup><i>P</i><0.05, <sup>&&</sup><i>P</i><0.01 <i>vs</i> RA-L , figureFileSmall=NhjuhZs9tada8Tu4qyE92A==, figureFileBig=U5zFjYdvTV8J5FGF3RB+8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118427365732747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500173563621672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=USiPOsjjZlDHmEnpFjWskQ==, figureFileBig=R58GdBDS4DVUsiBFAh/NVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118427491561880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500173563621672, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= RA reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) injury in acute liver injury. Dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescence staining and fluorescence intensity of the liver (scale bars: 100 μm). <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>###</sup><i>P</i><0.001 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i><0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i><0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i><0.001 <i>vs</i> model; <sup>&</sup><i>P</i><0.05 <i>vs</i> RA-L , figureFileSmall=USiPOsjjZlDHmEnpFjWskQ==, figureFileBig=R58GdBDS4DVUsiBFAh/NVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118427596419489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500173563621672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gfN/jr1BKlzmCP24/LyqKg==, figureFileBig=zIVqw/ehG6mNiDKKydmzaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118427713860012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500173563621672, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= RA mitigated changes in TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway protein levels in acute liver injury. The protein expressions of TXNIP, NLRP3 and CASPASE-1 were detected by Western blot. The bands were obtained under the same exposure durations. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>###</sup><i>P</i><0.001 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i><0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i><0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i><0.001 <i>vs</i> model; <sup>&</sup><i>P</i><0.05, <sup>&&</sup><i>P</i><0.01, <sup>&&&</sup><i>P</i><0.001 <i>vs</i> RA-L , figureFileSmall=gfN/jr1BKlzmCP24/LyqKg==, figureFileBig=zIVqw/ehG6mNiDKKydmzaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118427885826488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500173563621672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mIbg3JXdPsL9xkp0bb0v7w==, figureFileBig=7kNDt12TqYGDiHZsFZF97A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118429068620224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500173563621672, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= RA reduces CCl<sub>4</sub> induced acute liver injury by alleviating inflammatory responses. A: The F4/80 immunohistochemical staining (scale bars: 100 μm) and the rate of positives in the liver (<i>n</i> = 3); B: Levels of IL-1<i>β</i> in liver tissue. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>###</sup><i>P</i><0.001 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i><0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i><0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i><0.001 <i>vs</i> model , figureFileSmall=mIbg3JXdPsL9xkp0bb0v7w==, figureFileBig=7kNDt12TqYGDiHZsFZF97A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118429198643653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500173563621672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=TqnUJxGERmrDB9YHjHQ4WQ==, figureFileBig=CBckALVvz6FhLMZHtcVRLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118429337055700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500173563621672, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= RA has protective effect on injured HepG2 cells. A: HepG2 cells were pre-incubated with RA (20-80 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 24 h and then exposed to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (1 000 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 6 h, the cell viability was determined by CCK-8; B: The changes of LDH level in HepG2 cells treated with RA and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> for a certain time were detected by kit; C: The changes of IL-1<i>β</i> level on HepG2 cells treated with RA and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> for a certain time were detected by ELISA. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i><0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i><0.001 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>**</sup><i>P</i><0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i><0.001 <i>vs</i> model; <sup>&&</sup><i>P</i><0.01, <sup>&&&</sup><i>P</i><0.001 <i>vs</i> RA (20 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) , figureFileSmall=TqnUJxGERmrDB9YHjHQ4WQ==, figureFileBig=CBckALVvz6FhLMZHtcVRLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118429525799393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500173563621672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LkqJjOZ/3VBLOvn5HsMG4A==, figureFileBig=ZqznXr/y4nIEscty5SiBuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118429660017128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500173563621672, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= RA inhibits H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced activation of ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway in HepG2 cells. A: DCFH-DA fluorescence staining and fluorescence intensity of HepG2 cells (scale bars: 100 μm); B-E: Western blot analyses of TXNIP, NLPR3 and CASPASE-1 with densitometry; F-I: The mRNA expressions including <i>Txnip</i>, <i>Nlrp3</i>, <i>Caspase 1</i> and <i>Il1β</i> were measured with real-time PCR. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>###</sup><i>P</i><0.001 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i><0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i><0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i><0.001 <i>vs</i> model; <sup>&&&</sup><i>P</i><0.001 <i>vs</i> RA (40 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) , figureFileSmall=LkqJjOZ/3VBLOvn5HsMG4A==, figureFileBig=ZqznXr/y4nIEscty5SiBuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118429769069043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500173563621672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=n9IfqoHzvk9SlHpwV7NThQ==, figureFileBig=btFZPPFjx7zECktOWY5vlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118429903286779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500173563621672, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= RA increases the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (NRF2) protein in the nucleus and inhibites the increase of TXNIP, NLRP3, CASPASE-1 protein and IL-1<i>β</i> lever, which could be partially eliminated by NRF2 inhibitor (ML385). A-E: Western blot analyses of NRF2, TXNIP, NLPR3 and CASPASE-1 with densitometry; F: The levels of IL-1<i>β</i> measured by ELISA kits. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>###</sup><i>P</i><0.001 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i><0.05; <sup>***</sup><i>P</i><0.001 <i>vs</i> model , figureFileSmall=n9IfqoHzvk9SlHpwV7NThQ==, figureFileBig=btFZPPFjx7zECktOWY5vlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118430054281735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500173563621672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequence
TxnipForward5'-CCGAGCCAGCCAACTCAAGA-3'
Reverse5'-AGACAGACACCCGCCCATCA-3'
Nlrp3Forward5'-GAATTAGACAACTGCAACCTCACG-3'
Reverse5'-GTTTCAGCACTTCACAGAACATCAT-3'
Caspase 1Forward5'-TGCAAGAATATGCCTGTTCCTGT-3'
Reverse5'-ACTCTTTCAGTGGTGGGCATCT-3'
Il1βForward5'-TTATTACAGTGGCAATGAGGATGAC-3'
Reverse5'-CCTGAAGCCCTTGCTGTAGTG-3'
), ArticleFig(id=1201118430205276691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500173563621672, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Gene primer sequences. Txnip: Thioredoxin-interacting protein; Nlrp3: NOD-like receptor protein 3; Caspase 1: Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1; Il: Interleukin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequence
TxnipForward5'-CCGAGCCAGCCAACTCAAGA-3'
Reverse5'-AGACAGACACCCGCCCATCA-3'
Nlrp3Forward5'-GAATTAGACAACTGCAACCTCACG-3'
Reverse5'-GTTTCAGCACTTCACAGAACATCAT-3'
Caspase 1Forward5'-TGCAAGAATATGCCTGTTCCTGT-3'
Reverse5'-ACTCTTTCAGTGGTGGGCATCT-3'
Il1βForward5'-TTATTACAGTGGCAATGAGGATGAC-3'
Reverse5'-CCTGAAGCCCTTGCTGTAGTG-3'
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迷迭香酸活化NRF2负调控ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3信号通路改善急性肝损伤
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周俊福 1 , 代鑫燕 2 , 李慧 1 , 王玉娟 2 , 沈立都 1 , 阿都小比 1 , 张诗盈 2 , 郭嘉诚 2 , 严亨秀 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(6): 1664-1673
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(6): 1664-1673
迷迭香酸活化NRF2负调控ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3信号通路改善急性肝损伤
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周俊福1, 代鑫燕2, 李慧1, 王玉娟2, 沈立都1, 阿都小比1, 张诗盈2, 郭嘉诚2, 严亨秀1, *
作者信息
  • 1.西南民族大学药学院, 四川 成都 610225
  • 2.西南民族大学草地资源学院, 四川 成都 610225

通讯作者:

*严亨秀, Tel: 13688095345, E-mail:
Rosmarinic acid ameliorates acute liver injury by activating NRF2 and inhibiting ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 signal pathway
Jun-fu ZHOU1, Xin-yan DAI2, Hui LI1, Yu-juan WANG2, Li-du SHEN1, DU Xiao-bi A1, Shi-ying ZHANG2, Jia-cheng GUO2, Heng-xiu YAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China
  • 2. College of Grassland Resources, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China
出版时间: 2024-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0032
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急性肝损伤(acute liver injury, ALI) 是临床上常见的重症疾病之一, 氧化还原失衡和炎症风暴为主要特点, 治疗不及时极易引起肝功能衰竭甚至死亡。迷迭香酸(rosmarinic acid, RA) 已被证明具有抗炎抗氧化的活性, 但是如何通过抗氧化及抑制炎症反应发挥对ALI的保护作用尚不清楚。因此, 本研究通过体内外实验探究RA对ALI的治疗作用和分子机制。在小鼠ALI模型上, 研究RA对肝功能和炎性指标水平的影响; HE观察肝脏病理变化; 荧光法检测RA对肝脏活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 的影响; 免疫组化法检测肝组织F4/80水平; Western blot测定肝脏组织硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白(thioredoxin-interacting protein, TXNIP)、NOD-like受体蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3) 炎症小体和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶-1 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1, CASPASE-1) 蛋白的水平。动物福利和实验过程均遵循西南民族大学动物伦理委员会的规定。在H2O2诱导的HepG2细胞氧化性损伤模型上, CCK-8法分析RA对细胞活力的影响; 试剂盒检测白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β) 和乳酸脱氢酶(lactatede hydrogenase, LDH) 释放量; 荧光探针DCFH-DA检测ROS水平; 实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR) 法检测TxnipNlrp3Caspase 1Il1β mRNA表达水平; Western blot法测定细胞核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2, NRF2)、TXNIP、NLRP3和CASPASE-1蛋白的水平。实验结果显示, 与模型组比较, RA组小鼠肝肿胀程度明显减轻, 组织损伤缓解, 肝功能指标和ROS水平显著下降, TXNIP、NLRP3、CASPASE-1蛋白水平均显著降低, F4/80和IL-1β水平明显下降。在细胞水平上, RA能显著降低H2O2诱导的IL-1β、LDH和ROS水平, 同时降低了TxnipCaspase 1Il1β mRNA表达水平, 以及TXNIP、NLRP3、CASPASE-1蛋白水平, 但NRF2蛋白表达水平明显上升, 而NRF2抑制剂ML385逆转了RA对NRF2、TXNIP、NLRP3、CASPASE-1蛋白表达的作用。结果表明, RA可能通过促进NRF2核转移抑制ROS生成, 进而减少TXNIP激活NLRP3炎症小体, 减少细胞死亡和炎症反应从而发挥对肝损伤的缓解作用。

急性肝损伤  /  细胞核因子E2相关因子2  /  硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白  /  NOD-like受体蛋白3  /  氧化应激

Acute liver injury (ALI) is one of the common severe diseases in clinic, which is characterized by redox imbalance and inflammatory storm. Untimely treatment can easily lead to liver failure and even death. Rosmarinic acid (RA) has been proved to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, but it is not clear how to protect ALI through antioxidation and inhibition of inflammation. Therefore, this study explored the therapeutic effect and molecular mechanism of RA on ALI through in vitro and in vivo experiments. In the mouse ALI model, the effects of RA on liver function and inflammatory indexes were studied, the pathological changes of liver were observed by HE, the effect of RA on reactive oxygen species in liver was detected by fluorescence method, and the level of F4/80 in liver tissue was detected by immunohistochemical method. The levels of thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (CASPASE-1) in liver tissue were measured by Western blot. All animal welfare and experimental procedures follow the rules of the Animal Ethics Committee of Southwest Minzu University. In vitro, human hepatoma cell line HepG2 was used to establish the model of oxidative damage induced by H2O2. The cell viability was detected by CCK-8 method. The level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the supernatant was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the activity of lactatede hydrogenase (LDH) was detected by LDH kit, and the level of ROS was detected by fluorescence probe DCFH-DA labeling. The mRNA expression of Txnip, Nlrp3, Caspase 1, Il1β was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR), and the protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (NRF2), TXNIP, NLRP3 and CASPASE-1 were measured by Western blot. The results showed that compared with the model group, the degree of liver swelling, tissue injury, liver function index in RA group were significantly lower than those in model group. And RA significantly attenuated the increases of ROS in liver tissue. The expression levels of TXNIP, NLRP3 and CASPASE-1 in liver tissue were significantly lower than those in model group. Additionally, RA inhibited the expressions of F4/80 and IL-1β. In vitro experiment, compared with model group, RA effectively inhibited the secretion of IL-1β and LDH. The level of ROS also decreased significantly. RA inhibited the mRNA expressions of Txnip, Caspase 1, Il1β. Furthermore, RA significantly increased the expression level of NRF2 protein in nucleus, and decreased the expression level of TXNIP and NLRP3 protein. Specifically, with the addition of ML385, the effect of RA on NRF2, TXNIP, NLRP3, CASPASE-1 protein expression was reversed. Collectively, these findings suggested that RA may inhibit the production of ROS by promoting NRF2 nuclear transfer, and then reduce the activation of NLRP3 inflammatory bodies by TXNIP, reduce cell death and inflammatory response to prevent the liver injury.

acute liver injury  /  nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2  /  thioredoxin-interacting protein  /  NOD-like receptor protein 3  /  oxidative stress
周俊福, 代鑫燕, 李慧, 王玉娟, 沈立都, 阿都小比, 张诗盈, 郭嘉诚, 严亨秀. 迷迭香酸活化NRF2负调控ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3信号通路改善急性肝损伤. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (6) : 1664 -1673 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0032
Jun-fu ZHOU, Xin-yan DAI, Hui LI, Yu-juan WANG, Li-du SHEN, DU Xiao-bi A, Shi-ying ZHANG, Jia-cheng GUO, Heng-xiu YAN. Rosmarinic acid ameliorates acute liver injury by activating NRF2 and inhibiting ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 signal pathway[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (6) : 1664 -1673 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0032
急性肝损伤(acute liver injury, ALI) 是临床上常见的重症疾病之一, 药物乱用、食物中毒、酒精中毒等均可导致肝组织急性损伤, 其发病机制包括肝脏解毒功能丧失、肝实质细胞短时间内大量死亡和不可控的炎症等, 其发生率和死亡率较高[1, 2]。ALI往往伴随着强烈的氧化应激反应和炎症, 如何通过活化肝脏抗氧化因子, 调节炎症微环境, 进而促进肝脏稳态恢复一直是研究的热点[3]
核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2, NRF2) 可以减轻细胞氧化应激反应, 是维持细胞氧化还原稳态的重要转录因子[4]。发生氧化应激反应时, NRF2被激活并转运至细胞核, 通过促进多种抗氧化酶的表达, 减少活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 诱导的氧化性损伤[5]。有研究表明, 氧化应激反应产生大量的ROS会通过硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白(thioredoxin-interacting protein, TXNIP) 激活NOD-like受体蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3) 炎性小体, TXNIP与NLRP3、接头蛋白凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase recruitment domain, ASC)、前体半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶-1 (pro-cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1, PRO-CASPASE-1) 组成大分子蛋白组合体介导CASPASE-1的生成, 从而诱导白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β) 的分泌, 促进组织损伤[6]。NLRP3属于NLRs家族, 参与化学性肝损伤、非酒精性脂肪肝、肝纤维化等多种急慢性肝炎的发展[7], NLRP3激活后诱导的肝细胞焦亡是肝损伤的主要原因之一[8]。因此, NRF2/ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3信号通路有望成为治疗ALI的潜在靶点。
在本课题的前期研究中, 民间验方三草保肝汤具有保护肝损伤的作用, 而迷迭香酸(rosmarinic acid, RA) 是其主要成分之一[9]。有研究表明, RA对多种炎症相关疾病具有明显的改善作用, 如可以通过抑制核转录因子的活化和核转移, 减少组织和细胞内ROS的产生, 减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤[10]; 激活NRF2信号通路可以预防顺铂所致的肝肾毒性[11]等。然而RA能否通过ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3信号通路改善急性肝损伤尚不可知。因此, 本研究主要开展RA的保肝作用及抗炎、抗氧化的作用机制研究, 为进一步拓展RA的临床应用提供实验依据。
动物    SPF级雄性C57BL/6小鼠60只, 6~8周龄, 体质量(20 ± 2) g, 购自北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司, 动物许可证号SCXK (京) 2019-0008。所有小鼠均在西南民族大学药学院无特定病原体(SPF) 环境中饲养, 光暗周期为12 h, 温度为(25 ± 1) ℃, 相对湿度为60% ± 10%。所有实验均经西南民族大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(伦理号: 2023MDLS071)。
细胞系    人源肝癌细胞HepG2购自速研生物技术有限公司。
药品与试剂    迷迭香酸(质量分数≥ 98%, 批号20283-92-5) 购自维克奇生物科技有限公司; H2O2 (批号10011218) 购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司; 甘草酸二铵注射液(批号20210405; 国药准字号H20073786) 购自中孚药业股份有限公司; DMEM高糖培养基(批号20221010) 购自凯基生物公司; 胎牛血清(批号2037145) 购自Biologicai Industries公司; ROS检测试剂盒(批号S0033S) 购自碧云天生物技术公司; IL-1β酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) 试剂盒(批号AK016T686500) 购自武汉伊莱瑞特生物科技有限公司; 丙氨酸转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天冬氨酸转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、LDH试剂盒(批号20230103) 购自南京建成生物有限公司; PCR引物合成购自北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司; RNAiso Plus、反转录试剂盒、TB Green series (AN71061A) 购自TaKaRa公司; RIPA裂解液(批号BL504A)、PMSF (批号BL507A)、BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(批号BL521A)、SDS-PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液(5×) (批号BL502B)、丙烯酰胺/甲叉29∶1, 30%溶液(批号BL513B)、1.5 mol·L-1 Tris-HCl溶液(批号BL516B)、1 mol·L-1 Tris-HCl溶液(批号BL514A)、超敏ECL化学发光底物(批号BL523B)、特超敏ECL化学发光底物(批号BL520B)、胰酶细胞消化液(批号23215865)、CCK-8试剂盒(批号23185621) 购自Biosharp公司; F4/80抗体(批号263101) 购自ZENBIO公司; DHE染液(批号104821-25-2) 购自Aladdin公司; HRP标记山羊抗大鼠IgG (批号GB23302) 购自Servicebio公司; EDTA (pH9.0) 抗原修复液(批号G1203-250ML)、BSA牛血清白蛋白(批号GC305010-5g)、苏木素染液(批号G1004-500ML)、DAB显色剂盒(批号G1212-200T) 购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司; 自发荧光淬灭剂苏丹黑B (批号A602008-0025) 购自生工生物工程股份有限公司; OCT包埋剂(批号4583) 购自Sakura公司。
仪器    实时荧光定量PCR仪(德国Eppendorf公司); CO2恒温培养箱(美国Thermo Scientific公司); 离心机(湘仪有限公司); 正置荧光显微镜(日本Olympus); Spectra Max R i D5型全波长多功能酶标仪(美国美谷分子仪器有限公司); 化学发光成像系统(上海勤翔科学仪器有限公司); PowerPac Basic电泳仪、垂直电泳槽及组件、转印槽及组件(美国Bio-Rad Laboratories公司); SLK-O3000-S脱色摇床(美国SCILOGEX公司)。
动物分组、给药和造模    将60只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组(control)、模型组(model)、甘草酸二铵(diammonium glycyrrhizinate, DG, 60 mg·kg-1) 组、迷迭香酸低(RA-L, 5 mg·kg-1)、中(RA-M, 10 mg·kg-1)、高剂量(RA-H, 20 mg·kg-1) 组, 每组10只。小鼠腹腔注射(ip) 给药5天, 每天一次, control和model腹腔注射等体积生理盐水。末次给药1 h后, model组、DG组和RA治疗组小鼠腹腔注射5%的CCl4橄榄油溶液(5 mL·kg-1), control组小鼠腹腔注射橄榄油(5 mL·kg-1)。造模后24 h收集各组小鼠的血液和肝组织。
HE观察肝组织病理学变化    取小鼠肝脏相同部位的组织于4%多聚甲醛中固定48 h后, 脱水、透明、石蜡包埋, 制备组织切片, 切片厚度5 μm, 进行HE染色, 封片后于显微镜下观察肝组织病理学变化, 进行组织病理学评分。
血清生化指标的测定    收集的血液于4 ℃静置过夜后, 3 000 r·min-1, 离心10 min, 分离血清; 严格按照试剂盒说明书检测各组小鼠血清中的ALT、AST、LDH含量。
ELISA检测肝脏中IL-1β水平    取一部分新鲜肝组织于匀浆机中充分匀浆, 3 000 r·min-1, 离心10 min后吸取上清用于检测IL-1β
免疫荧光检测肝脏ROS表达水平    制备肝脏冰冻切片, PBS冲洗。加自发荧光淬灭剂5 min, 流水冲洗10 min; ROS染液1∶300稀释, 在组织处滴加, 避光恒温箱37 ℃孵育30 min; 玻片置于PBS中洗涤, 甩干后滴加DAPI染液, 避光室温孵育10 min。封片, 荧光显微镜拍照采集图像, 应用Image J软件分析荧光面积百分比。
免疫组化检测肝脏F4/80表达水平    石蜡切片脱蜡至水, 置于柠檬酸抗原修复缓冲液(pH 6.0) 中进行抗原修复, 自然冷却后将玻片置于PBS (pH 7.4) 中洗涤。放入3%过氧化氢溶液, 室温避光孵育25 min, 再次洗涤。甩干后, 滴加3% BSA覆盖组织, 室温封闭30 min。加一抗于湿盒内4 ℃孵育过夜。洗涤后加入与一抗相应种属的二抗(HRP标记) 覆盖组织, 室温孵育50 min。洗涤后加入DAB显色液。苏木素复染细胞核后, 脱水封片。显微镜下观察, 图像分析软件(Image) 分析测定每张图像的积分光密度(IOD) 值。
Western blot检测肝组织相关蛋白表达    取小块肝脏PBS冲洗, 加入10倍组织体积的RIPA组织强效裂解液, 冰上研磨3次。12 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 取上清液。采用BCA法测定蛋白浓度, 调整蛋白浓度并加入上样缓冲液, 95 ℃煮沸。样品经十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯胺凝胶电泳、转膜、室温封闭1 h后, 置于1×TBST中漂洗, 分别加入TXNIP、NLRP3、CASPASE-1抗体, 4 ℃孵育过夜, TBST洗涤3次, 每次10 min。加入二抗, 室温下摇床孵育1 h, 洗涤3次, 每次10 min。ECL显色后曝光成像, 用勤翔化学分析软件进行灰度分析。以GAPDH为内参, 计算目的蛋白相对表达量。
细胞培养与处理    HepG2细胞用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM高糖培养基, 于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养, 取对数生长期细胞进行实验。HepG2细胞接种于96孔板或6孔板中, 贴壁后分为control组、H2O2组(1 000 μmol·L-1)、H2O2+RA低、中、高剂量(20、40、80 μmol·L-1) 组和RA (80 μmol·L-1)+ML385 (10 μmol·L-1) 组, 每组3个复孔。ML385组给予ML385孵育2 h, 然后RA组和ML385组加入RA预处理24 h。除对照组外, 其他各组重新加入H2O2刺激6 h, 建立细胞氧化性损伤模型。
CCK-8测定细胞活力    HepG2细胞接种于96孔板中, 贴壁后分别加入0、6.25、12.5、25、50、100 μmol·L-1 RA处理24 h, 另一板加入0、700、800、900、1 000、1 200 μmol·L-1 H2O2处理6 h。另设置不接种细胞不含药物的空白孔。各孔弃上清更换为新鲜培养液, 加入10 µL CCK-8溶液孵育1 h, 用酶标仪测定各孔在450 nm处的吸光度(A) 值, 计算细胞存活率。细胞存活率= (A实验-A空白)/(A对照-A空白)。
试剂盒分别检测上清LDH、IL-1β水平    收集各组细胞上清液, 按照试剂盒说明书测定LDH、IL-1β水平。
Western blot法检测细胞中相关蛋白表达    提取总蛋白和核蛋白, 检测NRF2、TXNIP、NLRP3、CASPASE-1蛋白相对表达量。
qRT-RCR法检测细胞中相关mRNA表达    每孔加入1 mL RNAiso Plus, 反复吹打提取RNA, 用Nanodrap检测RNA浓度及纯度, 将RNA浓度稀释为500 ng·μL-1, 反转录后进行qRT-PCR测定。PCR反应程序为: 95 ℃高温预变性30 s; 扩增阶段: 95 ℃、5 s, 60 ℃、34 s, 共40个循环; 熔解曲线: 95 ℃、15 s, 60 ℃、60 s, 95 ℃、15 s。根据2-ΔΔCT法计算基因表达量。引物序列见表 1
统计学分析    使用GraphPad Prism 8.0通过单因素方差分析和多重比较检验评价组间差异, 进行统计分析。P<0.05有统计学意义。
RA明显改善了CCl4诱导的急性肝损伤。如图 1AB所示, control组小鼠肝脏组织结构清晰, 肝细胞排列整齐, 未见明显炎性细胞聚集; model组小鼠肝组织结构破坏严重, 中央静脉周围组织大面积融合坏死, 坏死灶处炎性细胞浸润明显; 而DG组和RA中、高剂量组小鼠肝组织中央静脉周围坏死灶面积明显减少, 炎性细胞浸润数量减少, 肝组织结构逐渐清晰, 损伤程度明显改善, 肝损伤评分降低。如图 1C~E所示, 与control组比较, model组小鼠血清中ALT、AST活性及LDH水平显著性升高; 与model组比较DG组和中、高剂量RA均明显降低肝损伤小鼠血清中ALT、AST和LDH水平。RA高剂量效果显著优于低剂量, 低剂量RA对小鼠肝损伤保护不明显。
氧化应激反应可释放大量的ROS, 加重肝损伤。为了探究RA是否通过降低肝脏氧化应激反应发挥对ALI小鼠的保护作用, 本研究用DHE染液检测肝组织ROS的表达水平。结果显示, 与control组相比, model组小鼠肝脏ROS表达量大幅增加; 与model组比较, RA低、中、高剂量均降低了ROS的表达水平, 且具有剂量依赖性(图 2)。
高水平的ROS可以活化TXNIP从而激活NLRP3。为进一步探究RA是否通过TXNIP/NLRP3信号通路而发挥作用, 本研究用Western blot法检测TXNIP/NLRP3信号通路上相关蛋白的表达。结果所示(图 3), 与control组比较, model组小鼠肝组织中TXNIP、NLRP3、CASPASE-1蛋白表达水平显著升高; 与model组比较, 低、中、高剂量的RA均能降低损伤肝组织中的TXNIP和NLRP3蛋白表达水平, 具有统计学意义; 同时RA中、高剂量组显著抑制CASPASE-1蛋白表达水平。实验结果表明, RA可抑制TXNIP/NLRP3/CASPASE-1信号通路蛋白的表达, 抑制程度与剂量有关。
NLRP3/CASPASE-1信号通路激活可以介导细胞死亡, 并导致炎症因子IL-1β和其他胞内物质大量释放, 扩大炎症反应。本研究用免疫组化法和ELISA法分别检测肝脏F4/80和IL-1β的表达量。结果所示(图 4A), 与control组相比, model组可见明显棕色阳性F4/80表达; 与model组比较, RA低、中、高剂量组的F4/80阳性表达均显著性降低。如图 4B所示, 与control组相比, model组小鼠肝脏IL-1β表达大幅增加; 与model组比较, RA低、中、高剂量组IL-1β表达量显著降低。结果提示, RA通过减轻ALI小鼠肝脏的炎症反应发挥保肝作用。
在体外实验中, 本研究利用HepG2细胞探究RA的作用机制。首先用不同浓度的RA与HepG2细胞共培养24 h后, 使用H2O2刺激HepG2细胞6 h模拟氧化应激损伤模型, CCK-8法检测各组细胞活率, 发现模型组细胞活率相对于正常组显著下降; 与模型组细胞相比, RA-40和RA-80剂量组的细胞活率上升(图 5A)。同时, 本研究进一步对细胞上清中的LDH和IL-1β进行检测, 相比正常组发现模型组细胞上清液中LDH和IL-1β含量显著上升; RA-40、RA-80剂量组细胞上清LDH和IL-1β含量显著下降(图 5BC)。结果提示, RA预处理可以减轻H2O2对HepG2的损伤作用, 提高细胞活率的同时减少炎症因子的释放。由于RA低剂量对HepG2细胞的保护作用不具显著性, 后续实验采用40和80 μmol·L-1 RA进行干预。
为了进一步探究RA的作用机制, 本研究检测了RA对HepG2细胞ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3信号通路的影响。如图 6A所示, 与control组比较, model组细胞中ROS表达量显著升高; 与model组比较, RA中、高剂量组细胞ROS表达量显著降低。如图 6B~E所示, 与control组比较, model组HepG2细胞中TXNIP、NLRP3、CASPASE-1蛋白表达量显著升高; 与model组比较, RA处理组均不同程度地抑制了TXNIP、NLRP3和CASPASE-1蛋白表达上升。如图 6F~I所示, 与control组比较, 模型组细胞中TxnipNlrp3Caspase 1Il1β mRNA相对表达量显著上升; 与模型组比较, RA剂量组TxnipCaspase 1Il1β mRNA相对表达量明显下降; Nlrp3 mRNA相对表达量无变化(图 6G)。
NRF2高表达可抑制氧化应激反应, 从而抑制TXNIP/NLRP3信号通路激活[12]。为了探究RA是否通过作用于NRF2调节TXNIP/NLRP3信号通路发挥改善肝损伤作用, 本研究采用NRF2抑制剂ML385对细胞进行预处理, 提取细胞核蛋白检测NRF2表达量, 提取总蛋白检测TXNIP、NLRP3和CASPASE-1蛋白表达, ELISA检测炎症因子IL-1β释放量。结果如图 7AB所示, 与control组比较, model组HepG2中NRF2蛋白表达量升高; 与model组比较, RA+H2O2组NRF2蛋白表达量显著性升高, 而ML385干预组NRF2蛋白表达量无显著性变化; 与RA+H2O2组比较, ML385干预组NRF2蛋白表达量显著性降低。如图 7C~E所示, model组细胞中TXNIP、NLRP3和CASPASE-1蛋白表达量显著性升高, RA+H2O2组TXNIP、NLRP3和CASPASE-1蛋白表达量显著下降, 而ML385逆转了RA的作用。如图 7F所示, 相对于正常组, 模型组细胞IL-1β释放量显著上升; 与模型组比较, RA+H2O2组IL-1β释放量呈显著性下降, ML385+RA+H2O2组IL-1β释放量无显著性差异; 与RA+H2O2组比较, ML385干预组IL-1β释放量显著性回升。结果表明, RA通过促进NRF2核转移下调TXNIP/NLRP3信号通路, 减少IL-1β释放, 从而改善HepG2细胞损伤。
ALI是由药物滥用、化学毒物和病毒感染等多种因素引起的临床重症疾病之一, 持续性的ALI极易引起肝功能衰竭甚至死亡, 发病率呈逐年上升[13]。发病机制复杂导致治疗ALI的有效性大打折扣。有研究表明, ALI可能与肝实质细胞大量死亡、肝脏氧化应激反应、炎症风暴以及抗氧化功能降低等有关[5]。因此, 如何增强肝脏自身抗炎抗氧化能力, 重塑肝脏稳态非常值得研究。
中医药疗法在ALI的治疗中逐渐被发现且接受, RA广泛存在于夏枯草、迷迭香等传统保肝中药材中[14]。有研究发现RA能够改善肝组织结构破坏, 具有潜在的ALI治疗价值[15], 但是相关机制研究并不完全清楚。为此本研究利用CCl4诱导小鼠ALI模型[16], 研究RA对急性肝损伤的保护作用和新机制。结果显示, 模型组小鼠ALT、AST和LDH指标均显著升高, 中央静脉周围组织大面积融合坏死, 坏死灶处炎性细胞浸润明显, 提示ALI小鼠模型构建成功; RA中、高剂量和DG注射液均能够显著降低血清中AST、ALT、LDH含量; HE染色结果显示, RA中、高剂量组和DG均能不同程度地减小肝损伤面积, 炎症细胞浸润明显减少; 表明RA对肝损伤具有保护作用, 与Xiang等[11]研究结果一致。
CCl4经肝脏代谢后产生的氧自由基在诱发氧化应激反应的同时还会导致线粒体功能障碍, 诱导线粒体产生大量的ROS[17, 18]。ROS不仅可以直接损伤细胞或组织, 还可以激活一系列与损伤相关的信号通路[19]。本研究体内实验结果表明, 经过RA预处理的ALI模型小鼠肝组织ROS阳性表达比模型组明显降低。体外实验结果表明, H2O2诱导的氧化性损伤细胞胞内生成大量ROS, 细胞进入氧化应激状态, RA预处理后, ROS阳性表达率显著降低。NLRP3炎性小体是细胞内重要的免疫元件, 可以通过激活CASPASE-1发挥诱导细胞死亡和促进炎性细胞因子释放[20]。多项研究证实, NLRP3参与ALI发展, 直接或间接抑制NLRP3表达均能显著改善ALI的肝组织损伤[21, 22]。而高表达的ROS可通过活化TXNIP直接激活NLRP3, 这表明TXNIP在氧化应激反应和NLRP3介导的细胞死亡之间起着连接作用[23]。此外, NLRP3被激活后会介导促炎因子IL-1β的成熟与分泌, 并且IL-1β与胞内物质的释放会进一步激活巨噬细胞, 加剧损伤组织的炎症反应[24, 25]。本研究结果显示, 模型组小鼠肝组织TXNIP、NLRP3和CASPASE-1蛋白表达、F4/80阳性和肝脏IL-1β含量均显著上升, 而RA预处理可以逆转以上作用。为进一步明确RA是否通过调节TXNIP/NLRP3/CASPASE-1信号通路来改善ALI小鼠, 本研究在体外利用H2O2刺激的HepG2细胞氧化损伤模型考察RA的作用和机制[26]。结果显示, RA给药后TXNIP、NLRP3和CASPASE-1蛋白表达降低, LDH和IL-1β释放量显著性下降, 与动物实验结果一致。RA组HepG2细胞TxnipCaspase 1Il1β mRNA相对表达量降低, Nlrp3 mRNA变化无差异, 这可能是RA不影响Nlrp3基因的转录, 但改变蛋白数量有关。NRF2可通过激活内源性抗氧化酶清除ROS, 稳定细胞内氧化还原稳态[27]。在脓毒症型肝损伤中, 过氧化体增殖物激活受体γ通过激活NRF2降低ROS表达, 抑制了TXNIP/NLRP3信号通路, 并抑制了下游产物IL-1β的产生[28], 提示NRF2的激活可能改善肝损伤。但RA是否作用于NRF2进而下调TXNIP/NLRP3发挥肝损伤的保护作用不清楚, 本研究继续使用RA和NRF2抑制剂ML385预处理HepG2细胞, 发现RA可明显促进NRF2在细胞核中的表达, 同时降低TXNIP、NLRP3和CASPASE-1蛋白的表达, 而ML385干预后RA对NRF2、TXNIP、NLRP3和CASPASE-1蛋白的调节作用均被逆转, IL-1β释放量回升, 以上结果提示RA通过促进NRF2核转移, 下调ROS表达, 进而抑制TXNIP/NLRP3信号通路的激活发挥对ALI的保护作用。
综上, 本研究证实了RA的保肝作用, 并提示其抗肝损伤作用与激活NRF2、负调控ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3通路、降低炎症因子表达有关。本研究结果拓展了RA良好抗氧化抗炎作用的应用依据, 为临床使用提供了理论依据。
作者贡献: 周俊福、代鑫燕、王玉娟、李慧、阿都小比和张诗盈负责完成相关实验研究; 沈立都和郭嘉诚负责数据采集与处理分析工作; 周俊福负责完成撰写论文工作; 严亨秀负责对本课题实验设计思路进行指导与修改论文工作。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 四川省科技计划应用基础研究项目(2021YJ0256)
  • 西南民族大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(2022NYXXS009)
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2024年第59卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0032
  • 接收时间:2024-01-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-11
  • 修回日期:2024-02-24
基金
四川省科技计划应用基础研究项目(2021YJ0256)
西南民族大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(2022NYXXS009)
作者信息
    1.西南民族大学药学院, 四川 成都 610225
    2.西南民族大学草地资源学院, 四川 成都 610225

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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