Article(id=1200500166752072696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1421, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1703001600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-20, revisedDate=1710950400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764151143968, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1718121600000, pubDateStr=2024-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764151143968, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764151143968, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764151143968, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200500165426672625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='6', pageStart='1509', pageEnd='1896', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764151143651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225143180, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810542001680840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810542001680841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1787, endPage=1793, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200500168043917335, articleId=1200500166752072696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Three-dimensional liver-on-a-chip model for hepatotoxicity screening of traditional Chinese medicine, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A high-throughput three-dimensional (3D) hepatocyte culture model is constructed in this study. It is capable of replicating the 3D in vivo environment and offers the advantages of high throughput, enhanced reproducibility, low cost, and simplified operation, rendering a valuable tool for hepatotoxicity screening of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). First, we constructed the 3D high throughput liver chip model using collagen hydrogel. The precision and its difference with traditional cell culture plates were assessed using acetaminophen, Tripterygium hypoglaucum, and Qili San as the references. The feasibility of this model was also investigated by comparing the hepatotoxicity among four batches of T. hypoglaucum and Qili San. The methodology verification shows that the 3D hepatocyte model is better than traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture model in precision and feasibility. Subsequently, we compared the hepatotoxicity of different samples over a period of three or seven days and found that the hepatotoxicity of TCM extracts increased over time. Finally, we compared the hepatotoxicity of T. hypoglaucum and its compound formula Kunxian capsule under equivalent concentration. The results showed that the compound Kunxian capsule could significantly reduce hepatotoxicity of T. hypoglaucum. Generally, we constructed a high-throughput, robust 3D liver-on-a-chip model with the potential of rapid assessing TCM-induced liver toxicity.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-ni AI, Yong JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu HOU, Tian LÜ, Zhao GAO, Peng-fei TU, Xiao-ni AI, Yong JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200500170438865011, articleId=1200500166752072696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=三维高通量肝细胞芯片模型的构建及其在中药肝毒性评价中的应用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究构建了一种高通量三维肝细胞模型, 可模拟细胞在体内的三维生长空间, 具有通量高、精密度好、成本低、操作简便的优势, 可用于中药肝毒性的快速评价。首先, 采用胶原水凝胶构建了三维高通量肝细胞芯片模型, 以对乙酰氨基酚、昆明山海棠提取物和中药复方七厘散提取物为参照, 对模型的精密度及与二维孔板模型的差异进行了考察, 并对四个批次的昆明山海棠和复方七厘散提取物的肝毒性进行了评价, 考察了方法的适用性。方法学考察结果显示, 该模型的精密度和适用性良好, 优于传统的二维孔板。接着, 在三维肝细胞芯片模型上对不同样品给药3或7天的肝毒性进行了比较, 发现中药成分的肝毒性随着给药时间的延长而增强。最后, 对等生药量的单味中药昆明山海棠和复方中成药昆仙胶囊进行了肝毒性比较, 发现中药配伍可以显著降低昆明山海棠的肝毒性。综上, 本研究建立了一种高通量、稳定可靠的三维肝细胞芯片模型, 可用于中药肝毒性的快速评价。

, correspAuthors=艾晓妮, 姜勇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*艾晓妮, Tel/Fax: 86-10-82802750, E-mail: ;
姜勇, Tel/Fax: 86-10-82802719, E-mail:
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A: Schematic illustration of overall structure of the chip; B: Schematic illustration of a single unit on the chip with HepG2 cultured in three-dimensional (3D) collagen; C: Photograph of the chip; D: A fluorescence image showing 3D HepG2 stained by a Live/Dead kit. Live cells were stained in green and dead cells were stained in red. Scale bar: 100 μm , figureFileSmall=JGlOxA8hhHH5NvikePl0FA==, figureFileBig=mcOOGJBDbxI8JAkYgVBAaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118430805058104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166752072696, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qEGuiR7dI7nboRoNoQy2mw==, figureFileBig=vYiRlzNQWGg1MaXoXS1Y/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118431119630925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166752072696, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Precision analysis of hepatotoxic drug assessment on the 3D or two-dimensional (2D) model. A-C: Inter day hepatotoxicity assessment of acetaminophen (APAP), <i>Tripterygium hypoglaucum</i> (KMSHT) and Qili San (QLS) on the 3D model; D-F: Inter day hepatotoxicity assessment of APAP, KMSHT and QLS on the 2D model; G-I: Standard deviation of inter day hepatotoxicity assessment with various concentrations on the 3D or 2D model , figureFileSmall=qEGuiR7dI7nboRoNoQy2mw==, figureFileBig=vYiRlzNQWGg1MaXoXS1Y/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118431304180321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166752072696, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=iF0eTv+fEFhd+VgO2HwklQ==, figureFileBig=JRBVsEqCiQiJLd/zVKqKfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118431417426542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166752072696, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Hepatotoxicity evaluation of different batches of KMSHT (A) and QLS (B) on the 3D model , figureFileSmall=iF0eTv+fEFhd+VgO2HwklQ==, figureFileBig=JRBVsEqCiQiJLd/zVKqKfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118431551644288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166752072696, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=9JdNL3NRwcC4kVkUJoeC0A==, figureFileBig=MUu4uAgASSNMRhDwqeCqpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118431736193688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166752072696, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Short-term and long-term drug hepatotoxicity assessment on the 3D model. A-D: Dose-response curves of drugs with long-term (7 d) and short-term (3 d) exposure; E: Confocal fluorescent images of cells on the 3D model treated with three concentrations for 3 d. Live cells stained in green and dead cells stained in red. 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DrugCulture modelDateIC50Average IC50Inter day SD
APAP3D2021.12.106.37 mmol·L-16.33 mmol·L-10.66 mmol·L-1
2021.12.145.64 mmol·L-1
2021.12.206.97 mmol·L-1
2D2021.12.103.75 mmol·L-15.03 mmol·L-13.90 mmol·L-1
2021.12.141.94 mmol·L-1
2021.12.209.41 mmol·L-1
KMSHT3D2021.12.1012.05 mg·L-111.94 mg·L-11.63 mg·L-1
2021.12.1413.51 mg·L-1
2021.12.2010.26 mg·L-1
2D2021.12.102.39 mg·L-18.22 mg·L-15.12 mg·L-1
2021.12.1410.24 mg·L-1
2021.12.2012.02 mg·L-1
QLS3D2021.12.10220.73 mg·L-1175.48 mg·L-150.40 mg·L-1
2021.12.14184.54 mg·L-1
2021.12.20121.17 mg·L-1
2D2021.12.10188.55 mg·L-1120.12 mg·L-183.35 mg·L-1
2021.12.14144.52 mg·L-1
2021.12.2027.30 mg·L-1
), ArticleFig(id=1201118432348562136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500166752072696, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of inter day precision between the 3D and 2D model for hepatotoxicity assessment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DrugCulture modelDateIC50Average IC50Inter day SD
APAP3D2021.12.106.37 mmol·L-16.33 mmol·L-10.66 mmol·L-1
2021.12.145.64 mmol·L-1
2021.12.206.97 mmol·L-1
2D2021.12.103.75 mmol·L-15.03 mmol·L-13.90 mmol·L-1
2021.12.141.94 mmol·L-1
2021.12.209.41 mmol·L-1
KMSHT3D2021.12.1012.05 mg·L-111.94 mg·L-11.63 mg·L-1
2021.12.1413.51 mg·L-1
2021.12.2010.26 mg·L-1
2D2021.12.102.39 mg·L-18.22 mg·L-15.12 mg·L-1
2021.12.1410.24 mg·L-1
2021.12.2012.02 mg·L-1
QLS3D2021.12.10220.73 mg·L-1175.48 mg·L-150.40 mg·L-1
2021.12.14184.54 mg·L-1
2021.12.20121.17 mg·L-1
2D2021.12.10188.55 mg·L-1120.12 mg·L-183.35 mg·L-1
2021.12.14144.52 mg·L-1
2021.12.2027.30 mg·L-1
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三维高通量肝细胞芯片模型的构建及其在中药肝毒性评价中的应用
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侯宇 , 吕恬 , 高照 , 屠鹏飞 , 艾晓妮 * , 姜勇 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(6): 1787-1793
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(6): 1787-1793
三维高通量肝细胞芯片模型的构建及其在中药肝毒性评价中的应用
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侯宇, 吕恬, 高照, 屠鹏飞, 艾晓妮* , 姜勇*
作者信息
  • 北京大学, 天然药物及仿生药物全国重点实验室, 北京 100191

通讯作者:

*艾晓妮, Tel/Fax: 86-10-82802750, E-mail: ;
姜勇, Tel/Fax: 86-10-82802719, E-mail:
Three-dimensional liver-on-a-chip model for hepatotoxicity screening of traditional Chinese medicine
Yu HOU, Tian LÜ, Zhao GAO, Peng-fei TU, Xiao-ni AI* , Yong JIANG*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2024-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1421
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本研究构建了一种高通量三维肝细胞模型, 可模拟细胞在体内的三维生长空间, 具有通量高、精密度好、成本低、操作简便的优势, 可用于中药肝毒性的快速评价。首先, 采用胶原水凝胶构建了三维高通量肝细胞芯片模型, 以对乙酰氨基酚、昆明山海棠提取物和中药复方七厘散提取物为参照, 对模型的精密度及与二维孔板模型的差异进行了考察, 并对四个批次的昆明山海棠和复方七厘散提取物的肝毒性进行了评价, 考察了方法的适用性。方法学考察结果显示, 该模型的精密度和适用性良好, 优于传统的二维孔板。接着, 在三维肝细胞芯片模型上对不同样品给药3或7天的肝毒性进行了比较, 发现中药成分的肝毒性随着给药时间的延长而增强。最后, 对等生药量的单味中药昆明山海棠和复方中成药昆仙胶囊进行了肝毒性比较, 发现中药配伍可以显著降低昆明山海棠的肝毒性。综上, 本研究建立了一种高通量、稳定可靠的三维肝细胞芯片模型, 可用于中药肝毒性的快速评价。

肝脏芯片  /  三维肝细胞模型  /  中药肝毒性  /  高通量筛选  /  配伍减毒

A high-throughput three-dimensional (3D) hepatocyte culture model is constructed in this study. It is capable of replicating the 3D in vivo environment and offers the advantages of high throughput, enhanced reproducibility, low cost, and simplified operation, rendering a valuable tool for hepatotoxicity screening of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). First, we constructed the 3D high throughput liver chip model using collagen hydrogel. The precision and its difference with traditional cell culture plates were assessed using acetaminophen, Tripterygium hypoglaucum, and Qili San as the references. The feasibility of this model was also investigated by comparing the hepatotoxicity among four batches of T. hypoglaucum and Qili San. The methodology verification shows that the 3D hepatocyte model is better than traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture model in precision and feasibility. Subsequently, we compared the hepatotoxicity of different samples over a period of three or seven days and found that the hepatotoxicity of TCM extracts increased over time. Finally, we compared the hepatotoxicity of T. hypoglaucum and its compound formula Kunxian capsule under equivalent concentration. The results showed that the compound Kunxian capsule could significantly reduce hepatotoxicity of T. hypoglaucum. Generally, we constructed a high-throughput, robust 3D liver-on-a-chip model with the potential of rapid assessing TCM-induced liver toxicity.

liver-on-a-chip  /  3D hepatocyte model  /  hepatotoxicity of traditional Chinese medicine  /  high throughput screening  /  formulation for detoxification
侯宇, 吕恬, 高照, 屠鹏飞, 艾晓妮, 姜勇. 三维高通量肝细胞芯片模型的构建及其在中药肝毒性评价中的应用. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (6) : 1787 -1793 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1421
Yu HOU, Tian LÜ, Zhao GAO, Peng-fei TU, Xiao-ni AI, Yong JIANG. Three-dimensional liver-on-a-chip model for hepatotoxicity screening of traditional Chinese medicine[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (6) : 1787 -1793 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1421
药物的肝毒性是药物研发过程中必须考虑的问题, 也是影响药物临床使用的主要因素之一。在亚洲地区, 中草药的使用是导致药物性肝损伤的主要原因之一[1]。目前, 中药肝毒性评价的主要方法包括动物多剂量灌胃模型[2]和二维细胞模型[3]。动物模型消耗药物量大, 成本相对较高。同时, 由于存在肝药酶活性差异等因素在内的种属差异[4], 使得动物模型上的肝毒性评价结果往往难以真实反映临床结果。二维细胞模型与体内微环境差异较大, 预测药物肝毒性的有效性较为有限[5]。因此, 迫切需要建立一种可模拟细胞在体内的三维生长环境、通量高、重现性好、成本低、操作简便的体外肝脏模型, 用于中药肝毒性的高通量筛选。
目前已报道了一些体外肝脏模型用于药物肝毒性筛选, 如仿生肝血窦模型[6]、三维打印肝组织模型[7]、肝微球模型[8-10]等, 这些模型通常可较好地模拟体内肝脏的部分结构和功能, 得到的毒性筛选结果比二维细胞模型可信度更高。但这些模型存在操作复杂、构建周期较长、成本较高、通量较低等问题, 不利于中药的高通量、快速、低成本筛选。同时, 已报道的体外肝脏模型较少应用于中药的肝毒性评价。
本研究构建了一种基于胶原水凝胶的三维高通量肝细胞芯片模型, 并将其用于中药的肝毒性筛选。首先进行了模型的构建, 通过将肝细胞悬浮于水凝胶中并在固定体积的狭窄空间内快速成型的方式, 有效缩短三维模型的构建周期。然后, 对三维高通量肝细胞芯片模型用于中药肝毒性评价的精密度进行了研究, 还比较了不同批次中药的肝毒性差异。接着, 考察了在三维肝细胞芯片模型上不同给药时长肝毒性的差异。最后, 研究了中药复方配伍对肝毒性中药的减毒作用。结果表明, 本研究构建的三维高通量肝细胞芯片模型具有可模拟细胞在体内的三维生长微环境、通量高、重复性好、成本低、操作简便的优势, 在中药的肝毒性筛选和机制研究中具有广阔的应用前景。
材料  人肝细胞系HepG2 (HB-8065) 和Eagle's minimum essential medium (EMEM) 细胞培养基(30-2003), 美国模式培养物集存库; 胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS, AB-FBS-1050, 美国ABW公司); 青霉素-链霉素双抗(CC004, 北京中科迈晨科技有限公司); 磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 7.2~7.4, G4202, 北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 10×非必需氨基酸(11140050)、4-羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸(2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid, HEPES) 缓冲液(15630106), 美国Thermo Fisher公司; I型鼠尾胶原(354236, 美国Corning公司); CellTiter Glo试剂盒(G7570, 美国Promega公司); 雷公藤甲素标准品(DL0034-0020)、雷公藤红素标准品(DL0035-0100), 成都德思特生物技术有限公司; 对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen, APAP, SR1454, 北京华中海威基因科技有限公司); Cell Counting Kit-8试剂盒(CCK8, CK04, 日本同仁化学研究所)。
仪器  Enspire多功能酶标仪(美国Perkin Elmer公司); LSM880共聚焦显微镜(德国Zeiss公司); 细胞培养箱(日本松下株式会社); Direct-Q 5UV超纯水机(北京杰诚永兴科技有限公司); YT-CJ-1ND型超净工作台(北京亚泰科隆仪器技术有限公司); JULABO TW20通用水浴槽(德国JULABO公司); PDC-32G-2 Plasma Cleaner (美国Harrick Plasma公司); WLD型非极性大孔吸附树脂柱(天津南开和成科技有限公司)。
芯片设计和加工  芯片加工方法如下: 首先使用AutoCAD 2020软件设计。芯片由3层构成, 从上至下分别为储液孔、三维细胞种植微孔和玻璃底板, 储液孔之间的空间为防蒸发储液槽, 可加入去离子水或磷酸盐缓冲液, 减少边缘蒸发效应的影响。储液孔、种植孔为两层小孔阵列, 二者一一对应, 直径分别为6.8和2.5 mm, 两层之间以无毒双面胶彼此黏合, 分别用于容纳培养基和细胞。底板为玻璃材质, 具有良好透光性, 便于检测各种光学指标。除底板外, 芯片其他部分的材质为黑色不透明聚苯乙烯。一张芯片的尺寸为127.8 mm × 85.5 mm × 14.4 mm (W × D × H), 其尺寸和小孔阵列的排布方式比照96孔板设计, 适用于传统的高通量分析手段。芯片使用前, 需先经紫外照射30 min消毒, 再向防蒸发储液槽中加入4 mL无菌的去离子水或磷酸盐缓冲液, 置于37 ℃孵箱中过夜。
中药提取物的制备及供试品溶液制备  实验所用的昆明山海棠(KMSHT) 提取物及昆仙胶囊中成药均获赠于上海海军军医大学, 其中昆明山海棠提取物的制备流程与昆仙胶囊制药标准流程中的提取流程相同。即将昆明山海棠饮片粉碎后加水煎煮三次, 体积分别为13、10、10倍, 每次时间为1 h, 将煎煮液合并后过滤, 通过WLD型非极性大孔吸附树脂柱纯化, 先用水洗, 接着用70%乙醇洗脱, 收集流出液, 旋蒸除去乙醇, 浓缩并干燥后得到昆明山海棠提取物; 七厘散(QLS) 提取物获赠于北京中医药大学, 即称取1 g七厘散, 用50 mL 70%甲醇超声提取30 min, 提取液在12 000 r·min-1转速下离心10 min, 取上清液, 旋蒸除去甲醇, 浓缩并干燥后得到七厘散提取物。分别取昆明山海棠提取物、昆仙胶囊内容物及七厘散提取物各适量, 加入一定量二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO) 配成相应浓度的供试品溶液。
三维高通量肝细胞芯片模型的构建  HepG2细胞培养于含有10% FBS (v/v)、1×105 u·L-1青霉素、1×105 μg·mL-1链霉素、1%非必需氨基酸(v/v) 的EMEM培养基中, 置于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养, 传代3次至对数生长期后, 用0.25%含EDTA的胰蛋白酶消化1 min, 制成细胞悬液。将1 mol·L-1、pH 7.4的HEPES缓冲液与0.5 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液按照39∶20 (v/v) 的比例混合后置于0 ℃金属浴上预冷, 再先后加入I型鼠尾胶原(3.75 g·L-1) 和密度为每毫升5.6×105个的HepG2细胞悬液, 使HEPES缓冲液∶0.5 mol·L-1氢氧化钠∶鼠尾胶原∶细胞悬液= 39∶20∶336∶318 (v/v), 混合均匀后得到细胞胶原悬液, 其中胶原的终浓度为1.75 g·L-1。将细胞胶原悬液加入三维细胞种植微孔中, 每孔8 μL, 每孔中细胞个数为2 000个。向防蒸发储液槽中补充水分, 将芯片置于37 ℃孵箱中孵育10 min使胶原固化, 待胶原固化完全后, 向储液孔中加入100 μL细胞培养基, 置于37 ℃、5% CO2的培养箱中培养24 h, 即得到三维高通量肝细胞芯片模型。
药物肝毒性评价方法的精密度研究  使用肝毒性阳性化合物APAP、肝毒性单味中药昆明山海棠和肝毒性中药复方七厘散作为阳性药, 根据2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》四部中的中药生物活性测定指导原则, 对用此三维高通量肝细胞芯片模型进行肝毒性评价的方法进行精密度研究。所用药物均用DMSO配制为储备液, 使用时用细胞培养基梯度稀释, 确保DMSO的终浓度不大于0.5%。三维肝细胞芯片模型培养24 h后, 弃去储液孔中的培养基, 将梯度稀释的药物每孔100 μL加入储液孔中, 于37 ℃、5% CO2的培养箱中孵育72 h后, 用CellTiter Glo检测试剂盒检测细胞内ATP含量, 并计算对应的半数抑制浓度(concentration for 50% of maximal inhibition, IC50)。二维细胞模型进行肝毒性评价的方法为: 将密度为每毫升4×104个的HepG2细胞悬液种入384孔板内, 每孔50 μL, 于37 ℃、5% CO2的培养箱中孵育24 h, 将药物储备液用细胞培养基梯度稀释并加入孔板中, 每孔体积为50 μL, 孵育72 h后, 用CCK8试剂盒检测细胞活力, 计算对应的IC50。于3个不同日期分别进行这一实验, 每个给药浓度对应的平行孔为5个。以每次实验后得到的IC50为指标, 计算使用三维肝细胞芯片模型与二维细胞模型得到的IC50的相对标准偏差(RSD) 作为日间精密度的指标, 并计算每个给药浓度下所有细胞活性数据的标准差(SD)。
不同批次中药肝毒性适用性研究  收集多个批次的昆明山海棠提取物和七厘散提取物, 用DMSO配制为储备液, 培养基梯度稀释, 每孔100 μL加入三维肝细胞培养模型对应的储液孔内, 于37 ℃、5% CO2的培养箱中孵育72 h后, 使用CellTiter Glo检测试剂盒检测细胞内ATP含量, 计算对应的IC50
中药成分的短期与长期肝毒性比较  使用的中药单体化合物包括雷公藤甲素和雷公藤红素, 单味药提取物为昆明山海棠提取物, 中药复方提取物为七厘散, 均用DMSO配制为储备液, 使用时用细胞培养基梯度稀释, 每孔100 μL加入储液孔中, 于37 ℃、5% CO2的培养箱中孵育72 h或7天后, 使用CellTiter Glo检测试剂盒检测细胞内ATP含量, 计算对应的IC50。当给药后孵育时间为7天时, 需每3天更换一次含有相同浓度药物的新鲜培养基。
中药复方配伍降低中药肝毒性的研究  收集与昆明山海棠对应批次的昆仙胶囊提取物, 用DMSO配制为储备液。按照等生药量原则, 用培养基将储备液稀释为18.75、37.5、75 mg·L-1, 并将对应批次的昆明山海棠提取物储备液用培养基稀释为6.25、12.5、25 mg·L-1, 弃去储液孔中的培养基, 将药物溶液每孔100 μL加入孔中, 于37 ℃、5% CO2的培养箱中孵育72 h后, 使用CellTiter Glo检测试剂盒检测细胞内ATP含量, 计算细胞活性。
芯片上三维细胞的ATP活力检测  将CellTiter Glo试剂与培养基1∶1 (v/v) 混合得到工作液, 弃去芯片储液孔中的培养基后, 将此工作液每孔100 μL加入储液孔中, 室温下震荡5 min, 后静置15 min, 用酶标仪检测化学发光强度。
CCK8检测二维细胞活力  将CCK8与培养基按1∶10 (v/v) 混合得到工作液, 弃去384孔板内的培养基后, 将工作液每孔50 μL加入培养有二维贴壁细胞的384孔板中, 37 ℃孵育2 h, 用酶标仪测定450 nm下的吸光度。
芯片上三维细胞死活染色  将含有2 μmol·L-1钙黄绿素和4 μmol·L-1乙二胺二聚体-1 (EthD-1) 的测定试剂加入储液孔中, 37 ℃恒温孵育40 min, 磷酸盐缓冲液洗涤3次, 用激光共聚焦显微镜(LSM880, Tokyo, 日本) 观察并采集图像。
数据处理与分析  上述实验结果中, 每个数据点均至少使用5个技术重复, 所用结果均具有代表性。细胞活性为各浓度给药组与对照组化学发光强度或吸光度之比。荧光图像由ZEN.exe软件处理, 拍摄与图像处理所用参数均一致。统计学数据由GraphPad Prism 8处理, 采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA) 方法分析组间统计差异, P < 0.05时, 即认为差异具有统计学意义。采用四参数Logistic回归模型对量效曲线进行拟合, 计算IC50值。
本研究在器官芯片上构建了一种基于胶原水凝胶的三维仿生肝细胞培养模型, 并考察了此模型用于中药肝毒性筛选的适用性。芯片尺寸与商品化96孔板一致, 结构模式图如图 1AB所示, 实物图如图 1C所示。将细胞悬液与鼠尾I型胶原混合后种入芯片底部小孔内, 待胶原固化后再加入培养基, 即可完成三维高通量仿生肝细胞芯片模型的构建, 该模型具有比二维细胞模型更强的肝脏功能[9]。对芯片内连续培养72 h的HepG2肝细胞进行细胞死活染色, 结果如图 1D所示, 红色荧光着色的死细胞较少, 表明细胞在芯片内生长状况良好, 肝细胞存活率接近100%。该模型上3D培养的肝细胞在尿素和白蛋白的合成能力上均优于2D培养的肝细胞[9]
选用单味中药昆明山海棠(KMSHT)、中药复方七厘散(QLS)、肝毒性小分子化合物APAP作为三种不同类型的肝毒性阳性药, 对模型的精密度进行研究。其中, APAP是一种常用的肝毒性阳性药[11], 肝毒性存在明确剂量相关性, 毒性机制为在肝内代谢后产生了活性N-乙酰苯醌亚胺(NAPQI), 可与肝细胞内的大分子发生共价结合, 从而破坏肝细胞的功能[12]。APAP、昆明山海棠和七厘散于3个不同日期在三维肝细胞芯片模型上得到的量效曲线分别如图 2A~C所示; 而在二维细胞模型上得到的量效曲线如图 2D~F所示。结果显示, APAP在三维肝细胞芯片模型和二维细胞模型上的IC50分别为6.33 ± 0.66和5.03 ± 3.90 mmol·L-1, 与临床肝毒性的血药浓度接近[13], 但三维肝细胞芯片模型上得到的曲线重合度高于二维细胞模型。以每条曲线对应的IC50为指标, 得三种药物在三维肝细胞芯片模型上对应的日间精密度SD分别为0.66 mmol·L-1、1.63 mg·L-1和50.40 mg·L-1; 而在二维细胞模型上的日间精密度SD分别为3.90 mmol·L-1、5.12 mg·L-1和83.35 mg·L-1 (表 1), 均为三维肝细胞芯片模型的2~7倍。如图 2G~I所示, 在三维肝细胞芯片模型上, 每个浓度点对应的3个日期的细胞活性结果SD值与给药浓度的关系表现出较小的波动幅度, 相较于二维细胞模型具有更好的稳定性。以上研究结果显示, 在三维肝细胞芯片模型上进行的肝毒性评价方法在日间精密度上优于二维细胞模型。
不同产地、不同采收时间、不同批次中药的成分常有一定组成或含量差异, 这些差异可能影响中药的肝毒性[14]。下面将考察本研究开发的模型对不同批次中药提取物毒性差异的适用性。选择昆明山海棠和七厘散分别代表单味中药和中药复方, 两种中药均分别选取四个不同批次进行肝毒性评价。四个批次昆明山海棠样品的编号分别为L31004、K31011、K31012、131003, 其IC50分别为9.844、74.24、10.27、7.823 mg·L-1, 如图 3A所示。七厘散样品的四个批次编号分别为JG-1901、LY-2004、T-1845和DQLS, IC50分别为453.3、214.2、119.9和155.4 mg·L-1 (图 3B)。从上述结果可以看出, 本研究构建的三维肝细胞芯片可以灵敏地反映出不同批次中药肝毒性差异, 具有基于生物效应对多批次中药进行毒性评价的潜力。同时发现, 不同批次的昆明山海棠和七厘散的肝毒性均存在较大差异。这可能与不同批次的样品化学成分存在较大差异有关, 在临床用药上要加以注意。
三维环境中的肝细胞可维持更长时间的稳定培养[15]。本实验对雷公藤甲素(triptolide)、雷公藤红素(tripterine)、昆明山海棠和七厘散在芯片上不同作用时间(3和7天) 的肝毒性进行比较研究。其中, 雷公藤甲素和雷公藤红素作为昆明山海棠中的代表性单体成分; 昆明山海棠作为代表性单味中药; 七厘散作为代表性中药复方。不同时间毒性实验的结果如图 4A~D, 得到雷公藤甲素在给药时间为3和7天时的肝毒性IC50分别为10.96和0.577 nmol·L-1, 雷公藤红素为1.011和0.625 μmol·L-1, 昆明山海棠为100.3和32.24 mg·L-1, 七厘散为134.3和64.49 mg·L-1。可见雷公藤甲素、雷公藤红素、昆明山海棠和七厘散在延长了作用时间后, 其肝毒性均有明显的增加。除定量检测细胞内ATP含量外, 还分别选择了雷公藤甲素、雷公藤红素和昆明山海棠短期肝毒性分析中的3个浓度点进行死活染色(图 4E), 观察到红色荧光着色的细胞比例随给药浓度的增大而升高, 即死细胞的比例随给药浓度的增大而升高, 进一步验证了ATP定量检测的结果。
昆明山海棠是常用单味中药。昆明山海棠为卫矛科雷公藤属植物, 具有显著的免疫抑制功效, 代表性成分包括雷公藤甲素和雷公藤红素, 动物实验结果表明其具有显著的急性肝脏毒性, 对小鼠的LD50合生药量为34.84 g·kg-1[16]。本实验中, 昆明山海棠表现出与动物实验报道相似的肝毒性, 表明在三维肝细胞芯片上进行的肝毒性筛选能够反映中药在体内的毒性作用。
在中医临床实践中, 通常将多种单味中药按照一定的规则进行复方配伍, 以实现对疾病的多环节、多靶点综合治疗; 药味之间的相互作用也有助于降低一些药材的毒性, 从而实现增效减毒的效果[17, 18]。昆仙胶囊(KXJN) 是一种复方中成药, 其复方组成包括昆明山海棠、淫羊藿、菟丝子和枸杞子[19], 其中昆明山海棠在给药剂量较高时对动物可表现出显著的急性肝脏毒性[16]。昆明山海棠是昆仙胶囊中的主要成分, 占复方总质量的1/3。采用本实验构建的三维肝细胞芯片, 根据昆明山海棠在复方中的质量比例, 研究不同浓度的昆明山海棠提取物溶液与其对应批次生产的昆仙胶囊提取物溶液在等生药量浓度下肝毒性差异。结果如图 5所示, 不同浓度昆明山海棠给药后的细胞活性分别为82.8%、65.7%、28.0%, 而昆仙胶囊分别为91.4%、77.0%、54.7%, 可见等生药量的昆仙胶囊的毒性显著小于同批次的昆明山海棠。上述结果表明, 昆仙胶囊的复方配伍可显著降低昆明山海棠的肝毒性, 与文献[19]报道相符。因此, 三维肝细胞芯片模型可用于中药配伍减毒作用的研究。
本研究在器官芯片上构建了一种高通量三维肝细胞模型, 可用于中药肝毒性的快速、仿生评价。该模型能够模拟细胞在体内的三维生长微环境、通量高、操作简便, 日间精密度优于传统二维细胞模型。该模型可以用于时间依赖的中药肝毒性研究, 肝毒性随作用时间的延长而增强。该模型还可以用于基于生物效应对不同批次中药肝毒性评价和复方配伍减毒研究, 得到的中药毒性结果与动物实验结果和临床应用经验具有良好的一致性。在本研究构建的器官芯片基础上, 采用人原代肝细胞、肝窦血管内皮细胞、肝星状细胞和Kupffer细胞等肝组织来源细胞构建具有结构分区的三维肝芯片模型, 可以进一步提高模型的仿生性并提高肝毒性预测的准确度, 有利于进行毒理机制的深入研究[20]。本研究为中药肝毒性评价提供了新颖的研究平台, 还可用于肝毒性物质基础和作用机制研究, 具有广阔的应用前景。
作者贡献: 侯宇主要负责细胞毒性实验和文章撰写; 吕恬主要负责中药提取物的制备和收集; 高照主要负责Live/Dead荧光染色和照片的拍摄; 屠鹏飞、艾晓妮和姜勇指导了论文和整体课题设计, 并负责了稿件修改工作。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 山东省重点研发计划(2021CXGC010507)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3505000)
  • 北京市自然科学基金(7222273)
  • 中华中医药学会青年人才托举工程(2020-QNRC2-08)
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2024年第59卷第6期
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文章信息
doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1421
  • 接收时间:2023-12-20
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-06-12
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2023-12-20
  • 修回日期:2024-03-21
基金
山东省重点研发计划(2021CXGC010507)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3505000)
北京市自然科学基金(7222273)
中华中医药学会青年人才托举工程(2020-QNRC2-08)
作者信息
    北京大学, 天然药物及仿生药物全国重点实验室, 北京 100191

通讯作者:

*艾晓妮, Tel/Fax: 86-10-82802750, E-mail: ;
姜勇, Tel/Fax: 86-10-82802719, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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