Article(id=1200394160558698732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0156, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708617600000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-23, revisedDate=1713974400000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764125870121, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1720713600000, pubDateStr=2024-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764125870121, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764125870121, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764125870121, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200394147019477416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='7', pageStart='1897', pageEnd='2182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764125866894, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225115484, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810425920115296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810425920115297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2002, endPage=2011, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200394161213010198, articleId=1200394160558698732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Establishment and optimization of drug screening model for N-type voltage-gated calcium channels in Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

N-type voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels (N-type VGCC, CaV2.2) mediate Ca2+ influx in response to action potential at the presynaptic terminal, and play an important role in synaptogenesis, neurotransmitter release and nociceptive signal transduction. It is a new target for the development of drugs for the treatment of neuralgia (chronic pain) and other major diseases. Due to the difficulty of calcium channel expression in vitro and the detection of channel current, there is a great lack of new drug screening models. In this study, we established and optimized the electrophysiological drug screening model using Xenopus laevis oocytes for the recombinant expression of CaV2.2 in vitro (this study were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangxi University, approval number: GXU-2023-0249). Firstly, the linear plasmids encoding cDNA of major subunit α1B and auxiliary subunits α2δ1 and β3 of rat CaV2.2 were used as templates for in vitro transcription to generate their related mRNA (cRNA), after which three kinds of cRNA were injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes at the mass ratio of 2∶1∶1 for expression. The two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) technique was used to detect the inward current produced by CaV2.2. At the same time, the expression conditions of CaV2.2 were optimized, and its gating function was characterized from the aspects of channel activation and inactivation. The results showed that 3-5 days after cRNA microinjection, stable CaV2.2-mediated barium ion (Ba2+) currents were successfully detected. The interference of endogenous potassium channels and Ca2+-activated chloride channels can be eliminated by tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) and 1, 2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N, N, N', N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis (BAPTA-AM) treatment. The maximum potential for CaV2.2 activation is 0 mV, and the current reverses to be outward when the membrane potential is greater than +50 mV. By fitting the steady-state activation and inactivation curves, the half-maximal activation potential and half-maximal inactivation potential of CaV2.2 are identified as -15.9 and -60.2 mV. In this study, a stable CaV2.2 expression system was established based on Xenopus laevis oocytes. The in vitro expression system can provide a new way for the screening of CaV2.2 active compounds or lead drugs.

, correspAuthors=Jin-peng YU, Su-lan LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuan QIN, Cheng CUI, Xiao-peng ZHU, Dong-ting ZHANGSUN, Jin-peng YU, Su-lan LUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200394166359421514, articleId=1200394160558698732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=非洲爪蟾卵母细胞表达系统中N-型电压门控钙离子通道新药筛选模型的建立与优化, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

N-型电压门控钙离子(Ca2+) 通道(N-type voltage-gated calcium channel, N-type VGCC, CaV2.2) 在突触前末端响应动作电位介导Ca2+内流, 并在突触发生、神经递质释放和伤害性信号传递中发挥重要作用, 是神经痛(慢性痛) 等重大疾病治疗药物研发的关键靶点。由于钙离子通道体外表达困难, 通道电流检测技术复杂, 其新药筛选模型极其缺乏。因此, 本研究利用非洲爪蟾卵母细胞表达系统, 进行CaV2.2体外重组表达, 建立电生理学技术药物筛选模型, 并对该表达技术体系进行了优化(本研究获得广西大学伦理委员会审查批准, 批准号: GXU-2023-0249)。首先, 以大鼠CaV2.2的主亚基α1B及其辅助亚基α2δ1和β3的cDNA基因为模板, 分别在体外进行转录, 人工合成了CaV2.2 3个亚基的mRNA (cRNA), 按照2∶1∶1的质量比混合, 将3种cRNA注射到非洲爪蟾卵母细胞中进行表达。随后使用双电极电压钳技术检测CaV2.2离子通道是否产生细胞膜内向电流, 同时对各个表达条件进行了优化, 从通道的激活、失活等方面表征了其门控功能。结果显示, 在cRNA显微注射后的第3~5天, 使用四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH) 和1, 2-双(2-氨基苯氧基)乙烷-N, N, N', N'-四乙酸四酯(BAPTA-AM) 处理, 可分别消除内源性钾离子通道和Ca2+激活的氯离子通道干扰, 成功检测到稳定的CaV2.2介导的钡离子电流。CaV2.2的最大激活膜电位为0 mV, 当膜电位大于+50 mV时会出现电流方向反转。通过拟合稳态激活和失活曲线获知CaV2.2的半激活电位和半失活电位分别为-15.9和-60.2 mV。本研究基于非洲爪蟾卵母细胞, 通过条件优化, 建立了稳定的CaV2.2表达系统。该体外表达系统可以为靶向CaV2.2活性化合物或先导药物的筛选提供新的途径。

, correspAuthors=于津鹏, 罗素兰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*于津鹏, Tel: 86-771-3949335, E-mail: ;
罗素兰, E-mail:
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VGCCs were historically first divided into high voltage-activated (HVA) and low voltage-activated (LVA) calcium channels according to their activation threshold. Based on the types of Ca<sup>2+</sup> current, VGCCs are categorized into 5 members (L-, P/Q-, N-, R- and T-types VGCCs). The latest research indicated that VGCCs could be further classified into three sub families based on <i>α</i>1 subunit homology (Ca<sub>V</sub>1, Ca<sub>V</sub>2, and Ca<sub>V</sub>3) , figureFileSmall=IeLdp9VLOuTiUI12lhJNsw==, figureFileBig=y+1nnmMhbFDFjnLeJCcikw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200470899024589321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394160558698732, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rr3F7t2Crh0aum+iPaIdMA==, figureFileBig=ZWrGxJ7TICE6x/yOlTS8PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200470899158807057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394160558698732, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Identification of plasmids, linearized products and cRNAs of r<i>α</i>1B, r<i>α</i>2<i>δ</i>1 and r<i>β</i>3 subunits by agarose gel electrophoresis. A: M: DL10 000 DNA marker; 1: Plasmid encoding r<i>α</i>1B subunit; 2: Linearized plasmid encoding r<i>α</i>1B subunit; 3: Plasmid encoding r<i>α</i>2<i>δ</i>1 subunit; 4: Linearized plasmid encoding r<i>α</i>2<i>δ</i>1 subunit; 5: Plasmid encoding r<i>β</i>3 subunit; 6: Linearized plasmid encoding r<i>β</i>3 subunit; B: M: 500-9 000 bases ssRNA ladder; 1: cRNA of r<i>α</i>1B subunit; 2: cRNA of r<i>α</i>2<i>δ</i>1 subunit; 3: cRNA of r<i>β</i>3 subunit; C: 1: r<i>α</i>1B subunit cRNA obtained by transcription for 7 h; 2: r<i>α</i>1B subunit cRNA obtained by transcription for 16 h; 3: r<i>α</i>1B subunit cRNA obtained by transcription for 10 h; M: 500-9 000 bases ssRNA ladder , figureFileSmall=rr3F7t2Crh0aum+iPaIdMA==, figureFileBig=ZWrGxJ7TICE6x/yOlTS8PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200470899318190618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394160558698732, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wyghDdozarTobvE3DgBwSA==, figureFileBig=qDgsxV1HeVJJdz2GUBX5yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200470899431436831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394160558698732, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Electrophysiological evaluation of Ca<sub>V</sub>2.2 expressed in oocytes. A, B: The steady-state activation current of Ca<sub>V</sub>2.2 induced by a series of 200 ms depolarizing pulses from -60 mV to +60 mV in 10 mV increments after incubation with 100 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> BAPTA-AM for 4 h (A) or 2 h (B); C: The current of Ca<sub>V</sub>2.2 induced by 0 mV depolarizing pulse after incubation with 100 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> BAPTA-AM for 4 h , figureFileSmall=wyghDdozarTobvE3DgBwSA==, figureFileBig=qDgsxV1HeVJJdz2GUBX5yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200470899553071652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394160558698732, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ev2WvGkD5EUKo/lMUH/Gfg==, figureFileBig=1KoTD/E1wp4UVn+OBKKZJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200470899670512168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394160558698732, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Voltage dependence analysis of steady-state activation of Ca<sub>V</sub>2.2. A: The <i>I</i>-<i>V</i> curve of Ca<sub>V</sub>2.2 obtained by fitting the activation currents induced by different test potentials; B: Steady-state activation curve of Ca<sub>V</sub>2.2. The results were normalized to the conductance-voltage (<i>G</i>/<i>V</i>) relationship, and the curve fits to Boltzman equation. <i>n</i> = 8, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± SEM , figureFileSmall=ev2WvGkD5EUKo/lMUH/Gfg==, figureFileBig=1KoTD/E1wp4UVn+OBKKZJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200470899779564079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394160558698732, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=WsV8A+J2ev+j4GdebzYR9g==, figureFileBig=CmZFyBos/TKpZTGm/kicPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200470899901198899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394160558698732, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Voltage dependence analysis of steady-state inactivation of Ca<sub>V</sub>2.2. A: Steady-state inactivation current traces of Ca<sub>V</sub>2.2 elicited by a 0 mV test potential after a series of 10 s prepulses ranging from -100 mV to -10 mV in 5 mV increments; B: Steady-state inactivation curve of Ca<sub>V</sub>2.2. The electrophysiological results were fitted by Boltzman equation. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± SEM , figureFileSmall=WsV8A+J2ev+j4GdebzYR9g==, figureFileBig=CmZFyBos/TKpZTGm/kicPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200470900035416636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394160558698732, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=9wkA1U41HRwepRYkIu2Aag==, figureFileBig=LhJJWKmUaCFUbN3UeziHUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200470900203188799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394160558698732, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Kinetic analysis of Ca<sub>V</sub>2.2 inactivation. A: Inactivation time course of Ca<sub>V</sub>2.2 during 5 s depolarizing pulses to 0 mV starting from a holding potential of -100 mV; B: Analysis of inactivation process of Ca<sub>V</sub>2.2. The results were fitted by a double exponential function. <i>n</i> = 7, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± SEM , figureFileSmall=9wkA1U41HRwepRYkIu2Aag==, figureFileBig=LhJJWKmUaCFUbN3UeziHUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200470900329017928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394160558698732, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0+snMZU7DUUdNZPs96D92w==, figureFileBig=2bw+VAra0/jsmiKp/Xv0QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200470900475818571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394160558698732, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Time-dependent analysis of Ca<sub>V</sub>2.2 recovery from steady-state inactivation. A: The current of Ca<sub>V</sub>2.2 showing recovery from inactivation caused by 5 s pre-stimulation. Red: Current obtained by different recovery time; Black: Current without pre-stimulation inactivation; B: The Ca<sub>V</sub>2.2 recovery time course was fitted to a double exponential function. <i>n</i> = 7, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± SEM , figureFileSmall=0+snMZU7DUUdNZPs96D92w==, figureFileBig=2bw+VAra0/jsmiKp/Xv0QA==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, 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非洲爪蟾卵母细胞表达系统中N-型电压门控钙离子通道新药筛选模型的建立与优化
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秦源 , 崔城 , 朱晓鹏 , 长孙东亭 , 于津鹏 * , 罗素兰 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(7): 2002-2011
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(7): 2002-2011
非洲爪蟾卵母细胞表达系统中N-型电压门控钙离子通道新药筛选模型的建立与优化
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秦源, 崔城, 朱晓鹏, 长孙东亭, 于津鹏* , 罗素兰*
作者信息
  • 广西大学医学院, 广西特色生物医药重点实验室, 广西 南宁 530004

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*于津鹏, Tel: 86-771-3949335, E-mail: ;
罗素兰, E-mail:
Establishment and optimization of drug screening model for N-type voltage-gated calcium channels in Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system
Yuan QIN, Cheng CUI, Xiao-peng ZHU, Dong-ting ZHANGSUN, Jin-peng YU* , Su-lan LUO*
Affiliations
  • Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
出版时间: 2024-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0156
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N-型电压门控钙离子(Ca2+) 通道(N-type voltage-gated calcium channel, N-type VGCC, CaV2.2) 在突触前末端响应动作电位介导Ca2+内流, 并在突触发生、神经递质释放和伤害性信号传递中发挥重要作用, 是神经痛(慢性痛) 等重大疾病治疗药物研发的关键靶点。由于钙离子通道体外表达困难, 通道电流检测技术复杂, 其新药筛选模型极其缺乏。因此, 本研究利用非洲爪蟾卵母细胞表达系统, 进行CaV2.2体外重组表达, 建立电生理学技术药物筛选模型, 并对该表达技术体系进行了优化(本研究获得广西大学伦理委员会审查批准, 批准号: GXU-2023-0249)。首先, 以大鼠CaV2.2的主亚基α1B及其辅助亚基α2δ1和β3的cDNA基因为模板, 分别在体外进行转录, 人工合成了CaV2.2 3个亚基的mRNA (cRNA), 按照2∶1∶1的质量比混合, 将3种cRNA注射到非洲爪蟾卵母细胞中进行表达。随后使用双电极电压钳技术检测CaV2.2离子通道是否产生细胞膜内向电流, 同时对各个表达条件进行了优化, 从通道的激活、失活等方面表征了其门控功能。结果显示, 在cRNA显微注射后的第3~5天, 使用四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH) 和1, 2-双(2-氨基苯氧基)乙烷-N, N, N', N'-四乙酸四酯(BAPTA-AM) 处理, 可分别消除内源性钾离子通道和Ca2+激活的氯离子通道干扰, 成功检测到稳定的CaV2.2介导的钡离子电流。CaV2.2的最大激活膜电位为0 mV, 当膜电位大于+50 mV时会出现电流方向反转。通过拟合稳态激活和失活曲线获知CaV2.2的半激活电位和半失活电位分别为-15.9和-60.2 mV。本研究基于非洲爪蟾卵母细胞, 通过条件优化, 建立了稳定的CaV2.2表达系统。该体外表达系统可以为靶向CaV2.2活性化合物或先导药物的筛选提供新的途径。

电压门控钙离子通道  /  双电极电压钳  /  非洲爪蟾卵母细胞  /  电生理  /  门控特性

N-type voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels (N-type VGCC, CaV2.2) mediate Ca2+ influx in response to action potential at the presynaptic terminal, and play an important role in synaptogenesis, neurotransmitter release and nociceptive signal transduction. It is a new target for the development of drugs for the treatment of neuralgia (chronic pain) and other major diseases. Due to the difficulty of calcium channel expression in vitro and the detection of channel current, there is a great lack of new drug screening models. In this study, we established and optimized the electrophysiological drug screening model using Xenopus laevis oocytes for the recombinant expression of CaV2.2 in vitro (this study were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangxi University, approval number: GXU-2023-0249). Firstly, the linear plasmids encoding cDNA of major subunit α1B and auxiliary subunits α2δ1 and β3 of rat CaV2.2 were used as templates for in vitro transcription to generate their related mRNA (cRNA), after which three kinds of cRNA were injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes at the mass ratio of 2∶1∶1 for expression. The two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) technique was used to detect the inward current produced by CaV2.2. At the same time, the expression conditions of CaV2.2 were optimized, and its gating function was characterized from the aspects of channel activation and inactivation. The results showed that 3-5 days after cRNA microinjection, stable CaV2.2-mediated barium ion (Ba2+) currents were successfully detected. The interference of endogenous potassium channels and Ca2+-activated chloride channels can be eliminated by tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) and 1, 2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N, N, N', N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis (BAPTA-AM) treatment. The maximum potential for CaV2.2 activation is 0 mV, and the current reverses to be outward when the membrane potential is greater than +50 mV. By fitting the steady-state activation and inactivation curves, the half-maximal activation potential and half-maximal inactivation potential of CaV2.2 are identified as -15.9 and -60.2 mV. In this study, a stable CaV2.2 expression system was established based on Xenopus laevis oocytes. The in vitro expression system can provide a new way for the screening of CaV2.2 active compounds or lead drugs.

voltage-gated calcium channel  /  two-electrode voltage clamp  /  Xenopus laevis oocyte  /  electrophysiology  /  gating characteristics
秦源, 崔城, 朱晓鹏, 长孙东亭, 于津鹏, 罗素兰. 非洲爪蟾卵母细胞表达系统中N-型电压门控钙离子通道新药筛选模型的建立与优化. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (7) : 2002 -2011 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0156
Yuan QIN, Cheng CUI, Xiao-peng ZHU, Dong-ting ZHANGSUN, Jin-peng YU, Su-lan LUO. Establishment and optimization of drug screening model for N-type voltage-gated calcium channels in Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (7) : 2002 -2011 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0156
电压门控钙离子(Ca2+) 通道(voltage-gated calcium channels, VGCCs) 是一种镶嵌于细胞膜上的复合体通道蛋白, 广泛分布于全身可兴奋细胞, 在许多生理过程中起关键作用。VGCCs对Ca2+的选择性滤过是去极化诱发Ca2+进入大脑、心脏和肌肉可兴奋细胞的主要来源, 能驱动许多生理过程, 包括激素分泌、神经递质释放、肌肉收缩、多种基因的钙依赖转录等[1, 2]。而VGCCs的突变和功能失调则与许多心血管疾病和精神性疾病的发生密切相关, 如心律失常、高血压、偏头痛、精神分裂症、癫痫和抑郁症等, 因此VGCCs一直是诊断和治疗很多重要疾病的关键靶点, 对其门控特性和阻断剂的研究在相关疾病治疗药物的筛选和研发中具有重要意义[3-5]
作为体内表达最丰富的离子通道之一, VGCCs具有多种选择性剪接变体, 以适应它们在体内的分布和功能需求。通常根据激活阈值不同, VGCCs可分为高压激活钙离子通道(high voltage-activated, HVA) 和低压激活钙离子通道(low voltage-activated, LVA)。α1亚基作为主亚基, 决定了VGCCs的激活阈值以及介导的电流类型, 是形成VGCCs亚型的主要决定因素。目前的研究表明, 哺乳动物的α1亚基由10个基因编码, 因此根据序列同源性又将VGCCs分为10种不同的亚型: CaV1.1~1.4、Cav2.1~2.3、Cav3.1~3.3[6] (图 1)。除CaV3为主亚基单独行使功能外, CaV1和CaV2均由α1主亚基与α2δβ两个辅助亚基共同组成异源多聚体行使通道功能(CaV1.1组成中还包括γ亚基)[7]。其中, α1亚基形成Ca2+选择性孔道, 行使通道的主要功能, 是第二信使(如Ca2+、cAMP)、药物和毒素调节通道的主要靶点[8]; α2δβγ为辅助亚基, 具有辅助通道转运、调节通道门控特性等功能[9-11]。虽然所有VGCCs亚型都具有相似的α1主亚基结构, 但是它们的门控特性、对药物的敏感性以及在体内的分布、功能等却截然不同, 如CaV1广泛分布于心肌、骨骼肌和平滑肌等组织, 其阻断剂二氢吡啶类药物被用于治疗心绞痛和高血压; CaV2属于神经元型VGCCs, 主要分布于中枢和外周神经系统, 参与突触分化和快速神经递质释放; CaV3分布于神经元和其他可兴奋细胞, 介导T型Ca2+电流, 在精神疾病治疗中具有潜在作用[12]
CaV2.2又称为N-型电压门控钙离子通道, 属于高压激活的钙离子通道亚型, 主要分布于中枢和外周神经元, 是突触前神经末梢主要表达的钙离子通道亚型之一, 通过介导Ca2+内流, 触发神经递质释放和突触前短期可塑性[13]。因其在疼痛通路的初级传入突触中起主导作用, 已成为慢性疼痛治疗的重要药物靶点[14, 15]。研究发现, 敲除CaV2.2能使小鼠对炎症性和神经性疼痛的疼痛敏感性降低, 而产生不良反应的水平相较敲除其余亚型更轻[16]; CaV2.2 α1亚基的孔道阻滞剂齐考诺肽(ω-芋螺毒素MVIIA) 治疗顽固性疼痛的效果是吗啡的1 000倍, 且无成瘾性[17]。以上研究结果表明, 靶向阻断CaV2.2功能的先导化合物在疼痛治疗过程中的应用可能比传统的阿片受体激动剂类药物具有更大的潜力。自然界有多种有毒生物, 其毒液组分中存在靶向CaV2.2的活性化合物, 丰富的毒素资源为靶向CaV2.2先导药物筛选和发现提供了便利, 但是目前仅极少数CaV2.2阻滞剂进入临床研究, 开发潜力巨大[18]。新药筛选模型匮乏以及很多传统方法在用于药物筛选时针对性差、筛选速度慢、精确度不足等原因导致天然药物开发速度慢, 因此急需建立一种方便可靠的药物筛选方法用于CaV2.2靶向药物先导物的发掘和功能活性评估。
电生理技术(electrophysiological techniques) 从诞生开始便广泛用于受体和配体的构效关系研究, 被认为是研究离子通道的黄金标准[19]。其中, 应用于非洲爪蟾卵母细胞的双电极电压钳技术(two electrode voltage clamp, TEVC) 具有可操作性强、重复性好等优点, 一直是研究转运体和离子通道的重要手段, 至今仍广泛应用于从细胞层面研究受体的功能和结构、配体-受体相互作用关系、针对特异性受体的先导化合物开发等领域。本研究基于非洲爪蟾卵母细胞进行CaV2.2的体外功能性表达, 针对钙离子通道体外表达困难、通道电流检测技术复杂等难题进行了优化, 并使用双电极电压钳技术分析受体的功能特征, 旨在建立一种稳定的VGCCs电生理药物筛选模型, 为多肽和小分子药物先导物的开发、筛选和作用机制研究提供可靠的工具和平台。
实验材料   包含大鼠(rat, r) VGCC α1B、rα2δ1 (Addgene plasmid #26575) 和rβ3 (Addgene plasmid # 26574) 亚基cDNA的质粒获赠于Diane Lipscombe; 雌性非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis) 购于中国科学院昆明动物研究所, 实验室17 ℃养殖6个月以上可用于卵母细胞分离, 本研究中动物实验过程经广西大学伦理委员会审查批准(批准号: GXU-2023-0249)。
实验试剂   大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞(货号: C502-02) 和质粒提取试剂盒(货号: DC201-01) 购于南京诺唯赞生物科技有限公司; 500~9 000 bases ssRNA ladder (货号: N0362S) 和限制性内切酶Ase I (货号: R0526V) 购于美国NEB公司; 限制性内切酶EcoR I (货号: 1040S) 和Apa I (货号: 1005S)、DL10 000 DNA marker (货号: 3584A) 和DNA片段纯化试剂盒(货号: 9761) 购于宝日医生物科技(北京) 有限公司; mMESSAGE mMACHINE® T7体外转录试剂盒(货号: AM1344) 和MEGAclearTM转录纯化试剂盒(货号: AM1908) 购于美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司; 1, 2-双(2-氨基苯氧基)乙烷-N, N, N', N'-四乙酸四酯(BAPTA-AM) (货号: B115502)、丙酮酸(货号: P104136)、四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH) (货号: T434179) 购于上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司; 4S Red Plus核酸染料(货号: A606695)、HEPES (货号: A100511)、硫酸庆大霉素(货号: A100304)、氨苄西林(货号: A61002)、硫酸链霉素(货号: A610494)、青霉素G钠盐(货号: A600135) 购于生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司; 胶原蛋白酶A (货号: COLLA-RO) 购于美国Sigma-Aldrich公司。其他生化试剂均为国产分析纯。
OR-2缓冲液: 82.5 mmol·L-1 NaCl、2.0 mmol·L-1 KCl、1.0 mmol·L-1 MgCl2、5 mmol·L-1 HEPES, pH 7.5; ND-96缓冲液: 96.0 mmol·L-1 NaCl、2.0 mmol·L-1 KCl、1.0 mmol·L-1 CaCl2、1.0 mmol·L-1 MgCl2、5.0 mmol·L-1 HEPES、5.0 mmol·L-1丙酮酸, pH 7.5[20]
实验仪器   PowerPac Basic小型电泳仪(美国Bio-Rad公司); FluorChem E凝胶成像系统(美国ProteinSimple公司); Nanodrop One超微量分光光度计(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); KCL-2000恒温恒湿培养箱(日本EYELA公司); NANOJECT II显微注射仪(美国Drummond公司); Oocyte Clamp OC-725D信号放大器[美国Warner (Harvard) 公司]; P-1000微电极拉制仪、DendriteTM数模转换器(美国Sutter公司)。
目的基因质粒的提取   分别将含有rα1B基因质粒的大肠杆菌DH5α菌株、含有rα2δ1和rβ3基因质粒的Top10F'菌株使用平板划线法接种于Amp+ LB固体培养基并置于37 ℃培养18 h, 挑取单个菌落接种于30 mL Amp+ LB液体培养基, 37 ℃、220 r·min-1扩大培养14 h后, 使用质粒提取试剂盒分别提取载有目的基因的质粒。所有质粒通过超微量分光光度计及琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析其浓度和纯度, 并通过DNA测序[生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司] 进行鉴定。
目的基因cRNA的制备  分别使用限制性内切酶Ase I、Apa I和EcoR I对含rα1B、rα2δ1和rβ3亚基基因的质粒进行酶切, 线性化产物使用DNA片段纯化试剂盒回收, 并使用超微量分光光度计及琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定回收产物。以线性化质粒为模板, 使用T7体外转录试剂盒制备对应亚基的cRNA, 转录体系为: 10 μL 2×T7 NTP/CAP; 2 μL 10×T7 reaction buffer; 1 μL T7 GTP; 2 μL T7 enzyme mix; 线性质粒模板1.0~1.5 μg; 无酶水补至20 μL。37 ℃反应10 h (rα2δ1和rβ3亚基cRNA反应10 h, rα1B亚基cRNA反应7、10和16 h) 后加入2 μL TURBO DNase继续反应30 min消除质粒模板。转录终产物cRNA经纯化回收后, 使用紫外分光光度计和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测其浓度和纯度。
卵母细胞的获取及显微注射   取一只性成熟的雌性非洲爪蟾, 冰浴麻醉60 min使其完全麻痹后, 在其右下腹手术取出适量卵母细胞, 置于含0.6 g·L-1胶原酶的OR-2溶液中, 室温下震荡酶解30~50 min, 待大部分细胞团块散开为单独细胞时, 使用OR-2溶液清洗卵母细胞8~10次停止酶解反应[21]。在显微镜下筛选出状态良好的V-VI期卵母细胞, 温度17 ℃、湿度35%条件下, 于含青霉素10 µg·mL-1、链霉素10 µg·mL-1、庆大霉素100 µg·mL-1的ND-96溶液中培养12 h后用于注射。
将rα1B、rα2δ1和rβ3亚基的cRNA按照质量比2∶1∶1混合后, 每个细胞50.6 nL (cRNA注射量约为50 ng) 显微注射入卵母细胞。注射完成的卵母细胞置于含抗ND-96溶液中, 温度17 ℃、湿度35%培养3~5天后用于电生理检测。
电生理检测   记录前将诱导表达CaV2.2的卵母细胞置于含100 μmol·L-1 BAPTA-AM的灌流液中孵育2或4 h, 螯合细胞内部游离Ca2+, 消除内源性Ca2+激活的氯离子通道电流(calcium-activated chloride channel, CaCC)[22]。电生理检测过程中, 将卵母细胞置于细胞槽中(约50 μL), 以3 mL·min-1的速度进行持续灌流, 灌流液组成为5.0 mmol·L-1 BaCl2、85.0 mmol·L-1 TEAOH、5.0 mmol·L-1 KCl和5.0 mmol·L-1 HEPES, 使用甲烷磺酸调pH至7.4, 其中TEAOH用于阻断内源性钾离子通道, 并以钡离子(Ba2+) 代替Ca2+作为电荷载体[20]。使用水平拉针仪拉制用于钳制卵母细胞的玻璃微电极, 填充3 mol·L-1 KCl溶液后电极电阻为0.4~2.0 MΩ。将卵母细胞钳制在-100 mV, 每10 s给予一次200 ms阶跃去极化至0 mV的电压刺激, 使用DendriteTM数模转换器和OC-725D信号放大器记录内向Ba2+电流(IBa), 当重复去极化引起的峰值电流稳定且误差小于2%时, 开始后续实验[23]。使用lgor Pro 9.00软件监测电流幅度, 采样频率为10 kHz, 过滤频率为1 kHz, 采用P/4漏减方案消除漏电流[24]
数据处理   使用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件对数据进行分析。采用Boltzmann方程$ \frac{G}{{G}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}=\frac{1}{1+\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left(V-{V}_{0.5,\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}}\right)/\mathrm{k}} $拟合CaV2.2的稳态激活曲线, 其中G是全细胞通道电导, 以公式$ G=I/(V-{V}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{v}}) $计算; V是测试电位; Vrev是反转电位; I是不同测试电位诱发的电流; Gmax是CaV2.2的最大电导; V0.5, act是半最大激活电位(half-maximal activation voltage); k是斜率因子。稳态激活曲线图中G/Gmax为平均数±标准误(mean ± SEM)。
采用Boltzmann方程$ \frac{I}{{I}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}=\frac{1}{1+\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left(V-{V}_{0.5,\mathrm{ }\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}}\right)/\mathrm{k}} $拟合CaV2.2的稳态失活曲线。其中I是预刺激电位充分失活后测试电位诱发的电流; Imax是CaV2.2激活的最大电流; V是预刺激电位; V0.5, inact是半最大失活电位(half-maximal inactivation voltage); k是斜率因子。稳态失活曲线图中I/Imax为平均数±标准误(mean ± SEM)。
采用双指数函数$ I={I}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}+{\mathrm{A}}_{1}\left(1-{e}^{-t/{\mathrm{\tau }}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)+{\mathrm{A}}_{2}(1-{e}^{-t/{\mathrm{\tau }}_{\mathrm{s}}}) $拟合CaV2.2的失活时间过程曲线和失活恢复曲线。其中, I是失活(恢复) 不同时间的电流; Imax是峰值电流(预刺激电位诱发的峰值电流); t是失活(恢复) 时间; τf是快失活(恢复) 时间常数, τs是慢失活(恢复) 时间常数。曲线图中I/Imax为平均数±标准误(mean ± SEM)。
使用质粒小量提取试剂盒提取的rα1B、rα2δ1和rβ3亚基质粒浓度分别为0.12、0.50和0.39 g·L-1, A260/A280值均位于1.8~1.9之间, 1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳条带显示质粒较纯净, 符合后续实验要求。经过测序验证, 各亚基基因编码序列均无异常突变, 与鼠源野生型一致。
限制性内切酶酶切使质粒线性化用作RNA体外转录模板。经过纯化后, 所有线性化质粒浓度均大于0.2 μg·μL-1, 经0.6%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测, 所有亚基质粒酶切完全, 线性化模板回收纯度高, 符合体外转录要求(图 2A)。以线性化质粒为模板, 使用T7体外转录试剂盒制备rα1B、rα2δ1和rβ3亚基的cRNA, 纯化后浓度分别为0.89、1.61和0.91 g·L-1。使用1.2%琼脂糖凝胶120 V运行25 min对制备的cRNA进行验证, 凝胶结果显示, 用于构成CaV2.2的rα1B、rα2δ1和rβ3亚基的cRNA条带较为明显, 且与3种亚基基因的理论编码长度对应(图 2B)。其中, rα1B亚基cRNA凝胶条带较rα2δ1和rβ3亚基cRNA弥散严重, 由于其长度超过7.1 kb, 体外转录较难获得高品质的cRNA, 反应时间为7和16 h时体外转录产物中完整cRNA的比例均不高, 反应时间控制为10 h时成功获得长度较为完整的rα1B亚基cRNA (图 2C)。
将rα1B、rα2δ1和rβ3亚基的cRNA按照质量比2∶1∶1混合后, 以每细胞50.6 nL的体积显微注射进入卵母细胞, 诱导表达4天后卵母细胞状态良好。设置卵母细胞钳制电位为-100 mV, 以10 mV为增量, 分别给予细胞从-60 mV至+60 mV的一系列持续200 ms的去极化电位刺激, 每次刺激间隔10 s, 记录CaV2.2的稳态激活电流。结果表明, 使用BAPTA-AM孵育2 h时, Ca2+未能被充分螯合, 由于CaCC电流干扰, 卵母细胞在一系列电位刺激下产生大量外向电流, 当孵育时间为4 h时, 卵母细胞在一系列电位刺激下产生稳定内向电流(其中+60 mV去极化刺激CaV2.2介导的电流反转) (图 3AB)。由去极化至0 mV时CaV2.2的电流轨迹可知, 当给予细胞去极化脉冲时, 通道被快速激活并产生内向电流, 10 ms左右电流达到峰值, 随后进入缓慢失活状态, 持续200 ms后仍有约33%的尾电流, 符合与亚型为rα2δ1和rβ3的辅助亚基共表达时CaV2.2介导的电流特征, 表明CaV2.2在卵母细胞上表达成功[25]
将卵母细胞钳制于-100 mV, 每隔10 s给予一次持续200 ms的测试电位, 每次去极化刺激中测试电位以5 mV为增量从-60 mV逐步去极化至+60 mV, 记录在不同测试电位刺激下产生的内向电流并研究CaV2.2稳态激活的电压依赖性。以I/Imax为纵坐标, 测试电位V为横坐标, 绘制CaV2.2的I-V曲线用于表征CaV2.2去极化激活的电压依赖性。检测结果显示, 通道在-30 mV测试电位刺激下开始开放, 0 mV时达到最大开放, 当测试电位大于+50 mV后电流反转为外向电流(图 4A)。计算全细胞通道电导G, 以G/Gmax为纵坐标, 测试电位V为横坐标, 绘制稳态激活曲线, 使用Boltzmann方程拟合后获得CaV2.2的V0.5, act为-15.9 mV (图 4B)。
电压门控离子通道的V0.5, inact能很好地表征通道失活的电压依赖性, 通常在表征药物或者功能性突变对通道门控电压依赖性的影响时具有重要意义。体外表达的CaV2.2不具有Ca2+依赖性失活机制, 其失活受Ca2+的影响较小, 使用Ba2+代替Ca2+作为电荷载体或使用螯合剂螯合胞内Ca2+均不会明显改变CaV2.2的失活特性[26]。研究CaV2.2的稳态失活时, 设置钳制电位为-100 mV, 以每次5 mV为增量给予细胞从-100 mV至-10 mV持续10 s的预刺激使通道充分失活, 随即给予0 mV测试电位维持200 ms, 记录不同预刺激条件下剩余的通道电流[27] (图 5A)。电生理检测结果表明, 预刺激电位为-100 mV时CaV2.2尚未失活, 此时响应测试电位的通道开放达到最大, 并设置此时峰值电流为最大开放电流Imax, 随着预刺激电位逐步上升, 失活通道的比例增大, 当预刺激电位升至-30 mV以上时CaV2.2完全失活, 用测试电位刺激时通道产生的内向电流不明显(图 5B)。以I/Imax为纵坐标, 预刺激电位V为横坐标, 绘制CaV2.2的稳态失活曲线, 使用Boltzmann方程拟合获得CaV2.2的V0.5, inact为-60.2 mV。
由于通道的失活时间进程加速或减慢均会影响通道功能行使, 进而引发胞内Ca2+稳态破坏, 因此失活动力学也是研究通道功能的重要指征之一。设置细胞钳制电位为-100 mV, 记录持续给予5 000 ms的0 mV测试电位时CaV2.2的失活过程。以去极化刺激期间产生的内向峰值电流为Imax, 将曲线归一化为I/Imax, 绘制的CaV2.2失活时间过程曲线。由图可知, 在持续去极化至2 000 ms时通道几乎完全失活, 不再产生明显内向电流(图 6A)。去极化10、50、100、250、500、1 000、5 000 ms的剩余电流百分比分别为97.9%、71.5%、49.4%、21.8%、9.6%、4.5%、1.1%。使用双指数函数拟合获得CaV2.2的快失活时间常数τf=99.6 ms, 慢失活时间常数τs=515.3 ms[28] (图 6B)。CaV2.2与CaV1亚家族相比失活更快, 如CaV1.3通道在去极化刺激开放持续1 000 ms时仍有约57.4%的剩余电流[29]。因此, 在研究CaV2.2稳态失活的电压依赖性时, 为保证在预刺激电位下通道能充分失活, 预刺激的维持时间需要足够长。
VGCCs具有3个功能状态: 静息态、开放态和失活态, 失活状态能防止通道持续开放, 避免了神经递质的持续释放或者肌细胞发生强直收缩。处于失活状态的通道不能被激活, 需要恢复一段时间才能脱离失活状态, 再次响应去极化刺激恢复开放。在研究CaV2.2从稳态失活中的恢复时, 首先给予细胞持续5 s的0 mV预刺激电位使通道完全失活, 随后将细胞钳制于-100 mV使通道恢复不同时长后再给予持续200 ms的0 mV测试电位, 记录通道恢复1、3、10、30、100、300、600 ms、1、1.5、2、3、4、6、8、10、15、20 s后产生的内向电流[10] (图 7A)。并通过双指数函数拟合CaV2.2的失活-恢复曲线, 分析失活恢复过程中通道的开放比例与恢复时长的关系[30]。根据失活-恢复曲线分析得到, CaV2.2失活后恢复的快时间常数τf=287.3 ms, 慢时间常数τs=2 723 ms (图 7B)。
CaV2.2广泛分布于中枢和外周神经系统, 因能介导疼痛信号传导以及受G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptors, GPRCs) 调节而被广泛研究, 其阻断剂是治疗神经痛(慢性痛) 等重大疾病的潜在药物[31, 32]。作为一种神经型VGCCs亚型, CaV2.2参与精确控制神经递质的释放, 研究其门控功能对突触可塑性的机制探索具有重要意义。然而无论是药物活性评估还是受体功能研究都极其依赖可靠的药物筛选手段, CaV2.2新药筛选模型由于体外表达困难、通道电流检测技术复杂等原因较为缺乏, 导致其阻断药物开发缓慢。因此, 本研究针对CaV2.2体外表达的难点进行优化, 寻找CaV2.2稳定表达的方法, 并从激活、失活以及失活恢复等方面表征CaV2.2的门控功能, 以建立全面可靠的CaV2.2新药筛选模型。
非洲爪蟾卵母细胞具有丰富的rRNA和tRNA以及多种内源性信号转导因子, 是一种较为理想的膜蛋白体外表达系统。与哺乳动物表达系统相比, 卵母细胞中离子通道的表达量更高, 一般诱导表达3~5天就能获得μA级别的电流。与高通量筛选系统(如FLIPR) 相比, 能够做到利用cRNA在单一细胞中快速表达某种特定受体, 并对电压和电流进行精确的控制和检测记录, 具有灵活性强、数据准确度高等特点。然而, 当将该系统用于VGCCs的体外表达研究时, 其内源性CaCC以及内源性钾离子通道会严重干扰VGCCs的电流检测, 因此在进行VGCCs电生理记录时需要消除这些内源性离子通道的影响[33, 34]
本研究采用了3种措施消除CaCC及钾离子通道的影响: ①电生理记录前, 使用100 μmol·L-1快速钙螯合剂BAPTA-AM与卵母细胞共孵育4 h, 以螯合细胞内的Ca2+, 消除CaCC电流; ②使用Ba2+取代Ca2+作为电荷载体, 可以降低Ca2+进入细胞后对CaCC的激活, 同时Ba2+具有钾离子通道阻断活性; ③在灌流液中加入TEAOH, 实现钾离子通道的完全阻断[35, 36]。选择膜透性螯合剂BAPTA-AM, 通过孵育的形式螯合卵母细胞内部Ca2+, 相较注射形式能极大减少螯合过程对细胞膜的损伤。但是, 当使用100 μmol·L-1 BAPTA-AM进行孵育时, 螯合时间相较注射形式会更长, 若孵育时间过短, 胞内Ca2+螯合不彻底, 仍会有部分CaCC电流干扰CaV2.2电流检测, 而孵育时间过长则会使蛙卵质量下降。本研究发现, 孵育时间为4 h时能达到最佳螯合效果, 此时卵母细胞状态良好, 给予细胞从-60 mV至+60 mV的一系列去极化测试电位能准确记录CaV2.2的稳态激活电流(图 3AB)。
针对CaV2.2表达困难的问题, 本研究发现rα1B亚基cRNA的质量为影响CaV2.2表达的关键。在进行rα1B亚基的体外转录时, 首先参考试剂盒说明书, 将转录时间控制为4 h, 经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测转录后的纯化产物(cRNA), 发现条带呈弥散状且无明显主条带。利用该条件下制备的cRNA进行显微注射和卵母细胞电生理检测, 也未检测到电流。判断可能是cRNA质量影响了受体表达。考虑到目的基因长度较长(7.1 kb), 本研究优化了体外转录体系, 加入了GTP并延长了反应时间。保证反应体系一致的情况下, 将体外转录的时间分别调整到7、10、16 h。结果发现, 反应7 h时的转录产物条带弥散严重, 推测是由于转录时间较短, 产物中主要为未完全合成的cRNA片段, 而反应16 h的转录产物的电泳条带中, 存在目的cRNA条带但明显少于10 h转录产物, 推测是由于时间过长、RNA不稳定而导致cRNA降解(图 2C)。10 h转录过程在3种时间方案中获得转录产物效果最佳, 但仍由于RNA不稳定、易降解, 以及长片段RNA体外转录过程中出现未完全合成的片段产物等原因, 存在一定程度条带弥散现象。在进行CaV2.2的表达时, 参考文献[25]研究, 先采用了1∶1∶1的质量比进行3种亚基cRNA的混合。显微注射后, 在培养的过程中, 检测受体的表达情况。结果发现, 培养5天后, 电流仍然非常小, 受体表达情况不好。考虑到rα1B作为主要亚基, 本研究提高了该亚基的注射量, 调整质量比为2∶1∶1。在该比例条件下, CaV2.2的表达效率显著提高, 注射后培养3~5天, 在相同条件下, 受体表达的电流可达到1~5 μA。
CaV2.2的门控特性对突触功能的正常行使具有重要意义, 尤其在外周神经系统的信号传递过程中, 该通道去极化激活的电压依赖性是突触前终末兴奋性的关键, 而稳态失活则在很大程度上决定了通道对Ca2+的透过作用, 进而直接影响突触效率[37]。在表征通道的门控功能时, 稳态激活曲线左移、稳态失活曲线右移、激活开放速度加快及失活关闭速度减慢等特征都表示通道功能增强并介导更多的Ca2+内流, 反之则表示通道功能减弱, Ca2+内流减少[10]。体内的选择性剪接或者功能性突变都会影响CaV2.2门控特性, 通常为了满足不同分布和功能需求, CaV2.2的激活和失活会在辅助亚基的调节下表现出一定的差异, 但是当异常突变使通道的门控特性发生变化时, 常常会引起细胞内钙稳态的破坏, 从而导致疾病的发生[38-40]
CaV2.2属于高压激活的VGCCs, 具有复杂的失活机制, 其失活最快时通道并非处于完全去极化激活的状态, 而是处于静息闭合与激活开放的中间状态, 这种独特的失活机制被称为闭态失活[41]。为防止闭态失活影响电流的记录, 应确保钳制电位下CaV2.2不受闭态失活影响。本研究电生理记录过程中, 将卵母细胞膜电位钳制在-100 mV, 通过给予0 mV测试电位后获得了典型的去极化激活CaV2.2内向电流轨迹, 该方法能获得通道的最大开放电流, 常用于药物活性的筛选以及剂量响应曲线的绘制[42]
在药物的筛选过程中, V0.5, actV0.5, inact变化也能直观地体现药物对离子通道电压依赖性的影响, 是评估药物作用效果的两个重要参数。2004年, Yasuda等[25]的研究表明, 大鼠的主亚基α1B与辅助亚基α2δ1、β3共表达时, 在β3亚基的调节作用下, 会导致CaV2.2的闭态失活超极化移动, 对CaV2.2的稳态失活电压依赖性具有明显影响。在不同比例的β3亚基参与功能性离子通道形成时, CaV2.2的V0.5, inact在-80 mV到-45 mV之间。本研究中将大鼠的α1B、α2δ1和β3亚基cRNA按照质量比2∶1∶1混合, 显微注射入非洲爪蟾卵母细胞, 诱导表达后对CaV2.2的稳态失活进行研究, 获得CaV2.2的V0.5, inact为-60.2 mV; 相比之下β3亚基对激活影响较小, 不同比例的β3亚基参与表达时CaV2.2的最大激活电压均为0 mV, 反转电位为+50 mV, 与本研究结果一致[25]。此外, CaV2.2的失活动力学以及从失活中恢复的时间依赖性也是表征通道功能的重要参数, 在众多研究中被用于评估药物作用效果。CaV2.2的失活分为快失活和慢失活两种情况, 本研究通过双指数函数拟合获得了CaV2.2的失活时间常数(τf=99.6 ms, τs=515.3 ms) 和失活恢复时间常数(τf=287.3 ms, τs=2 723 ms), 与基于组织细胞膜片钳得到的失活时间常数(τf=33.8 ms, τs=308.1 ms) 和失活恢复时间常数(τf=4.36 s, τs=33.8 s) 比较, CaV2.2在卵母细胞上失活更为缓慢, 恢复更为快速, 推测可能是不同表达体系以及不同辅助亚基等因素影响的结果[30, 43]
药物对CaV2.2的特异性作用具有多种方式, 既可以通过阻断离子通透孔道直接抑制Ca2+的通过, 也可以通过调节CaV2.2的门控特性间接影响Ca2+的进入[44]。本研究建立的CaV2.2新药筛选模型能灵活地用于多肽和小分子新化合物的筛选, 以及结合机制研究和可逆性分析等方面。随着国内外研究的不断深入, CaV2.2的冷冻电镜结构已经得到解析, 与其特异性拮抗剂齐考诺肽的相互作用机制也得到了进一步的阐明[27]。这为VGCCs等电压门控离子通道生理功能的进一步探究提供了重要结构基础, 而电生理技术则可以将通道的结构信息和生理功能进行联系, 在探究通道和受体构效关系的研究中发挥更加重要的作用。
作者贡献: 秦源负责cRNA制备、电生理检测、数据分析、论文撰写; 崔城负责质粒提取; 于津鹏、罗素兰、朱晓鹏、长孙东亭负责实验设计、过程指导和论文审阅修改。
利益冲突: 本文作者声明无任何利益冲突。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFE0132700)
  • 广西自然科学基金资助项目(2022GXNSFBA035662)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82104059)
  • 广西科技基地和人才专项(桂科AD22035948)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0156
  • 接收时间:2024-02-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-23
  • 修回日期:2024-04-25
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFE0132700)
广西自然科学基金资助项目(2022GXNSFBA035662)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82104059)
广西科技基地和人才专项(桂科AD22035948)
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    广西大学医学院, 广西特色生物医药重点实验室, 广西 南宁 530004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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