Article(id=1200394152912483213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1447, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1703433600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-25, revisedDate=1712678400000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764125868299, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1720713600000, pubDateStr=2024-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764125868299, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764125868299, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764125868299, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200394147019477416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='7', pageStart='1897', pageEnd='2182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764125866894, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225115484, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810425920115296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810425920115297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1962, endPage=1969, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200394153629709221, articleId=1200394152912483213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances in crystal nucleation for amorphous drugs, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is one of the most effective formulation approaches to enhance the water solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, maintenance of physical stability of amorphous drug is one of the main challenges in the development of ASD. Crystallization is a process of nucleation and crystal growth. The nucleation is the key factor that influences the physical stability of the ASD. However, a theoretical framework to describe the way to inhibit the nucleation of amorphous drug is not yet available. We reviewed the methods and theories of nucleation for amorphous drug. Meanwhile, we also summarized the research progress on the mechanism of additives influence on nucleation and environmental factors on nucleation. This review aims to enhance the better understanding mechanism of nucleation of amorphous drug and controlling over the crystal nucleation during the ASD formulation development.

, correspAuthors=Min-zhuo LIU, Zhi-hong ZENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jie ZHANG, Kang LI, Zi-qing YANG, Zi-han DING, Sai-jun XIAO, Zhi-ming YUE, Li-mei CAI, Jia-wen LI, Ding KUANG, Min-zhuo LIU, Zhi-hong ZENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200394157752709253, articleId=1200394152912483213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=无定形态药物结晶成核研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

无定形态固体分散体能显著提高难溶性药物的溶解度和生物利用度, 但其在制备或储存过程中容易发生结晶而削弱原有的优势。固体分散体中的无定形态药物结晶过程分为成核和晶体生长两步, 其中成核是结晶的起始环节和关键步骤, 但目前尚对无定形态药物结晶成核认识还很有限。本文对无定形态药物成核的研究方法、成核理论、添加物影响成核的机制及成核影响因素进行归纳, 期望为无定形态固体分散体处方设计和提高其物理稳定性提供理论指导。

, correspAuthors=刘敏卓, 曾志红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘敏卓, Tel: 17307318452, E-mail:
曾志红, Tel: 15616660178, E-mail:
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A: Diagram of the effect of nuclei on dissolution of amorphous nifedipine; B: Real-time dissolution of nuclei-free amorphous, nucleated amorphous, and <i>β</i>′ crystalline nifedipine films. Adapted from Ref. 15 with permission. Copyright © 2023, American Chemical Society , figureFileSmall=RYw+E1BEdHvYCn7ISeSxZg==, figureFileBig=r22zQy5Yj/hicz0Otec87g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200470901696352661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394152912483213, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=cCAuoKS2shjxteMjrFx7rA==, figureFileBig=jsHxVrWBaBFC5t5kR+BMEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200470901805404574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394152912483213, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= The impact of polymers on nucleation kinetics of fluconazole. 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无定形态药物结晶成核研究进展
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张杰 , 李康 , 杨子晴 , 丁子涵 , 肖赛钧 , 岳志明 , 蔡鲤镁 , 黎家文 , 邝鼎 , 刘敏卓 * , 曾志红 *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(7): 1962-1969
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(7): 1962-1969
无定形态药物结晶成核研究进展
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张杰, 李康, 杨子晴, 丁子涵, 肖赛钧, 岳志明, 蔡鲤镁, 黎家文, 邝鼎, 刘敏卓* , 曾志红*
作者信息
  • 长沙学院生物与化学工程学院, 湖南 长沙 410022

通讯作者:

*刘敏卓, Tel: 17307318452, E-mail:
曾志红, Tel: 15616660178, E-mail:
Advances in crystal nucleation for amorphous drugs
Jie ZHANG, Kang LI, Zi-qing YANG, Zi-han DING, Sai-jun XIAO, Zhi-ming YUE, Li-mei CAI, Jia-wen LI, Ding KUANG, Min-zhuo LIU* , Zhi-hong ZENG*
Affiliations
  • College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China
出版时间: 2024-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1447
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无定形态固体分散体能显著提高难溶性药物的溶解度和生物利用度, 但其在制备或储存过程中容易发生结晶而削弱原有的优势。固体分散体中的无定形态药物结晶过程分为成核和晶体生长两步, 其中成核是结晶的起始环节和关键步骤, 但目前尚对无定形态药物结晶成核认识还很有限。本文对无定形态药物成核的研究方法、成核理论、添加物影响成核的机制及成核影响因素进行归纳, 期望为无定形态固体分散体处方设计和提高其物理稳定性提供理论指导。

无定形态药物  /  结晶  /  成核  /  难溶性药物

Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is one of the most effective formulation approaches to enhance the water solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, maintenance of physical stability of amorphous drug is one of the main challenges in the development of ASD. Crystallization is a process of nucleation and crystal growth. The nucleation is the key factor that influences the physical stability of the ASD. However, a theoretical framework to describe the way to inhibit the nucleation of amorphous drug is not yet available. We reviewed the methods and theories of nucleation for amorphous drug. Meanwhile, we also summarized the research progress on the mechanism of additives influence on nucleation and environmental factors on nucleation. This review aims to enhance the better understanding mechanism of nucleation of amorphous drug and controlling over the crystal nucleation during the ASD formulation development.

amorphous drug  /  crystallization  /  nucleation  /  poorly water-soluble drug
张杰, 李康, 杨子晴, 丁子涵, 肖赛钧, 岳志明, 蔡鲤镁, 黎家文, 邝鼎, 刘敏卓, 曾志红. 无定形态药物结晶成核研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (7) : 1962 -1969 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1447
Jie ZHANG, Kang LI, Zi-qing YANG, Zi-han DING, Sai-jun XIAO, Zhi-ming YUE, Li-mei CAI, Jia-wen LI, Ding KUANG, Min-zhuo LIU, Zhi-hong ZENG. Advances in crystal nucleation for amorphous drugs[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (7) : 1962 -1969 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1447
近年来, 随着组合化学方法和高通量筛选技术的应用, 越来越多具有高活性的先导化合物被发现, 但超过70%的新化学实体存在水溶性差的问题, 导致其口服生物利用度低和成药性差, 严重阻碍了创新药研发的进程[1-3]。目前, 将难溶性药物从晶态转变成无定形态, 并高度均匀分散于高分子载体中获得无定形态固体分散体, 可有效提高药物溶解度和生物利用度[2-5]。例如, 抗新冠病毒药物“Paxlovid”用到的利托那韦片, 即采用热熔挤出方法制备成固体分散体来提高药物溶出度[6]。但是, 数量庞大的难溶药物中, 目前成功开发成固体分散体的案例仅占少数[6]。相比晶体药物, 固体分散体中无定形态药物能态更高, 在储存和使用过程中容易向低能态的晶体转变, 即发生结晶。而结晶会显著削弱无定形态药物原有的溶解度优势, 甚至严重影响药品疗效[2-5]。因此, 有效抑制无定形态药物结晶是固体分散体开发过程中亟待解决的技术瓶颈问题, 解决该问题将提高无定形态药物固体分散体的处方设计水平和成功率, 不仅对难溶性药物的创新具有重要的推动作用, 而且可提升对药物制剂处方设计的基础理论的认知, 对逐步减少长期依赖的经验模式具有深层次的重要意义。无定形态药物成核是固体分散体结晶过程中的关键步骤, 但是目前对无定形态药物成核的研究相对较少, 认识还不是特别清楚。本文对无定形态药物成核的相关机制及成核影响因素等进行归纳和分析, 期望提高对无定形态药物成核的认识, 为无定形态固体分散体开发提供借鉴。
无定形态药物固体分散体中药物处于无序状态, 属于高能状态, 容易发生结晶, 结晶分为成核和晶体生长两个过程, 其中成核是结晶的起始环节, 在结晶过程中扮演重要的角色(图 1) [7-12]。成核是结晶过程中非常关键的环节, 在诸多领域中都有广泛的研究, 包括合金材料、高分子、制药、气象等领域, 与我们的日常生活密切相关[13, 14]
固体分散体中无定形态药物一旦成核, 即使是难以被检测到的少量晶核都很容易诱发结晶, 从而降低无定形态药物的溶出速率, 如图 2所示, 无定形态硝苯地平样品一旦发生成核, 在溶出过程中很快发生结晶, 溶出速率并无显著提高, 同时很快和晶态药物一致[15]。有研究发现抑制成核可有效阻断无定形态药物的结晶, 能有效维持固体分散体的物理稳定性和高溶解度[15-18]。开发有效抑制无定形药物成核的策略, 对开发制备物理稳定的无定形态固体分散体具有十分重要的研究和应用价值。例如, 无定形态非洛地平的结晶研究中, 发现抑制成核比抑制晶体生长能更有效地提高物理稳定性[18]。此外, 比卡鲁胺固体分散体的研究中也发现, 避免晶核出现可显著抑制固体分散体结晶, 能有效提高固体分散体的物理稳定性[18]
此外, 成核是一个微观过程, 成核早期尺寸可能只有纳米级别[10, 13], 晶核在无定形态药物的制备和储存过程中容易被忽视, 比结晶生长更难以监测, 因此成核是影响无定形态药物制剂物理稳定性的高风险因素, 建立有效控制成核的策略对提高无定形态药物的成药性具有重要意义。
结晶成核过程是一个瞬时的非常微观的过程, 成核发展早期的尺寸可能是小于纳米级别, 成核的时间尺度可能只有10-13 s, 导致研究成核过程非常困难和复杂[13, 14]。但是随着研究技术的进步和发展, 越来越多的方法和技术被应用到结晶成核研究中来。透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM) 和原子力显微镜(atomic force microscope, AFM) 等微观表征手段在研究成核过程中应用十分广泛, 特别是应用原位的TEM和SEM监测特定体系成核初期的微观状态及变化, 可加深对成核过程的理解[9, 19-21]。然而这些技术多在非药物研究领域中应用, 在研究药物结晶成核过程中应用相对较少。
在研究无定形态药物结晶成核的发展过程中, Trasi等[16, 22]通过差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry, DSC) 定性研究无定形态药物成核, 成核通常是一个放热过程, 在DSC图谱上显示一个放热峰, 而不同添加物对成核的影响, 则改变DSC图谱上放热峰的大小和位置, 但是这种方法难以区分药物的结晶成核和结晶生长过程, 特别是对于结晶和成核温度范围比较接近的体系。此外, 也有相关研究应用偏光显微镜统计不同温度下的晶体数量来统计成核数量, 该方法可直观地比较不同添加物对无定形态药物晶体成核的影响[23, 24]。虽然上述方法比较直观, 但依旧只是定性或者半定量的研究, 统计的成核数量往往也只是考察单位面积上的成核数量, 而实际成核过程是一个空间分布的状态。在最近的研究中, Yao等[7]以一步或者两步成核法对糖类的结晶成核进行研究, 该研究先将无定形态糖类物质置于特定温度进行成核, 然后再通过延长时间或者通过快速升温, 将晶核生长至可以观察到的晶体, 然后统计成核的晶体数量随着时间的变化情况, 对成核进行定量研究, 该方法可以建立成核数量与各种物理参数之间的关系, 同时可对实验数据和成核理论进行拟合。关于结晶成核的定性和定量研究技术和方法的发展, 为研究无定形态药物结晶成核提供了技术基础, 为揭示结晶成核的内在机制及添加物对无定形态药物成核的影响提供了保障。
两步成核法利用成核和晶体生长速率随着温度变化的差异, 化合物分子在较低温度下成核, 迅速转移到较高温度下(此温度下不会出现新晶核) 生长至显微镜可见的尺寸, 然后进行数量统计。由于成核速率关注的是晶体数量, 并非晶体尺寸大小, 因此晶体生长不会干扰成核速率测定。
目前已提出的成核理论包括经典成核理论和非经典成核理论[9, 14, 24-26]。应用最广泛的为经典成核理论, 根据经典成核理论, 在成核过程中最先需要少量的分子聚集组装成团簇, 只有团簇达到临界成核尺寸后才能成为真正意义上的晶核, 并诱导结晶生长[9, 14, 24-26]
固相中的无定形药物结晶成核, 根据经典成核理论, 在成核过程中, 最先需要少量的但是超过临界数量的分子聚集组装成一个核, 也称为前体晶胚[27]。对于这些晶胚而言, 会有一个临界成核尺寸, 只有分子碰撞结合达到临界成核尺寸后才能成为真正意义上的晶核, 然后结晶生长。按照经典成核理论, 影响成核的主要因素包括: 热力学驱动力, 界面自由能, 分子动能等, 如公式(1) [26, 28]
$ J={K}_{J}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left(\frac{-{W}_{C}}{kT}\right),{W}_{C}=\frac{16\pi {\sigma }^{3}}{3{\left(\Delta {G}_{v}\right)}^{2}} $
其中, J为成核速率, $ \Delta {G}_{v} $表示晶体和液体的能量差异, $ {K}_{J} $为分子匹配到晶核上的动力学因子, k为玻尔兹曼常数, T为温度, σ为界面自由能。
公式(1) 中部分参数, 例如界面自由能较难从实验中获得, 因此成核的复杂性使得成核的研究具有巨大的挑战。同时, 经典成核理论没有考虑到分子识别作用, 而分子识别作用被认为是结晶成核过程中非常重要的因素[16, 29]
Andronis等[28]在对无定形态的吲哚美辛成核的研究中发现, 成核速率随着温度的变化符合经典成核理论。但是经典成核理论往往只能描述单组份体系成核, 仅仅在少数药物体系中有验证, 而且无法描述和预测添加物对无定形态药物成核的影响。例如, Trasi等[16]在对无定形态的对乙酰氨基酚成核的研究中, 可以采用经典成核理论解释成核速率随着温度变化的关系, 却难以解释高分子材料对无定形态药物成核的影响。
非经典成核理论包括两步成核机制、密度泛函理论、扩散界面理论、动态成核理论等[13, 14]。目前, 上述非经典成核理论中的两步成核理论被研究得最多, 但它往往用来阐述溶液中的成核过程, 两步成核过程显示药物分子首先堆积形成密集无序的团簇, 随后无序团簇经过重组发生结晶[25, 30]。目前, 暂无报道采用非经典成核理论描述无定形态药物在固态下的成核过程, 同时, 非经典成核理论也无法阐述添加物对无定形态药物成核的影响。
无定形态固体分散体是包含了无定形态药物和添加物的多组分体系, 其中添加物是影响药物成核的关键因素[26, 31-33]。在溶液环境下, 通过添加另外一种物质来调控药物的晶型或者结晶成核速率成为药物结晶研究过程中常用的手段[34-38]。例如, 通过在溶液中添加不同种类的高分子材料, 可以调控卡马西平和对乙酰氨基酚等药物多晶型的生成[35]。在固态条件下, 添加物对无定形态药物结晶的影响也被大量关注和研究。但许多相关的研究选择无定形态药物或者制剂达到某一结晶度(例如5%或10%, w/w) 所需结晶时间作为评价添加物对无定形态药物结晶影响强弱的指标, 提出了分子间相互作用, 分子运动性等添加物影响无定形态药物结晶成核的机制[39, 40]。引用体系整体结晶度作为评价指标, 与实际制剂开发过程比较符合, 可为制剂开发过程中添加物的筛选提供重要的参考。然而, 结晶过程中, 晶体的成核和生长具有不同的温度依赖性, 晶体成核和晶体生长两个过程机制不同。因此只考虑整体结晶度, 难以对结晶的具体过程和机制进行解释和研究[41]。将晶体成核和晶体生长分别单独进行考察, 对研究成核的机制及阐述成核的影响因素将更有帮助。
早期的研究, Trasi等[31]研究发现添加多种低浓度的高分子材料对氟他胺成核仅有较小的影响效果, 但是添加氟他胺的结构类似物尼鲁米特对氟他胺成核具有较强的抑制作用, DSC图谱上显示加入尼鲁米特后, 氟他胺重结晶的放热峰面积最小, 而红外光谱结果显示尼鲁米特羰基伸缩振动峰从1 717偏移到1 726 cm-1, 而氟他胺羰基伸缩振动峰从1 680偏移到1 686 cm-1, 表明两者之间发生了相互作用。因此该文解释由于尼鲁米特与药物之间形成相互作用, 干扰了氟他胺分子相互识别, 进而干扰和抑制了成核[31]。Miyazaki等[32]报道聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(polyvinyl pyrrolidone, PVP) 对尼群地平对映异构体[(S) 和(R)-尼群地平] 的成核速率具有相同的抑制作用, 而羟丙甲纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯(hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, HPMCP) 与羟丙甲纤维素(hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, HPMC) 都对(S) 和(R)-尼群地平的成核速率具有完全不同的抑制效果, 文章解释这是由于HPMCP和HPMC与药物对映异构体之间的相互作用具有立体选择性所导致, 但是并没有建立高分子添加物的理化性质和成核速率之间的关系。Zhang等[33]采用定量研究成核的“两步成核法”对无定形态氟康唑成核研究时发现, 不同高分子添加物, 醋酸羟丙基甲基纤维素琥珀酸酯(hypromellose acetate succinate, HPMCAS)、PVP、聚环氧乙烷(polyethylene oxide, PEO) 对药物成核速率的影响具有显著的差异(图 3), 其中HPMCAS抑制效果最好, 对成核速率抑制了10倍以上, 这是由于HPMCAS含有弱酸性基团, 与碱性的氟康唑形成较强分子间相互作用影响了分子运动性, 进而抑制了成核; 而PEO则通过加速了分子运动性从而加速了成核, 成核速率加速了10~100倍。相互作用影响成核的机制, 多是从定性分析的角度, 如何从定量角度进行分析, 同时建立相互作用与其他影响机制的相关性, 值得更深入的研究。
分子运动与成核密切相关, Yao等[42]在研究不同表面活性剂对硝苯地平成核影响时发现, 与对晶体生长速率加速效果类似, 不同表面活性剂对硝苯地平都有类似的加速成核速率的作用, 10% (w/w) 表面活性剂对成核和生长速率加速效果最大达2个数量级, 而不同表面活性剂的加速效果与表面活性剂结构和亲水亲油平衡值无关。该研究结果显示分子运动性与成核速率密切相关。Zhang等[43]也发现表面活性剂泊洛沙姆作为塑化剂, 降低了克霉唑的玻璃化转变温度, 10% (w/w) 的泊洛沙姆降低了体系玻璃化转变温度达20 ℃以上, 泊洛沙姆通过加速药物分子运动性, 从而加速克霉唑晶型1的结晶成核与生长速率(1个数量级以上)。
无定形态药物在成核过程中, 药物分子会不断地运动碰撞, 在碰撞过程中存在一定机率相互识别形成晶核[7, 44, 45]。分子运动形式主要分为α弛豫和β弛豫, α弛豫代表多数分子大范围的运动, 而β弛豫是一种围绕在平衡位置小范围的局域运动[44, 46]α弛豫和β弛豫都被报道与成核有关[44, 45]。Bhardwaj等[45]研究发现α弛豫时间与成核有密切的联系, 成核诱导时间与α弛豫时间呈现线性相关性。然而难以仅通过α弛豫运动解释成核, 考察分子运动和成核速率随着温度的变化情况, α弛豫运动与成核速率之间并不存在线性或者协同变化关系[4]。Mehta等[47]发现吲哚美辛和塞来昔布的成核主要与β弛豫相关。然而采用β弛豫运动阐述成核过程也存在以下问题, β弛豫运动一般发生在玻璃化转变温度以下, 而在多数无定形态物质中, 最大成核速率却在玻璃化转变温度以上[48, 49]。在成核过程中是哪种类型分子运动起主导作用, 还是多种分子运动同时起作用仍然存在争议。
添加物的理化性质及添加物和药物分子间相互作用是影响分子运动的重要因素[50, 51]。通过改变分子间相互作用, 同时利用宽频介电谱及太赫兹谱等技术可定量分析不同分子运动行为, 为研究添加物影响分子运动行为和成核的机制提供了条件[44, 46, 52-54]。例如, Mistry等[50]研究发现聚丙烯酸和酮康唑之间的离子键和氢键相互作用可显著增加药物分子的α弛豫时间, 降低分子运动性。而Grzybowska等[51]发现不同添加物与塞来昔布之间形成的范德瓦尔力和氢键作用力都对药物分子的β弛豫运动产生了较强的抑制作用。由此可见, 添加物和药物分子之间相互作用与药物分子不同运动行为具有密切的联系。
以上研究分析表明, 无定形态药物的α弛豫或者β弛豫等运动行为与相互作用及成核有密切的关系, 但是要完全弄清楚他们的具体联系还需要深入的研究, 这对阐明添加物影响无定形态药物的机制具有重要的意义。
无定形态固体分散体在制备和储存阶段可能受到各种因素影响而发生结晶。固体分散体结晶除受到药物自身特性的影响外, 还受到了各种外界环境的影响, 包括药物分子局部微环境、温度、湿度、溶出介质等[48, 55, 56]。外界因素对成核的影响也受到越来越多的关注[55-58]
无定形态药物制剂在生产过程中涉及到粉碎和制粒等工艺, 不可避免涉及到表界面因素的影响。而表界面因素对无定形态药物成核具有重大的影响, 例如, 最新的研究中, Yu课题组[56, 57]研究暴露表面对无定形态药物成核速率的影响时发现, 表面成核速率相比体相提高了5个数量级以上。虽然暴露表面会增加分子的运动性, 但是分子运动增加的程度远低于成核速率增加的幅度, 因此分子运动角度不足以阐述表面对成核速率增加的效果; 进一步分析发现, 分子在界面上排列取向与晶体堆积的相似性是导致成核速率如此大提升的主要原因[55-57]。Zhang等[58]研究暴露表面对克霉唑两种多晶型成核时也发现, 暴露表面对克霉唑两种晶型都具有加速作用, 加速率了5~6.5个数量级, 而且对晶型2的加速效果更加明显, 表现出晶型的依赖性。
暴露表面会降低无定形态药物的物理稳定性, 因此如何有效避免表界面的产生及抑制无定形态药物在表界面上的成核, 也是无定形态固体分散体处方开发中需要格外关注的问题。
无定形态药物成核的过程, 从热力学的角度分析, 较低温度(更高的过冷度) 有较高的热力学驱动力, 更利于成核, 但从动力学角度分析, 随着温度的降低和黏度的升高, 分子的运动性降低, 将不利于成核。因此在观察某一无定形态药物成核过程, 具有一个偏好的成核温度区域[26, 28]。一般情况下, 无定形态药物的最大成核速率的温度要低于最大生长速率区间, 如图 4所示, 克霉唑两种晶型的最大成核速率温度为50 ℃, 远低于两种晶型的最大生长速率温度(高于80 ℃), 同时在室温下依然表现出较快的成核速率[49]。对目前已经报道的无定形态药物的最大成核速率对应的温度进行汇总, 可以发现最大成核速率的温度稍高于玻璃化转变温度(1.04~1.2 Tg) [49]。从晶体生长速率考虑, 降低温度会对无定形态药物物理稳定性有利, 但是从成核角度考虑, 在确定固体分散体最佳储存温度时, 并不是温度越低越好, 而是要考虑到成核的温度区间。
固体分散体在制备和储存过程中可能受到空气中水分的影响, 而使用过程中也需要与水性胃肠道液接触。水分对无定形态药物的物理稳定性具有重要的影响, 水分作为塑化剂, 可以降低体系的Tg, 提高分子的运动性, 而多项研究也证实分子运动性和结晶性具有直接的关系[59, 60]。Konno等[61]研究水分对无定形态非洛地平成核的影响, 将无定形态样品放置于不同湿度的环境中, 结果显示水分对成核速率具有显著的加速作用, 而且成核速率随着吸附水量的增加而增加; 同时, 高分子添加物的加入, 可以抵抗水分对无定形态非洛地平成核速率的影响。无定形态药物在接触到溶出介质时, 受到水分的影响也可能发生结晶成核。Moseson等[18]在研究毕卡鲁胺固体分散体在pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液中的溶出行为时发现, 固体分散体中是否残留晶体对无定形态药物成核与结晶生长具有很大的影响。无晶体残留的样品接触到溶出介质时, 样品中亚稳定晶型2发生成核结晶, 而具有晶体残留的样品中则是稳定的晶型1发生了晶体生长, 两类样品在接触溶出介质后的晶体成核与生长都对溶出速率产生了负面影响。
无定形态药物成核的机制和关键影响因素尚未完全阐述清楚, 已有的研究还停留在个体化现象的观察与总结的阶段, 尚未归纳出共性规律, 导致无定形态固体分散体开发过程中筛选能抑制成核的处方缺乏理性的设计思路, 需要进行不断地实验和试错, 具有一定的随机性和盲目性。各种外界因素包括表界面、温度、湿度和溶出介质等对成核的影响, 还缺乏系统的认识, 在多维度和多因素影响情况下, 需要更多的工作来阐明如何有效规避这些因素对无定形态药物成核的影响。
目前无定形态药物成核研究借鉴合金和糖类等领域中研究成核的“一步成核法”和“两步成核法”等方法, 在无定形态固体分散体成核方面得到了以下认识。①通过改变添加物结构, 可以调控无定形态药物成核, 添加物与药物之间相互作用, 及分子运动等参数是影响无定形态固体分散体成核的重要参数, 但是他们之间的具体关系依然不清楚; ②在少量添加物存在的情况下, 添加物对成核速率的影响与对结晶生长速率的影响程度具有相似性, 因此可以利用添加物对结晶生长速率的影响预测其对成核速率的影响, 但是在大量添加物存在的情况下, 还需要进一步研究。同时, 在复杂真实环境下, 固体分散体处方设计过程中添加物种类、配比的选择及是否添加第三组分等, 还需要更多的研究。
目前对固体分散体中无定形态药物成核机制的认识还远远不够, 对成核研究还需要继续深入。实现对无定形态药物成核机制的详细阐释, 可实现固体分散体处方的精准开发, 实现无定形药物制剂安全、有效和质量可控的目标, 产生良好的行业效益。
作者贡献: 张杰负责综述撰写、文献资料收集; 李康、杨子晴、丁子涵、肖赛钧、岳志明、蔡鲤镁、黎家文、邝鼎参与修改; 刘敏卓和曾志红负责综述构思和修改。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(82304406)
  • 湖南省重点研发计划(2022WK2008)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2024JJ4003)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2023JJ30090)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2021JJ30761)
  • 湖南省教育厅资助科研项目(23A0606)
  • 湖南省教育厅资助科研项目(22B0820)
  • 湖南省教育厅资助科研项目(22A0596)
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2024年第59卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1447
  • 接收时间:2023-12-25
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-25
  • 修回日期:2024-04-10
基金
国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(82304406)
湖南省重点研发计划(2022WK2008)
湖南省自然科学基金(2024JJ4003)
湖南省自然科学基金(2023JJ30090)
湖南省自然科学基金(2021JJ30761)
湖南省教育厅资助科研项目(23A0606)
湖南省教育厅资助科研项目(22B0820)
湖南省教育厅资助科研项目(22A0596)
作者信息
    长沙学院生物与化学工程学院, 湖南 长沙 410022

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*刘敏卓, Tel: 17307318452, E-mail:
曾志红, Tel: 15616660178, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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