Article(id=1200394150467203947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0057, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705507200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-18, revisedDate=1710950400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764125867715, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1720713600000, pubDateStr=2024-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764125867715, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764125867715, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764125867715, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200394147019477416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='7', pageStart='1897', pageEnd='2182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764125866894, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225115484, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810425920115296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810425920115297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1897, endPage=1904, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200394151767438201, articleId=1200394150467203947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on the regulation of ferroptosis by lipid droplet metabolism, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a novel iron-dependent form of cell death, ferroptosis is characterized by the excessive accumulation of phospholipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the cell membrane and peroxidation. Lipid droplets are always in the dynamic transition of generation and decomposition, play a central role in regulating lipid metabolism, and are always in the dynamic transition of generation and decomposition. Lipid droplet metabolism is closely related to the occurrence of ferroptosis and plays an important role in the disease caused by ferroptosis. This review firstly focuses on the lipid droplet metabolism process and its effects on the storage and release of PUFA, and further elucidates the regulatory mechanism and key regulatory proteins of lipid drop metabolism on ferroptosis, in order to reveal the intrinsic relationship between lipid droplets and ferroptosis, and provide a new strategy for disease prevention and treatment.

, correspAuthors=Ran DENG, Hong WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Quan-ao JIANG, Ran DENG, Shi-lin XIA, Xiao-man JIANG, Jing XU, Hong WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200394153520657312, articleId=1200394150467203947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=脂滴代谢调控铁死亡的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

作为一种新型铁依赖性细胞死亡方式, 铁死亡特定过程就是含有多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid, PUFA) 的磷脂在胞膜上过度积累发生过氧化。脂滴时刻处于生成和分解的动态转换, 在调节脂质代谢中起着核心作用, 并时刻处于生成和分解的动态转换。脂滴代谢与铁死亡的发生密切相关, 在铁死亡异常导致疾病中发挥重要作用。本综述首先着重介绍脂滴代谢过程及其对PUFA存储和释放的影响, 并进一步阐明脂滴代谢对铁死亡调控机制及关键调节蛋白, 以期揭示脂滴与铁死亡间的内在联系, 为铁死亡相关疾病的临床治疗提供新思路。

, correspAuthors=邓然, 吴虹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*吴虹, Tel: 18158861810, E-mail: ;
邓然, Tel: 13485606565, E-mail:
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脂滴代谢调控铁死亡的研究进展
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姜全奥 1 , 邓然 1, * , 夏仕林 2 , 江小慢 2 , 许静 2 , 吴虹 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(7): 1897-1904
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(7): 1897-1904
脂滴代谢调控铁死亡的研究进展
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姜全奥1, 邓然1, * , 夏仕林2, 江小慢2, 许静2, 吴虹2, *
作者信息
  • 1.安徽中医药大学中西医结合学院, 安徽 合肥 230012
  • 2.安徽中医药大学药学院, 新安医学教育部重点实验室, 中药研发与开发安徽省重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012

通讯作者:

*吴虹, Tel: 18158861810, E-mail: ;
邓然, Tel: 13485606565, E-mail:
Research progress on the regulation of ferroptosis by lipid droplet metabolism
Quan-ao JIANG1, Ran DENG1, * , Shi-lin XIA2, Xiao-man JIANG2, Jing XU2, Hong WU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
  • 2. Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine, Key Lab of Xin′an Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
出版时间: 2024-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0057
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作为一种新型铁依赖性细胞死亡方式, 铁死亡特定过程就是含有多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid, PUFA) 的磷脂在胞膜上过度积累发生过氧化。脂滴时刻处于生成和分解的动态转换, 在调节脂质代谢中起着核心作用, 并时刻处于生成和分解的动态转换。脂滴代谢与铁死亡的发生密切相关, 在铁死亡异常导致疾病中发挥重要作用。本综述首先着重介绍脂滴代谢过程及其对PUFA存储和释放的影响, 并进一步阐明脂滴代谢对铁死亡调控机制及关键调节蛋白, 以期揭示脂滴与铁死亡间的内在联系, 为铁死亡相关疾病的临床治疗提供新思路。

脂滴  /  铁死亡  /  多不饱和脂肪酸  /  单不饱和脂肪酸  /  脂解  /  脂滴合成

As a novel iron-dependent form of cell death, ferroptosis is characterized by the excessive accumulation of phospholipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the cell membrane and peroxidation. Lipid droplets are always in the dynamic transition of generation and decomposition, play a central role in regulating lipid metabolism, and are always in the dynamic transition of generation and decomposition. Lipid droplet metabolism is closely related to the occurrence of ferroptosis and plays an important role in the disease caused by ferroptosis. This review firstly focuses on the lipid droplet metabolism process and its effects on the storage and release of PUFA, and further elucidates the regulatory mechanism and key regulatory proteins of lipid drop metabolism on ferroptosis, in order to reveal the intrinsic relationship between lipid droplets and ferroptosis, and provide a new strategy for disease prevention and treatment.

lipid droplet  /  ferroptosis  /  polyunsaturated fatty acid  /  monounsaturated fatty acid  /  lipolysis  /  lipid droplet biogenesis
姜全奥, 邓然, 夏仕林, 江小慢, 许静, 吴虹. 脂滴代谢调控铁死亡的研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (7) : 1897 -1904 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0057
Quan-ao JIANG, Ran DENG, Shi-lin XIA, Xiao-man JIANG, Jing XU, Hong WU. Research progress on the regulation of ferroptosis by lipid droplet metabolism[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (7) : 1897 -1904 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0057
作为细胞内中性脂主要贮存场所, 脂滴是一种复杂、脂代谢活跃、活动旺盛、动态变化的多功能细胞器, 并经历生物发生和脂解的动态转换, 以满足细胞对脂肪酸的需求。脂滴广泛存在于细胞中, 具有独特超微结构, 主要包括由中性脂质组成疏水性核心和具有特定蛋白质修饰的磷脂单层膜。脂滴不仅参与脂质代谢, 而且使脂滴与其他细胞器和信号通路相互作用, 从而将其功能扩展到脂质和能量生产之外[1, 2]。脂滴主要在内质网中形成, 以出芽方式进入胞质, 当胞内环境发生改变时, 其数量、组成会产生较大变化并影响细胞存活[3, 4]
从2012首次提出铁死亡后, 铁死亡作为一种新出现的细胞死亡机制受到广泛关注[5]。死亡由铁依赖性膜脂质过氧化定义, 在膜磷脂中酯化多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid, PUFA) 决定膜的流动性, 含PUFA的磷脂在铁催化下发生过氧化是铁死亡决定性因素。磷脂中PUFA和单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acid, MUFA) 平衡决定细胞对铁死亡敏感性, 而二者的平衡取决于PUFA和MUFA供应。因此, 铁死亡起始和执行与脂肪酸供应和脂质过氧化密切相关。
脂滴动态变化(生成、融合、长大、降解) 和多种疾病发生密切相关。因为脂滴对脂质和能量平衡方面具有关键功能, 近来脂滴在铁死亡中调节作用也受到关注[6, 7]。脂滴代谢通过不同途径参与铁死亡调控, 如脂滴缓冲胞内潜在有毒脂质, 在防止脂质毒性和氧化应激方面有突出作用。此外, 脂滴还能释放储存在其内的MUFA, 减少膜不饱和程度或释放PUFA以调控铁死亡发生[8]。而在疾病方面, 脂滴在肿瘤细胞(如人结肠癌细胞) 中起到保护作用, 通过增加PUFA或抑制脂滴合成使胞甘油三酯水平降低, 并伴有铁死亡水平升高[4, 9]。在衰老和退行性疾病中观察到脑组织中铁水平上升, 导致神经细胞对铁死亡异常敏感[10]。在胶质细胞中脂滴生成可储存神经元多余脂质, 脂质过剩引起的脂质过氧化是铁死亡导致细胞死亡的重要原因, 增加的脂滴合成阻断铁死亡已成为治疗神经退行性疾病潜在方法[11, 12]。研究铁死亡与脂滴间联系, 在未来有望通过干预脂滴代谢过程来调节铁死亡敏感性以发挥治疗疾病的作用。
脂滴是胞内储存中性脂质、调节脂质代谢的细胞器。脂滴在胞内处于动态平衡, 在生物合成和分解(脂解或脂噬) 间往复循环, 脂滴变化密切反映细胞新陈代谢和营养供应周期。营养过剩时储存的脂滴在饥饿期间被调动用于能量生产, 或在膜合成高需求期间用于磷脂的合成。
许多生物在细胞中储存脂质以产生代谢能量, 以防能量来源不足。脂滴合成的最初步骤是在内质网上的中性脂质合成。在高脂饮食或膜磷脂重塑等情况下, 脂肪酸通过长链酰基辅酶A合成酶家族成员(acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member, ACSL) 酰化, 酰化脂肪酸(如PUFA-CoA、MUFA-CoA) 与磷酸甘油在甘油-3-磷酸酰基转移酶(glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, GPAT) 催化下生成溶血磷脂酸, 被内质网上溶血磷脂酸酰基转移酶(acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase, AGPAT3) 酯化成磷脂酸[6]。磷脂酸通过磷脂酰磷酸酶(phosphatidate phosphatase, PAP) 转化为甘油二酯, 甘油二酯通过甘油二酯酰基转移酶1 (diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1, DGAT1) 转化为甘油三酯[6]
在脂滴合成过程中, PAP负责去除磷脂酸中磷酸生成甘油二酯, 为DGAT提供合成甘油三酯的底物。PAP主要定位于胞质和胞膜周边, 并在胞质和膜周边相互转运。磷脂酸是PAP的唯一底物, PAP催化磷脂酸形成甘油二酯, 其活性具有影响脂滴代谢和信号转导的双重效应, 在调控脂质代谢的平衡方面具有重要作用[13]。PAP缺乏导致脂滴数量显著下降, 而PAP过表达也会导致脂滴数量增加[13, 14]
甘油三酯合成最后一步由DGAT催化, DGAT是甘油三酯合成唯一的限速酶。与DGAT类似单酰基甘油单酯转移酶可催化合成甘油二酯, 与DGAT1形成二聚体促进甘油二酯有效快速地进入下一步催化反应, 促进脂滴合成[15]
脂滴不仅是脂质储存单位, 也是代谢单位。当胞外脂肪酸供应减少或能量需求增加时, 细胞提高脂肪酶活性并使其聚集于脂滴表面, 对储存在脂滴中甘油三酯加以脂解[16]。脂解由胞质和脂滴表面间脂肪酶催化下进行, 主要有脂肪甘油三酯脂肪酶(adipose triglyceride lipase, ATGL)、激素敏感性脂肪酶(hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase, HSL)、单酰甘油酯酶(monoacylglycerol lipase, MAGL) 参与, 依次将甘油三酯分解并释放出结合脂肪酸。
ATGL是甘油三酯分解第一步, 同时也是限速酶, 特异性水解甘油三酯第一酯键, 释放出一个脂肪酸并生成甘油二酯[17]。ATGL是调节脂解重要靶点, 在所有组织中广泛表达, 基因敲除小鼠模型已证明ATGL在脂解及全身脂质和能量代谢中重要功能, ATGL缺乏小鼠中的甘油二酯是正常小鼠8倍, 有毒脂质是正常小鼠2倍[18]。ATGL选择性地将脂肪酸水解并引导到线粒体中参与脂肪酸β氧化。ATGL缺乏导致脂滴积累, 并损害这些氧化组织中线粒体脂肪酸β氧化。
HSL是脂解中最先发现酶, 可有效地水解甘油三酯、甘油二酯、单酰基甘油, 还能水解胆固醇和视黄醇酯等底物[19]。虽然HSL具有广泛的底物特异性, 但是HSL对甘油二酯的结合亲和力远高于其他脂质。HSL主要分布于胞质, HSL被磷酸化后迁移到脂滴表面促进甘油二酯分解。HSL缺乏将会导致血浆脂质增加和脂滴积累, 引起异常脂质堆积[19]
胞内代谢多余脂肪酸主要以甘油三酯的形式储存在脂滴中, 脂滴不仅仅是甘油三酯储库, 还是具有多种功能的复杂细胞器。脂滴是胞间脂肪酸运输重要节点, 除了在能量代谢中发挥作用外, 脂滴在调节胞内脂质平衡有重要作用。脂滴合成对PUFA/MUFA的调控机制见图 1
近来发现脂滴具有协调脂质和氧化还原代谢的作用, 脂滴隔离胞内过多PUFA, 对细胞存活至关重要。在酸性条件下, PUFA在脂滴形成过程优先插入甘油, 并以甘油三酯形式在脂滴储存, 将其与胞膜隔离[4]。在特定条件下, 甘油三酯合成受损会导致细胞内游离PUFA增多, 最终使PUFA富集于胞膜[20]。脂滴将PUFA隔离到其保护性中性脂质核心中以防止其氧化, 细胞应激时优先将PUFA从胞膜重新分配到脂滴中, 脂滴的形成限制活性氧水平并抑制PUFA氧化, 这些脂滴保护细胞免受过氧化链式反应的伤害[4, 7, 8]。但是脂滴对PUFA缓冲能力有限, 长时间暴露于外源性PUFA并增加其浓度也会使脂滴缓冲作用失效[4]
此外, MUFA作为构成甘油三酯的主要成分之一, 脂滴合成过程中会储存大量MUFA[21]。在细胞缺乏MUFA的条件下, 甘油三酯和脂滴形成积累都会受到抑制, 影响细胞生长[22]。这说明MUFA不仅作为脂质被脂滴储存, 还参与脂滴生成调节。
综上所述, 富含PUFA甘油三酯的生物合成及其在脂滴中积累, 会减少PUFA并入胞膜, 降低膜磷脂中可氧化PUFA丰度。在脂滴合成过程中, MUFA也会进入脂滴降低PUFA比例, 并且在特定条件下释放促进膜脂重塑和体内PUFA/MUFA平衡[23, 24]
脂滴对PUFA/MUFA调控不仅表现在脂滴合成, 脂解也是不可忽视环节。在代谢需求增加的情况下, 储存在脂滴中甘油三酯脂解释放游离脂肪酸, 脂肪酸可被氧化产生能量, 但是也会对细胞脂质平衡产生影响。脂解对PUFA/MUFA的调控机制见图 1
脂滴调节PUFA和MUFA的生物利用度, 作为代谢中心, 按需从甘油三酯中释放脂肪酸, 以维持脂肪酸不饱和程度, 平衡膜成分, 降低脂毒性。当细胞内PUFA水平较高时, 过度脂解甘油三酯使其储存的PUFA释放, 增加游离的PUFA导致脂肪毒性, 改变调节氧化代谢和膜稳态的信号通路[16, 25]。如脂滴中性脂肪酶(在脂滴表面) 或酸性脂肪酶(在溶酶体中) 调控的过度脂解可能破坏细胞器功能, 损害氧化还原信号和代谢, 并使膜富集PUFA[26]。在PUFA超载细胞中, PUFA含量超过脂滴缓冲能力, 富含PUFA的脂滴大量积累, 脂解释放出大量PUFA[8]。阻断ATGL介导脂解导致显著的脂滴积累, 使PUFA保留在甘油三酯中。
在缺氧和血清耗竭情况下, 脂解是MUFA重要来源, 脂解释放MUFA在改变胞膜PUFA/MUFA比例具有重要作用[3, 24]。当有充足的脂质或氧气供应时, 细胞以甘油三酯形式聚集MUFA并将其储存在脂滴中, 一旦胞外脂质和氧气变得有限, 脂滴可优先从甘油三酯中释放MUFA平衡脂质[24]。蛋白激酶A (protein kinase A, PKA) 可磷酸化并激活DGAT1, 促进再酯化反应, 从而控制胞内脂肪酸水平[27]
铁死亡是一种铁离子依赖性的细胞死亡方式, 胞膜磷脂中脂肪酸组成调控铁死亡发生[5]。胞膜磷脂含有大量PUFA是破坏氧化还原平衡或有利于脂质过氧化的重要因素。
PUFA赋予胞膜柔韧性、流动性、厚度等多种生物物理特性, 是维持胞膜基本功能所必需的脂质。但是PUFA会经历酶氧化或非酶氧化, 导致在膜内传播氧化链反应。不受限制的膜脂过氧化导致细胞器功能障碍和质膜完整性丧失, 触发铁死亡。而胞内游离脂肪酸进入膜磷脂需要长链脂肪酸在ACSL催化下转化为酰基辅酶A, 随后在溶血磷脂酰基转移酶的催化下结合到胞膜上[28]。在ACSL家族中, ACSL4对底物PUFA具有强烈偏好, 选择性乙酰化PUFA, 增加胞膜上PUFA含量是引起铁死亡必要条件。游离PUFA定向到膜上后成为氧化底物, 不受限制的膜脂过氧化导致铁死亡发生, 而且过量脂肪酸或脂肪酸代谢中间体积累也具有细胞毒性, 会触发铁死亡[29]
MUFA是另外一个调节铁死亡的重要脂质, MUFA掺入胞膜中置换PUFA,减少PUFA含量和膜不饱和程度, 由于其缺乏双烯丙基部分而不易过氧化, 可以减少脂质过氧化, 从而抑制铁死亡[30, 31]。而ACSL3对于激活MUFA至关重要, MUFA被ACSL3酰化从而结合到胞膜上, 阻止膜中脂质积累来抑制铁死亡[30, 32]。已有研究证明控制MUFA的运输和激活, 可调节细胞对铁死亡敏感性[32, 33]。在成纤维细胞癌的研究中, 外源性MUFA (油酸500 μmol·L-1) 通过ACSL3结合到胞膜上, 已被证明是成纤维肿瘤细胞抵抗铁死亡所必需的机制[32]。此外, 抑制由硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶1介导的MUFA合成, 可增加膜不饱和程度触发铁死亡, 将细胞内氧化脂质面积增加到80%[34]。但MUFA如何抑制铁死亡仍然是一个重要但尚未解决的问题。
胞膜上脂质过氧化是铁死亡发生前提, PUFA作为脂质过氧化的底物是铁死亡发生的必要条件[6, 35]。为了应对氧化损伤, 脂滴形成可将PUFA从膜磷脂中分离来防止细胞铁死亡的发生。将PUFA引导到脂滴中以甘油三酯的形式储存已被证明可以保护细胞免受脂肪毒性[1, 36]。通过减少脂滴生成或将细胞暴露于高PUFA (100 μmol·L-1) 环境, 使PUFA增加会破坏胞内氧化还原平衡, 导致细胞铁死亡[4, 20, 24, 37]。因此, 脂滴充当抗氧化细胞器, 控制甘油三酯中PUFA储存, 以减少膜脂质过氧化, 保持细胞器功能并防止铁死亡。而破坏脂滴形成会导致脂质稳态失衡, 产生严重氧化应激、线粒体损伤和活性氧升高, 最终引起铁死亡发生[4, 37]。但是脂滴的缓冲能力有限, 暴露于外源性PUFA (10%二十二碳六烯酸) 24 h并增加其浓度会导致结肠癌细胞中脂质过氧化水平升高2~3倍, 并最终导致铁死亡[4]。此外, 在脂滴中PUFA也可使细胞对铁死亡敏感。如用共轭亚油酸(50 μmol·L-1) 治疗乳腺癌, 脂滴中共轭亚油酸甘油二酯和甘油三酯增加2倍, 以脂滴依赖方式增加细胞铁死亡[38]。在使用PUFA治疗乳腺癌细胞时, 脂滴会吸收外源性PUFA, 此时脂滴中含有大量的PUFA, 可作为脂质氧化位点诱导铁死亡[38, 39]。脂滴中PUFA过多时, 不受限制的脂解也可能导致致死水平的PUFA释放, 使细胞对铁死亡敏感[29, 39]。在高PUFA负荷或缺氧条件下, 通过脂解或脂噬分解脂滴可诱导氧化应激和细胞死亡[40, 41]。所以脂滴保护细胞免受过氧化的作用并不能单纯归结为隔离PUFA, 通过改变脂滴中PUFA和MUFA比例, 也可减少细胞对铁死亡的敏感性并减少细胞死亡[3, 8]
与PUFA相反, MUFA通过替换胞膜上PUFA抑制铁死亡。除此之外, MUFA作为构成甘油三酯主要成分之一, 在脂滴合成过程中可储存大量MUFA[21]。当有充足外源MUFA (油酸10 μmol·L-1) 和氧气供应时, 质谱检测到细胞脂滴中MUFA强度达到94%, 一旦细胞外脂质和氧气变得有限, MUFA被释放并入到胞膜中, 胞膜中MUFA增加1.2~1.6倍[24]。在MUFA缺乏细胞中, 脂滴形成和甘油三酯积累都会受到抑制, 影响细胞生长[22]。这说明MUFA不仅作为脂质被脂滴储存, 还参与脂滴生成的调节。ACSL3存在于脂滴表面, MUFA通过ACSL3促进甘油三酯积累和脂滴生成, 从而隔离胞内PUFA抑制铁死亡[8, 42, 43]。在一项秀丽隐杆线虫的研究中, MUFA (100 mmol·L-1) 积累将胞内脂滴数量增加至100~200个, 降低细胞氧化水平, 并且延长线虫寿命[3]。所以MUFA既可以参与脂滴合成的调节, 也可独立于脂滴通过调节细胞内PUFA/MUFA比例抑制铁死亡, 抑制DGAT并不会影响MUFA对铁死亡抑制[32]
总而言之, 脂滴作为胞内缓冲脂质的细胞器, 隔离外源性或膜源性PUFA, 并通过释放危害较小MUFA, 促进膜脂重塑使细胞免受脂毒性。在特定情况下, 脂滴充当脂质仓库, 按需释放或储存脂肪酸以控制脂质氧化并防止脂质积累, 平衡膜成分, 减少脂毒性。脂滴介导脂质运输控制, 对各种应激条件下保持氧化还原稳态和细胞器完整性至关重要[1, 25]。脂滴通过PUFA/MUFA调节细胞对铁死亡敏感性的机制见图 2
PAP催化磷脂酸去磷酸化生成甘油二酯, 为DGAT合成甘油三酯提供底物。PAP活性受磷酸化状态影响, 磷酸化可抑制PAP的膜定位和酶活性, 而去磷酸化减少其负电性削弱同种电荷的排斥作用, 促进PAP与胞膜及底物PA结合以增强其活性[13]。已有研究证实PAP可被多种蛋白激酶(蛋白激酶A、蛋白激酶C等) 磷酸化, 被磷酸化的PAP会被隔离使酶活性降低[13]。而定位于核膜/内质网膜的Nem1p-Spo7p蛋白磷酸酶复合体可催化PAP去磷酸化, 从而促进其与内质网膜结合[44]。PAP对于甘油三酯和脂滴合成至关重要, 所以PAP活性改变也会对铁死亡产生影响。PAP活性下降会影响其底物磷脂酸和产物甘油二酯的水平, 导致甘油三酯水平下降。在PAP突变细胞中观察到胞内超氧化水平是野生型细胞的3倍, 对氧化应激敏感, 导致细胞寿命减少[45]。在脓毒症研究中发现, 正常组PAP基因相对表达量是患病组1.5倍, 说明与脓毒症诱导铁死亡有关[46]。由此推测, PAP影响甘油二酯合成进而影响甘油三酯和脂滴合成, PAP活性下降导致脂滴合成减少使细胞对铁死亡敏感。PAP活性受磷酸化状态影响较大, 因此PAP磷酸化可作为调节细胞铁死亡敏感性开关。
DGAT是脂滴合成中必需的酶, 细胞内缺乏DGAT导致脂滴合成受阻。DGAT可招募线粒体与脂滴结合, 与脂滴结合的线粒体不仅脂肪酸氧化的能力降低且可促进甘油三酯积累[1]。此外, 已有报道称蛋白激酶可磷酸化DGAT, PKA可能在脂滴合成过程中磷酸化并激活DGAT1, 促进再酯化反应, 从而控制胞内脂肪酸水平[27]。另外, 在特定条件下DGAT表达在mRNA水平上受到调控, 如使用过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体激动剂噻唑烷二酮(20 μg·g-1), 脂肪细胞和脂肪组织中DGAT1 mRNA水平可增加10%左右[27]。在脂肪细胞中, DGAT的mRNA水平受胰岛素和葡萄糖的调节, 葡萄糖刺激DGAT表达, 而胰岛素与葡萄糖的作用可相互叠加[27]。脂滴是细胞中储存脂质的细胞器, 细胞中游离的PUFA可以甘油三酯的形式储存在脂滴[1]。DGAT1依赖性脂滴形成减轻了各种外源性和内源性脂质过载条件下的脂毒性和铁死亡[1]。当细胞中PUFA水平升高时, 脂滴可储存PUFA起到缓冲作用, 防止细胞铁死亡[47]。抑制DGAT破坏脂滴形成, 会导致细胞内PUFA水平显著增高, 最终引起铁死亡[4, 37]。如在胶质细胞瘤中使用DGAT抑制剂(20 mg·mL-1), 胞内脂滴数量减少75%~80%, 细胞对氧化敏感, 诱导铁死亡增加[37]。所以通过直接或间接调节脂滴合成步骤中的限速酶DGAT控制脂滴的合成, 从而影响细胞内脂质的平衡, 调节细胞对铁死亡的敏感性。
ATGL是调节脂解重要靶点, 是催化脂滴分解第一步的酶, 也是脂解限速酶。胞内通过各种机制调节ATGL活性从而调节脂解。脂滴上的围脂滴蛋白通过隔离ATGL的共激活物CGI-58 (comparative gene identification-58) 限制ATGL活性, 在特殊情况下围脂滴蛋白磷酸化导致CGI-58释放, 使其与ATGL相互作用, 从而充分激活其甘油三酯水解酶活性[16]。而CGI-58与ATGL的相互作用又受其他蛋白调节, 从而调节ATGL分解作用。G0/G1开关基因(G0/G1 switch gene-2, G0S2) 可在共激活物CGI58存在情况下, 抑制ATGL活性减少脂解[16]。类似于G0S2, 缺氧诱导脂滴相关蛋白(hypoxia-induced lipid droplet-associated protein, HILPDA) 与G0S2结构具有结构相似性, 通过与ATGL结合直接抑制甘油三酯水解[16]。与G0S2和HILPDA类似, 脂降素(patin-like phospholipase domain containing protein 3) 是ATGL的密切类似物, 已被证明与ATGL竞争结合CGI-58, 进而有效地隔离CGI-58激活ATGL, 从而减少脂解[16]。脂解途径与脂质过氧化之间的关系目前尚未完全了解, 但其在调节铁死亡敏感性中的作用已被证明。在某些条件下, 脂解对细胞有害, 如在高PUFA负荷或缺氧条件下, 分解脂滴可诱导氧化应激和细胞死亡[47]。如经咪唑酮(1.5 mg·mL-1) 处理的弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤甘油三酯水平降低和ATGL表达增加, 表明脂解被激活, 细胞内脂滴生成减少, 导致游离PUFA负担增加, 使细胞损伤和死亡[48]。阻断ATGL介导脂解, 导致显著脂滴积累, 并增加PUFA-甘油三酯, 从而保护细胞免受氧化应激和死亡[12]。因此, CGI-58、G0S2、HILPDA等与ATGL有关的蛋白, 可调节ATGL活性, 影响脂滴生成, 进而间接影响铁死亡。
HSL催化甘油二酯水解, 在最初研究中发现这种酶受激素水平的影响。之后研究证明这些激素控制蛋白激酶和磷酸酶改变HSL磷酸化状态, 从而控制脂解[19]。但是在后续研究中发现, HSL不仅受激素调控, 还同样受到胞内分子调控。脂解过程中AMP依赖的蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK) 在脂肪细胞中被激活, 负反馈调节PKA激活脂解。激活后, AMPK诱导HSL的抑制性磷酸化, 阻碍PKA对HSL的磷酸化, 从而抑制PKA介导HSL活化和脂解[16, 49]。另外, HSL还受其产物的影响, 因为脂解产物不仅仅是脂质代谢的中间体, 还是代谢酶和各种信号转导效应物的有效调节剂[16]。已有研究证明长链酰基辅酶A激活AMPK, 从而构建起长链酰基辅酶A-AMPK-HSL脂解的负反馈调节机制[16]。HSL的选择性低于ATGL, 不仅对甘油二酯有底物活性, 还可以与甘油三酯结合[19]。HSL在某些情况下可代替ATGL发挥对铁死亡调节作用。过表达HSL可将ATGL缺乏细胞中甘油二酯恢复到与正常组相同的水平, 并促进其分解产生脂肪酸进入线粒体氧化防止脂毒性[18]。HSL缺乏导致明显的脂滴积聚, 引起异常的脂质堆积和代谢障碍[19]。但是HSL活性过高也会导致细胞脂解异常增高, 与正常细胞相比甘油三酯含量减少10%左右, 甘油二酯减少90%左右, 并使细胞氧化水平上升[49]。结果说明, 与ATGL相似, HSL活性增加也可破坏脂滴对脂质氧化的缓冲作用, 当细胞内PUFA水平较高时, 高活性HSL可能会导致细胞铁死亡。HSL磷酸化状态影响其与脂滴的结合, 所以可通过影响HSL磷酸化进而影响脂解, 从而调节细胞铁死亡[49]
近年来, 铁死亡的研究已经取得了许多实质性进展, 包括对这种独特的细胞死亡形式的机制和病理功能的理解。细胞内脂质代谢和有关信号通路已经被确定为铁死亡发生的核心, 尤其是与PUFA有关的代谢和信号通路。PUFA在细胞内酶的催化下结合到胞膜上, PUFA积累会导致胞膜上氧化程度增加, 最终导致细胞死亡。脂滴在胞内脂质运输和分布中起着核心作用, 调节胞膜中PUFA的存在, 影响脂质过氧化和细胞死亡。脂滴内储存大量的PUFA, 可降低胞膜不饱和程度抑制铁死亡。但是同时脂滴中PUFA/MUFA比例也会影响细胞对铁死亡敏感性, 当胞内PUFA过多时, 脂滴对细胞保护作用将会被消除。因此, 脂滴可作为铁死亡调节剂, 通过调节胞内脂质分布影响细胞对铁死亡敏感性, 对脂滴合成和分解调节可实现铁死亡抑制和激动。脂质过氧化是多种神经退行性疾病(阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等) 常见的病理生理特征, 而实验模型研究表明, 铁死亡抑制剂(如铁他汀类药物和利普司他汀类药物) 在铁死亡参与的退行性疾病中具有保护作用[10]。脂滴在神经细胞中保护作用已被发现, 在未来脂滴可作为治疗退行性疾病靶点开发新药物。
铁死亡具有易调控特点, 可在特定部位触发铁死亡起到治疗作用。如癌细胞比正常细胞需要更多铁, 这使得癌细胞在提高PUFA水平后更容易引起铁死亡。依托莫西是脂肪酸β氧化抑制剂, 依托莫西(20 μmol·L-1) 能抑制脂滴形成和积累, 并在预先形成脂滴细胞中消除其保护作用, 在肿瘤治疗方面具有临床价值[8]。值得注意的是, 在铁死亡治疗肿瘤中, 不同组织对铁死亡敏感性可能存在不同。研究发现, 在酸性微环境中, 肿瘤对铁死亡高度敏感并且具有特异性[4, 47]。此外, 部分肿瘤细胞会上调脂质代谢相关基因, 导致脂质在体内积累, 增强肿瘤细胞在机体内生存能力, 但是这也使其对铁死亡更加敏感[50], 不同组织对于铁死亡敏感性的差异可能与其所处肿瘤微环境和癌基因和肿瘤抑制因子的表达有关。
因此, 脂滴代谢途径对于调节脂质过氧化至关重要, 通过靶向脂滴代谢过程关键调控蛋白干预铁死亡敏感性, 可为治疗铁死亡相关疾病提供新策略。
作者贡献: 姜全奥负责文章撰写及图片绘制; 邓然和吴虹提供文章的方向和思路; 江小慢和夏仕林负责文献查找; 许静负责语句修改和文章润色。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(81874360)
  • 安徽省自然科学基金青年项目(2308085QH300)
  • 安徽省高等学校科学研究项目重大项目(2022AH050453)
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2024年第59卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0057
  • 接收时间:2024-01-18
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-18
  • 修回日期:2024-03-21
基金
国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(81874360)
安徽省自然科学基金青年项目(2308085QH300)
安徽省高等学校科学研究项目重大项目(2022AH050453)
作者信息
    1.安徽中医药大学中西医结合学院, 安徽 合肥 230012
    2.安徽中医药大学药学院, 新安医学教育部重点实验室, 中药研发与开发安徽省重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012

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*吴虹, Tel: 18158861810, E-mail: ;
邓然, Tel: 13485606565, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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