Article(id=1200383180667744971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200383177295515678, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1270, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699459200000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-09, revisedDate=1717084800000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764123252312, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1723392000000, pubDateStr=2024-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764123252312, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764123252312, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764123252312, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200383177295515678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='8', pageStart='2183', pageEnd='2416', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764123251508, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225076631, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810262870741499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200383177295515678, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810262870741500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200383177295515678, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2265, endPage=2272, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200383181007483601, articleId=1200383180667744971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Antibacterial activity of turmeric (Curcuma longa L) extract and effect on bacterial cell membranes, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the present study, the antibacterial spectrum of turmeric extract was analyzed by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the antibacterial mechanism of turmeric extract was elaborated by determining its effects on the permeability and integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane, energy metabolism, and the morphology of the tested bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) with the highest susceptibility to the extract. The results showed that turmeric extract possessed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, especially against Bacillus subtilis, with the MIC of 0.5 mg·mL-1. Turmeric extract disrupted the liposome membrane and released calcein encapsulated within it. The permeability of the bacterial cell membrane was increased, leading to leakage of intracellular K+, Ca2+and cell wall proteins, and the integrity of the cell membrane was broken down, causing leakage of intracellular proteins and polysaccharides. Scanning electron microscope observation confirmed that the bacteria treated with turmeric extract was severely deformed. Simultaneously, cellular energy metabolism was affected, resulting in a significant reduction in the intracellular ATP content and ATPase activity in bacteria. In summary, the antibacterial mode of turmeric extract is closely related to its disruption of bacterial membrane structure.

, correspAuthors=Gang HAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lu HAN, Chao ZHOU, Xiu-fang BI, Mei-gui HUANG, Gang HAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200383184245486440, articleId=1200383180667744971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=姜黄提取物的抑菌活性及对细菌胞膜作用的研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究通过测定最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) 分析姜黄提取物的抑菌谱, 并通过检测姜黄提取物对抑制效果最佳的受试菌(枯草芽孢杆菌) 细胞膜的通透性及完整性、能量代谢及菌体形态的影响, 阐述姜黄提取物的膜作用抑菌机制。结果表明, 姜黄提取物具有广谱抑菌活性, 对革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌及真菌均有一定抑制作用, 对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制活性最强, MIC为0.5 mg·mL-1。姜黄提取物可扰乱脂质体膜释放钙黄绿素, 能增加细菌胞膜通透性引起胞内K+、Ca2+和细胞壁间蛋白的泄漏, 以及破坏细胞膜的完整性, 使胞内蛋白、多糖外漏。扫描电镜观察证实经姜黄提取物处理的细菌形态严重变形, 在此过程中还影响细胞能量代谢, 使细菌胞内ATP含量和ATP酶活力显著降低。因此姜黄提取物具有的抑菌活性与其破坏细菌膜结构的作用密切相关。

, correspAuthors=郝刚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*郝刚, Tel / Fax: 86-28-85928240, E-mail:
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Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2024, 59: 279-288., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200431568658485271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383180667744971, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hayat S, Sabri AN, McHugh TD. Chloroform extract of turmeric inhibits biofilm formation, EPS production and motility in antibiotic resistant bacteria [J]. 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AKP: Alkaline phosphatase. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M4">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=EuWxn0V+umjxhTNPVruZSw==, figureFileBig=VwpvLUWw2hU+Hq+pIEK/hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200431561746272954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383180667744971, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zXDB+MLa1MdcBWVU51t5Ag==, figureFileBig=viGzAjPZ16eIwBmRh6jz/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200431561880490694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383180667744971, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effect on changes in the content of bacterial extracellular soluble proteins and polysaccharides by turmeric extract. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M5">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=zXDB+MLa1MdcBWVU51t5Ag==, figureFileBig=viGzAjPZ16eIwBmRh6jz/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200431562014708433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383180667744971, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mOi21Ohxqb0ko+V8sjAb8A==, figureFileBig=R2T3LfA+h7knqHG4F3gdYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200431562148926170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383180667744971, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Effect of turmeric extract on the morphology of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> by scanning electron microscopy. A: Control; B: 1 MIC; C: 2 MIC , figureFileSmall=mOi21Ohxqb0ko+V8sjAb8A==, figureFileBig=R2T3LfA+h7knqHG4F3gdYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200431562283143911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383180667744971, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Pzm1YroN3In0fk019NoMOw==, figureFileBig=4GIf82UzKaIKyRVHqFiKyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200431562421555952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383180667744971, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Effect on intracellular ATP content and ATPase activity of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> by turmeric extract. <i>n</i> = 4, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M6">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group , figureFileSmall=Pzm1YroN3In0fk019NoMOw==, figureFileBig=4GIf82UzKaIKyRVHqFiKyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200431562555773689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383180667744971, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain MIC/mg·mL-1
Gram negative bacillus
Escherichia coil 1.0
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2.0
Salmonella typhimurium 2.0
Citrobacter freundii /
Gram positive bacteria
Bacillus subtilis 0.5
Staphylococcus aureus 2.0
Listeria innocua 4.0
Fungi
Aspergillus niger 0.5
Candida albicans 2.0
), ArticleFig(id=1200431562694185731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383180667744971, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Antibacterial activity of turmeric extract. MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain MIC/mg·mL-1
Gram negative bacillus
Escherichia coil 1.0
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2.0
Salmonella typhimurium 2.0
Citrobacter freundii /
Gram positive bacteria
Bacillus subtilis 0.5
Staphylococcus aureus 2.0
Listeria innocua 4.0
Fungi
Aspergillus niger 0.5
Candida albicans 2.0
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姜黄提取物的抑菌活性及对细菌胞膜作用的研究
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罕璐 , 周超 , 毕秀芳 , 黄梅桂 , 郝刚 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(8): 2265-2272
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(8): 2265-2272
姜黄提取物的抑菌活性及对细菌胞膜作用的研究
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罕璐, 周超, 毕秀芳, 黄梅桂, 郝刚*
作者信息
  • 西南民族大学食品科学与技术学院, 四川 成都 610041

通讯作者:

*郝刚, Tel / Fax: 86-28-85928240, E-mail:
Antibacterial activity of turmeric (Curcuma longa L) extract and effect on bacterial cell membranes
Lu HAN, Chao ZHOU, Xiu-fang BI, Mei-gui HUANG, Gang HAO*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
出版时间: 2024-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1270
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本研究通过测定最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) 分析姜黄提取物的抑菌谱, 并通过检测姜黄提取物对抑制效果最佳的受试菌(枯草芽孢杆菌) 细胞膜的通透性及完整性、能量代谢及菌体形态的影响, 阐述姜黄提取物的膜作用抑菌机制。结果表明, 姜黄提取物具有广谱抑菌活性, 对革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌及真菌均有一定抑制作用, 对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制活性最强, MIC为0.5 mg·mL-1。姜黄提取物可扰乱脂质体膜释放钙黄绿素, 能增加细菌胞膜通透性引起胞内K+、Ca2+和细胞壁间蛋白的泄漏, 以及破坏细胞膜的完整性, 使胞内蛋白、多糖外漏。扫描电镜观察证实经姜黄提取物处理的细菌形态严重变形, 在此过程中还影响细胞能量代谢, 使细菌胞内ATP含量和ATP酶活力显著降低。因此姜黄提取物具有的抑菌活性与其破坏细菌膜结构的作用密切相关。

姜黄提取物  /  枯草芽孢杆菌  /  抑菌活性  /  膜作用机制

In the present study, the antibacterial spectrum of turmeric extract was analyzed by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the antibacterial mechanism of turmeric extract was elaborated by determining its effects on the permeability and integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane, energy metabolism, and the morphology of the tested bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) with the highest susceptibility to the extract. The results showed that turmeric extract possessed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, especially against Bacillus subtilis, with the MIC of 0.5 mg·mL-1. Turmeric extract disrupted the liposome membrane and released calcein encapsulated within it. The permeability of the bacterial cell membrane was increased, leading to leakage of intracellular K+, Ca2+and cell wall proteins, and the integrity of the cell membrane was broken down, causing leakage of intracellular proteins and polysaccharides. Scanning electron microscope observation confirmed that the bacteria treated with turmeric extract was severely deformed. Simultaneously, cellular energy metabolism was affected, resulting in a significant reduction in the intracellular ATP content and ATPase activity in bacteria. In summary, the antibacterial mode of turmeric extract is closely related to its disruption of bacterial membrane structure.

turmeric extract  /  Bacillus subtilis  /  antibacterial activity  /  membrane action mechanism
罕璐, 周超, 毕秀芳, 黄梅桂, 郝刚. 姜黄提取物的抑菌活性及对细菌胞膜作用的研究. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (8) : 2265 -2272 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1270
Lu HAN, Chao ZHOU, Xiu-fang BI, Mei-gui HUANG, Gang HAO. Antibacterial activity of turmeric (Curcuma longa L) extract and effect on bacterial cell membranes[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (8) : 2265 -2272 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1270
姜黄是姜科多年生草本植物, 主要分布在热带及亚热带地区, 在传统中药中应用范围十分广泛。姜黄提取物已被证明具有多种药理学特性, 不仅可防止细胞氧化应激, 对炎症、寄生虫病及糖尿病等病症也有治疗效果[1-5], 同时姜黄具有广谱抗菌活性, 表现出一定的抗菌能力, 因此姜黄素具有广阔的应用前景[6, 7]
食品在生产、储藏过程中若受到微生物的污染, 会导致食品变质, 不仅影响其口感和营养价值, 还可能引发食品安全问题, 对消费者构成潜在威胁。芽孢杆菌是一类食品中难以彻底杀灭的细菌, 需要在极高温度下才能清除, 常作为衡量食品行业灭菌条件的微生物标准[8], 其中枯草芽孢杆菌为典型代表, 它是一类广泛分布在土壤和大气中的革兰阳性菌, 属于条件致病菌, 与人体吻合口瘘、败血症、心内膜炎等多种疾病密切相关[9, 10]。研究显示, 新生儿机会菌败血症中约20%是由枯草芽孢杆菌所致, 值得注意的是其中约40%的患者被诱发了并发化脓性脑膜炎, 这一严重并发症给患者的治疗与康复带来了极大的挑战[11]; 在眼球遭受穿透伤时, 也可能引起严重的外伤性枯草芽孢杆菌眼内炎, 及时选用有效的抗菌药物是治疗相关感染的关键措施[12]。本研究以姜黄提取物为研究对象, 研究姜黄提取物的抑菌活性, 并构建脂质体模拟细胞膜, 以枯草芽孢杆菌为指示菌, 研究姜黄提取物针对细菌胞膜的作用机制, 为其在食品、药品领域的应用提供实验室数据支持。
实验菌株   大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coil, ATCC51459)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium, ATCC14028)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC29213)、鼠弗氏柠檬杆菌(Citrobacter freundii ATCC51459) 购自北京北纳创联生物技术研究院; 铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, CMCC10104)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis, CMCC63501)、英诺李斯特菌(Listeria innocua, ATCC33090)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus Niger, CMCC98003)、白念珠菌(Candida albicans, ATCC10231) 购自海博生物技术有限公司。
试剂   姜黄提取物(XTY-JH-202306, 陕西新天域生物科技有限公司); 蛋黄卵磷脂(402T0022)、心磷脂(R027386)、钙黄绿素(R019729) (上海罗恩试剂公司); 考马斯亮蓝(S19062, 上海源叶生物科技有限公司); 钾离子检测试剂盒(20210705)、钙离子检测试剂盒(20210626)、ATP含量检测试剂盒(20230721)、ATP酶检测试剂盒(20230723) (南京建成生物工程研究所); 葡聚糖凝胶G-25 (S14031)、碱性蛋白酶(AKP)、活性检测试剂盒(BC2305) (北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 其余试剂均为常规分析纯。
培养基
LB培养基酵母粉5 g, 蛋白胨10 g, NaCl 10 g, pH值7.0, 定容至1 000 mL, 配制固体培养基加入2%的琼脂粉即可, 121 ℃高压灭菌15~20 min备用。
马铃薯培养基(PDA) 新鲜去皮马铃薯200 g, 蔗糖20 g, 水1 000 mL。将马铃薯切成大小均一的小方块, 置于烧杯中煮沸30 min后使用双层纱布挤压过滤, 取其滤液加入蔗糖, 最后补足至1 000 mL, 自然pH值。霉菌用蔗糖, 酵母菌用葡萄糖, 配制固体培养基加入2%的琼脂粉即可, 121 ℃高压灭菌15~20 min备用。
仪器   超声波细胞粉碎机(SCIENTA-IID, 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司); 荧光分光光度计(F-4700)、扫描电镜(Regulus 8230) (日本日立公司); 紫外可见分光光度计(UV180S, 上海佑科仪器仪表有限公司); 全自动酶标仪(318C+, 上海沛欧分析仪器有限公司); 冷冻离心机(5804R, 德国EPPENDORF公司); 层析图谱采集分析仪(HD-A)、紫外检测仪(HD-3)、恒流泵(HL-2S) (上海沪西分析仪器厂有限公司)。
微生物的培养
细菌的培养所有操作均在符合二级生物安全实验室标准的无菌操作台上进行。将菌种活化培养后, 转接2~3环至LB液体培养基中, 37 ℃恒温振荡培养8~10 h, 培养至对数生长期后的菌液使用高速冷冻离心机, 5 500 r·min-1离心8 min弃去上清液, 用0.9%无菌生理盐水清洗菌体, 加入适量LB液体培养基稀释菌液, 旋涡混合仪混匀作为待测菌液。
真菌的培养PDA固体培养基上活化48 h后, 用接种环挑取适量真菌于PDA液体培养基中, 28 ℃恒温振荡培养24 h后, 5 000 r·min-1离心5 min弃去上清。用0.9%无菌生理盐水洗涤, 继续离心去上清, 再用新鲜的PDA培养液重悬菌体作为待测菌液备用。
抗菌活性的测定参考Hao等[13]的方法略作修改。通过测定最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) 研究姜黄提取物的抑菌活性, 培养至对数生长期的待测菌液离心洗涤, LB培养基重悬, 吸取150 μL菌液加入至96孔细胞培养板中, 再加入150 μL经倍比稀释的不同质量浓度姜黄提取物溶液, 使细胞培养板内受试菌终浓度为5×105 CFU·mL-1, 姜黄提取物的终质量浓度分别为16、8、4、2、1、0.5、0.25、0.125 mg·mL-1。空白对照组为等量无菌水与姜黄提取物溶液。细菌在恒温37 ℃下培养6 h, 真菌在恒温28 ℃下培养8 h后, 使用全自动酶标仪在630 nm测各孔吸光值。每隔0.5 h测定吸光值直至6 h, 与初始吸光值相比, 未有显著变化的姜黄提取物最低浓度为对该菌的MIC, 取多次测量后3次保持一致的值。
姜黄提取物对脂质体的作用
脂质体的制备参考Hao等[14]的方法略作修改。按照4∶1的比例称取心磷脂、卵磷脂共计0.4 g, 加入30 mL无水乙醚溶解。称取钙黄绿素用10 mL PBS缓冲液溶解(5 mmol·L-1) 后与磷脂溶液混合, 空白脂质体只需加入10 mL PBS溶液。避光处理后, 冰浴置于超声波细胞粉碎机中, 功率300 W间歇超声, 直到产生均一相且不分层停止。随后采用旋转蒸发仪35 ℃下减压蒸发去除乙醚且呈胶状, 滴加2~3 mL PBS溶液洗溶, 收集后置于37 ℃烘箱15 min去除残留乙醚, 再使用直径为0.22 μm的聚碳酸酯滤器过滤, 即得到单层的脂质体。将脂质体通过葡聚糖凝胶G-25色谱层析柱(1.5 cm × 5 cm), 洗脱液为pH 7.4的PBS缓冲溶液, 分离后得到包裹钙黄绿素的脂质体, 4 ℃保存备用。空白脂质体不添加钙黄绿素也无需上柱分离, 二者使用前需进行适当稀释。
脂质体中荧光素的泄漏参考Sun等[15]的方法略作修改。在5 mL离心管中放入1 mL经稀释的包埋钙黄绿素的脂质体, 并添加1 mL不同质量浓度(4、8、12、16、20 mg·mL-1) 的姜黄提取物溶液混匀, 在室温下温育5~10 min。使用荧光光谱法测定其荧光强度(激发波长485 nm, 发射波长535 nm), 测定脂质体加入1 mL PBS缓冲液和脂质体加入30 μL TritonX-100 (10%) 后的荧光强度。为了消除姜黄对荧光强度的影响, 用1 mL不同质量浓度的姜黄提取物加1 mL PBS缓冲液作为参比。按照公式(1)计算钙黄绿素泄漏率。
$ \mathrm{泄}\mathrm{漏}\mathrm{率}\left(\mathrm{\%}\right)=\frac{F-{F}_{1}-{F}_{0}}{{F}_{\mathrm{t}}-{F}_{0}}\times 100\mathrm{\%} $
其中, F是脂质体添加姜黄提取物的荧光强度; F0是脂质体添加PBS缓冲液的荧光强度; Ft是脂质体添加TritonX-100的荧光强度; F1是姜黄提取物加PBS缓冲液的荧光强度。
空白脂质体膜破裂参考Hao等[16]的方法略作修改。于96孔细胞培养板中加入100 μL等量空白脂质体与不同浓度(1/2、1、2 MIC) 的姜黄提取物, 室温下孵育5~10 min, 使用全自动酶标仪在波长595 nm下测定吸光值。阴性对照为PBS溶液100 μL, 阳性对照为TritonX-100 (10%) 10 μL。
胞内K+、Ca2+的泄漏取适量培养至对数生长期的枯草芽孢杆菌菌液, 离心弃去上清, 沉淀用无菌水洗涤3次, 将细菌重悬于2 mL不同浓度(1/2、1、2 MIC) 的姜黄提取物溶液, 37 ℃恒温振荡培养3 h, 取样, 以K+、Ca2+检测试剂盒进行测定, 对照组以超纯水代替样品。按照公式(2) 计算离子泄漏率。
$ \mathrm{离}\mathrm{子}\mathrm{泄}\mathrm{漏}\mathrm{率}\left(\mathrm{\%}\right)=\left(\frac{{C}_{\mathrm{对}\mathrm{照}}-{C}_{\mathrm{样}\mathrm{品}}}{{C}_{\mathrm{对}\mathrm{照}}}\right)\times 100\mathrm{\%} $
其中, C为离子含量。
K+测定原理在碱性介质中, 经蛋白沉淀剂处理后的样本中的K+与NA-TPB反应产生混浊并有稳定悬浮液。混浊度与样本中K+浓度成正比。
Ca2+测定原理Ca2+在碱性溶液中与甲基百里香酚蓝结合, 生成蓝色络合物。通过比色与同样处理的钙标准进行比较可计算出Ca2+的含量。
胞壁蛋白AKP的活力取适量培养至对数生长期的枯草芽孢杆菌菌液于4 ℃, 4 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 将细菌重悬于5 mL无菌盐溶液。向20 mL LB液中添加上述菌液, 调节菌液的浓度到1×108 CFU·mL-1, 并加入最终浓度为1 MIC的姜黄提取物, 37 ℃恒温振荡培养8 h, 分别在0、1.5、3、4.5、6 h时取样, 12 000 r·min-1离心5 min收集上清液, 使用碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP) 活性检测试剂盒进行测定, 对照组以超纯水代替菌液, 参比组为空白培养基加入等量等浓度姜黄提取物, 其他操作与上述相同。按照公式(3) 计算胞外AKP活力[17]
$ \mathrm{A}\mathrm{K}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{活}\mathrm{力}(\mathrm{金}\mathrm{氏}\mathrm{单}\mathrm{位}/100\mathrm{ }\mathrm{m}\mathrm{L})=\frac{{A}_{\mathrm{样}\mathrm{品}}}{{A}_{\mathrm{标}\mathrm{准}}}\times 0.05\times \frac{100}{0.01} $
其中, A为溶液的吸光值; 0.05为标准管含酚量, mg; 0.01为取样量, mL; 100为100 mL样本在37 ℃与基质作用15 min产生1 mg酚即1个金氏单位。
胞内大分子内容物泄漏参照Zhang[18]的方法略作修改。取适量培养至对数生长期的枯草芽孢杆菌菌液加入姜黄提取物, 使提取物最终浓度为1/2和1 MIC, 阴性对照为无菌PBS溶液, 37 ℃恒温振荡培养, 每隔1 h取样, 4 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 取上清液测蛋白和多糖含量。蛋白含量采用考马斯亮蓝法[13]; 多糖含量的测定则采用苯酚硫酸法[14]
枯草芽孢杆菌形态变化参照Shan等[19]的方法略作修改。培养至对数生长期的待测菌液离心洗涤, LB培养基重悬至1×108 CFU·mL-1, 加入黄姜提取物至最终浓度为1和2 MIC, 对照组不添加提取物, 37 ℃恒温振荡培养4 h, 各取1 μL, 4 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 弃上清液, 用1 mL 2.5%戊二醛进行固定, 使之悬浮, 常温下放置12 h, 4 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 弃上清液。用不同浓度的乙醇进行梯度脱水, 每次脱水15 min后4 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 弃去上清液, 继续加入第二个浓度的乙醇溶液, 使之重新悬浮。添加1 μL的叔丁醇, 使其悬浮, 置于4 ℃下30 min, 使叔丁醇完全凝固, 冷冻干燥备用。将细菌挑出使其附着在导电带上, 在离子溅射装置上喷镀铂, 利用场发射扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM) 观察细菌的形貌。
细胞能量代谢变化
细菌胞内三磷酸腺苷(Adenosine triphosphate, ATP) 含量变化培养至对数生长期的待测菌液离心洗涤, LB培养基重悬至1×108 CFU·mL-1, 加入姜黄提取物使其终浓度为1/2、1、2 MIC, 37 ℃恒温振荡培养2 h, 取10 mL在4 ℃, 4 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 弃去上清液, 沉淀洗涤后在10 mL无菌PBS溶液重悬。使用超声波细胞破碎仪低温冰浴破碎菌体细胞, 离心收集上清液, 使用ATP含量检测试剂盒进行测定受试菌胞内ATP含量, 对照组为无菌PBS溶液[20]
细菌ATPase酶活力变化培养至对数生长期的待测菌液离心洗涤, LB培养基重悬至1×108 CFU·mL-1, 加入姜黄提取物, 使其终浓度为1/2、1、2 MIC, 37 ℃恒温振荡培养2 h, 取样, 使用ATP酶活性检测试剂盒进行测定, 对照组为无菌PBS溶液。按照公式(4) 计算ATPase活力[21]
$ \mathrm{A}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}(\mathrm{U}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t})=\frac{{A}_{\mathrm{样}\mathrm{品}}-{A}_{\mathrm{对}\mathrm{照}}}{{A}_{\mathrm{标}\mathrm{准}}}\times \mathrm{标}\mathrm{准}\mathrm{品}\mathrm{浓}\mathrm{度}\times \\\;\;\;\;\;\;\frac{\mathrm{测}\mathrm{定}\mathrm{前}\mathrm{稀}\mathrm{释}\mathrm{倍}\mathrm{数}\times 6}{\mathrm{蛋}\mathrm{白}\mathrm{浓}\mathrm{度}(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{L})} $
其中, A为溶液的吸光值; 标准品浓度为1 µmol·mL-1
数据分析及处理每组数据均进行3次及以上独立重复试验, 使用Microsoft excel 2016进行数据统计, IBM SPSS Statistics 20软件进行分析, 不同组间数据比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA), Duncan法多重比较, P < 0.05表示差异显著。
姜黄提取物对微生物的MIC如表 1所示, 除鼠弗氏柠檬杆菌外, 姜黄提取物对大多数革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌、真菌都具备一定的抑菌活性。姜黄提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌活性最为突出, 其MIC值为0.5 mg·mL-1; 对大肠埃希菌的抑菌效果也相对较强, 其MIC值为1.0 mg·mL-1; 在真菌中, 姜黄提取物对黑曲霉的抑菌活性强于白念珠菌。革兰阴性菌鼠弗氏柠檬杆菌能抵抗姜黄素的原因可能是由于其细胞壁的脂多糖覆盖层阻止了姜黄素的扩散[22]。因此选择抑制效果最好的枯草芽孢杆菌作为指示菌, 进行后续的膜作用机制研究。由于姜黄提取物中起抑菌的主要作用成分未知, 未来可针对抗菌活性成分进行深入研究, 并筛选富集提高其含量, 使姜黄提取物的抑菌效果得到改善; 还可使用微胶囊技术、纳米技术对姜黄提取物进行处理, 有研究表明姜黄素纳米粒子相较于其原始状态展现出更强的抑菌能力[23]
姜黄提取物对脂质体膜的破坏作用结果如图 1所示, 与阴性对照PBS组相比, 添加姜黄提取物使吸光值均显著下降, 且在一定浓度范围内, 随着姜黄提取物浓度的升高, 其对脂质体膜的破裂效果增加。阳性对照组TritonX-10为一种表面活性剂, 能够快速破坏脂质双分子层, 相比之下, 即便在姜黄提取物浓度为2 MIC时, 其破坏脂质体膜程度仍未达到阳性对照完全破坏的水平, 说明其对膜的破坏能力相对较温和。
通过引起脂质体包裹的钙黄绿素的泄漏试验来探究姜黄提取物与磷脂双分子层的作用方式。由图 2可知, 在低质量浓度0~4 mg·mL-1时钙黄绿素泄漏率增长迅速, 之后速率变缓但仍呈增长趋势, 质量浓度为4 mg·mL-1 (枯草芽孢杆菌的8 MIC) 时泄漏率为50.26%。这意味着姜黄提取物可以使钙黄绿素从脂质体中泄漏出来, 且在一定范围内泄漏率与质量浓度呈正相关。可以推测姜黄提取物能引起质膜磷脂双分子层的紊乱, 从而导致内容物外泄, 但是并未引起脂质体完全破裂, 上述结果也与前面空白脂质体破裂结论相印证。
细胞膜的损伤使细胞膜渗透性增加, 过程伴随着细胞内小分子的外泄, 当损伤加深至膜完整性破坏的时候, 大分子结构也会随之渗出。通过探究姜黄提取物处理受试菌后胞内K+、Ca2+的离子泄漏, 来评估细胞膜通透性的改变, 从而进一步了解姜黄提取物与细菌膜的作用机制[24]。由图 3可知, 泄漏率随姜黄提取物浓度升高而增大, 当浓度为1 MIC时, K+泄漏率为52.14%, Ca2+泄漏率为38.56%, 未添加姜黄素提取物的对照组K+、Ca2+泄漏率都不足0.5%, 说明姜黄提取物能够引起胞内离子泄漏, 尤其是K+。K+与细胞质pH和细胞结构密切相关, 是细胞生长和存活的关键因素[25], 当胞内离子大量泄漏会引起细胞稳态失衡甚至死亡, 可推测姜黄提取物使受试菌细胞膜的通透性增加从而导致胞内离子泄漏。
AKP通常存在于细胞的细胞膜与细胞壁之间, 当细胞壁结构受损时, AKP便可能泄漏至细胞外, 因此细菌细胞外AKP活力的变化可以反映细胞壁结构的改变[26]。如图 4所示, 对照组AKP活力不随时间变化, 经姜黄提取物作用后AKP活力在1.5 h时快速上升后趋于平稳, 且2 MIC始终大于1 MIC。由此可以推测, 姜黄提取物可以破坏受试菌细胞壁、膜结构, 导致胞壁、膜间蛋白外泄。这与前面姜黄提取物破坏磷脂双分子层导致钙黄绿素及离子泄漏的实验结果相呼应。Huo[27]研究发现, 经艾叶挥发油处理后的金葡菌其菌悬液AKP活力均高于未处理的对照组, 与本文研究结果相似。
当细胞膜被扰乱导致通透性增加, 会引起细胞内离子或小分子物质外泄, 当细胞膜完整性遭到损坏, 还可能造成大分子物质的泄漏, 如蛋白质、核酸等[28]。姜黄提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌胞内蛋白与多糖泄漏测定结果如图 5所示, 未经姜黄提取物处理的菌悬液中蛋白和多糖含量较低且相对稳定。经姜黄提取物处理后, 菌悬液中泄漏的蛋白与多糖含量明显增加, 随时间呈上升趋势, 且2 MIC始终大于1 MIC。这说明姜黄提取物对细菌细胞膜造成了比较严重的膜损伤, 细胞膜完整性被破坏, 从而导致蛋白与多糖外泄, 且在一定浓度范围内呈浓度依赖性。Xie等[29]发现五脉绿绒蒿提取物会损伤革兰阳性菌的细胞膜从而导致胞内大分子内容物泄漏。
SEM观察姜黄提取物作用受试菌菌株后的细胞形态结果如图 6所示, 未经姜黄提取物处理的受试菌株形态结构良好, 表面光滑, 轮廓清晰; 经1 MIC姜黄提取物处理后的受试菌菌株表面出现稍微损伤和不规则的褶皱, 细菌表面变得粗糙, 菌体间明显粘连起来, 个别菌体形态出现变形且有附着物, 其原因可能是由于细胞内容物的大量降解或外泄使得枯草芽孢杆菌细胞壁、膜凹陷而形成褶皱; 经2 MIC姜黄提取物处理后的受试菌菌株表面出现大量细小颗粒聚合物附着, 菌体形态变形严重, 显著粘连。这说明姜黄提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌细胞壁和细胞膜造成破坏, 影响其细胞形态, 从而对枯草芽孢杆菌的生长起到了抑制作用。Xiong等[30]通过SEM观察1-辛烯-3-醇作用后的枯草芽孢杆菌, 发现其表面变得粗糙并出现皱褶, 菌体细胞壁、膜遭到破坏。Yun等[31]发现抑菌物质会附着在细菌表面, 改变细菌的外表形貌, 造成其细胞膜损伤后进入细胞作用部位。
ATP是生物的通用能源, 与细胞能量代谢密切相关, 其含量代表着细胞呼吸链的氧化磷酸化水平。细菌的呼吸链分布在细胞膜上, 当细胞膜被扰乱或破坏时, 氧化磷酸化会被干扰, ATP的含量会快速降低[32]。如图 7所示, 相较于对照组, 添加浓度为0.5 MIC姜黄提取物后受试菌细胞内ATP含量显著下降(P < 0.05), 且随着姜黄提取物浓度的升高而降低。这可能是姜黄提取物在渗透、扰乱枯草芽孢杆菌细胞膜的过程中, 引起胞内ATP泄漏, 同时影响了细菌正常能量代谢过程, 导致胞内ATP快速消耗或ATP合成受到抑制, 使细菌的正常生命活动紊乱, 最终导致细菌的死亡。研究者们在金葡菌[33]、李斯特菌和沙门氏菌[34]中也得出了类似结论。
ATP酶(ATPase) 对细胞的正常生理功能的维持发挥着重要作用, 是代谢ATP的关键酶[35]。由图 7可知, 经0.5 MIC姜黄提取物作用后的枯草芽孢杆菌受试菌的胞内ATPase活力相较于对照组显著降低(P < 0.05), 下降趋势受姜黄提取物浓度影响较大, 姜黄提取物浓度越高, ATPase活力降低越多。姜黄提取物不仅可以破坏细胞膜的完整性, 还会抑制细胞内能量代谢。这可以从一方面解释姜黄提取物的抑菌机制。
本研究通过测定MIC证明姜黄提取物对革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌及真菌均具有抗菌活性, 其中对枯草芽孢杆菌的MIC最低, 为0.5 mg·mL-1。采用的姜黄提取物为粗提取物, 纯度较低, 这是导致MIC值偏高的原因之一。本实验在设计中未纳入抗生素或抗真菌药物作为阳性对照, 这一缺失在后续研究中应当得到补充。探究其抑菌的膜作用机制的结果表明, 姜黄提取物可扰乱模拟细胞膜的脂质体磷脂双分子层, 引起脂质体包裹荧光染料的泄漏, 在浓度为2 MIC时, 其破坏脂质体膜程度仍未达到TritonX-10完全破坏的水平, 说明其对膜的破坏能力相对较温和。姜黄提取物不仅能诱导细胞膜通透性增加, 引起胞内离子外泄及细胞壁膜间蛋白的泄漏, 还会对细胞膜造成较大的损伤, 使得胞内大分子物质的外漏, 且都呈现浓度依赖性。SEM观察也证实经姜黄提取物处理的细菌形态严重变形, 细胞壁、膜凹陷形成褶皱且有大量细胞外泄物附着在细胞表面。此外, 姜黄提取物在破坏膜的过程中还影响了细胞的能量代谢, 使细菌胞内ATP含量和ATPase活力显著性降低。综上可以判定, 姜黄提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌的作用靶点之一为细胞膜, 它可以通过作用细胞膜, 破坏其结构, 从而发挥抑菌作用。细菌耐药性问题日益严峻, 由于有效药物匮乏, 使得临床治疗困难[36]。细菌通过形成生物膜, 能够进一步增强对抗生素的抵抗能力, 即产生更高的耐药性, 因此, 寻找有效的生物膜抑制剂尤为重要。有研究表明姜黄氯仿提取物可使耐药性细菌(肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等) 生物膜形成减少23%~74.5%, 并对细菌的多种生物活性产生影响, 这与本实验结果相吻合, 说明姜黄提取物具有对抗耐药性细菌的潜力[37]。以姜黄提取物目前的抑菌活性, 若要将其应用于医药领域, 还需要进行分离纯化工作, 以进一步提高其抑菌性能。在提升姜黄提取物纯度的基础上, 可研究考察更多的生物活性, 包括但不限于体外溶血活性、中和内毒素活性、对生物膜抑制活性等。此外, 还有必要对其抑菌的膜作用机制进行深入研究: 姜黄提取物对不同膜脂质成分(如带负电的膜、不带电荷的膜及有胆固醇成分的膜等) 所构成的脂质体的破坏程度; 探究姜黄提取物是否能够诱导脂质体囊泡聚集、融合或崩解; 研究姜黄提取物在磷脂双分子层上的移位行为, 以及其在作用过程中引起的脂质翻转现象, 全面阐述姜黄提取物的膜作用机制。而正因为姜黄提取物中抑菌物质的种类及数量的不确定性, 所以可能还存在其他作用机制, 应继续探索其他的作用靶点。
作者贡献: 罕璐、周超负责进行实验设计、完成实验、数据分析及文章撰写; 郝刚、毕秀芳、黄梅桂进行论文指导与修改。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 西南民族大学研究生创新型科研项目(ZD2023072)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1270
  • 接收时间:2023-11-09
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-09
  • 修回日期:2024-05-31
基金
西南民族大学研究生创新型科研项目(ZD2023072)
作者信息
    西南民族大学食品科学与技术学院, 四川 成都 610041

通讯作者:

*郝刚, Tel / Fax: 86-28-85928240, E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1270
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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