Article(id=1200383179879215806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200383177295515678, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0363, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713110400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-15, revisedDate=1715529600000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764123252124, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1723392000000, pubDateStr=2024-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764123252124, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764123252124, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764123252124, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200383177295515678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='8', pageStart='2183', pageEnd='2416', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764123251508, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225076631, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810262870741499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200383177295515678, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810262870741500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200383177295515678, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2183, endPage=2191, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200383180172817090, articleId=1200383179879215806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Interactions between gut microbiota-producing enzymes and natural drugs affect disease progression, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Naturally derived metabolites are valuable resources for drug research and development, and play an important role in the treatment of diseases. As the "second genome" of the body, gut microbiota is rich in metabolic enzymes, which interacts with external substances such as drugs, thus affecting the progression of diseases. This article summarizes the interaction between gut microbiota-producing enzymes and natural medicines, and focuses on the impact of this interaction on disease progression, hoping to provide new ideas for the development and pharmacological mechanism of natural medicines.

, correspAuthors=Wei JIANG, Hui-hui GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhi-yu WANG, Hao-ran SHEN, Yan-xing HAN, Jian-dong JIANG, Wei JIANG, Hui-hui GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200383181426914011, articleId=1200383179879215806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=肠道菌产生酶与天然药物互作对疾病的影响, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

天然来源的代谢产物是药物研发的宝贵资源, 对疾病的治疗起重要作用。肠道菌群作为机体的“第二基因组”, 蕴含丰富的物质代谢酶, 可与机体摄入的药物等外来物质相互作用, 改变疾病进程。本文总结了肠道菌产生酶与天然药物之间的互作关系, 并重点探讨了这种互作关系对疾病的影响, 希望能为天然药物的研发及药理机制的探究提供新思路。

, correspAuthors=蒋卫, 郭慧慧, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*蒋卫,Tel: 86-10-63017906, E-mail: ;
郭慧慧, E-mail:
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AD: Alzheimer's disease; PD: Parkinson's disease; CVD: Cardiovascular disease , figureFileSmall=irnvthEjweM+ZJWpLMYOdg==, figureFileBig=dWT88Tp6+N9befhsZnpmpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200431558088839651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383179879215806, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Bacterial enzyme Gut microbiota Natural medicine Disease Reference
Bile salt hydrolase Enterorhabdus Cryptotanshinon Alleviate liver fibrosis [1]
Lachnoclostridium
Akkermansia
Blautia Moringa Fu brick tea Lose weight [2]
Ruminococcaceae
Coprococcus
CutC/CutD Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium Resveratrol Prevent AS [3]
Robinsoniella peoriensis Allicin Anti-AS [4]
Eubacterium_hallii_group Berberine Anti-AS [5]
Anaerostipes Faecalibacterium
Carbohydrate fermentation-related enzymes Megasphaera Ginkgo biloba Alleviate fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome [6]
Lactobacillus DZSM Anti-MASLD [7]
Bifidobacterium
Allobaculum
Bacteroidaceae Improve brain cognitive dysfunction [8]
Lactobacillus
Allobaculum
Proteobacteria Baicalin Alleviate lung damage [9]
Blautia
Lachnospiraceae
Firmicutes Peony Anti-diabetic nephropathy [10]
Bacteroidetes
Verrucomicrobia
), ArticleFig(id=1200431558265000435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383179879215806, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Natural medicines alter the enzyme activity of intestinal bacteria by affecting the composition of the gut microbiota. CutC: Choline-trimethylamine lyase; CutD: Glycyl radical enzyme activase; AS: Atherosclerosis; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; DZSM: Dengzhanshengmai

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Bacterial enzyme Gut microbiota Natural medicine Disease Reference
Bile salt hydrolase Enterorhabdus Cryptotanshinon Alleviate liver fibrosis [1]
Lachnoclostridium
Akkermansia
Blautia Moringa Fu brick tea Lose weight [2]
Ruminococcaceae
Coprococcus
CutC/CutD Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium Resveratrol Prevent AS [3]
Robinsoniella peoriensis Allicin Anti-AS [4]
Eubacterium_hallii_group Berberine Anti-AS [5]
Anaerostipes Faecalibacterium
Carbohydrate fermentation-related enzymes Megasphaera Ginkgo biloba Alleviate fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome [6]
Lactobacillus DZSM Anti-MASLD [7]
Bifidobacterium
Allobaculum
Bacteroidaceae Improve brain cognitive dysfunction [8]
Lactobacillus
Allobaculum
Proteobacteria Baicalin Alleviate lung damage [9]
Blautia
Lachnospiraceae
Firmicutes Peony Anti-diabetic nephropathy [10]
Bacteroidetes
Verrucomicrobia
), ArticleFig(id=1200431558415995392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383179879215806, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Intestinal bacterial enzyme Natural medicine Function Disease Reference
Tryptophanase (3S)ALG-05 Enzyme inhibitor Relieve chronic kidney disease [16, 17]
β-Glucuronidase Baicalin
LiuWeiDiHuangWan
Enzyme inhibitor Reduce irinotecan toxicity [18-20]
Tryptophan hydroxylase Morinda oligosaccharides Enzyme activator Anti-depression [21]
DPP4 Dau-d4 Enzyme inhibitor Lower glycemia [22]
), ArticleFig(id=1200431558562796047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383179879215806, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

The drug directly regulates the intestinal bacterial enzyme activity. DPP4: Dipeptidyl peptldase Ⅳ

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Intestinal bacterial enzyme Natural medicine Function Disease Reference
Tryptophanase (3S)ALG-05 Enzyme inhibitor Relieve chronic kidney disease [16, 17]
β-Glucuronidase Baicalin
LiuWeiDiHuangWan
Enzyme inhibitor Reduce irinotecan toxicity [18-20]
Tryptophan hydroxylase Morinda oligosaccharides Enzyme activator Anti-depression [21]
DPP4 Dau-d4 Enzyme inhibitor Lower glycemia [22]
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肠道菌产生酶与天然药物互作对疾病的影响
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王志宇 1 , 申浩然 1 , 韩燕星 1 , 蒋建东 1, 3 , 蒋卫 2, * , 郭慧慧 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(8): 2183-2191
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(8): 2183-2191
肠道菌产生酶与天然药物互作对疾病的影响
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王志宇1, 申浩然1, 韩燕星1, 蒋建东1, 3, 蒋卫2, * , 郭慧慧1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050
  • 2.浙江震元制药有限公司, 浙江 绍兴 312000
  • 3.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*蒋卫,Tel: 86-10-63017906, E-mail: ;
郭慧慧, E-mail:
Interactions between gut microbiota-producing enzymes and natural drugs affect disease progression
Zhi-yu WANG1, Hao-ran SHEN1, Yan-xing HAN1, Jian-dong JIANG1, 3, Wei JIANG2, * , Hui-hui GUO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2. Zhejiang Zhenyuan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312000, China
  • 3. Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2024-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0363
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天然来源的代谢产物是药物研发的宝贵资源, 对疾病的治疗起重要作用。肠道菌群作为机体的“第二基因组”, 蕴含丰富的物质代谢酶, 可与机体摄入的药物等外来物质相互作用, 改变疾病进程。本文总结了肠道菌产生酶与天然药物之间的互作关系, 并重点探讨了这种互作关系对疾病的影响, 希望能为天然药物的研发及药理机制的探究提供新思路。

天然药物  /  肠道菌群  /  肠道菌产生酶  /  疾病进程  /  药物研发

Naturally derived metabolites are valuable resources for drug research and development, and play an important role in the treatment of diseases. As the "second genome" of the body, gut microbiota is rich in metabolic enzymes, which interacts with external substances such as drugs, thus affecting the progression of diseases. This article summarizes the interaction between gut microbiota-producing enzymes and natural medicines, and focuses on the impact of this interaction on disease progression, hoping to provide new ideas for the development and pharmacological mechanism of natural medicines.

natural medicine  /  gut microbiota  /  gut microbiota-producing enzyme  /  disease progression  /  drug research and development
王志宇, 申浩然, 韩燕星, 蒋建东, 蒋卫, 郭慧慧. 肠道菌产生酶与天然药物互作对疾病的影响. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (8) : 2183 -2191 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0363
Zhi-yu WANG, Hao-ran SHEN, Yan-xing HAN, Jian-dong JIANG, Wei JIANG, Hui-hui GUO. Interactions between gut microbiota-producing enzymes and natural drugs affect disease progression[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (8) : 2183 -2191 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0363
中药作为我国药物研发的宝库, 口服疗效确切, 但普遍存在活性组分复杂、机制广泛且不明确的问题。近些年来, 伴随着现代分析/药理技术的进步, 中药中许多重要的天然活性组分被解析和确认疗效, 但是有相当数量的活性组分如黄酮、生物碱、多糖、皂苷等都存在活性好与生物利用度差的矛盾。为此, 科研人员展开了诸多研究, 其中肠道微生物作为难溶性天然产物最先接触且接触时间最长的“器官”, 为解析天然药物的药理活性及作用机制提供了新的研究思路, 并引起了国内外学者极大的研究热情。一方面, 天然药物通过调节肠道菌群组成及肠道菌产生酶基因表达, 影响菌群功能及一些重要的菌源型代谢产物的产生, 进而调节肠道屏障系统及免疫功能, 影响疾病的进展; 另一方面, 天然药物口服进入肠道后, 肠道菌产生酶可以对其进行代谢转化, 产生一些独特的代谢产物, 改变药物的活性。
肠道菌群与许多疾病的发生发展密切相关, 而药物对疾病的治疗也常常伴随着机体肠道菌群多样性及组成的变化, 进而改变某些特定菌群产生酶如胆盐水解酶、色氨酸酶、三甲胺裂解酶、碳水化合物发酵相关酶的数量和活力, 影响酶的活性, 最终改变疾病进程(表 1)[1-10]
肠道菌群产生的胆盐水解酶对机体胆汁酸的转化具有诸多生理学意义, 它可以催化初级胆汁酸向次级胆汁酸转化, 促进胆汁酸的排泄, 在肥胖、糖脂代谢紊乱、肺纤维化等多种疾病中扮演重要角色。
许多天然药物或保健食品可以通过对肠道菌群组成的调节改变胆盐水解酶的活性, 比如隐丹参酮作为中药丹参的主要药理活性物质, 研究显示可对改善肺纤维化有明显治疗作用, 进一步机制研究发现隐丹参酮会恢复甚至增加肺纤维化疾病状态下引起的LachnoclostridiumAkkermansiaEnterorhabdus等肠道菌群下调, 其中Enterorhabdus是产生胆盐水解酶催化胆汁酸转化的重要菌群, 从而促进肠道内脱氧胆酸、石胆酸等多种次级胆汁酸的生成, 激活法尼醇X受体(farnesoid X receptor, FXR) 通路, 减轻辐射引起的肺部炎症和肺纤维化[1]; 再比如, 辣木茯砖茶作为一种功能性保健食品, 有减肥功效, Ouyang等[2]通过对辣木茯砖茶提取物的研究发现, 它可通过降低BlautiaRuminococcaceaeCoprococcus等产胆盐水解酶肠道菌群的丰度, 导致胆盐水解酶活性下降, 次级胆汁酸生成减少, 再进一步联合肠道FXR的负反馈调节作用, 使总胆固醇水平下降, 最终达到减肥的效果。
肠道菌群除了产生胆盐水解酶对初级胆汁酸进行转化外, 还可以通过其他酶对其进行代谢。如Nie等[11]发现, 肠道菌株Bacteroides uniformis产生的胆汁酸琥珀酰基合成酶(bile acid acyl synthetase for succinyl, BAS-suc) 可以将胆汁酸代谢为3-琥珀酰胆汁酸, 明显促进肠道益生菌株Akkermanisa muciniphila繁殖, 改善肠屏障完整性, 从而有效缓解代谢型脂肪性肝炎(metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis, MASH) 的疾病进程。因此, 有效升高Bacteroides uniformis菌株丰度、促进菌源BAS-suc酶活性的天然药物或可作为MASH的有效治疗药物。
三甲胺裂解酶(choline-trimethylamine lyase, CutC) 及三甲胺裂解酶激活酶(glycyl radical enzyme activase, CutD) 是肠道细菌代谢胆碱类物质产生三甲胺(trimethylamine, TMA) 的重要酶, 正常情况下, 肠道内能产生此类酶的菌丰度相对较低, 而且良好的肠道屏障进一步减少TMA进入血液循环, 因此只有很少量的TMA可以随血流进入肝脏, 并在肝脏黄素单加氧化酶(flavin-containing monooxygenases, FMO) 作用下转化为氧化三甲胺(trimethylamine oxide, TMAO)。虽然TMAO是导致动脉粥样硬化等心血管疾病的重要标志物, 但是由于生理状态下的量很少, 不足以影响机体健康。而在疾病、不健康饮食、吸烟及精神压力状态下, 导致机体的肠道菌群组成失调, 会增加TMA合成相关酶的活性, 诱发或加重心血管疾病进展, 因此影响肠道菌源CutC及CutD的活性对动脉粥样硬化性心脏病有重要意义。
白藜芦醇是一种天然的多酚类物质, 主要存在于葡萄中, 有证据表明白藜芦醇可以通过改变拟杆菌与普雷沃氏菌属的丰度来调节CutC活性, 从源头上减少TMA的生成, 从而降低TMAO水平, 减轻动脉粥样硬化的程度[3, 12], 因此白藜芦醇可以作为一种益生元, 有效预防动脉粥样硬化性心脏病[13]。大蒜鳞茎中提取的大蒜素也有与之类似的作用, 可以通过改变肠道菌群的丰度来影响CutC及CutD的活性, 降低TMAO的浓度, 发挥抗动脉粥样硬化作用[4]。除此之外, 小檗碱作为一种从黄连中提取出来的生物碱, 在心脑血管疾病、慢性肾病、代谢功能障碍相关的脂肪性肝病(metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, MASLD) 等众多方面有显著疗效。研究表明, 小檗碱不仅可以调节肠道菌群组成, 降低CutC的活性, 减少胆碱向TMA的转化, 还会影响肝脏FMO的活性, 抑制TMA转化为TMAO, 这种双重抑制作用使得抗动脉粥样硬化的效果更加显著[5, 14]
饮食中的抗性淀粉、不溶性纤维素等碳水化合物经过胃肠道时, 不能被机体分泌的消化酶代谢和吸收, 而主要通过肠道厌氧菌产生的相关酶包括糖苷水解酶、糖苷转移酶、多糖裂解酶等酵解, 产生乳酸、丙酮酸及多种短链脂肪酸, 调节机体的生理或病理过程。
针对多种酶共同作用的体系, 有广泛的天然药物可以通过影响肠道菌群的丰度, 进而改变这类酶的活性, 改善病理状态。比如灯盏生脉能够明显调节肠道菌群的丰度, 增强乙酸激酶、甲基丙二酰辅酶脱羧酶及丁酰辅酶A: 乙酰辅酶A转移酶的活性, 进而促进肠道产生和吸收短链脂肪酸, 随血液到达靶器官发挥生理作用, 改善MASLD及脑缺血认知功能障碍[7, 8]。再比如, 银杏叶提取物在治疗脂肪肝出血性综合征时, 显著增加盲肠内产短链脂肪酸菌Megasphaera等的丰度, 促进乳酸代谢和脂肪缓冲, 以此来增加胆汁酸的排泄并减少胆固醇的合成, 最终达到减轻该疾病临床症状的效果。在此过程中, 短链脂肪酸水平的升高主要与Megasphaera等有益菌群丰度升高, 进而上调碳水化合物发酵相关酶活性有关[6, 15]。另外, 黄芩苷和牡丹皮多糖也可以通过影响碳水化合物发酵相关酶的活性, 分别治疗大肠杆菌感染引起的肺损伤和糖尿病肾病[9, 10]。由此可以看到, 天然药物通过调节肠道菌群的丰度, 影响碳水化合物发酵相关酶的活性, 可以减轻多种疾病的恶性进程。
药物除了可以通过调节肠道菌群组成改变肠道菌产生酶的活性外, 还可以直接激动或抑制某些肠道菌产生酶的活性来调节机体相关的代谢途径, 进而改变该酶参与的许多生理功能(表 2)[16-22]
色氨酸酶是催化色氨酸厌氧分解产生吲哚、丙酮酸和氨的酶, 该酶主要由大肠杆菌、变形杆菌、霍乱弧菌等肠道细菌产生, 其生成的吲哚可透过肠道屏障进入肝脏, 在肝脏相关酶的催化下生成毒性代谢产物硫酸吲哚酚[23]。正常情况下, 硫酸吲哚酚经由肾脏快速排出体外, 不影响机体生理功能, 但当肾脏功能受损时, 硫酸吲哚酚就会在体内积累, 不仅会激活肾脏炎症信号通路, 加快肾衰竭进程[24, 25], 还可导致血管内皮功能障碍, 诱发多种心血管疾病[26, 27]。因此, 降低硫酸吲哚酚的体内聚集可有效改善相关疾病的进展。
已经有研究表明, 硫酸吲哚酚只能通过色氨酸酶催化分解色氨酸这一条途径产生[28], 抑制肠道细菌色氨酸酶活性可有效降低硫酸吲哚酚水平。基于此, Graboski等[16]通过筛选, 发现天然氨基酸色氨酸的衍生物(3S)ALG-05能够竞争性抑制色氨酸酶的活性, 明显减少毒性物质硫酸吲哚酚的生成, 可以有效减轻硫酸吲哚酚造成的慢性肾病尿毒症毒性和相关合并症的负担[17, 29]。与抗生素相比, (3S)ALG-05对肠道菌群没有明显的毒性反应, 是一种不杀伤肠道菌群的特异性色氨酸酶抑制剂, 具有靶向作用的特点。该研究有助于推动天然药物/天然药物衍生物作为色氨酸酶抑制剂防治慢性肾病及多种心血管疾病的相关研究。
肠道菌群产生的β-葡萄糖醛酸酶参与甘草酸、黄芩苷等糖醛酸苷类药物的水解, 催化β-葡萄糖醛酸苷键的断裂, 提高苷元的暴露量, 增加肠道对糖醛酸苷类物质的吸收。同时, 某些毒性药物等通过肝脏的葡萄糖醛酸化, 生成葡萄糖醛酸苷增加亲水性, 促进毒性物质从肠道排泄从而降低毒性, 而活化的肠道菌群β-葡萄糖醛酸酶会将葡萄糖醛酸苷重新转化为毒性的苷元, 不仅影响毒性物质在体内的解毒过程, 还会对机体造成严重的胃肠道不良反应[30], 因此, 肠道菌源β-葡萄糖醛酸酶激活剂或抑制剂的研究对药物的临床应用都具有重要意义。
目前, 基于降低药物的毒性反应, 有很多研究在筛选β-葡萄糖醛酸酶抑制剂。研究显示, 具有(6S)-N-十二基框架结构的高亲脂性化合物分子显示出较强的抑制活性, 并且选择性抑制由肠道菌群产生的β-葡萄糖醛酸酶; 在天然化合物结构筛选的过程中, 研究发现野黄芩苷对β-葡萄糖醛酸酶抑制作用明显[18, 19], 而且六味地黄丸也具有抑制β-葡萄糖醛酸酶活性的作用[20]。Wang等[31]发现, 将筛选得到的β-葡萄糖醛酸酶抑制剂与抗癌药物伊立替康联合使用, 可明显减少伊立替康产生的胃肠道毒性反应。但是值得注意的是, β-葡萄糖醛酸酶抑制剂还会阻碍内源性神经递质的正常代谢, 使得机体代谢紊乱, 甚至产生更加严重的影响, 因此对β-葡萄糖醛酸酶抑制剂仍需进行更加全面和综合的研究。
目前还没有发现针对筛选β-葡萄糖醛酸酶激活剂的相关研究, 不过有研究显示, 将甘草酸与产β-葡萄糖醛酸酶的乳酸杆菌合用时, 可明显提高甘草酸转化为甘草次酸的水平, 显著增加甘草酸的生物利用度及生物活性。未来, 开发有效靶向激活β-葡萄糖醛酸酶的药物对改善糖醛酸苷类药物的活性或许有重要意义。
肠道菌群对色氨酸的代谢除了色氨酸酶代谢通路外, 还可以通过色氨酸羟化酶的催化, 将色氨酸转变为5-羟基色氨酸, 随后又经过色氨酸脱羧酶的作用, 生成抗抑郁物质5-羟色胺, 这一过程中5-羟基色氨酸较5-羟色胺更易于进入血脑屏障, 因此, 5-羟基色氨酸的大量生成可以促进中枢神经系统5-羟色胺的生成, 其中肠道菌群产生的色氨酸羟化酶起了非常重要的作用, 提高该酶的活性可明显增强抗抑郁作用。
巴戟天寡糖是“四大南药”巴戟天的主要活性成分, 具有抗抑郁、抗痴呆、改善记忆力等药理活性[32-34], 但巴戟天寡糖口服之后吸收很差, 进入血脑屏障发挥相应作用更是难上加难[35], 其抗抑郁机制值得进一步深入探讨。最近, Zhang等[21]研究发现肠-脑轴通路是巴戟天寡糖发挥抗抑郁的重要机制, 巴戟天寡糖可通过增加肠道菌产生的色氨酸羟化酶活性使得5-羟基色氨酸大量生成, 进而增加脑内5-羟色胺的浓度, 最终发挥抗抑郁、改善记忆力的作用; 另外研究还发现巴戟天寡糖有抑制菌群5-羟色氨酸脱羧酶活性的作用, 减少5-羟基色氨酸的代谢, 进一步增加5-羟基色氨酸水平, 增强抗抑郁功能。
肠L细胞分泌的胰高血糖素样肽-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1) 是刺激胰脏分泌胰岛素、调节机体血糖平衡的关键激素, 但GLP-1很容易被机体产生的二肽基肽酶-4 (dipeptidyl peptldase IV, DPP4) 水解失活, 基于此生理作用, DPP4作为治疗2型糖尿病的靶点, 抑制DPP4活性, 有效减少GLP-1的水解, 进而促进胰岛素的分泌, 发挥降血糖作用。然而, 针对此靶点研发的DPP4抑制剂在患者体内的降糖效果有明显的个体差异, 成为糖尿病患者临床用药的关键问题之一。Wang等[22]最新的研究发现, 肠道菌群也可以产生DPP4, 并且与人体产生的DPP4相似, 也可以水解GLP-1。在糖脂代谢异常的患者体内, 肠道屏障受损, 导致肠道菌产生的DPP4进入血液, 而传统的DPP4抑制剂对于菌源性的DPP4并没有抑制作用, 因此最终表现出明显的个体差异。
随后, 通过高通量筛选化合物发现, 北豆根苏林碱的衍生物Dau-d4可以直接抑制菌源性DPP4的活性, 明显提高GLP-1含量, 改善患者体内葡萄糖代谢, 并且与传统的DPP4抑制剂合用可以显著提高降糖效果[22]。该研究强调了肠道菌源性酶与机体的紧密联系, 为疾病治疗及新药研发提供了新方案。
天然药物口服进入肠道后, 肠道菌产生酶可以对其进行代谢转化[36], 产生一些独特的代谢产物, 改变药物的吸收、活性或毒性, 最终影响疾病进展(图 1)。
小檗碱是一种从黄连和小檗等天然植物中提取出来的生物碱, 临床广泛用于治疗细菌性腹泻[37, 38]。近些年, 随着研究的不断深入, 发现小檗碱在糖脂代谢紊乱疾病方面也有较好作用, 分子机制涉及调节低密度脂蛋白受体、胰岛素受体和蛋白磷酸激酶等[39, 40]。但小檗碱结构中含有硝基杂环, 表现出较强的极性, 使得口服不利于吸收且血药浓度维持时间短, 生物利用度很差(< 1%), 如何增加小檗碱的吸收一直都是值得探索的问题。
Ma等[14]发现肠道菌群产生的硝基还原酶可将小檗碱转化为易于肠上皮细胞吸收的二氢小檗碱, 但二氢小檗碱生物活性低, 且在肠细胞内不稳定, 随后可在细胞内超氧阴离子、金属离子等作用下发生非酶促氧化反应, 又迅速转化为小檗碱, 从而大大提高小檗碱的吸收及生物利用度, 因此肠道内硝基还原酶活性的高低可显著影响小檗碱的体内吸收和药效[41]。临床研究数据显示, 高脂饮食引起的血脂异常虽然造成了肠道菌群组成的失衡, 但却能明显升高产硝基还原酶菌群丰度, 增强硝基还原酶活性, 从而增加疾病状态下的小檗碱体内吸收和降脂效果[42]
很多中药的重要活性组分都是以苷的形式存在于自然界, 比如黄芩苷、槲皮苷、根皮苷、甘草酸、人参皂苷等, 因为相比于苷元形式, 苷可能更稳定。但是苷的分子量远大于苷元, 口服吸收差, 而且苷的生物活性普遍低于苷元形式, 却在中药口服过程中仍有较好疗效, 其中, 肠道菌源酶在这些中药组分的生物活性转化中起了非常重要作用。
甘草酸作为天然药物甘草的主要成分, 在临床应用于肝损伤的治疗[43, 44], 但体外活性低及口服生物利用度差是甘草酸在临床应用中面临的主要问题, 研究发现其代谢产物甘草次酸是甘草酸发挥活性的主要物质, 因此, 将其转化为分子量小、更易吸收的活性产物甘草次酸是解决当前临床问题的重要策略。肠道菌群产生的β-葡萄糖醛酸酶是催化甘草酸转化为甘草次酸的关键酶, 提高该酶活性可使甘草次酸生成增加, 明显提高甘草酸的生物利用度[45, 46]; 而且甘草次酸还会提高体内维生素A的代谢和视黄酸浓度, 有利于肝脏组织代谢葡萄糖和脂肪, 增强改善MASLD的效果[46, 47]。因此可以通过提高β-葡萄糖醛酸酶的活性, 增强甘草酸对肝损伤疾病的治疗效果。
与甘草酸类似, 黄芩苷也是葡萄糖醛酸苷类天然药物, 有较好的抗炎、抗氧化、降糖、防止冠状动脉和血栓形成等活性[48, 49], 但由于极性较大, 口服后很难吸收进入血液, 治疗剂量下不能发挥应有的药物疗效, 有研究表明, 黄芩苷口服后, 通过肠道菌群产生的β-葡萄糖醛酸酶代谢生成更易吸收的黄芩素[50, 51], 在增强药物活性的同时还能有效降低黄芩苷在机体细胞中的毒副作用[52]
槲皮素具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗溃疡、抗糖尿病等作用[53-55], 但槲皮素在中药中常以糖苷的形式存在, 口服后不易吸收, 成药性低。研究发现, 天然存在的槲皮苷可通过拟杆菌属、双歧杆菌属等肠道菌群产生的β-葡萄糖苷酶水解生成极性较弱、活性更强、更容易吸收的槲皮素[56], 促使槲皮素更好地发挥药效。
根皮苷是从苹果、苹果树皮及叶等中提取得到的酚类物质, 是由根皮素和配糖体结合成的葡糖苷, 国内外的临床研究表明, 根皮苷在治疗糖尿病方面有很好的疗效, 其机制主要为抑制钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2 (sodium-dependent glucose transporters 2, SGLT-2)[57]。与槲皮素类似, 根皮苷进入胃肠道后, 在肠道菌群β-葡萄糖苷酶的作用下转化成更易吸收的根皮素[58], 但糖苷与苷元降糖效果的比较还需要进一步探究, 目前有研究证明在细胞中苷元的降糖效果明显强于糖苷[59]
牛蒡苷和牛蒡苷元是牛蒡子中的主要有效成分, 其中牛蒡苷元在体内更容易吸收, 进入人体的牛蒡苷也需在肠道菌群β-葡萄糖苷酶催化下发生脱糖基反应, 转变为更易吸收的牛蒡苷元[60, 61]; 除此之外, Nose等[60]还发现牛蒡苷元可进一步在肠道布劳特菌等菌群产生的去甲基酶作用下代谢成为3'-去甲基-牛蒡苷元, 比苷元清除自由基的能力更强, 在体内外实验中均显示明显的抗肿瘤活性和较低的毒性反应。
人参皂苷作为人参的最重要活性组分, 虽然在临床上显示较强的抗肿瘤活性, 但分子量大、口服吸收差一直是阻碍药效发挥的突出问题, 而菌源β-葡萄糖苷酶将人参皂苷类成分水解生成分子量较小、较易吸收的苷元成分, 可有效增强人参皂苷的抗肿瘤作用[62, 63]
芍药苷是白芍等毛茛科植物的主要活性成分, 具有镇静、抗抑郁、抗炎等中枢神经系统作用。然而芍药苷吸收后无法通过血脑屏障, 导致其在临床使用中存在一定局限性。经研究发现, 芍药苷会在肠道菌源羧酸酯酶的参与下[64], 代谢成为容易吸收并能透过血脑屏障的安息香酸, 进而通过抑制脑内D-氨基酸氧化酶活性[65, 66], 减少脑内D-丝氨酸代谢来发挥抗抑郁作用, 因此肠道菌群产生的羧酸酯酶对于芍药苷发挥自身药理活性具有关键性作用。除此之外, 羧酸酯酶还会将女贞子苷的酯键水解转化为红景天苷和酪醇, 提高女贞子苷的生物利用度及活性, 增强抗结直肠肿瘤作用[67], 为临床用药也提供了新的思路。
在临床应用中, 中药常常以复方形式使用, 如果复方中的某种组分能有效提高以上肠道菌群产生酶的活性, 就可以更有效地将苷类/酯类药物转化为更易吸收的苷元/酸, 这也可解释为什么许多中药组分单独研究时的药效远不如中药复杂体系。这样的研究结果也进一步提示研究者, 未来通过研发靶向以上肠道菌群产生酶的药物, 与这些苷类或酯类药物联用, 可使之在较小剂量下产生较强的活性, 大大降低药物的不良反应。
伊立替康是天然药物喜树碱的半合成衍生物, 作为晚期大肠癌的一线用药, 是DNA拓扑异构酶I的抑制剂, 但是服用该药后, 患者会发生严重的腹泻反应, 这一不良反应也成为了伊立替康剂量限制的原因之一。研究发现, 伊立替康主要通过在肝脏羧酸酯酶作用下转化为7-乙基-10-羟基喜树碱(7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin, SN-38) 发挥抗肿瘤活性, 然后再在肝脏尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶作用下转化为水溶性代谢产物SN-38葡糖苷酸(SN-38 glucuronide, SN-38G) 经肠道进行排泄, 但在排泄过程中, 肠道菌群产生的β-葡萄糖醛酸酶可将SN-38G再次转化为抗肿瘤活性代谢产物SN-38, 杀伤正常的肠壁细胞, 破坏肠壁完整性, 从而导致患者出现严重的胃肠道反应[68]。目前已有研究通过高通量筛选得到了安全有效的肠道菌β-葡萄糖醛酸酶抑制剂, 该抑制剂不仅能减少毒性物质SN-38的产生, 缓解由SN-38引起的腹泻反应, 还能使伊立替康的使用剂量更加灵活[69], 提升了伊立替康的疗效。另外, 抗真菌化学合成药物5-氟胞嘧啶口服后, 会在肠道菌产生的胞嘧啶脱氨酶作用下转化生成5-氟尿嘧啶, 5-氟尿嘧啶吸收进入机体后, 可显著增加肝毒性和骨髓抑制等严重不良反应[70]。因此, 针对肠道菌源酶抑制剂的研究对于改变药物毒性方面具有重要的意义。
随着多组学技术的发展、粪菌移植技术以及无菌小鼠等实验方法的应用, 天然药物与肠道菌群的相互作用研究也掀起了热潮, 为解析天然药物活性及机制提供了新思路。目前, 关于药物与肠道菌群的相互作用还无法做到精准靶向调控, 肠道菌群产生酶或许会成为药物研究更加关注的方向。天然药物不仅可以直接作用于肠道菌产生酶的活性位点, 还可以通过调节肠道微生物组成改变相关酶活性和含量, 影响菌源性代谢产物水平, 干预疾病进展; 另外, 肠道菌产生酶还会对天然药物进行代谢, 改变药物的活性、生物利用度甚至药物的毒性, 从而影响药物的临床治疗效果(图 2)。本课题组也一直致力于该研究方向, 希望可以更进一步阐述天然药物疗效与肠道菌产生酶之间的相互关系, 为天然药物的临床应用提供理论指导。但是, 目前大多数研究都是在体外或者是动物上进行, 动物与人类在酶活性或是生理活动的调节方面都有所不同, 因此, 未来需要更多的临床试验数据来做支撑和验证。
作者贡献: 王志宇负责相关文献的收集、综述的撰写和文章作图; 申浩然负责部分文献的收集; 韩燕星对综述内容给予了指导和修改; 蒋卫指导论文写作, 并修改论文; 郭慧慧负责构建综述框架, 并指导论文写作及整体修改; 蒋建东指导论文写作, 并对综述进行最终审核。全体作者都阅读并同意最终的文本。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82104254)
  • 北京市科技新星计划项目(20230484467)
  • 中国医学科学院创新工程重大项目(2021-I2M-1-007)
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2024年第59卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0363
  • 接收时间:2024-04-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-15
  • 修回日期:2024-05-13
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82104254)
北京市科技新星计划项目(20230484467)
中国医学科学院创新工程重大项目(2021-I2M-1-007)
作者信息
    1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050
    2.浙江震元制药有限公司, 浙江 绍兴 312000
    3.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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