Article(id=1199786459210285369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199786450628735631, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0308, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711900800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-01, revisedDate=1722182400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763980982830, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1726070400000, pubDateStr=2024-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763980982830, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763980982830, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763980982830, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199786450628735631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='9', pageStart='2417', pageEnd='2676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763980980784, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225057364, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810182063280632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199786450628735631, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810182063280633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199786450628735631, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2594, endPage=2605, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199786459885568344, articleId=1199786459210285369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The effect and mechanism of Lycium barbarum leaves on D-galactose-induced cataract in rats based on metabolomics, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Evaluate the interventional effect of Lycium barbarum leaves extract on cataract rats and its effects on plasma and liver tissue metabolites. The ultimate goal is to explore the scientific connotation of Lycium barbarum leaves extract on vision improvement. All experiments were approved by the experimental animal ethics committee from Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (202306A067). D-Galactose (D-gal) induced cataract model in rats was established. The lens opacity, lens and liver tissue pathology, level of oxidative stress and polyol metabolism regulation in the lens, level of oxidative stress in serum and liver tissue, and the content of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum and liver tissue were analysed to evaluate the effect of Lycium barbarum leaves extract on cataract. The metabolite profiles of plasma and liver tissue of rats were analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to compare and analyze the metabolic data in control group and cataract group, and screen potential biomarkers. The related metabolic pathways were further constructed by KEGG database analysis. The results showed that lens and liver pathology of cataract rats were improved after being intervened by the leaves extract of Lycium barbarum. The contents of AR and Ca2+ were significantly decreased in lens, and the contents of SDH and GSH and the ability of CAT were significantly increased; the content of GSH and the ability of SOD were significantly improved in serum and liver tissue, the content of MDA, the abilities of ALT and AST and the level of inflammatory factors were significantly reduced. The metabolomics results showed that there were 15 different metabolites in plasma and liver tissue of cataract rats, and 9 different biomarkers including retinyl ester, stearic acid, and palmitic acid, were returned by Lycium barbarum leaves extract. As revealed by pathway enrichment in plasma and liver tissue, it was found that the retinol metabolic pathway was mainly regulated by Lycium barbarum leaves extract. In summary, Lycium barbarum leaves can effectively alleviate the pathological changes of cataract, inhibit inflammation and improve antioxidant capacity, which may relate to the retinol metabolic pathway. It provides scientific basis and support for revealing the scientific connotation of the effect of Lycium barbarum leaves on vision improvement.

, correspAuthors=Shu-lan SU, Jin-ao DUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Cong LU, Shu-lan SU, Yue ZHU, Sheng GUO, Da-wei QIAN, Hong-jie KANG, Lan-ping GUO, Jin-ao DUAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1199786461672342005, articleId=1199786459210285369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于代谢组学的枸杞叶改善D-半乳糖诱导白内障大鼠的生物效应与机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

评价枸杞叶提取物对白内障大鼠的干预作用及对血浆和肝脏代谢物的影响, 探究枸杞叶明目的科学内涵。所有动物实验经南京中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 202306A067)。采用D-半乳糖(D-gal) 诱导的白内障大鼠模型, 通过分析晶状体混浊程度、晶状体及肝脏组织病理形态改变、晶状体氧化应激水平及多元醇代谢调控水平变化、血清及肝脏氧化水平、肝功能水平及肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6) 等炎症因子含量变化, 评价枸杞叶提取物改善大鼠白内障的生物效应。运用UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS技术对大鼠血浆和肝脏组织代谢物进行分析, 通过主成分分析(PCA)、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA) 对比空白组与模型组的代谢数据, 筛选潜在的生物标志物, 并通过KEGG数据库分析相关代谢通路。结果表明, 枸杞叶提取物干预白内障大鼠后其晶状体及肝脏病理状态好转; 晶状体中醛糖还原酶(aldose reductase, AR) 及Ca2+含量显著降低, 山梨醇脱氢酶(sorbitol dehydrogenase, SDH)、GSH含量及CAT活力显著提升; 肝脏及血清中GSH含量及SOD活力明显提升, MDA含量、ALT及AST活力及各炎症因子水平显著降低; 代谢组学分析结果显示, 鉴定出血浆及肝脏组织中15种生物标志物, 其中枸杞叶提取物回调视黄酯、硬脂酸和棕榈酸等9种生物标志物。代谢通路富集发现, 枸杞叶提取物主要调控视黄醇代谢通路。综上, 枸杞叶能有效缓解白内障病理改变, 抑制炎症反应, 提高抗氧化能力等, 其作用机制可能与调控视黄醇代谢通路密切相关, 为枸杞叶明目功效科学内涵的揭示提供了科学依据和支撑。

, correspAuthors=宿树兰, 段金廒, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*宿树兰, Tel: 13809043258, E-mail: ;
段金廒, Tel: 86-25-85811291, E-mail:
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Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200378848647958887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786459210285369, companyId=1200378848626987365, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京中医药大学, 江苏省中药资源产业化过程协同创新中心, 中药资源产业化与方剂创新药物国家地方联合工程中心, 国家中医药管理局中药资源循环利用重点研究室, 江苏 南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1200378848815731055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786459210285369, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200378848824119666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786459210285369, companyId=1200378848815731055, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 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A: Pictures of lens opacity; B: The score of lens opacity in cataract rats after 15 days of treatment. <i>n</i> = 6, mean ± SD; C: H & E staining in the anterior capsule region (×200); D: H & E staining in the posterior capsule region (×200); E: H & E staining in liver (×200); F: Transmission electron microscopy observation of fiber cell changes in lens (×2 500). <sup>####</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> Con; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> Mod; Con: Control group; Mod: Model group; ZYMT: Zhangyanming tablet; LBLWE-L and H (WE-L and H): Low and high dose group of water extract of <i>Lycium barbarum</i> leaves; LBLAPS-L and H (APS-L and H): Low and high dose group of alcohol precipitation supernatant fraction of <i>Lycium barbarum</i> leaves; LBLAP-L and H (AP-L and H): Low and high dose group of alcohol precipitation fraction of <i>Lycium barbarum</i> leaves; LBLAPS-WE-L and H (APS-WE-L and H): Low and high dose group of water elution of alcohol precipitation supernatant fraction; LBLAPS-30%AE-L and H (APS-30%AE-L and H): Low and high dose group of 30% alcohol elution of alcohol precipitation supernatant fraction , figureFileSmall=qLdMObrH6uV/8uNYATt6Vw==, figureFileBig=CuQUq7OYXnmPfb/i8tm5LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378856986235638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786459210285369, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Pmft42fKTdl5f/L/xdNGSA==, figureFileBig=0LRm/LEslDo5Shl+HmAJ5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378857145619200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786459210285369, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The effects of <i>Lycium barbarum</i> leaves in lens and serum of cataract rats. A: CAT; B: GSH; C: AR; D: SDH; E: Ca<sup>2+</sup>; A-E in lens. F: GSH; G: MDA; H: SOD; I: IL-6; J: NO; F-J in serum. <i>n</i> = 6, mean ± SD. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>####</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> Con; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> Mod. CAT: Catalase; GSH: Glutathione; AR: Aldose reductase; SDH: Sorbitol dehydrogenase; Ca<sup>2+</sup>: Calcium ion; MDA: Malonaldehyde; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; IL-6: Interleukin- 6; NO: Nitric oxide , figureFileSmall=Pmft42fKTdl5f/L/xdNGSA==, figureFileBig=0LRm/LEslDo5Shl+HmAJ5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378857288225539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786459210285369, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lCG0iWNXKPLlshk6QOR2Cg==, figureFileBig=JAwBpN6Uwi6VQNLWu1JJ9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378857426637578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786459210285369, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= The effects of <i>Lycium barbarum</i> leaves in liver tissue of cataract rats. A: GSH; B: MDA; C: SOD; D: ALT; E: AST; F: IL-6; G: NO; H: TNF-<i>α</i>. <i>n</i> = 6, mean ± SD. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>####</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> Con; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> Mod. ALT: Alaninetransaminase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; TNF-<i>α</i>: Tumor necrosis factor <i>α</i> , figureFileSmall=lCG0iWNXKPLlshk6QOR2Cg==, figureFileBig=JAwBpN6Uwi6VQNLWu1JJ9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378857602798352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786459210285369, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=19AeqQgpjdLIXrl7dEe4Ew==, figureFileBig=iXS9NVZo+wmSgaO0tVxyVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378857745404694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786459210285369, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Total ion current chromatograms, PLS-DA, OPLS-DA, S-plot and 200 permutation test plots in positive mode and negative mode from plasma and liver. A: Total ion current chromatograms; 1 and 2 from plasma; 3 and 4 from liver; 1 and 3 for positive ion mode; 2 and 4 for negative ion mode. B1-B4: PLS-DA score plots; C1-C4: OPLS-DA score plots; D1-D4: S-plot; E1-E4: 200 permutation test plots. B1-E4 from control group and model group; B1, B2, C1, C2, D1, D2, E1, E2 from plasma; B3, B4, C3, C4, D3, D4, E3, E4 from liver; B1, B3, C1, C3, D1, D3, E1, E3 for positive ion mode; B2, B4, C2, C4, D2, D4, E2, E4 for negative ion mode (<i>n</i> = 6) , figureFileSmall=19AeqQgpjdLIXrl7dEe4Ew==, figureFileBig=iXS9NVZo+wmSgaO0tVxyVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378857854456603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786459210285369, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=uB9APtWOD770X4w4uB/U1w==, figureFileBig=un1X6J123Zhun+4TFBAZ5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378857946731293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786459210285369, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Relative peak areas in different ion patterns in plasma and liver and metabolic pathway analysis. A: Stearic acid; B: 2-Hydroxystearic acid; C: <i>N</i>-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid; D: Palmitic acid; E: Thromboxane. A-E in positive ion patterns in plasma. F: Stearic acid; G: Docosapentaenoic acid; H: Sulfolithocholylglycine; I: Thioperamide. F-I in negative ion patterns in plasma; J: Retinyl ester in negative ion patterns in liver. K: Metabolic pathways involved in all differential metabolites in plasma and liver of cataract rats; L: Metabolic pathways associated with the therapeutic effects exerted by various chemical fractions of LBL. a: Retinol metabolism; b: Arachidonic acid metabolism. <i>n</i> = 6, mean ± SD. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>####</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> Con; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> Mod , figureFileSmall=uB9APtWOD770X4w4uB/U1w==, figureFileBig=un1X6J123Zhun+4TFBAZ5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378858076754724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786459210285369, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cataract grade Level of opacity description Score
Clear lens with no vacuole 0
Clear lens with < 3 vacuoles 1
Clear lens with > 3 vacuoles 2
Vacuoles enveloped the whole lens surface 3
Incomplete lens opacity 4
Total lens opacity 5
), ArticleFig(id=1200378858173223724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786459210285369, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Scoring stages of the crystalline lens in galactose-induced cataract in rats

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cataract grade Level of opacity description Score
Clear lens with no vacuole 0
Clear lens with < 3 vacuoles 1
Clear lens with > 3 vacuoles 2
Vacuoles enveloped the whole lens surface 3
Incomplete lens opacity 4
Total lens opacity 5
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No. RT/min Mass (m/z) Metabolite Trenda ESI mode HMDB P/Lb
1 0.87 203.052 7 L-Sorbose + HMDB0001266 P
2 7.31 246.243 1 Myristic acid + HMDB0000806 P
3 8.92 274.274 3 Palmitic acid + HMDB0000220 P
4 9.03 318.300 6 2-Hydroxystearic acid + HMDB0062549 P
5 10.40 302.305 7 Stearic acidc + HMDB0000827 P
6 11.74 184.073 6 4-Trimethylammoniobutanoic acid + HMDB0001161 P
7 18.06 327.078 7 N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid + HMDB0001067 P
8 18.91 338.342 2 Thromboxane + HMDB0003208 P
9 5.85 512.268 4 Sulfolithocholylglycined - HMDB0002639 P
10 12.42 583.336 2 Thioperamide - HMDB0259023 P
11 13.81 283.263 2 Stearic acidc - HMDB0000827 P
12 16.46 329.247 6 Docosapentaenoic acid - HMDB0006528 P
13 17.56 337.183 3 4-oxo-Retinoic acid + HMDB0006285 L
14 5.93 512.267 8 Sulfolithocholylglycined - HMDB0002639 L
15 6.71 498.288 0 Taurochenodesoxycholic acid - HMDB0000951 L
16 14.32 301.216 4 Retinyl ester - HMDB0003598 L
17 15.65 303.232 2 Arachidonic acid - HMDB0001043 L
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Potential biomarkers in plasma and liver of galactose cataract rats. aModel group vs control group; Pb: Plasma, Lb: Liver tissue; cThe common metabolite in plasma under different ion modes; dThe common metabolite in plasma and liver tissue

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No. RT/min Mass (m/z) Metabolite Trenda ESI mode HMDB P/Lb
1 0.87 203.052 7 L-Sorbose + HMDB0001266 P
2 7.31 246.243 1 Myristic acid + HMDB0000806 P
3 8.92 274.274 3 Palmitic acid + HMDB0000220 P
4 9.03 318.300 6 2-Hydroxystearic acid + HMDB0062549 P
5 10.40 302.305 7 Stearic acidc + HMDB0000827 P
6 11.74 184.073 6 4-Trimethylammoniobutanoic acid + HMDB0001161 P
7 18.06 327.078 7 N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid + HMDB0001067 P
8 18.91 338.342 2 Thromboxane + HMDB0003208 P
9 5.85 512.268 4 Sulfolithocholylglycined - HMDB0002639 P
10 12.42 583.336 2 Thioperamide - HMDB0259023 P
11 13.81 283.263 2 Stearic acidc - HMDB0000827 P
12 16.46 329.247 6 Docosapentaenoic acid - HMDB0006528 P
13 17.56 337.183 3 4-oxo-Retinoic acid + HMDB0006285 L
14 5.93 512.267 8 Sulfolithocholylglycined - HMDB0002639 L
15 6.71 498.288 0 Taurochenodesoxycholic acid - HMDB0000951 L
16 14.32 301.216 4 Retinyl ester - HMDB0003598 L
17 15.65 303.232 2 Arachidonic acid - HMDB0001043 L
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基于代谢组学的枸杞叶改善D-半乳糖诱导白内障大鼠的生物效应与机制研究
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陆聪 1 , 宿树兰 1, * , 朱悦 1 , 郭盛 1 , 钱大玮 1 , 康宏杰 2 , 郭兰萍 3 , 段金廒 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(9): 2594-2605
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(9): 2594-2605
基于代谢组学的枸杞叶改善D-半乳糖诱导白内障大鼠的生物效应与机制研究
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陆聪1, 宿树兰1, * , 朱悦1, 郭盛1, 钱大玮1, 康宏杰2, 郭兰萍3, 段金廒1, *
作者信息
  • 1.南京中医药大学, 江苏省中药资源产业化过程协同创新中心, 中药资源产业化与方剂创新药物国家地方联合工程中心, 国家中医药管理局中药资源循环利用重点研究室, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 2.宁夏枸杞创新中心, 宁夏 银川 750002
  • 3.中国中医科学院中药资源中心, 北京 100700

通讯作者:

*宿树兰, Tel: 13809043258, E-mail: ;
段金廒, Tel: 86-25-85811291, E-mail:
The effect and mechanism of Lycium barbarum leaves on D-galactose-induced cataract in rats based on metabolomics
Cong LU1, Shu-lan SU1, * , Yue ZHU1, Sheng GUO1, Da-wei QIAN1, Hong-jie KANG2, Lan-ping GUO3, Jin-ao DUAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2. Ningxia Innovation Center of Goji, Yinchuan 750002, China
  • 3. National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
出版时间: 2024-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0308
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评价枸杞叶提取物对白内障大鼠的干预作用及对血浆和肝脏代谢物的影响, 探究枸杞叶明目的科学内涵。所有动物实验经南京中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 202306A067)。采用D-半乳糖(D-gal) 诱导的白内障大鼠模型, 通过分析晶状体混浊程度、晶状体及肝脏组织病理形态改变、晶状体氧化应激水平及多元醇代谢调控水平变化、血清及肝脏氧化水平、肝功能水平及肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6) 等炎症因子含量变化, 评价枸杞叶提取物改善大鼠白内障的生物效应。运用UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS技术对大鼠血浆和肝脏组织代谢物进行分析, 通过主成分分析(PCA)、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA) 对比空白组与模型组的代谢数据, 筛选潜在的生物标志物, 并通过KEGG数据库分析相关代谢通路。结果表明, 枸杞叶提取物干预白内障大鼠后其晶状体及肝脏病理状态好转; 晶状体中醛糖还原酶(aldose reductase, AR) 及Ca2+含量显著降低, 山梨醇脱氢酶(sorbitol dehydrogenase, SDH)、GSH含量及CAT活力显著提升; 肝脏及血清中GSH含量及SOD活力明显提升, MDA含量、ALT及AST活力及各炎症因子水平显著降低; 代谢组学分析结果显示, 鉴定出血浆及肝脏组织中15种生物标志物, 其中枸杞叶提取物回调视黄酯、硬脂酸和棕榈酸等9种生物标志物。代谢通路富集发现, 枸杞叶提取物主要调控视黄醇代谢通路。综上, 枸杞叶能有效缓解白内障病理改变, 抑制炎症反应, 提高抗氧化能力等, 其作用机制可能与调控视黄醇代谢通路密切相关, 为枸杞叶明目功效科学内涵的揭示提供了科学依据和支撑。

枸杞叶  /  白内障  /  药效评价  /  代谢组学  /  晶状体  /  肝脏  /  血浆

Evaluate the interventional effect of Lycium barbarum leaves extract on cataract rats and its effects on plasma and liver tissue metabolites. The ultimate goal is to explore the scientific connotation of Lycium barbarum leaves extract on vision improvement. All experiments were approved by the experimental animal ethics committee from Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (202306A067). D-Galactose (D-gal) induced cataract model in rats was established. The lens opacity, lens and liver tissue pathology, level of oxidative stress and polyol metabolism regulation in the lens, level of oxidative stress in serum and liver tissue, and the content of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum and liver tissue were analysed to evaluate the effect of Lycium barbarum leaves extract on cataract. The metabolite profiles of plasma and liver tissue of rats were analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to compare and analyze the metabolic data in control group and cataract group, and screen potential biomarkers. The related metabolic pathways were further constructed by KEGG database analysis. The results showed that lens and liver pathology of cataract rats were improved after being intervened by the leaves extract of Lycium barbarum. The contents of AR and Ca2+ were significantly decreased in lens, and the contents of SDH and GSH and the ability of CAT were significantly increased; the content of GSH and the ability of SOD were significantly improved in serum and liver tissue, the content of MDA, the abilities of ALT and AST and the level of inflammatory factors were significantly reduced. The metabolomics results showed that there were 15 different metabolites in plasma and liver tissue of cataract rats, and 9 different biomarkers including retinyl ester, stearic acid, and palmitic acid, were returned by Lycium barbarum leaves extract. As revealed by pathway enrichment in plasma and liver tissue, it was found that the retinol metabolic pathway was mainly regulated by Lycium barbarum leaves extract. In summary, Lycium barbarum leaves can effectively alleviate the pathological changes of cataract, inhibit inflammation and improve antioxidant capacity, which may relate to the retinol metabolic pathway. It provides scientific basis and support for revealing the scientific connotation of the effect of Lycium barbarum leaves on vision improvement.

Lycium barbarum leaf  /  cataract  /  efficacy evaluation  /  metabolomics  /  lens  /  liver  /  plasma
陆聪, 宿树兰, 朱悦, 郭盛, 钱大玮, 康宏杰, 郭兰萍, 段金廒. 基于代谢组学的枸杞叶改善D-半乳糖诱导白内障大鼠的生物效应与机制研究. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (9) : 2594 -2605 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0308
Cong LU, Shu-lan SU, Yue ZHU, Sheng GUO, Da-wei QIAN, Hong-jie KANG, Lan-ping GUO, Jin-ao DUAN. The effect and mechanism of Lycium barbarum leaves on D-galactose-induced cataract in rats based on metabolomics[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (9) : 2594 -2605 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0308
白内障是高发性的致盲眼病, 因白内障造成的眼盲及视力丧失的患病人数从1990年到2019年间增加223.54%[1]。白内障由多种原因造成, 其中衰老、糖代谢紊乱、炎症、免疫缺陷、术后并发症等均是造成晶状体内部组织代谢紊乱、功能失调, 逐渐混浊致盲的内在原因[2]。在现代医学中, 手术治疗白内障的方式因其治疗周期短而广为应用, 但仍存在大量术后后遗症, 如干眼症、一系列炎症反应、视网膜微循环损伤甚至脱离、视力降低等[3], 且不易逆转。
枸杞叶是茄科植物宁夏枸杞Lycium barbarum L.的干燥嫩叶[4], 现代研究表明宁夏枸杞叶含有丰富的黄酮类、酚酸类及生物碱类成分[5], 具有抗氧化、抗炎、降血糖等多种生物活性[6, 7]。《中华本草》[8]中描述枸杞叶可补虚益精、清热明目, 主治虚劳发热、烦渴、目赤昏痛、障翳夜盲。《中药大辞典》[9]亦记载了其主治目赤昏痛, 障翳夜盲之功。
代谢组学是对患者机体的代谢情况进行系统性的动态分析, 与中医“整体观念”不谋而合, 并适用于慢性损伤性疾病[10, 11]。郭引弟等[12]通过代谢组学研究发现花生四烯酸、嘌呤与氨基酸代谢途径是枸杞叶调节大鼠免疫功能及抗氧化能力的潜在机制。本课题组前期研究发现枸杞叶可通过烟酸及烟酰胺代谢调节2型糖尿病大鼠的代谢异常[13]。因此, 为了更客观地评价枸杞叶改善白内障的科学内涵, 本研究采用D-半乳糖(D-gal) 诱导的白内障大鼠模型, 对枸杞叶提取物改善白内障的生物效应进行评价, 并进一步应用代谢组学技术探讨其作用机制, 以期为枸杞叶明目功效的科学内涵阐明及临床应用提供科学依据和参考。
实验动物  Wistar雄性大鼠130只, 3周龄, 体质量40~70 g, 购买自上海斯莱克实验动物有限公司, 实验动物许可证号: SCXK (沪) 2022-0004, 饲养于南京中医药大学药物安全评价研究中心(SPF级), 自由饮水饮食, 光照周期12 h, 温度维持在(23 ± 2) ℃, 相对湿度维持在(60 ± 2)%。所有动物实验经南京中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 202306A067)。
化学与试剂  芦丁(批号: M09HB177693)、新绿原酸(批号: CFS202301)、绿原酸(批号: CFS202301)、隐绿原酸(批号: J01GB147635)、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷(批号: CFS202301)、甜菜碱(批号: DJ0615YA13)、葫芦巴碱(批号: N22HB202063)、无水葡萄糖(批号: S22J12H137237) 和葡萄糖醛酸(批号: R15O11H127770) 均购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司, 没食子酸(批号: 110831-201906) 购自中国食品药品检定研究院, 纯度均大于98%。大鼠一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO, 批号: AF20240112) 酶联免疫分析(ELISA) 试剂盒、大鼠肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α, 批号: AF20231218) ELISA试剂盒、大鼠白细胞介素6 (interleukin-6, IL-6, 批号: AF20231218) ELISA检测试剂盒、大鼠醛糖还原酶(aldose reductase, AR, 批号: AF20231218) ELISA检测试剂盒、大鼠山梨醇脱氢酶(sorbitol dehydrogenase, SDH, 批号: AF20231218) ELISA检测试剂盒、大鼠钙离子(calcium ion, Ca2+, 批号: AF20231218) ELISA检测试剂盒均购自湖南艾方生物科技有限公司, 超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD, 批号: 20231206) 生化试剂盒、丙二醛(malonaldehyde, MDA, 批号: 20231206) 生化试剂盒、还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH, 批号: 20231206) 生化试剂盒、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT, 批号: 20231208) 生化试剂盒、谷丙转氨酶(alaninetransaminase, ALT, 批号: 20231208) 生化试剂盒及门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST, 批号: 20231208) 生化试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所有限公司。电镜固定液(批号: G1102) 购自武汉塞维尔生物科技有限公司。乙腈及甲酸(德国默克公司) 均为色谱纯。
药物  枸杞叶(生产批号: 2205195), 购自宁夏明德中药饮片有限公司, 经段金廒教授鉴定为茄科植物宁夏枸杞Lycium barbarum L.的叶, 符合质量标准[4]D-半乳糖粉末(生产批号: S26IS227036) 购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司, 纯度 > 99.99%。障眼明片购自广州白云山中一药业有限公司(生产批号: D04008)。复方托吡卡胺滴眼液(生产批号: 国药准字H20103127) 购自长春迪瑞制药有限公司。
仪器  ST60-4微孔板恒温震荡仪(杭州米欧仪器有限公司); Enspire多功能酶标仪(美国Perkin Elmer公司); Tissuelyer-48型全自动样品快速研磨仪(上海净信实业发展有限公司); DZ30-32高速离心机(上海安亭科学仪器厂); KJ5S1手持式裂隙灯显微镜(苏州康捷医疗股份有限公司); 裂隙灯拍摄采用Apple iphone 13; Waters UPLC超高效液相色谱仪、Waters ACQUITY UPLC系统、SynaptTMQ-TOF质谱检测器、Xevo TQ检测器及MassLynx质谱工作站(美国Waters公司)。
药物制备及成分分析
枸杞叶水提取部位(LBLWE) 制备  称取1 kg枸杞叶药材加入10倍量水加热回流提取2次, 每次1 h, 合并滤液冻干备用。
枸杞叶醇沉上清部位(LBLAPS) 及枸杞叶醇沉沉淀部位(LBLAP) 制备  按上述方法提取3 kg枸杞叶药材, 减压浓缩至3 L, 缓缓加入无水乙醇, 边加边搅拌, 使含醇量达到80%, 静置24 h过夜, 过滤得LBLAPS溶液及LBLAP溶液, LBLAPS浓缩至3 L后取1.5 L, 与LBLAP分别冻干备用。
枸杞叶醇沉上清的水洗脱部位(LBLAPS-WE) 及枸杞叶醇沉上清的30%乙醇洗脱部位(LBLAPS-30%AE) 制备  取1.5 L的LBLAPS浓缩液, 采用D101大孔树脂对其进行分级洗脱制备, 采用水及30%乙醇各洗脱6柱体积, 分别冻干。
供试品溶液的处理  取LBLWE、LBLAPS、LBLAP、LBLAPS-WE及LBLAPS-30%AE冻干粉, 分别用纯水、80%乙醇、纯水、纯水及30%乙醇溶解后离心(3 500 r·min-1, 15 min), 取上清液, 经0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤, 即得LBLWE、LBLAPS、LBLAP、LBLAPS-WE及LBLAPS-30%AE供试品溶液。
采用紫外分光光度法及超高效液相色谱仪检测供试品溶液中黄酮类及酚酸类成分含量[14]  超高效液相色谱检测条件: 采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm), 流动相为0.1%甲酸水(A)-乙腈(B); 运行时间30 min, 梯度洗脱程序为0~2 min, 5%~6% B; 2~8 min, 6%~10% B; 8~12 min, 10%~12% B; 12~14 min, 12%~12.5% B; 14~18 min, 12.5%~15% B; 18~19 min, 15%~16% B; 19~23 min, 16%~30% B; 23~28 min, 30%~90% B; 28~29 min, 90%~5% B; 29~30 min, 5% B; 流速为0.40 mL·min-1; 柱温为30 ℃, 进样量2 μL。
采用UPLC-TQ-MS及分光光度法检测供试品溶液中生物碱类及多糖类成分含量[5, 14]  色谱条件: 采用ACQUITY UPLC BHE Amide色谱柱(100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm); 流动相A为0.1%甲酸水溶液, B为乙腈, 梯度洗脱: 0~1 min, 10% A; 1~3 min, 10%~18% A; 3~6 min, 18%~20% A; 6~7.5 min, 20%~37.5% A; 7.5~9 min, 37.5%~10% A; 9~10 min, 10% A。流速为0.25 mL·min-1, 柱温为30 ℃, 进样量2 μL。质谱条件: 采用电喷雾离子源(ESI) 正离子扫描模式, 检测方式为多反应检测(MRM); 毛细管电压: 2 500 V; 传输毛细管温度: 350 ℃; 雾化温度: 350 ℃; 鞘气流量: 50 psi (1 psi ≈ 6.9 kPa); 辅助气流量: 10 psi; CID气压: 0.199 5 Pa。
动物造模  将130只大鼠适应性饲养5天后按体质量随机分为空白组(Con, n = 10) 和模型组(Mod, n = 120), 并用裂隙灯检查眼前节均正常, 无明显病变。造模第一周腹腔注射D-半乳糖溶液10 mL·kg-1。造模第二周腹腔注射50% D-半乳糖溶液10 mL·kg-1, 饮水换为10% D-半乳糖溶液。造模期间每周每组随机挑3只大鼠观察白内障发展情况。拍照过程中采用抓取固定大鼠的方式拍照, 造模28天后对所有大鼠裂隙灯拍照并分组。
动物分组与给药  模型组大鼠造模后按照晶状体混浊等级[15] (表 1) 对每只大鼠双眼进行分级评分(达到Ⅲ级即为造模成功), 将模型组中116只大鼠(其中造模过程中模型组死亡4只) 按晶状体的混浊情况随机分为12组, 即模型组(Mod, 9只)、障眼明片组(ZYMT, 26.25 g·kg-1, 9只)、枸杞叶水提高剂量组(LBLWE-H, 1.89 g·kg-1, 9只)、枸杞叶水提低剂量组(LBLWE-L, 0.63 g·kg-1, 10只)、枸杞叶醇沉上清高剂量组(LBLAPS-H, 0.80 g·kg-1, 10只)、枸杞叶醇沉上清低剂量组(LBLAPS-L, 0.268 g·kg-1, 10只)、枸杞叶醇沉沉淀高剂量组(LBLAP-H, 1.15 g·kg-1, 10只)、枸杞叶醇沉沉淀低剂量组(LBLAP-L, 0.38 g·kg-1, 10只)、枸杞叶醇沉上清水洗脱液高剂量组(LBLAPS-WE-H, 0.42 g·kg-1, 9只)、枸杞叶醇沉上清水洗脱液低剂量组(LBLAPS-WE-L, 0.14 g·kg-1, 10只)、枸杞叶醇沉上清30%乙醇洗脱液高剂量组(LBLAPS-30%AE-H, 0.306 g·kg-1, 10只) 和枸杞叶醇沉上清30%乙醇洗脱液低剂量组(LBLAPS-30%AE-L, 0.102 g·kg-1, 10只)。分组后停止饮水及腹腔造模, 连续灌胃给药15天。
晶状体混浊情况图像采集  造模后第16天停止给药, 复方托吡卡胺滴眼液散瞳后裂隙灯拍照, 采集各组大鼠晶状体裂隙灯拍照图。
样本采集  腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠(100 mg·kg-1) 麻醉各组大鼠, 腹主动脉取血后全血在室温中放置2 h, 于离心机中(3 000 r·min-1, 4 ℃) 离心15 min, 取上层血清及血浆, -80 ℃冰箱保存, 部分肝脏放-80 ℃冰箱保存, 部分眼球在显微镜下在PBS中沿角膜缘剪除角膜, 将晶状体轻轻取出放入EP管中-80 ℃冻存。
晶状体、肝脏病理形态观察  眼球及肝脏浸泡在4%多聚甲醛中固定24 h后脱水浸蜡, 包埋, 予以染色, 显微镜观察病理变化并拍照。
晶状体纤维细胞超微结构观察  在电镜固定液中将需要固定的大鼠新鲜眼球沿角巩膜缘剪开后将晶状体取出, 用0.1 mol·L-1磷酸缓冲液PB (pH 7.4) 漂洗3次, 每次15 min, 充分固定后进行脱水、渗透、包埋、切片、染色及拍照。
生化指标检测  取-80 ℃冰箱保存的晶状体、血清及肝脏组织样本在4 ℃冰箱解冻, 采用酶联免疫法测定晶状体中Ca2+、AR及SDH指标, 血清中NO及IL-6指标, 肝脏中NO、IL-6及TNF-α指标, 参照试剂盒的规定操作。采用生化试剂盒检测晶状体中CAT及GSH指标, 血清中SOD、MDA及GSH指标, 肝脏中ALT、AST、SOD、MDA及GSH指标, 参照试剂盒的规定操作。
血浆及肝脏样本的制备
血浆样本  取血浆样本在4 ℃冰箱解冻, 精密吸取100 μL样本与300 μL冷乙腈涡旋混合90 s, 冰上静置30 min, 13 000 r·min-1 (4 ℃) 离心15 min, 沉淀蛋白, 取上清离心浓缩, 挥干溶剂, 保存于-30 ℃冰箱, 进样前用50%冷乙腈150 μL复溶, 混匀, 13 000 r·min-1 (4 ℃) 离心15 min, 取上清进样。
肝脏样本  将冻存的肝脏组织于4 ℃冰箱解冻, 取样本约100 mg, 加入800 μL乙腈, 60 Hz充分匀浆2次, 每次60 s, 13 000 r·min-1 (4 ℃) 离心15 min, 取上清离心浓缩, 挥干溶剂, 保存于-30 ℃冰箱, 进样前用50%冷乙腈300 μL复溶, 涡旋混匀, 13 000 r·min-1 (4 ℃) 离心15 min, 取上清进样。
QC样本  分别取上述复溶离心后的血浆或肝脏上清液样本各20 μL, 涡旋混匀后进样。
液质条件
质谱条件  采用Electrospray ionozation离子源正负两种电离模式, 设置具体条件如下: 离子源温度(120 ℃)、碰撞能量(20~50 eV)、质量扫描范围(m/z 100~1 000)、毛细管电压(3 000 V)、锥孔电压(30 V)、萃取电压(2.0 V)、锥孔气流量(50 L·h-1)、脱溶剂气流量(600 L·h-1)、脱溶剂温度(350 ℃)、扫描时间(0.3 s)、间隔时间(0.02 s)。喷雾辅助气体为氮气, 使用MassLynx软件采集图像及数据。
色谱条件  色谱柱: Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm); 柱温: 35 ℃; 流动相梯度洗脱条件: 0~5 min, 95%~70% A; 5~12 min, 70%~30% A; 12~16 min, 30%~20% A; 16~17 min, 20%~5% A; 17~18 min, 5% A; 18~19 min, 5%~95% A; 19~20 min, 95% A, 其中A相为0.1%甲酸水, B为乙腈; 流速: 0.4 mL·min-1; 进样量: 2 μL。
药效学实验统计学处理  通过GraphPad Prism 10.1.2软件进行统计学分析, 多组间比较采用one-way ANOVA分析, 单因素方差分析处理前数据经过正态分布检验, 以P < 0.05时差异具有统计学意义。
血浆及肝脏代谢组学数据处理与分析  采用Masslynx V4.2工作站(美国Waters公司) 对采集得到的代谢谱图进行峰提取和峰匹配, 得到大鼠血浆及肝脏样品正、负离子模式下的总离子流色谱图(TIC)。将各组原始质谱数据导入Progensis QI (美国Waters公司) 软件进行峰对齐, 峰提取及归一化处理, 处理后数据代入SIMCA软件(版本14.0, 瑞典) 进行偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA) 及正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)。筛选出同时符合VIP > 1且∣P∣ > 0.05的差异代谢物。对Con组及Mod组的峰面积采用SPSS26软件进行t检验及非参数检验分析, 通过检验两组之间峰面积是否具有显著性差异来进一步选出潜在的差异代谢物, 设定为P < 0.05具有统计学意义。在人类代谢组数据库(HMDB, http://www.hmdb.ca/) 及代谢分析数据库(http://www.metaboanalyst.ca/) 中进行最终筛选出的差异代谢物的鉴定以及其可能代谢途径的确定。
LBLWE得率为40.37%。LBLWE中主要含有黄酮类、酚酸类及生物碱类成分, 其中总黄酮含量24.63 mg·g-1, 总酚酸含量19.20 mg·g-1, 主要包括芦丁7.71 mg·g-1、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷0.57 mg·g-1、绿原酸8.99 mg·g-1、新绿原酸4.60 mg·g-1及隐绿原酸5.02 mg·g-1; 生物碱类成分主要为甜菜碱, 含量达49.56 mg·g-1
LBLAPS及LBLAP得率分别为17.13%及24.48%。LBLAPS中主要含有黄酮类、酚酸类及生物碱类成分, 其中总黄酮含量38.87 mg·g-1, 总酚酸含量29.65 mg·g-1, 主要包括芦丁35.25 mg·g-1、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷2.02 mg·g-1、绿原酸13.13 mg·g-1、新绿原酸7.33 mg·g-1及隐绿原酸9.93 mg·g-1; 生物碱类成分主要为甜菜碱和葫芦巴碱, 含量分别为40.45和0.27 mg·g-1; LBLAP中主要为糖类成分, 其中总多糖含量为116.4 mg·g-1, 酸性多糖含量为64.62 mg·g-1
LBLAPS-WE及LBLAPS-30%AE得率分别为8.97%及6.53%。LBLAPS-WE主要成分为甜菜碱和葫芦巴碱, 含量分别为80.24和1.21 mg·g-1; LBLAPS-30%AE主要含有黄酮类及酚酸类成分, 其中总黄酮含量193.01 mg·g-1, 总酚酸含量125.16 mg·g-1, 主要包括芦丁55.10 mg·g-1、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷1.77 mg·g-1、绿原酸36.96 mg·g-1、新绿原酸12.62 mg·g-1及隐绿原酸25.49 mg·g-1
图 1A所示, 空白组大鼠晶状体均清澈透明, 模型组大鼠晶状体出现完全混浊, 与模型组相比, LBL各高低剂量组大鼠白内障程度明显缓解, 其中LBLWE-H及LBLAPS-30%AE-H效果显著, 仅赤道部出现空泡, 且还未向中心扩展, 未出现皮质部混浊。对各组大鼠晶状体混浊程度进行评分[15], 结果如图 1B, 由图可知, 对比空白组, 模型组大鼠晶状体混浊程度明显升高(P < 0.000 1); 与模型组大鼠相比, LBL各高低剂量给药组大鼠晶状体的混浊等级均显著降低(P < 0.05), 其中以LBLWE-H及LBLAPS-30%AE-H效果最明显(P < 0.000 1)。
病理染色结果如图 1C所示, 空白组大鼠晶状体前囊区域上皮细胞单层排列且整齐有序, 纤维细胞正常排列, 形态呈椭圆形; 模型组大鼠晶状体前囊区域囊膜变薄, 上皮细胞结构紊乱, 形态不规则, 排列稀疏, 部分上皮细胞向浅层皮质中移行, 晶状体纤维细胞变性肿胀, 存在部分炎性细胞浸润, 浅层皮质液化, 空泡化现象严重, 晶状体纤维崩解, 甚至可见Morgagnian小球; ZYMT、LBLWE-L、LBLAPS-L、LBLAP-H及LBLAPS-30%AE-L、H对白内障大鼠晶状体上皮细胞结构异常及排列紊乱的改善效果明显, 但仍存在晶状体纤维崩解。
图 1D, 空白组大鼠晶状体后囊区域上皮细胞排列有序, 过渡自然, 纤维层连接紧密; 模型组大鼠晶状体后囊区域晶状体上皮细胞向纤维细胞过渡处细胞杂乱排列, 纤维细胞断裂降解; ZYMT、LBLWE-H、LBLAPS-L、LBLAP-L、LBLAP-H、LBLAPS-WE-H及LBLAPS-30%AE-L、H组大鼠纤维层细胞排列致密有序, 得到了明显改善。
大鼠肝脏病理染色结果如图 1E所示。空白组肝组织结构清晰, 肝细胞排列正常, 未见脂肪变性; 模型组中央静脉周围可见少量肝细胞水样变性(蓝色箭头), 胞质疏松淡染, 中央静脉周围少量胶原纤维增生(红色箭头); ZYMT、LBLWE-H、LBLAPS-L、LBLAPS-WE-H及LBLAPS-30%AE-H组大鼠肝细胞颜色加深, 排列正常, 无明显病变。
晶状体纤维细胞的排列情况如图 1F。空白组大鼠纤维细胞排列紧密, 分布均匀; 模型组大鼠晶状体纤维细胞肿胀变形, 边界不清, 且细胞之间产生裂隙, 纤维层出现了许多小空泡及小空泡聚合后的大空泡; 给药15天后ZYMT、LBLAP-H、LBLWE-L、H及LBLAPS-30%AE-H组大鼠晶状体纤维细胞排列致密且相对整齐, 虽然仍有空泡化现象存在, 但数量明显低于模型组。
白内障大鼠晶状体生化指标变化如图 2A~E所示, 与空白组相比, 模型组大鼠晶状体CAT、GSH及SDH水平均显著降低(P < 0.01), AR及Ca2+含量均明显升高(P < 0.000 1); 与模型组相比, LBLWE及LBLAP各高、低剂量给药组均显著升高晶状体CAT水平(P < 0.01), LBLAPS高、低剂量给药组均显著升高晶状体GSH水平(P < 0.05); LBLWE、LBLAPS-WE及LBLAPS-30%AE各高、低剂量给药组大鼠晶状体中AR含量均显著减少(P < 0.01), LBLWE、LBLAPS及LBLAP各高、低剂量给药组大鼠晶状体中SDH含量明显增多(P < 0.05); LBLAP-H、LBLAPS-WE-L和LBLAPS-30%AE-L抑制D-半乳糖所致晶状体中Ca2+的堆积效果明显(P < 0.05)。
结果见图 2F~H, 与空白组相比, 模型组大鼠血清中GSH及SOD水平明显降低(P < 0.05), MDA含量增多(P < 0.001); 与模型组相比, LBLAP-L组及ZYMT组大鼠血清GSH水平显著提升, MDA水平明显降低(P < 0.05), LBLAP-H组、LBLAPS-30%AE-H组及ZYMT组大鼠血清SOD水平显著提升(P < 0.05)。
结果见图 2IJ, 与空白组相比, 模型组大鼠血清中IL-6及NO含量显著升高(P < 0.001), 提示模型组大鼠出现明显炎症反应; 相比模型组, LBL各高、低剂量给药组均可使大鼠血清中NO含量显著降低(P < 0.001), LBLAPS-L、H及LBLAPS-30%AE-H组大鼠血清中IL-6含量明显降低(P < 0.05), 提示白内障大鼠血清出现炎症, LBLAPS-L、H及LBLAPS-30%AE-H缓解炎症反应效果佳。
图 3A~C所示, 与空白组比较, 模型组大鼠肝脏的GSH及SOD水平明显降低(P < 0.01), MDA含量显著上升(P < 0.000 1), 提示肝脏存在氧化损伤; 相比模型组, LBLWE-L及LBLAPS-L、H明显提升大鼠肝脏GSH含量(P < 0.05), LBLAPS-H、LBLAP-L、LBLAPS-WE-L及LBLAPS-30%AE-H显著降低肝脏中MDA水平(P < 0.01), LBLAPS-30%AE-H明显提升大鼠肝脏SOD活力(P < 0.05), 提示LBL不同给药部位减轻白内障大鼠肝脏组织氧化损伤。
大鼠肝脏功能指标及炎症因子变化如图 3D~H, 模型组大鼠肝脏ALT、AST、IL-6、NO及TNF-α水平相比于空白组显著上升(P < 0.01), 提示模型组大鼠肝脏损伤明显; 与模型组相比, LBLWE-L、LBLAPS-L及LBLAPS-WE-H组大鼠肝脏ALT及AST活力均明显降低(P < 0.05); 与模型组相比, LBL各高低剂量给药组大鼠肝脏中NO含量均显著降低(P < 0.05), LBLAPS-H、LBLAP-H、LBLAPS-WE-H、LBLAPS-30%AE-H及LBLWE-L、H给药组大鼠肝脏中IL-6及TNF-α含量均明显降低(P < 0.05), 提示其具有明显抗炎效果, 且高剂量组的抗炎效果优于低剂量组。
采用UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS进行血浆及肝脏样品的分离和数据采集, 得到正、负离子模式下样本离子流图(图 4A)。将QI处理数据导入SIMCA、PLS-DA和OPLS-DA分析结果如图 4B1~C4所示, Con组与Mod组的血浆及肝脏样本在正、负离子下均可以有效分离, 提示D-gal诱导的模型组大鼠血浆及肝脏的代谢出现了明显紊乱。通过对OPLS-DA结果分析得到相应血浆及肝脏正负离子的S-plot图(图 4D1~D4), S-plot上的点与中心点0点的距离代表组间差异的大小。200次置换检验后, 结果如图 4E1~E4, 血浆中R2Y在正负离子模式下分别为0.998和0.654, Q2回归线截距在正负离子中分别为-0.425和-0.704; 肝脏组织中R2Y在正负离子模式下分别为0.965和0.986, Q2回归线截距在正负离子中分别为-0.231和-0.18, 表明预测能力好, 没有出现过拟合现象。
将差异代谢物导入HMDB数据库进行鉴定, 筛选出来源于血液及肝脏的差异代谢物, 以白内障、衰老、氧化应激、肝损伤、脂质代谢等为关键词查阅与筛选出的差异代谢物相关联的文献进行对比, 最终筛选出17个差异代谢物(共15种), 见表 2, 其中12个来自血浆, 5个来自肝脏, 其中棕榈酸在血浆正负离子均可检测到, 磺酰胆碱甘氨酸在血浆及肝脏的负离子模式下均被检测到。模型组与空白组相比的质谱数据及变化趋势如表 2所示, D-半乳糖干预后大鼠血清中L-山梨糖、2-羟基硬脂酸、硬脂酸等潜在生物标志物的含量下调, 而棕榈酸、血栓素、磺酰胆碱甘氨酸等含量增加; 肝脏中4-oxo-视黄酸与花生四烯酸下调, 视黄酯、牛磺酸脱氧胆酸及磺酰胆碱甘氨酸上调。
D-半乳糖造模成功后给予障眼明片及枸杞叶各化学部位药物干预, 通过对鉴定出的潜在差异代谢物在Con、Mod及各给药组的相对含量(以峰面积计) 进行统计学分析, 得到药物具有明显回调作用的差异代谢物如图 5所示, 在进行药物治疗后, 有9种差异代谢物的异常代谢得到了明显改善(P < 0.05)。
将大鼠血浆及肝脏中鉴定出来的15种差异代谢物的HMDB输入MetaboAnalyst6.0数据库, 得到潜在的差异代谢物的代谢通路, 其中impact > 0.1的通路被认为是潜在的靶点代谢通路。如图 5KL所示, D-半乳糖诱导的白内障大鼠有8条通路出现了变化, 枸杞叶发挥作用的代谢通路有6条, 其中有1条代谢通路的impact值大于0.1, 为视黄醇代谢通路, 认为枸杞叶可能是通过改善这条代谢紊乱途径来发挥作用。相比空白组大鼠, 模型组大鼠肝组织中4-oxo-视黄酸浓度降低、视黄酯浓度明显升高(P < 0.000 1), 提示D-半乳糖致白内障模型与视黄醇代谢紊乱密切相关。枸杞叶给药后能明显降低白内障大鼠肝组织中的视黄酯浓度(P < 0.01) (图 5J), 以低剂量组效果更佳, 提示视黄酯是枸杞叶调节视黄醇代谢通路的关键生物标志物, 且给药后逐渐向正常水平恢复。
枸杞叶药用历史悠久, 作为药食两用中药具有滋肝补肾、明目益精之功, 在西北地区广为流行[16]。中医将白内障归为“圆翳内障”范畴, 其病因主要是肝肾亏损所致精血不足, 精血不能上荣于目, 从而使晶珠无法受到滋养, 最终导致晶珠混浊, 其发病机制在于肝、肾、脾。氧化损伤是白内障发生的重要机制, 大量脂质过氧化物的堆积仍然会导致晶体屏障功能受损, 降低晶状体相关酶活性, 晶体蛋白减少, 并可通过阻止谷胱甘肽的氧化还原作用, 使晶体维持还原性谷胱甘肽的水平受损, 引起晶体混浊[17]。现代医学认为, 在老年患者中, 其可能是由于晶状体含水量降低, Ca2+浓度增加, 总蛋白含量增加, 可溶性蛋白比例减少, 晶状体纤维硬化失去弹性, 调节能力下降, 出现视物混浊[18]。在糖性白内障患者中, 晶状体的渗透压改变学说得到广泛认可, 当半乳糖在体内大量堆积时会引起多元醇通路的激发, 大量糖经过晶状体囊膜被代谢转化为山梨醇和果糖, 无法从晶状体内渗出囊膜, 使晶状体内部渗透压增高, 细胞吸水溶胀, 导致细胞破裂, 形态改变且排列紊乱[19], 而晶状体的透明度又依赖于排列整齐的上皮细胞及纤维细胞, 故而透明度降低, 白内障产生。
本研究采用D-gal成功建立白内障大鼠模型, 经枸杞叶提取物干预后的白内障大鼠晶状体混浊程度缓解, 晶状体上皮细胞及纤维细胞病理状态好转, 肝脏病理损伤同样改善。研究结果表明, 枸杞叶提取物可明显改善大鼠晶状体CAT、GSH、Ca2+、AR及SDH水平, 同时缓解血清及肝脏的氧化应激及炎症反应, 表现出其抗炎、抗氧化及调节多元醇代谢失衡作用, 提示枸杞叶可以有效延缓白内障病情的发展。
代谢组学常被用于挖掘D-半乳糖建立的小鼠衰老模型的代谢紊乱[20-22], 关于白内障模型目前尚缺乏代谢调控的研究。本实验利用UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS技术对大鼠血浆及肝脏组织进行代谢组学研究, 筛选出潜在的生物标志物, 富集相关通路, 探究其作用机制。从白内障大鼠的血浆及肝脏组织中共鉴定出15种与白内障疾病相关的差异代谢物, 枸杞叶提取物回调其中9种差异代谢物, 提示这9种差异代谢物与枸杞叶提取物治疗白内障作用密切相关。代谢通路分析表明, 枸杞叶提取物可通过调节视黄醇代谢途径发挥作用。
大量研究也发现, 视黄醇代谢异常是肝脏功能失调的重要因素[23, 24], Chen[25]认为视黄醇在肝脏内的代谢很可能通过其在组织间的迅速转移与再循环与肾脏等肝外组织紧密相连, 系统调控维生素A在机体内的整体功能。有研究表明视黄醇的缺乏会影响眼结膜、角膜和泪腺上皮细胞的正常功能, 导致干眼症的发生, 同时其相关蛋白与近视的发生与发展密切相关[26, 27]。为了避免酯化过程中视黄醇的过度积累, 在细胞质内视黄醇通常被视黄醇结合蛋白转化为视黄酯储存于肝脏中, 从而保障肝脏功能正常运行[28]D-半乳糖白内障大鼠肝脏中视黄酯含量明显升高, 与文献[28]报道相一致, 推测可能是由于视黄醇被大量转化为视黄酯储存于肝脏中, 从而导致具有生理活性的视黄醇减少, 无法与视黄醇结合蛋白相结合, 通过血液输送到眼组织, 以供其正常的生理代谢。视黄醇通常最终转化为视黄酸进入眼组织发挥作用, 有研究表明视黄酸可以促进晶状体组织的再生与再修复[29], 从而缓解了晶状体的损伤, 维持其透明度。而视黄醇减少导致转化为的视黄酸含量降低, 晶状体损伤难以得到修复, 进而加重了白内障的发展。在肝脏中经枸杞叶药物干预后视黄酯含量明显降低, 推测其可能转化为视黄酸运送至眼组织, 继而抑制了白内障的发展。
研究发现, 在LBLAPS及LBLAPS-30%AE中以芦丁、绿原酸为代表的黄酮类成分及酚酸类成分含量丰富; LBLWE及LBLAPS-WE中富含生物碱类成分, 其中以甜菜碱为主; LBLAP中则含有较多的糖类成分, 包括总多糖、酸性多糖等。现代研究[30-32]表明, 黄酮类、酚酸类、糖类成分及甜菜碱具有显著的抗炎、抗氧化及保护肝损伤的作用, 可能是枸杞叶发挥明目功效的主要活性成分。
本研究通过在血浆及肝脏组织中筛选出视黄醇代谢途径进一步将其与白内障疾病紧密相连, 从而论证了“肝开窍于目”的中医理论, 为枸杞叶明目功效科学内涵的阐释及防治白内障的作用机制提供了科学依据和重要支撑。
作者贡献: 陆聪负责实验操作和论文撰写; 宿树兰负责研究课题总体设计、实验指导及论文修改, 终稿审查; 朱悦参与课题总体设计与指导; 郭盛参与数据分析; 钱大玮参与课题总体设计与指导; 康宏杰、郭兰萍及段金廒参与论文审查及课题设计。
利益冲突: 本文不存在任何利益冲突。
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2024年第59卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0308
  • 接收时间:2024-04-01
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2024-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-01
  • 修回日期:2024-07-29
基金
宁夏重点研发计划重点项目(2022BBF02004)
宁夏重点研发计划重点项目(2022BFH02008)
中央本级重大增减支项目(2060302)
作者信息
    1.南京中医药大学, 江苏省中药资源产业化过程协同创新中心, 中药资源产业化与方剂创新药物国家地方联合工程中心, 国家中医药管理局中药资源循环利用重点研究室, 江苏 南京 210023
    2.宁夏枸杞创新中心, 宁夏 银川 750002
    3.中国中医科学院中药资源中心, 北京 100700

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*宿树兰, Tel: 13809043258, E-mail: ;
段金廒, Tel: 86-25-85811291, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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