Article(id=1199786452285489194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199786450628735631, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0071, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705939200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-23, revisedDate=1713715200000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763980981179, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1726070400000, pubDateStr=2024-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763980981179, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763980981179, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763980981179, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199786450628735631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='9', pageStart='2417', pageEnd='2676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763980980784, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225057364, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810182063280632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199786450628735631, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810182063280633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199786450628735631, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2429, endPage=2442, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199786452625227827, articleId=1199786452285489194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Recent advances of conditionally active antibodies, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The high selectivity and affinity of antibody binding make antibodies widely used in therapeutics, diagnostics, and basic sciences. However, the toxicity of some antibodies has limited their utility. In the past decade, by increasing tissue specificity, conditionally active antibodies have further improved the safety and efficacy of antibodies, widened or even created a therapeutic window. Conditionally active antibodies are antibodies activatable under particular stimuli but have little or no antigen-binding activity in circulation and normal tissues. Conditionally active antibodies are designed to respond to endogenous or exogenous stimuli, such as light, temperature, enzymatic activity, pH, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), ions, effector molecules, and antigen combinations. Currently, two pH-activated antibodies have been approved for clinical use, and multiple conditionally active antibodies have entered clinical trials. This article describes the current status of the field of conditionally active antibodies, focusing on the three major types of conditionally active antibodies activated by pH, ATP and protease, including their design principles, implementation methods, relevant examples and the latest research progress. In addition, this review summarizes tumor-associated proteases and discusses the role of several key proteases in the development and progression of cancer, which can provide reference for the research and development of conditionally active antibodies. Many opportunities remain untapped in this field, waiting for more efficient and generally applicable activation strategies to be developed at the interface between chemistry and biotechnology.

, correspAuthors=Hong TIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yang-yang CHEN, Ai-ying XIONG, Seng ZHU, Ge SONG, Hong TIAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1199786453443117130, articleId=1199786452285489194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=条件性激活抗体的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

抗体结合的高选择性和高亲和力使抗体被广泛应用于治疗、诊断和基础科学。然而, 仍有一些抗体因毒性问题而限制使用。近十几年来, 条件性激活抗体通过增加抗体的组织特异性来进一步提高抗体的安全性和有效性, 拓宽或创造治疗窗口。条件性激活抗体是指在特定刺激下激活, 而在循环和正常组织中具有很低或没有抗原结合活性的抗体。条件性激活抗体被设计成对内源性或外源性刺激产生响应, 如光照、温度、酶活性、pH、三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)、离子、效应分子和抗原组合等。目前, 该领域已有两种pH激活抗体治疗药物获得上市批准, 且多个条件性激活抗体已经进入临床试验阶段。本文概述了条件性激活抗体领域的现状, 重点关注pH、ATP和蛋白酶激活三大类型条件性激活抗体, 包括其设计原理、实现手段、相关实例和最新研究进展。此外, 本文还汇总了蛋白酶激活抗体依赖的肿瘤相关蛋白酶, 并讨论了几个关键蛋白酶在肿瘤发生发展中的作用, 为条件性激活抗体的研发提供参考。条件性激活抗体领域还有许多机会尚未开发, 等待化学和生物技术的交界处开发更有效和普遍适用的激活策略。

, correspAuthors=田浤, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*田浤,Tel: 13404127827, E-mail:
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Total chemical synthesis of photoactivatable proteins for light-controlled manipulation of antigen-antibody interactions [J]. Chem Sci, 2016, 7: 1891-1895., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1200378848379523409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786452285489194, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200378848387912017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786452285489194, companyId=1200378848379523409, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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A: Protease activated antibodies with different masking strategies: mimotope masks; B: Masks binding the variable domain; C and D: Nonbinding masks. scFv: Single-chain fragment variable; <i>α</i>Albumin sdAb: Anti-albumin single domain antibody; proTriTACs: Protease-activatable trispecific T cell activation constructs; V<sub>H</sub>/V<sub>L</sub>: Variable region of heavy/light chain; V<sub>Li</sub>/V<sub>Hi</sub>: Inactivated variable region of light/heavy chain; <i>α</i>HSA: Anti-human serum albumin; Hemi-COBRAs: Hemi-conditional bispecific redirected activation T cell engagers; LAP: Latency-associated peptide; pro-TGF-<i>β</i>: Propeptide of transforming growth factor-<i>β</i>; XPATs: XTENylated protease-activated T cell engagers; BsAb: Bispecific antibody; IgG1: Immunoglobulin G1 , figureFileSmall=91iTQN4pKRWKVwLi7ux8FQ==, figureFileBig=/kVAGv20ZUreT3PouBss2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378854125720216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786452285489194, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Activation trigger Activation type Target Methods for measurement of triggers Reference
Mildly acidic pH (e.g., endosome or TME) Reversible Launched: IL-6R, C5;
Clinical: AXLa, ROR2a, PD-L1, CTLA-4, EpCAM & CD3, VISTA;
Preclinical: HER2, Nectin-4a, B7-H4a, B7-H3 & CD3, EGFR & CD3
AcidoCEST MRI [4-19]
High extracellular ATP concentration Reversible Clinical: CD137;
Preclinical: IL-6R, PD-1
Not currently reported [20, 21]
Proteases (e.g., MMP-2/9, matriptase, legumain, uPA) Irreversible Clinical: CD71a, CD166a, CTLA-4, PD-L1, EGFR & CD3;
Preclinical: PD-1, HER2, EpCAM, CD19, CD20, CD3
Immunohistozymography [22, 23]
), ArticleFig(id=1200378855316902557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786452285489194, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Conditionally active antibodies. aConditionally active antibody-drug conjugates. IL-6R: Interleukin-6 receptor; C5: Complement C5; AXL: Anexelekto; ROR2: Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptors; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4; EpCAM: Epithelial cell adhesion molecule; VISTA: V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation; HER2: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; Nectin-4: Nectin cell adhesion molecule 4; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; PD-1: Programmed death-1; PD-L1: Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1; CD: Cluster of differentiation; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; uPA: Urokinase-like plasminogen activator; AcidoCEST MRI: Acido chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging; TME: Tumor microenvironment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Activation trigger Activation type Target Methods for measurement of triggers Reference
Mildly acidic pH (e.g., endosome or TME) Reversible Launched: IL-6R, C5;
Clinical: AXLa, ROR2a, PD-L1, CTLA-4, EpCAM & CD3, VISTA;
Preclinical: HER2, Nectin-4a, B7-H4a, B7-H3 & CD3, EGFR & CD3
AcidoCEST MRI [4-19]
High extracellular ATP concentration Reversible Clinical: CD137;
Preclinical: IL-6R, PD-1
Not currently reported [20, 21]
Proteases (e.g., MMP-2/9, matriptase, legumain, uPA) Irreversible Clinical: CD71a, CD166a, CTLA-4, PD-L1, EGFR & CD3;
Preclinical: PD-1, HER2, EpCAM, CD19, CD20, CD3
Immunohistozymography [22, 23]
), ArticleFig(id=1200378855446925988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786452285489194, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Drug name Target Condition Phase Reference
Satralizumab IL-6R Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder Launched [7]
Ravulizumab C5 Hemolytic uremic syndrome, atypical Launched [8]
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Crovalimab C5 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Registered [15]
Alirocumab PCSK9 Hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) [4]
JS003 PD-L1 Cancer, solid tumor [14]
MSB2311 PD-L1 Cancer, solid tumor [13]
AMY109 IL-8 Endometriosis [16]
GYM329 Myostatin (GDF8) Spinal muscular atrophy Ⅱ/Ⅲ [17]
ONC-392 CTLA-4 Metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [11]
), ArticleFig(id=1200378855581143723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786452285489194, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Clinical status of recycling antibodies. PCSK9: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9; IL-8: Interleukin-8; NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer; GDF8: Growth differentiation factor-8; HeFH: Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Drug name Target Condition Phase Reference
Satralizumab IL-6R Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder Launched [7]
Ravulizumab C5 Hemolytic uremic syndrome, atypical Launched [8]
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Crovalimab C5 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Registered [15]
Alirocumab PCSK9 Hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) [4]
JS003 PD-L1 Cancer, solid tumor [14]
MSB2311 PD-L1 Cancer, solid tumor [13]
AMY109 IL-8 Endometriosis [16]
GYM329 Myostatin (GDF8) Spinal muscular atrophy Ⅱ/Ⅲ [17]
ONC-392 CTLA-4 Metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [11]
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条件性激活抗体的研究进展
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陈洋洋 1, 2 , 熊爱英 2 , 朱僧 2 , 宋戈 2 , 田浤 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(9): 2429-2442
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(9): 2429-2442
条件性激活抗体的研究进展
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陈洋洋1, 2, 熊爱英2, 朱僧2, 宋戈2, 田浤1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国药科大学生命科学与技术学院, 江苏 南京 211198
  • 2.上海复宏汉霖生物医药有限公司上海创新中心, 上海 200233

通讯作者:

*田浤,Tel: 13404127827, E-mail:
Recent advances of conditionally active antibodies
Yang-yang CHEN1, 2, Ai-ying XIONG2, Seng ZHU2, Ge SONG2, Hong TIAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
  • 2. Shanghai Innovation Center, Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai 200233, China
出版时间: 2024-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0071
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抗体结合的高选择性和高亲和力使抗体被广泛应用于治疗、诊断和基础科学。然而, 仍有一些抗体因毒性问题而限制使用。近十几年来, 条件性激活抗体通过增加抗体的组织特异性来进一步提高抗体的安全性和有效性, 拓宽或创造治疗窗口。条件性激活抗体是指在特定刺激下激活, 而在循环和正常组织中具有很低或没有抗原结合活性的抗体。条件性激活抗体被设计成对内源性或外源性刺激产生响应, 如光照、温度、酶活性、pH、三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)、离子、效应分子和抗原组合等。目前, 该领域已有两种pH激活抗体治疗药物获得上市批准, 且多个条件性激活抗体已经进入临床试验阶段。本文概述了条件性激活抗体领域的现状, 重点关注pH、ATP和蛋白酶激活三大类型条件性激活抗体, 包括其设计原理、实现手段、相关实例和最新研究进展。此外, 本文还汇总了蛋白酶激活抗体依赖的肿瘤相关蛋白酶, 并讨论了几个关键蛋白酶在肿瘤发生发展中的作用, 为条件性激活抗体的研发提供参考。条件性激活抗体领域还有许多机会尚未开发, 等待化学和生物技术的交界处开发更有效和普遍适用的激活策略。

条件性激活  /  抗体  /  pH  /  三磷酸腺苷  /  肿瘤相关蛋白酶

The high selectivity and affinity of antibody binding make antibodies widely used in therapeutics, diagnostics, and basic sciences. However, the toxicity of some antibodies has limited their utility. In the past decade, by increasing tissue specificity, conditionally active antibodies have further improved the safety and efficacy of antibodies, widened or even created a therapeutic window. Conditionally active antibodies are antibodies activatable under particular stimuli but have little or no antigen-binding activity in circulation and normal tissues. Conditionally active antibodies are designed to respond to endogenous or exogenous stimuli, such as light, temperature, enzymatic activity, pH, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), ions, effector molecules, and antigen combinations. Currently, two pH-activated antibodies have been approved for clinical use, and multiple conditionally active antibodies have entered clinical trials. This article describes the current status of the field of conditionally active antibodies, focusing on the three major types of conditionally active antibodies activated by pH, ATP and protease, including their design principles, implementation methods, relevant examples and the latest research progress. In addition, this review summarizes tumor-associated proteases and discusses the role of several key proteases in the development and progression of cancer, which can provide reference for the research and development of conditionally active antibodies. Many opportunities remain untapped in this field, waiting for more efficient and generally applicable activation strategies to be developed at the interface between chemistry and biotechnology.

conditional activation  /  antibody  /  pH  /  adenosine triphosphate  /  tumor-associated protease
陈洋洋, 熊爱英, 朱僧, 宋戈, 田浤. 条件性激活抗体的研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (9) : 2429 -2442 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0071
Yang-yang CHEN, Ai-ying XIONG, Seng ZHU, Ge SONG, Hong TIAN. Recent advances of conditionally active antibodies[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (9) : 2429 -2442 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0071
抗体药作为一类数量庞大且仍在迅速壮大的药物, 已经让众多患者获益。目前, 已有超过100种抗体药物获批, 用于治疗人类多种恶性疾病。自2014年以来, 美国食品药品管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA) 和欧洲药品管理局(European Medicines Agency, EMA) 每年会批准6~13种抗体药物[1]。获批抗体药物除了传统的免疫球蛋白G (immunoglobulin G, IgG) 形式, 还出现了新的结构, 如抗体药物偶联物(antibody-drug conjugates, ADCs)、双特异性抗体(bispecific antibodies, BsAbs) 和各种抗体片段等。然而, 由于正常组织上的靶抗原表达, 一些抗体对肿瘤的低效定位会导致严重的安全性问题, 如脱靶毒性(on-target/off-tumor toxicity)。在这种情况下, ADCs和T细胞衔接器(T cell engagers, TCEs) 等高效力形式的使用会加剧抗体药物的安全性风险。因此, 提高抗体的安全性和有效性, “增加抗体对组织的特异性”是未来抗体工程前进的方向之一[2]
条件性激活抗体被认为有潜力解决抗体的组织特异性问题, 通过设计使其在循环系统和正常组织中具有很低或没有抗原结合活性, 并在目标环境如肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME) 或肿瘤相关引流淋巴结(draining lymph nodes, dLNs) 中被特定刺激选择性激活, 可以降低与正常组织表达靶点相关的安全性风险。此外, 条件性激活抗体通过最大化疗效和最小化正常组织的靶毒性来创造或扩大治疗窗口, 使以前由于毒性而无法实现的药物组合成为可能, 打开“不可成药”靶点空间, 扩大可行治疗靶点的范围, 以解决获批抗体药物覆盖靶点有限和临床开发中热门靶点大量集中的现象, 为更多患者提供新的治疗选择。
条件性激活抗体可被多种刺激物激活, 如光、酶活性、温度、pH、三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)、离子和效应分子等[3], 其中pH、ATP和蛋白酶较为常见(表 1)[4-23]。前两种利用弱酸性pH或高浓度ATP实现可逆的条件性激活, 后一种则利用肿瘤相关蛋白酶的水解实现不可逆的定点激活。可逆激活有利于将活性限制在目标部位, 不可逆激活可以赋予相关邻近部位活性如dLNs, 两者的利弊还有待观察[2]。本篇综述主要介绍依赖于pH、ATP和蛋白酶的三种类型条件性激活抗体的原理、实现手段、相关实例以及最新研究进展。
在过去十几年中, 为了实现抗体的“再循环”和延长药物半衰期, 研究者利用次级内体与细胞外间隙之间的pH差异, 首先开发了pH依赖性抗原结合的工程化条件性激活抗体[4, 24]。目前已有两种pH敏感的再循环抗体被批准用于临床, 其他许多抗体正在临床和临床前开发中。最近, 一种类似的策略被用于开发可以增强肿瘤组织和正常组织选择性的前药抗体[5]。此方法利用TME的细胞外pH和周围正常组织的pH差异[6]。这类pH依赖性抗原结合的条件性激活抗体在体内特定pH的细胞微环境中才具有活性, 且这一激活过程是可逆的, 当抗体从特定细胞微环境转移到正常细胞微环境时能重复进行开关, 反之亦然。
抗体虽然具有很高的亲和力和选择性, 但在循环期间只能与抗原结合一次。因此, 在可接受的抗体给药频率和剂量下, 高丰度和高周转率的抗原不能被有效利用。为了增加抗原结合和溶酶体降解的循环次数, Igawa等[24]提出了“再循环抗体(recycling antibodies)”的概念。再循环抗体在内体(pH 5.5~6.0) 时亲和力降低, 使其仅在内体中与抗原解离。之后抗原被分选到溶酶体降解, 而游离的抗体结合新生儿Fc受体(neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn) 并回到表面。由于FcRn与抗体在近中性pH下的亲和力很低, 抗体随后被释放到细胞外以结合另一个抗原[25] (图 1)。此现象减少了抗体的溶酶体降解, 使抗体能够重复中和目标抗原, 从而即使在抗体剂量与相应的抗原量相比较低时也表现出较高的功效。在酸性或中性pH下增加抗体对FcRn的亲和力, FcRn介导的摄取将加速进入细胞, 可能会进一步提高功效。这种推测在“清除抗体(sweeping antibodies)”中已得到证明: 一种在中性和酸性条件下都能与FcRn结合的pH依赖抗原结合抗体在食蟹猴中表现出快速的抗原清除作用[25]
将pH依赖性引入到治疗性抗体与其靶标的相互作用中, 那么抗体可以循环使用并多次与抗原结合, 不仅克服了抗体介导的抗原积累问题, 还减少了抗原介导的抗体清除。因此疗效有所提高, 使抗体能在较低的频率或剂量下进行递送。这种抗体是通过引入“组氨酸开关”形成的。“组氨酸开关”最早在细胞因子中证实能够增强效力和延长半衰期: 在体外试验中, 通过工程细胞因子配体与受体在内体中解离, 可挽救配体免于溶酶体降解[26]。组氨酸(histidine, His) 上的咪唑环为质子化位点, pKa接近6, 可以在pH显著低于生理值(7.2~7.4) 的细胞内外微环境中被质子化[27, 28], 特别是在内体和肿瘤组织中[29]。当His被质子化后, 富含组氨酸的互补位与表位中带正电荷的碱性残基之间会产生静电排斥作用, 从而导致亲和力降低。通过在互补决定区(complementarity-determining regions, CDRs) 和框架中引入His残基, CDR电荷改变, 抗体将具有pH敏感性。pH敏感性抗体通过组氨酸基于结构的设计和噬菌体展示、酵母展示等定向进化技术形成[30], 其中全长IgG因其在治疗应用中具有良好的药代动力学特性而成为pH敏感性抗体的首选形式[3]
2010年的一项开创性研究发现, 约75%的抗白细胞介素6受体(interleukin-6 receptor, IL-6R) 的内化pH敏感抗体被回收利用。相比之下, 同一抗体的非pH敏感版本在溶酶体中几乎完全降解。抗IL-6R的pH敏感抗体在pH 7.4时与IL-6R的亲和力是pH 6.0条件下的6.3倍。此特性使得膜结合的IL-6R在内体中释放, 最终导致在78 h后, 相比于非pH敏感抗体血浆中的抗体浓度增加了20倍。此外, 在第4天, 与非pH敏感抗体相比, pH敏感抗体使可溶性形式的IL-6R减少至原来的1/40[24]。这种抗IL-6R再循环抗体, 名为satralizumab, 2020年6月被批准用于临床治疗视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病(neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, NMOSD)[7]。还有一种针对补体成分C5的再循环抗体, 名为ravulizumab, 2018年12月被批准用于临床治疗阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿症(paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, PNH) 和非典型溶血性尿毒综合征(atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome, aHUS)。Ravulizumab是使用Xencor的抗体半衰期延长技术(Xtend™) 开发的, 该技术利用抗体Fc变体(增加了Fc与FcRn的结合亲和力) 来延长半衰期[8]。其他pH依赖性抗原结合的抗体正处于临床(表 2) 和临床前研发中, 包括靶向PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) 治疗心血管疾病的抗体[4]; 靶向TFPI (tissue factor pathway inhibitor) 用于血友病[9]; 靶向TNF (tumor necrosis factor) 用于炎症性疾病; 靶向癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA)、人类表皮生长因子受体2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, HER2)、程序性死亡-配体1 (programmed death-ligand 1, PD-L1)、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, CTLA-4) 用于肿瘤治疗[10-14]
最近Ward和Ober团队的一项研究表明, 在癌细胞中, pH敏感性可以增加ADC的溶酶体降解, 而不是再循环。这种现象增加了靶细胞中毒素的释放, 从而增强ADC的疗效[3]。由于乳腺癌、前列腺癌和肺癌等肿瘤中缺乏FcRn, 这些ADCs无法被循环利用[31, 32]。在缺乏FcRn的情况下, 次级内体的可溶性内容物被完全降解, 包括从膜结合抗原解离的ADCs。该研究将来源于帕妥珠单抗的pH敏感HER2抗体变构体偶联到微管聚合抑制剂单甲基澳瑞他汀E (monomethyl auristatin E, MMAE) 上。相对于近中性pH下, 此pH敏感HER2 ADC在酸性内体pH下对HER2的亲和力降低至1/250以下。已在两个HER2+乳腺癌小鼠模型中证实了这些ADCs具有更高的溶酶体转运活性(ADCs with increased lysosomal-trafficking activity, ALTAs), 对表达中等HER2水平的肿瘤细胞也表现出更高的溶酶体递送和细胞毒性, 比帕妥珠单抗-MMAE和FDA批准的曲妥珠单抗-MMAE更有效地抑制移植瘤的生长[33]
ALTAs通过利用内体和细胞外空间之间的pH差异以及FcRn的低丰度来提高抗癌效率。此外, 还有一种pH差异可以用来增强肿瘤选择性: 肿瘤微环境(pH 6.0~6.8) 和健康组织(pH 7.2~7.4) 之间存在的pH差异[6, 34]。肿瘤内较低的pH值是由于血管灌注不良、局部缺氧和有氧糖酵解(Warburg effect) 等多种因素造成的[29]。与再循环抗体和溶酶体运输活性增加需要在低pH值亲和力降低相反, 肿瘤靶向性需要亲和力的提高。在pH 7.2~7.4时具有低亲和力但pH 6.0~6.8时具有高亲和力的抗体显示出在健康组织中最小的靶向结合以及在肿瘤中最大的结合能力。
Sulea、Zwaagstra和合作者设计了一种可以与肿瘤中HER2抗原选择性结合的pH敏感抗体。他们应用一种基于结构的计算方法来设计在酸性TME中选择性结合的HER2抗体, 并通过pH组氨酸扫描突变进行pH选择性优化[18]。作者获得了在pH 6.8条件下比亲和力pH 7.3强10倍的抗体, 同时该抗体的KD值在pH 6.0~6.8范围内保持低于30 nmol·L-1。在表达完整HER2的细胞上进行的体外实验证实, 在酸性pH下, 基于全长IgG1/κ抗体形成的变体抑制肿瘤生长与抗HER2抗体曲妥珠单抗相当, 而在生理pH下显著降低[18]。此研究证明了抗体的理性设计用于选择性靶向酸性环境的可行性, 但疗效是否有实质性的提高, 仍需在临床试验中证实。
生物技术公司BioAtla的研究者2021年发表的一篇论文描述了一种使用生理化学物质作为蛋白质激活化学开关(protein-associated chemical switches, PaCS) 产生CAB (conditionally active biologic) 抗体的新机制[5]。利用CDRs的点突变, 大多数极性和非极性氨基酸被带电氨基酸如天冬氨酸(aspartic acid, Asp) 和谷氨酸(glutamate, Glu) 取代, 设计了几种pH敏感的抗CTLA-4抗体前药。pH敏感性严格依赖于PaCS化学物质(如碳酸氢盐、硫化氢) 的生理浓度。抗CTLA-4抗体前药在pH 7.4时只有微弱的结合, 而在pH 6.0时可逆性增加。抗CTLA-4抗体前药在人CTLA-4转基因小鼠肿瘤模型中显示出与母本抗体相当的疗效, 在非人灵长类动物中与抗PD-1抗体联用毒性显著降低, 表明治疗指数(therapeutic index, TI) 扩大。目前该CAB CTLA-4抗体已进入临床试验Ⅰ期阶段[5]
利用PaCS机制的CAB生成适用于多种抗体形式, 包括裸抗体、ADCs和BsAbs, 并且可以针对每种抗原的不同表达水平和组织分布优化肿瘤选择性活性[5]。该技术可赋予这些药物比传统抗体更高的靶向选择性和疗效, 使研究者能够靶向作为癌症相关靶标但存在于正常组织的细胞表面蛋白, 解决了TME外的抗体结合导致的毒性, 提高了单药治疗和联合治疗的TI。BioAtla开发的TME CAB抗体平台目前有8个在研产品, 其中有4个ADC, 3个BsAb和1个裸抗。2个ADC形式的pH激活抗体前药已进入临床试验Ⅱ期阶段(表 1)。
Sensei Biotherapeutics公司通过其肿瘤微环境激活生物制剂(tumor microenvironment activated biologics, TMAb™) 平台, 开发了条件性激活疗法, 旨在使TME中的免疫抑制信号失效或选择性地激活免疫刺激信号, 以激活T细胞治疗肿瘤。SNS-101是该公司开发的一种pH敏感的全人源IgG1/κ单克隆抗体, 可以选择性地阻断TME中的T细胞活化的免疫球蛋白抑制V型结构域(V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation, VISTA/B7-H5) 检查点, 目前已进入Ⅰ期临床试验[19]。相对于生理pH, SNS-101在pH 6.0时对活性VISTA的亲和力提高了600倍。与非pH敏感抗体相比, SNS-101在体外和体内的多种实验中显示出显著降低的细胞因子释放。临床前研究显示, 该pH敏感的抑制性抗VISTA抗体SNS-101具有良好的抗肿瘤活性, 有望降低发生细胞因子释放综合征(cytokine release syndrome, CRS) 的风险[35]
设计在TME中被特异性激活的pH敏感抗体的潜在挑战是: ①鉴于肿瘤组织与正常组织之间相对较小的pH差异, 尤其在血管化良好的微转移肿瘤病灶中可能具有更小的pH差异, 设计高肿瘤选择性靶向抗体具有一定的生物限制; ②最佳成药性抗体序列需求与His、Asp、Glu等带电氨基酸引入需求之间的权衡[29]; ③需要灵活地微调肿瘤与正常组织之间所需的亲和力差异。
细胞外ATP (exATP) 浓度升高(~100 μmol·L-1) 是TME的标志, 由癌细胞凋亡和坏死、胞外分泌和通道介导等多种过程的细胞内ATP释放引起[36]。正常组织和血浆中的exATP水平维持在10 nmol·L-1以内并受到严格调控, 而TME中的exATP增加了1 000多倍[37]。因此, exATP可以作为广泛的肿瘤选择性开关来控制抗体的活性。相比于已被用于肿瘤特异性治疗的其他TME标志, 例如低pH (6.0~6.8) 和缺氧(0.3%~4.2%)[38], 正常组织和肿瘤组织之间的exATP浓度差异更大。考虑到抗体在实体瘤中的低效率分布, 利用exATP差异可能会提供一种新的更优的增强肿瘤和正常组织选择性的方法。
中外制药(Chugai) 公司针对TME中高浓度的ATP, 设计了ATP桥接抗体抗原的开关抗体(switch antibody) 技术[20, 21]。在临床上, CD137的激动性抗体由于全身毒性和有限的疗效一直不成功[39]。该公司开发了一种抗CD137的ATP开关抗体(STA551), 在ATP存在和不存在的情况下分别与CD137紧密结合和最小结合, 使其仅在exATP存在的情况下具有激动活性。STA551在小鼠体内具有强大而广泛的抗肿瘤活性, 并且不同于非开关型抗CD137抗体, 在非人灵长类动物中高剂量(每周150 mg·kg-1) 下具有良好的耐受性[20]。STA551目前处于Ⅰ期临床试验阶段。开发测定人类肿瘤细胞外ATP浓度的方法对于ATP开关抗体的临床开发是非常必要的。
Switch antibody技术除了利用TME中升高的exATP, 还可以利用肿瘤或炎症组织中的其他特异性代谢物作为桥接, 将抗体与抗原相连接, 包括腺苷、ATP、丙氨酸、Glu、犬尿氨酸和前列腺素E2等。Switch antibody对抗原的结合只有在特异性代谢物存在的情况下才会发生。Switch antibody主要通过噬菌体库筛选[21]: 首先将抗原和特异性代谢物与Fab (fragment of antigen binding) 噬菌体库反应, 筛选能在特异性代谢物存在下结合抗原的噬菌体, 然后利用没有特异性代谢物的缓冲液洗脱得到无法直接和抗原结合的噬菌体, 收获只有在特异性代谢物存在的情况下与抗原结合的噬菌体, 并感染处于对数生长期的大肠杆菌E.coli, 收获E. coli并建立噬菌体库进行第二、三轮筛选, 最后提取抗体序列进行更多方面验证。
除了pH和ATP之外, 特定蛋白酶的活性也可以作为抗体激活的内源性条件。蛋白酶表达和活性的失调是癌症和许多其他疾病如自身免疫、心血管和神经退行性疾病的重要标志[40]。相反, 在健康组织中, 蛋白酶活性在多个水平上受到高度严密的调控。大多数蛋白酶以酶原的形式表达, 需要翻译后修饰才能被激活。酶原一旦被激活, 它们的功能就会被内源性蛋白酶抑制剂进一步调控。这些调节机制表明, 健康组织中的蛋白酶活性是短暂的, 而肿瘤中的蛋白酶活性是组成性的[41], 从而确保了蛋白酶依赖性前药主要在病变组织中被激活, 增强其特异性并降低毒性[42]
蛋白酶依赖性激活的抗体前药最广泛探索的实现方法是用肽或蛋白质掩蔽抗体的抗原结合位点, 该肽或蛋白质通常被称为“掩膜(mask)”。通过肽连接子(linker) 将掩膜与抗体融合。Linker被设计为由一个或多个TME相关蛋白酶切割(表 1); 掩膜被设计用来减弱或阻止抗原结合[22]。在TME中, linker被蛋白酶剪切后, 掩膜从抗体上有效地解离, 以充分激活抗体进行抗原结合。很多不同靶点的蛋白酶激活抗体前药已被报道, 包括免疫检查点抑制剂、免疫共刺激分子、生长因子受体、B细胞标志物和T细胞抗原(CD3) 等[2]。下文主要介绍构建蛋白酶激活抗体前药的两大关键部分: linker设计所依赖的肿瘤相关蛋白酶和不同类型的掩膜。
失调的细胞外蛋白水解活性是维持肿瘤转化表型的关键元素, 包括肿瘤细胞生长和存活、血管生成、肿瘤细胞侵袭和转移[40]。这种独特的蛋白水解促癌环境可以作为前药激活的选择性触发条件用于抗癌治疗。
TME中参与肿瘤进展和转移的蛋白酶主要分为四大类: ①丝氨酸蛋白酶, 如尿激酶纤溶酶原激活剂(urokinase-type plasminogen activator, uPA) 系统[43]和Ⅱ型跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶[44]; ②半胱氨酸型溶酶体蛋白酶, 如半胱氨酸组织蛋白酶[45]; ③天冬氨酸型溶酶体蛋白酶[40]; ④金属蛋白酶, 如基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs)[46]和去整合素金属蛋白酶(a disintegrin and metalloproteinases, ADAMs)[47]。在所有肿瘤相关蛋白酶中, 一些关键蛋白酶活性显著上调且参与癌症进展和转移的多个阶段。下文讨论了来自不同类别的几个关键蛋白酶在肿瘤发生发展中的作用, 以及利用它们的上调活性来进行前药激活的潜力。
uPA是一种定位于细胞外的丝氨酸内肽酶, 参与纤溶酶原激活剂系统。uPA裂解纤溶酶原产生有活性的纤溶酶, 导致纤维蛋白和细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM) 的降解以及生长因子的激活[48]。纤溶酶还可以通过激活众多MMPs酶原间接降解ECM。此外, uPA可以直接激活胶原酶原。利用这些途径的组合, uPA调节肿瘤的进展和转移[43]
在过去的20年中, 越来越多的研究表明uPA在肿瘤侵袭和转移中发挥重要作用, 并与疾病进展和患者的不良预后有关。在包括结直肠癌和乳腺癌在内的许多癌症中, 高水平的uPA预示着侵袭性更高的肿瘤和更低的总生存率[43]
Look等[49]总结了18个独立数据集, 涵盖8 377名乳腺癌患者, 发现高水平的uPA预示着较差的总生存期(overall survival, OS) 和无复发生存期(recurrence free survival, RFS)。在淋巴结阴性患者中, uPA显示出强预后能力。后续研究发现uPA的表达和活性在乳腺癌细胞系中被Jagged 1/Notch信号通路直接上调[50]。这些数据结合越来越多关于uPA促进癌症进展机制的文献证明, uPA是乳腺癌复发、高转移风险和死亡的标志物, 且uPA水平作为乳腺癌辅助治疗方案的选择标准[51]。在原发性结直肠肿瘤中, 高水平的uPA也被证明与远处转移呈正相关, 与患者OS呈负相关。与正常组织相比, 精原细胞瘤中uPA表达、蛋白水平和活性增加[41]
总之, 这些研究证实, 在癌症中, uPA的上调活性与肿瘤侵袭、转移和最终的不良生存率有关。
MT-SP1是Ⅱ型跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶matriptase亚家族中的一员, 在多种癌症中均有表达, 与癌症有着密切联系。在转基因小鼠模型中, 皮肤特异性过表达MT-SP1引起上皮性恶性肿瘤。此外, MT-SP1的减少可以通过降低肝细胞生长因子(pro-hepatocyte growth factor, pro-HGF) 和pro-uPA的活化来减弱肿瘤细胞的生长和侵袭[41]。在转基因小鼠模型中降低MT-SP1的表达显示出减弱的乳腺肿瘤生长, 这与HGF/细胞间质上皮转换因子(cellular-mesenchymal epithelial transition factor, c-Met) 信号通路的HGF、c-Met和下游效应蛋白Gab1 (Grb2-associated binder 1)、蛋白激酶B下调有关[52]
MT-SP1在正常组织中通常与内源性抑制剂结合, 而在肿瘤中以非结合形式存在, 这显示其蛋白水解活性在肿瘤中可能上调。如正常人皮肤中的MT-SP1与同源抑制剂肝细胞生长因子激活剂抑制剂-1 (HGF activator inhibitor 1, HAI-1) 结合, 而在鳞状细胞癌中, MT-SP1是非结合形式[53]; MT-SP1在正常上皮细胞系中被抗凝血酶内源性抑制, 而在癌细胞系中不被抑制[54]
LeBeau等[55]的研究提供了MT-SP1在肿瘤中活性上调的有力数据。该研究利用了一种名为A11的活性位点特异性抗体, 该抗体是MT-SP1活性的强抑制剂(抑制常数Ki在pmol·L-1级别), 可用于福尔马林固定石蜡包埋组织切片中活性蛋白酶的染色。研究发现, A11抗体在健康结肠组织中未检测到活性matriptase, 但在原发灶和转移灶癌组织核心中, 活性matriptase阳性染色明显。此外, 在H292异种移植模型中使用A11抗体证明MT-SP1能够特异性激活表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) 靶向抗体前药[56]
组织蛋白酶类属于木瓜蛋白酶样蛋白水解酶, 主要定位于细胞内的内体或溶酶体腔。在小鼠癌症模型中, 组织蛋白酶表达和/或活性的升高已被证实与癌症进展相关[45]。此外, 组织蛋白酶的表达水平也被发现与癌症患者的不良预后呈正相关, 并被认为是一种预后标志物[41]
组织蛋白酶类中, cathepsin B的含量最为丰富, 研究最为透彻。据报道, 在人结直肠癌、肝癌和肺癌细胞中, 细胞外cathepsin B水平升高。Cathepsin B的分泌发生在mRNA水平没有增加的细胞中, 这表明其分泌很可能是由于细胞内运输和分布的改变。以下研究表明肿瘤细胞可分泌cathepsin B: 在肝细胞癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌和黑色素瘤患者中, cathepsin B的血清水平升高; 在肿瘤周围的其他体液中也发现了cathepsin B, 如肺癌患者的支气管肺泡灌洗液或软脑膜转移患者的脑脊液。此外, TME的其他细胞如巨噬细胞也会上调半胱氨酸组织蛋白酶[57]。除了分泌外, cathepsin B在许多癌细胞系质膜有明显活性。Cathepsin B通过激活丝氨酸蛋白酶和MMPs的前体间接增强蛋白水解, 包括pro-uPA、纤溶酶原或pro-MMPs[41]
以上数据表明, 在癌症中, 半胱氨酸组织蛋白酶被分泌或转移到细胞外环境中发挥特定功能。组织蛋白酶在TME中的存在可以用于药物的靶向递送和前药的特异性激活。
Legumain是哺乳动物体内唯一的天冬酰胺内肽酶。在正常组织中, legumain与组织蛋白酶一样, 是一种溶酶体半胱氨酸蛋白酶; 在癌症中, legumain定位于细胞表面和沿着肿瘤细胞的侵袭伪足集中的膜相关囊泡中[58]。Legumain是作为酶原合成的, 在溶酶体或TME中的酸性条件下发生自激活。Legumain在多种实体瘤中表达, 且被证明与淋巴结阴性乳腺癌和结直肠癌患者的不良预后相关[58-60]。在小鼠癌症模型中, 敲低legumain表达导致肿瘤生长和转移显著降低[61]
Legumain在肿瘤和正常组织中的差异表达已被用于抗肿瘤化药前药的开发: 最早利用于蛋白酶激活的前药legubicin, legubicin是将legumain可裂解肽底物与多柔比星结合[58]; 随后用于蛋白酶激活的依托泊苷以及澳瑞他汀衍生的前药中[62, 63]。三种前药在肿瘤模型中均显示出疗效和降低的毒性。
这些研究证实了legumain在癌症中的上调以及在肿瘤进展中的作用。Legumain的细胞外定位和在TME酸性条件下的激活, 表明其蛋白水解活性可以用于治疗靶向和前药激活。
MMPs是一类锌离子依赖的内肽酶家族, 在多种生理和病理过程中发挥重要作用, 包括组织重塑、器官发育、炎症过程的调节以及疾病如癌症等[64]。MMPs被发现在多种癌症中表达上调[65], 其主要来源是肿瘤浸润的基质细胞。此外, 来自不同组织的肿瘤细胞也可以表达MMPs。
MMPs最初被认为是组织破坏或重塑的调节因子, 但现在被发现参与肿瘤进展和转移的多个步骤[66]。随着最近对MMP新底物的表征[67], 以及MMP功能获得或丧失的基因修饰动物模型的产生, MMP活性与癌症发展早期阶段的相关性被证明。MMPs靶向底物多样, 如生长因子受体、细胞黏附分子、趋化因子、细胞因子、凋亡配体和血管生成因子。MMPs对这些生物活性分子的蛋白水解加工有助于形成复杂的微环境, 促进癌症早期的恶性转化。此外, MMPs不仅能通过降解基质成分来促进血管生成, 还能够处理大量细胞外和细胞表面的调节蛋白, 在血管生成的起始和维持中都有贡献[41]
许多蛋白酶激活的前药、基于纳米技术的药物递送系统和成像系统都是利用肿瘤相关MMPs进行设计的。如已经开发了几种不同的MMP激活的显像剂, 并成功进行了验证; 装有MMP-9底物的纳米颗粒传感器已被用于检测卵巢癌和肝癌小鼠模型中与肿瘤相关MMP活性[68]
利用上调蛋白酶进行肿瘤靶向治疗的方法已显示出巨大潜力。在这些方法中, 基于前药的策略是近10年来研究最为广泛的策略。然而, 确定前药构建的最佳底物仍是一个重大挑战。其一, 由于蛋白酶活性具有强大的翻译后控制, 器官中蛋白酶mRNA或蛋白表达水平是蛋白酶活性的不良预测因子, 目前仍难以量化组织中多个单独的蛋白酶活性。其二, 大多数报道的蛋白酶切底物序列不具有特异性或切割动力学不佳。因此, 对前药linker的优化是必要的, 以实现TME内蛋白酶有效激活的同时尽量减少其他位点蛋白酶的不必要激活。目前人类肿瘤中活性蛋白酶主要使用免疫组织酶谱进行活检评估[23], 特异性识别单个蛋白酶活化形式的试剂抗体已被开发并仍在发展中[55, 69]
最广泛使用的方法是将模拟表位通过蛋白酶不稳定的linker连接到抗体或抗体衍生物的N端(图 2A)。该策略最早由Williams和Rodeck以交叉掩蔽单链抗体(cross-masked scFvs) 的形式提出, 随后成为Cytom X公司前体疗法(probody therapeutics) 的核心技术[3]。Cross-masked scFvs是将一个抗体的同源抗原表位通过含有蛋白酶底物的linker连接到第二个抗体上, 反之亦然。在此研究中, 作者将点突变的EGFR domain Ⅲ以MMP-9敏感的linker与西妥昔单抗和马妥珠单抗衍生的两种不同scFv融合(图 2A), EGFR domain Ⅲ的点突变有利于形成异源二聚体[70]。采用表面等离子体共振和流式细胞术证明: 与被MMP-9处理的scFvs相比, 掩蔽的scFvs与抗原表位的结合降低至原来的1/8。这种分子设计允许同时递送两种抗体来靶向两个单独的肿瘤相关抗原, 且对于在疾病部位选择性激活的抗体前药具有普遍实用性[70]
迄今为止, Cytom X的probody therapeutics是测试最广泛、发展最迅速的蛋白酶激活抗体前药技术。构建probody需要两个步骤。第一步是通过亲和掩蔽来识别合适的掩膜[22]。将展示在细菌表面的合成肽库用待掩蔽抗体进行筛选, 以鉴定与该抗体的CDRs特异性结合的肽段[71]。当鉴定出的多肽重组连接到抗体轻链或重链的N端时, 可以有效地与同源抗原竞争结合CDRs, 导致在没有蛋白酶的情况下, 浓度-结合/功能曲线向右移动。这种偏移程度被称为掩蔽效率, 可以通过选择与抗体CDRs具有不同亲和力的肽段来调节, 以获得最佳的体内药效。第二步, 确定合适的蛋白酶底物。需要识别TME中激活的蛋白酶, 以及能被这些蛋白酶有效切割的特定底物序列。众多候选蛋白酶已在前文中进行了描述, 并且已有文献[40]报道可以被其中一些蛋白酶切割的底物序列, 如MMP-2/9、matriptase、legumain和uPA的底物。候选蛋白酶的一个重要考虑因素是其在正常组织中的活性。尽管肿瘤通常比正常组织具有更显著的蛋白酶活性, 但正常组织并不是完全蛋白水解沉默的。在稳态下, 正常器官可能存在少量背景的胞外蛋白酶活性, 当它们与抗体前药结合时可能会导致不必要的激活[22]。因此, 理想的目标蛋白酶应在肿瘤中表达上调, 但多数情况下在正常组织或非恶性疾病状态(如伤口愈合、炎症性疾病或感染) 中处于静止状态。目标蛋白酶的最佳底物一般通过肽底物细胞库的定量动力学筛选来确定[72]。考虑到任何一种蛋白酶的活性在不同患者或肿瘤发展的不同阶段都可能被不同程度地上调, 底物多设计为对TME中的多种上调蛋白酶敏感。又因为正常组织存在少量蛋白酶活性, 所以底物选择过程需要包括针对健康组织活性蛋白酶的反选择, 以降低底物的系统激活[73]
Probody therapeutics主要集中于开发全长IgG前药, 已应用于靶向多种受体[74], 包括血管细胞黏附分子1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, VCAM-1)、EGFR、PD-L1、CTLA-4[73, 75-77], 以及存在于许多组织中的不可药物化受体, 如CD166和CD71[78, 79]。模拟表位掩膜能使亲和力降低至原来的1/300 000~1/40, 目前6款probody正在临床试验中(表 1)。
Probody therapeutics的主要优势之一是其跨抗体形式的巨大通用性, 包括裸抗、ADCs、BsAbs和嵌合抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptors, CARs)。首个被报道的probody是抗EGFR抗体西妥昔单抗的前药PB1[73]。PB1在小鼠肿瘤模型中表现出与西妥昔单抗相似的抗肿瘤活性。此外, PB1首次证明了probody可以扩大动物体内的TI。PB1在体外与人皮肤中EGFR结合的能力显著降低; 在非人灵长类动物中, 降低了导致西妥昔单抗的主要靶向毒性—皮疹, 提高了耐受剂量。进展最快的probody是靶向PD-L1的抗体前药CX-072, Ⅱ期临床数据显示其在肿瘤中被激活, 但在循环中基本维持掩蔽状态[80]。同样, 在一项Ⅰ期临床研究中, 抗CD71前体药物偶联物(PDC) CX-2029被发现以掩蔽状态循环为主(> 90%), 这表明probody在肿瘤处激活随后释放到循环中并不是显著的问题[81]。针对CD166和CD71的PDCs在小鼠异种移植模型中诱导肿瘤消退, 且在晚期实体瘤患者中具有良好的耐受性[79, 82]。双特异性TCE抗体前药CX-904 (anti-EGFR/CD3) 已进入Ⅰ期临床试验, 显示最大耐受剂量(maximum tolerated dose, MTD) 增加[83]。Probody therapeutics还应用于CARs和T细胞抗原受体(TCR)[84]
天演药业的SAFEbody技术平台与probody技术原理相同, SAFEbody平台的ADG-126和Xilio Therapeutics公司的XTX-101 (CTLA-4前抗体) 都是probody型抗体, 已进入临床Ⅰ期[85]。Probody型模拟表位N端延伸并不是唯一基于模拟表位的策略。在T细胞激活的多特异性抗体领域, Harpoon Therapeutics公司开发了一种蛋白酶激活的三特异性T细胞激活结构(proTriTAC) (图 2A)。在proTriTAC中, 抗CD3 scFv被修饰的抗白蛋白单域抗体(single domain antibody, sdAb) 所掩蔽。抗白蛋白sdAb的非CDR环通过工程化改造, 能与抗CD3 scFv的CDRs特异性结合并掩蔽其功能; 抗白蛋白sdAb的CDR正常与血清白蛋白结合。proTriTAC设计可将亲和力降至抗CD3 scFv的1/250, 同时其可与白蛋白结合进而延长半衰期[86]。该技术结合了位阻掩蔽(通过与体积较大的血清白蛋白结合) 和特异性模拟表位掩蔽(通过非CDR环与抗CD3 scFv的CDR结合)。
模拟表位的另一种替代掩膜是抗独特型亲和体。Sandersjöö等[87]研究证明, 抗独特型亲和体(anti-ZHER2) 可以通过linker与抗HER2亲和体(ZHER2) 融合, 使表观亲和力降低至原本的1/1 000。Roche公司的蛋白酶激活T细胞双特异性抗体(Prot-TCB) 平台使用的掩膜是抗独特型抗体[88], AstraZeneca公司探讨了抗独特型抗体作为mask的要素: 结合位点与抗原一致; 结合常数Kon比抗原小, 解离常数Koff比抗原大; 高亲和力的mask可以在scFv的linker引入TME特异性酶切位点, 破坏其构象[89]
虽然使用模拟表位或抗独特型亲和体可以提供出色的掩蔽效率, 但每个掩膜只能应用于一种抗原特异性。此外, 掩膜的产生需要通过细菌或噬菌体展示技术进行耗时和富有挑战性的亲和力微调。
为了提高对其他抗原特异性的适用性, 可以利用结合可变结构域(variable fragment, Fv) 中保守区域并延伸到互补位或破坏结合构象的掩膜。
来自生殖支原体的蛋白M (Prot M) 是一种新发现的多特异性免疫逃逸蛋白, 能够阻断抗原与广泛的抗体结合。Kim等[90]设计了Prot M的蛋白酶切版本, 该蛋白识别Fv中的一个保守区域, 并延伸到互补位上, 从而阻断IgG的结合, 对蛋白酶敏感的linker插入在Prot M的抗体结合结构域与抗原阻断结构域之间(图 2B)。这是为数不多的不需要对抗体进行修饰的方法之一, 且由于Prot M对多种IgG亚型具有高亲和力, 该策略可作为一种通用的方法来构建由疾病特异性蛋白酶激活的前抗体。
Maverick Therapeutics公司的条件性双特异性重定向激活(conditional bispecific redirected activation, COBRA™) TCEs平台依赖于scFv的失活结构域裂解和随后的活性结构域二聚化, 以结合CD3。这是唯一涉及变构破坏结合构象而不是掩蔽互补位的蛋白酶激活策略。该技术是将活性抗CD3ε scFv的两个可变区(VH或VL) 放入两个单独的分子(hemi-COBRAs) 中。每个VH或VL的C端通过蛋白酶可切割的scFv linker连接到一个互补的失活可变结构域(VLi或VHi) 上。在每个VH或VL的N端加入靶向肿瘤的sdAb, 在每个VLi或VHi的C端加入抗人血清白蛋白(HSA) 的sdAb[91] (图 2B)。Hemi-COBRAs与CD3的结合受损, 利用其N端sdAb靶向肿瘤抗原, 将这些分子积累在肿瘤细胞表面。Hemi-COBRAs可以在TME中被蛋白酶切割激活并重新排列成活性的TCE, 而在正常组织中保留为血清半衰期延长的无活性前药(C端sdAb结合HSA)。尽管这个系统很复杂, 但它在体内是有效的: 在HT-29异种移植小鼠模型中, 中等剂量COBRAs诱导肿瘤完全缓解。
更通用的方法是通过空间位阻进行失活, 将非结合的大片段插入到互补位附近并阻碍抗原结合。基于此, 已经开发了几种具有不同程度掩蔽效率和适用性的策略。
对立体掩膜的一个要求是低免疫原性。考虑到此, 几种蛋白质通过蛋白酶敏感的linker融合到抗体N端上(图 2C), 包括内源性的抑制结构域(如转化生长因子-β前体的潜伏相关肽)[92], 能够招募白蛋白的多肽, 和固有无序的XTEN多肽[93]。前两种方法分别使亲和力降至原本的1/2和1/10, 在动物研究中尚未见报道。XTEN多肽融合的蛋白酶激活TCE (XTENylated protease-activated T cell engagers, XPATs) 在食蟹猴中的MTD显著增加, 且对抗体药代动力学的影响最小。
为了提供更高的掩蔽效率, 通过延长抗体轻链和重链的N末端, 其中一个抗体掩蔽另一个, 使抗原结合亲和力最低降低至原来的1/3 000。在Metz描述的一种可激活三价BsAb中, 一个二硫键稳定的Fv (disulfide-stabilized Fv, dsFv) 融合到全长IgG的重链C末端, 全长IgG充当掩膜(图 2D)[94]。在Fc和dsFv之间的linker之一引入蛋白酶位点, 蛋白酶切割将导致dsFv能够旋转打开并与其靶标结合。另一种策略利用了双可变区抗体(dual variable domain IgG, DVD-Ig) 的“内部结构域”中固有较低的结合亲和力, 通过蛋白酶可切割的linker将一个Fv连接到另一个抗体的N端(图 2D)[95, 96]。在以上两种策略中, 一般将活性较高或易产生毒性的靶点的靶向部分作为三价抗体的dsFv或DVD-Ig的内部结构域, 使其在蛋白酶切割前无活性。
以下两种策略在有效阻断抗原结合的同时, 大幅度降低抗体N端延伸的长度。Lu等[97]使用了IgG1的二硫键稳定的铰链区作为抗体锁, 通过将其与MMP-2/9底物连接, 覆盖抗体结合位点; Trang等[98]应用了亮氨酸拉链卷曲螺旋结构域之间的高亲和非共价相互作用, 在空间上封闭了CDRs (图 2D)。后一种策略使抗CD19抗体的亲和力降低至原本的1/750, 从而降低了系统抗原的结合, 并延长了半衰期。该抗体在淋巴瘤异种移植模型中显示出增强的疗效。这种通用的蛋白酶激活方法可以适用几乎任何Fab或全长抗体。
蛋白酶激活抗体也存在蛋白质工程权衡的一些问题, 包括: ①抗体支架额外的序列延伸带来的免疫原性风险; ②小鼠异种移植肿瘤中的蛋白水解环境可能不足以模拟人类肿瘤中的蛋白水解环境; ③鉴定在TME中有效切割但在正常组织中无法切割的合适蛋白酶底物具有一定难度。
在过去十几年中, 已经有大量策略用于产生响应于各种环境刺激的条件性激活抗体, 为抗体作为治疗药物和研究生物系统的探针开辟了新途径。条件性激活抗体被设计成对内源性或外源性刺激产生响应, 内源性刺激包括pH、ATP、离子、蛋白酶、磷酸酶、效应分子和抗原组合, 外源性刺激包括光照和温度。外源性刺激如光照在空间和时间控制上往往需要复杂的设置, 而由特定内源性分子触发的激活具有内在的选择性。
在治疗中最先进的条件性激活抗体是pH激活的“recycling antibodies”和蛋白酶激活的“probodies”, 两种均是基于内源性刺激且相对简单而稳健的策略。此外, 它们应用于全长抗体, 保留或增强了IgG突出的药代动力学特性。目前许多对pH和蛋白酶敏感的抗体正在临床开发中, 其中已有两个pH敏感抗体被批准用于临床。蛋白酶激活中Prot M位阻策略已在体外进行测试, 但其体内应用需要大量优化。尽管此策略由于不需要对抗体进行化学和基因修饰而极具吸引力, 但它的掩蔽能力和稳定性有限。其他基于Ca2+浓度、光、效应分子和膜抗原组合的激活方法提供了有趣的治疗选择, 且在控制细胞内蛋白质定位和研究生物过程方面显示出巨大潜力, 但它们通常需要更精细的工程, 大多应用于分子量较小的抗体衍生物, 可能需要进一步改进以扩展用途。此外, 工程化条件性激活抗原也能在不对抗体进行修饰的情况下调节抗体结合[99]。然而, 大多数条件性激活技术都需要较高的工程程度和一定的结构知识。
随着条件性激活抗体治疗药物进入临床, 一些问题受到监测, 尤其是PDC毒性问题。由于条件性激活抗体的主要目的是提高抗体的靶向性, 条件性依赖的抗原结合有助于减轻这些ADCs的on-target/off tumor toxicity, 但不太可能减轻毒素分子的off-target toxicity, 而off-target toxicity往往定义了ADCs的MTD[2]。因此, 这类旨在解决抗体分子的靶向性问题的技术并不能有效缓解ADC的毒性。
总而言之, 在短短十几年内, 条件性激活抗体领域已经产生了上市治疗剂和处于临床阶段的能够靶向不能与传统抗体结合的抗原的治疗药物, 以及控制蛋白质定位和研究细胞过程的新工具。然而, 在这个不断扩展的领域中, 还有许多策略尚未开发。未来在化学和生物技术界面上的新激活机制, 生物标志物和抗体激活的触发因素的新发现, 以及定向进化工具的研究, 可能提供更有效和普遍适用的条件性激活策略。
作者贡献: 陈洋洋负责文献查阅、撰写和修改; 熊爱英、朱僧和宋戈负责文章选题方向; 田浤负责指导写作。
利益冲突: 作者声明不存在任何利益冲突。
参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第59卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0071
  • 接收时间:2024-01-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2024-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-23
  • 修回日期:2024-04-22
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    1.中国药科大学生命科学与技术学院, 江苏 南京 211198
    2.上海复宏汉霖生物医药有限公司上海创新中心, 上海 200233

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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