Article(id=1199786451996082214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199786450628735631, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0223, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710172800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-12, revisedDate=1719244800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763980981110, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1726070400000, pubDateStr=2024-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763980981110, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763980981110, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763980981110, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199786450628735631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='9', pageStart='2417', pageEnd='2676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763980980784, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225057364, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810182063280632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199786450628735631, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810182063280633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199786450628735631, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2484, endPage=2490, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199786452289683499, articleId=1199786451996082214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Pharmacokinetics of PROTACs and their research progress in disease treatment, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC), as an emerging treatment method, has become one of the hottest technologies in the field of new drug research with a near-20-year development. PROTAC utilizes the natural ubiquitin-protease system in cells to induce targeted protein degradation, especially for protein of interest that are difficult to target by traditional small molecules. Moreover, PROTAC is expected to solve the problem of drug resistance that often occurs with small molecule drugs. However, the excessive relative molecular weight, poor solubility and membrane permeability, and low oral absorption of PROTAC make it challenging to druggability study. Currently, take pharmacokinetic characteristics as the entry point to continuously optimize and improve, so as to accelerate the transformation of PROTAC from laboratory to clinical application. Based on the basic structure and mechanism of PROTACs, this review introduces its pharmacokinetic properties, analyzes how to design efficient and stable PROTAC molecules, summarizes its current research progress in various diseases treatments, evaluates the development prospects and limitations of PROTAC, in order to provide more references for further research and application of PROTAC.

, correspAuthors=Jin-ping HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jin-jin WU, Jin-ping HU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1199786452985937978, articleId=1199786451996082214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=PROTAC分子的药代动力学特征及其在疾病治疗中的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

蛋白靶向裂解嵌合体(proteolysis-targeting chimera, PROTAC) 作为一种新兴的治疗方式, 经过二十年的研究和发展, 目前俨然成为新药研发领域最火热的技术之一。PROTAC分子利用细胞中天然存在的泛素-蛋白酶体系诱导靶向蛋白降解, 尤其是一些传统小分子难以靶向的目标蛋白, 并且其有望解决使用小分子药物常出现的耐药性问题。然而, PROTAC分子由于分子量较大、溶解度及膜渗透性差, 口服吸收低, 使其成药性研究面临诸多挑战。目前, 应以药代动力学特征为着力点, 不断优化设计, 以期加快PROTAC药物从实验室到临床应用的转化步伐。本综述介绍了PROTAC分子的基本结构及作用机制, 分析了其药代动力学特性及如何设计高效稳定的PROTAC分子, 并总结了其目前在各类疾病治疗中的研究进展, 评估了PROTAC药物的发展前景及面临的局限性, 为PROTAC药物的进一步研究应用提供参考。

, correspAuthors=扈金萍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*扈金萍,E-mail:
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POI: Protein of interest; E1: Ubiquitin activating enzyme; E2: Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme; E3: Ubiquitin-protein ligase; Ub: Ubiquitin; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate , figureFileSmall=9xw4b8digBgfWPDeO38ZmQ==, figureFileBig=ZdeJHLLsuiQQhIeNE5dWBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378851986625027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786451996082214, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FF22Ch+zLll7mHUvQHzM1g==, figureFileBig=fcnkwP6fJIwJunYCm4s9dA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378852108259852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786451996082214, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Effective PROTAC for various disease treatments , figureFileSmall=FF22Ch+zLll7mHUvQHzM1g==, figureFileBig=fcnkwP6fJIwJunYCm4s9dA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378852246671896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786451996082214, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Process Pharmacokinetic properties of PROTAC
Absorption 1) PROTAC drugs are usually poorly absorbed, some of them through the lymph;
2) Due to the "chameleonicity" of some PROTAC molecules, its permeability is determined by whether it can be transformed into a non-polar conformation during the permeation process.
Distribution 1) The plasma protein binding rate of PROTAC molecules is high, most of which exceed 90%;
2) The "hook effect" will appear, when the concentration of PROTAC drugs is high, resulting in a significant decrease in drug activity.
Metabolism 1) Phase Ⅰ metabolic enzymes (CYP enzyme system) and phase Ⅱ transferases (UGTs, SULTs, etc.) mainly responsible for the metabolism of PROTAC molecules, while aldehyde oxidase also partly involved;
2) Linker is the easiest part to metabolize for PROTAC molecules, like N-dealkylation, hydroxylation, amide hydrolysis, etc. Linker-cleavage-products may lead to "off-target effect".
Excretion 1) PROTAC molecules might be eliminated through liver metabolism;
2) The excretion of PROTAC molecules might be related to drug transporters located in liver and kidney.
), ArticleFig(id=1200378852406055460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786451996082214, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Pharmacokinetic properties of PROTAC. CYP: Cytochrome P450; UGTs: Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase; SULTs: Sulfotransferase

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Process Pharmacokinetic properties of PROTAC
Absorption 1) PROTAC drugs are usually poorly absorbed, some of them through the lymph;
2) Due to the "chameleonicity" of some PROTAC molecules, its permeability is determined by whether it can be transformed into a non-polar conformation during the permeation process.
Distribution 1) The plasma protein binding rate of PROTAC molecules is high, most of which exceed 90%;
2) The "hook effect" will appear, when the concentration of PROTAC drugs is high, resulting in a significant decrease in drug activity.
Metabolism 1) Phase Ⅰ metabolic enzymes (CYP enzyme system) and phase Ⅱ transferases (UGTs, SULTs, etc.) mainly responsible for the metabolism of PROTAC molecules, while aldehyde oxidase also partly involved;
2) Linker is the easiest part to metabolize for PROTAC molecules, like N-dealkylation, hydroxylation, amide hydrolysis, etc. Linker-cleavage-products may lead to "off-target effect".
Excretion 1) PROTAC molecules might be eliminated through liver metabolism;
2) The excretion of PROTAC molecules might be related to drug transporters located in liver and kidney.
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PROTAC分子的药代动力学特征及其在疾病治疗中的研究进展
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吴瑾瑾 , 扈金萍 *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(9): 2484-2490
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(9): 2484-2490
PROTAC分子的药代动力学特征及其在疾病治疗中的研究进展
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吴瑾瑾, 扈金萍*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 创新药物非临床药物代谢及PK/PD研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*扈金萍,E-mail:
Pharmacokinetics of PROTACs and their research progress in disease treatment
Jin-jin WU, Jin-ping HU*
Affiliations
  • Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2024-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0223
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蛋白靶向裂解嵌合体(proteolysis-targeting chimera, PROTAC) 作为一种新兴的治疗方式, 经过二十年的研究和发展, 目前俨然成为新药研发领域最火热的技术之一。PROTAC分子利用细胞中天然存在的泛素-蛋白酶体系诱导靶向蛋白降解, 尤其是一些传统小分子难以靶向的目标蛋白, 并且其有望解决使用小分子药物常出现的耐药性问题。然而, PROTAC分子由于分子量较大、溶解度及膜渗透性差, 口服吸收低, 使其成药性研究面临诸多挑战。目前, 应以药代动力学特征为着力点, 不断优化设计, 以期加快PROTAC药物从实验室到临床应用的转化步伐。本综述介绍了PROTAC分子的基本结构及作用机制, 分析了其药代动力学特性及如何设计高效稳定的PROTAC分子, 并总结了其目前在各类疾病治疗中的研究进展, 评估了PROTAC药物的发展前景及面临的局限性, 为PROTAC药物的进一步研究应用提供参考。

蛋白靶向裂解嵌合体  /  药代动力学  /  疾病靶向治疗

Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC), as an emerging treatment method, has become one of the hottest technologies in the field of new drug research with a near-20-year development. PROTAC utilizes the natural ubiquitin-protease system in cells to induce targeted protein degradation, especially for protein of interest that are difficult to target by traditional small molecules. Moreover, PROTAC is expected to solve the problem of drug resistance that often occurs with small molecule drugs. However, the excessive relative molecular weight, poor solubility and membrane permeability, and low oral absorption of PROTAC make it challenging to druggability study. Currently, take pharmacokinetic characteristics as the entry point to continuously optimize and improve, so as to accelerate the transformation of PROTAC from laboratory to clinical application. Based on the basic structure and mechanism of PROTACs, this review introduces its pharmacokinetic properties, analyzes how to design efficient and stable PROTAC molecules, summarizes its current research progress in various diseases treatments, evaluates the development prospects and limitations of PROTAC, in order to provide more references for further research and application of PROTAC.

proteolysis-targeting chimera  /  pharmacokinetics  /  disease targeted therapy
吴瑾瑾, 扈金萍. PROTAC分子的药代动力学特征及其在疾病治疗中的研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (9) : 2484 -2490 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0223
Jin-jin WU, Jin-ping HU. Pharmacokinetics of PROTACs and their research progress in disease treatment[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (9) : 2484 -2490 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0223
蛋白裂解靶向嵌合体(proteolysis-targeting chimera, PROTAC) 是利用细胞中天然存在的泛素-蛋白酶体系(ubiquitin-proteasome system, UPS) 从细胞和组织中诱导目标蛋白(protein of interest, POIs) 降解的一种新型治疗模式[1]。PROTAC分子由两个配体及连接子组成: 配体A招募并结合POI, 配体B招募并结合E3泛素连接酶, 由一个linker连接两个配体形成异质双功能小分子, 同时结合POI和E3泛素连接酶形成三元复合物, 诱导POI泛素化经UPS或自噬途径降解[2], 实现泛素(ubiquitin, Ub) 依赖的蛋白水解, 其介导的靶向蛋白降解机制如图 1所示。
PROTAC药物与传统小分子抑制剂的典型区别在于, 传统小分子抑制剂表现出一定的剂量依赖性, 通过最大化占据受体来达到药效, 而PROTAC分子在给药后, 能快速高效地耗竭POI, 并回收再次结合底物, 实现多次泛素化反应降解底物, 这种催化型的作用机制使其能以更低的剂量、更长的给药间隔就达到一定的药效[3], 解决药物蓄积的问题。另外, PROTAC分子的作用优势在于它无需与活性位点结合, 只需配体与靶蛋白有亲和力, 即可诱导靶蛋白降解, 这为治疗一些难以靶向的致病蛋白提供了新的思路, 如KRAS、TP53、BCL-XL、MDM2、STAT3等[4]。对于PROTAC而言, 最适宜的靶点应该具有以下几个特征: 由于过表达、突变等原因导致蛋白具有致病功能; 该蛋白具有E3连接酶可接近的结合表面; 理想情况下有一个可以进入蛋白酶体的非结构化区域[5]。因此, 需要合理设计PROTAC分子结构, 使其能准确、高效地结合靶点。
PROTAC分子以其独特的结构和作用机制带来了显著的治疗优势。然而, 这种结构也赋予了它特殊的理化性质以及与传统小分子药物不同的代谢特征。为了更深入地理解其代谢特性, 应该以PROTAC分子的结构特征为出发点, 研究POI配体的稳定性、E3连接酶配体的类型、linker的长度等因素对其代谢的影响, 进而合理设计PROTAC分子, 使其具备良好的药代动力学特性。
PROTAC分子的POI配体部分一般选择上市或文献报道的活性抑制剂, 目前已有超过360个POI配体被报道, 作用的靶蛋白包括雄激素受体(AR)、雌激素受体(ER) 和含溴结构域的蛋白(BRD) 等[6]
在设计PROTAC分子时, 需要充分考虑POI配体的代谢稳定性及代谢速率。Goracci等[7]发现当linker和E3连接酶配体不变时, PROTAC分子的代谢稳定性会随POI配体的变化而发生变化, 并且, 一旦POI配体选择设计不当, 整个化合物的代谢软点集中在POI配体上, 无论如何改变PROTAC分子的其他结构与组成, 其代谢稳定性均无法获得较大的改善。
在开发PROTAC药物的时候, 必须考虑所选择的E3连接酶在表达POI的组织中的数量和活性, E3连接酶的数量和活性决定了靶向降解的功效和特异性, E3连接酶在不同组织的数量不同, 蛋白降解技术的功效也不同[8]。具有相似亲和力的蛋白裂解靶向嵌合体可能会因为不同类型的E3连接酶配体而具有不同的降解能力, 选择合适的E3连接酶配体有助于减轻脱靶效应, 提高降解策略的效率和安全性。
目前有600多种类型的E3连接酶配体, 在近二十年来已发表的高活性PROTAC化合物中, 最常见的是VHL (Von Hippel-Lindau)、CRBN (cereblon) 和cIAP (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein) 三种[6]。E3连接酶是影响PROTAC药物体内药代动力学的重要因素之一, CRBN PROTAC具有 > 30%的口服生物利用度, 而VHL PROTAC最高仅达到2%~3%, 与VHL配体相比, CRBN配体具有更好的类药特性, 它在大多数组织中广泛表达, CRBN复合物体积通常比VHL复合物小, 具有更好的降解效率, 故使得它们在口服生物利用度方面表现更好[9]。一些已进入临床试验的药物和CRBN调节剂的出现, 表示CRBN正在成为设计高活性PROTAC分子的首选E3连接酶。
Linker对PROTAC分子的理化性质和生物活性都有着至关重要的影响, 它的长度和灵活性决定了三元复合物形成的速度及其空间邻近性, 以及能否实现POI的有效泛素化和降解[10]。如果linker太短, 由于空间位阻的冲突, 两个配体不能同时与各自的目标物质结合, 导致三元复合物的形成受到阻碍; 另一方面, 如果linker过长, E3连接酶不能靠近POI进行泛素化修饰。此外, linker的刚柔性也会对代谢稳定性产生影响, 相较于链状柔性linker, 含刚性linker的PROTAC分子具有更高的代谢稳定性。由于E3连接酶和POI配体结合部分在PROTAC药物的设计中被认为是几乎不可变的, 因此linker是唯一“可编辑”的结构, 对整个药物分子的理化性质产生了深远影响[11], 所以, 优化接头组成、长度和连接位置对于形成高效三元复合物至关重要。
PROTAC药物作为目前研究的热点领域之一, 在药物开发中具有广阔的应用前景, 但PROTAC分子质量在900~1 100 Da之间, 可旋转的键数在20~25个之间[12], 难以符合类药五原则(Lipinski's rule of five)。与传统小分子药物相比, PROTAC药物具有更多的氢键供体和更大的表面极性区, 会出现细胞通透性小、代谢稳定性差和口服生物利用度低等问题, 导致其PK特性差进而影响药效。因此, 如何设计和优化PROTAC药物并改善其PK特征是促进其成药的关键因素。表 1总结了PROTAC分子在体内吸收、分布、代谢、排泄过程中的药代动力学特征。
由于PROTAC药物分子量大且水溶性差, 故不利于肠道吸收, 口服生物利用度一般较低, 所以如何实现有效的口服吸收成为了开发口服PROTAC药物的最大障碍[13]。目前也有研究表明口服PROTAC药物后可通过淋巴吸收, 药物分子在胃肠道中与乳糜微粒的脂质/甘油三酯结合, 一同分泌到淋巴循环中, 绕过首过效应[14]
PROTAC相对于小分子药物而言, 其体外溶解度和渗透性与药物吸收程度的相关性并不明显, 存在较为复杂的渗透机制, Atilaw等[15]发现一些PROTAC分子存在“变色龙性(chameleonicity)”, 即它的分子构象会随着所处环境发生变化, 在模拟细胞内(DMSO-水, 3∶1) 或细胞外的溶液(DMSO) 中呈现细长、极性的构象, 在模拟细胞膜的溶液(氯仿) 中, PROTAC分子通过分子内氢键、π-π键等作用折叠, 缩小极性表面积, 从极性分子构象转变为非极性分子构象。这表明PROTAC药物渗透性的高低与它在渗透过程中能否转变为非极性构象有关, 合理优化设计药物结构是改善PROTAC药物吸收的关键[16]
另外, 前药设计是提高药物口服生物利用度的常用方法, Wei等[17]通过在PROTAC分子的CRBN配体上添加亲脂基团得到前药, 该前药设计显著提高了该PROTAC分子的生物利用度; Lebraud等[18]利用点击化学开发一种细胞内自组装前体分子—CLIPTAC, 在细胞中具有点击能力的两个小的前体分子比一个大的化合物更容易通过细胞膜, 说明可以充分利用细胞内点击化学设计前药, 解决PROTAC药物有限渗透性的问题。
同时, 新的制剂技术也可以促进PROTAC药物跨膜吸收, Kou等[19]开发了一种“PROTAC-in-cyclodextrin”脂质体制剂, 药物被包裹在脂质体中心, 这种包封方式使得药物渗透性提高, 提高了胞内药物浓度。此外, 使用无定形固体分散体、纳米递送系统、自乳化递送系统也可能有助于增加药物的体内暴露量。
由此可见, 通过对PROTAC分子进行结构修饰、设计前药以及选择合适的药物剂型等可以提高PROTAC药物的细胞透过性, 改善其药代动力学特征, 并调节和提高血药浓度和整体治疗指数(TI), 进而改善药物靶向性, 获得更好的疗效。
药物与血浆蛋白的结合是一个动态平衡过程, 在体内只有游离型药物才能通过脂膜向组织扩散、被肾小管滤过或被肝脏代谢, 因此药物的血浆蛋白结合会影响到药物的分布与消除。PROTAC药物具有较高的血浆蛋白结合率, 大部分超过90%, 最高可达到99%[20]。多项研究表明PROTAC药物在浓度较高的情况下, “TPD+POI+E3连接酶”三元复合物的结合会达到饱和, 无法同时结合POI和E3连接酶, 便会优先形成“TPD+靶蛋白”二元复合物, 从而导致钟形DC50曲线的形成, 出现“钩子效应(hook effect)”[21], 使药物活性明显降低。
转运蛋白可影响到PROTAC药物的组织分布, 如外排转运蛋白P-gp能够将PROTAC药物泵出到肿瘤细胞外, 从而导致其疗效降低[22]。此外, PROTAC药物也难以透过血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB) 到达脑内靶细胞治疗中枢神经系统疾病[23], 目前研究表明PROTAC药物可透过BBB的递送方法可分为三种: ①利用转铁蛋白受体通过BBB[24]; ②设计含N基团的PROTAC药物, 可利用质子偶联有机阳离子反转运体介导转运[25]; ③ NanoPROTACs是利用纳米颗粒作为药物输送系统的载体, 具有生物可降解性、生物相容性、稳定性和易修饰性, 可改善PROTAC药物的给药和作用机制[26]。上述方法可增强PROTAC药物的脑内分布, 改善中枢神经系统疾病的治疗。
与小分子药物相似, PROTAC药物的主要代谢酶包括Ⅰ相代谢酶(CYP1A2、CYP2B6、CYP2C8、CYP2C9、CYP2C19、CYP2D6和CYP3A等) 和常见的Ⅱ相转移酶(UGTs、SULTs等)。此外, Goracci等[7]报道, 对于含VHL配体的PROTAC药物, 醛氧化酶(hAOX) 也会参与其代谢, 催化噻唑环发生羟化。虽然醛氧化酶仅参与约3%上市药物的代谢, 但对于PROTAC分子也应引起重视, 醛氧化酶是主要在肝脏表达的胞浆药物代谢酶, 在大鼠中存在较大个体差异, 在犬中几乎没有表达, 而在人体内表达最多, 存在明显的种属差异[27]。所以对于经hAOX代谢的PROTAC药物, 在早期筛选中就应该尽快明确药物代谢酶类型, 合理选择体内实验动物模型, 避免忽视醛氧化酶代谢, 导致药物因出现清除过快、生物利用度低等问题而终止临床试验。
在PROTAC分子中, linker是最容易发生代谢反应的部分, 包括N-脱烷基化、羟基化、酰胺水解等, 如果是PEG类linker, 还存在O-脱烷基化反应, 这表明PROTAC分子代谢过程中会出现linker断裂型产物, 比如, linker断裂得到的E3连接酶配体片段可以作为分子胶与非目标蛋白结合, 产生“脱靶效应(off-target effects)”, 损伤其他正常蛋白, 出现严重的不良反应[28]。另外, linker的裂解会导致POI和E3配体的释放, 由于两个配体相关的代谢物能与靶点结合的部分仍是完整的, 故还可能结合靶点或E3连接酶, 并抑制完整的药物与POI结合[29], 所以PROTAC药物的PK/PD研究需充分考虑代谢产物对药效及药物安全性的影响。
PROTAC分子作为新的化学实体, 其代谢特征不同于其各部分配体代谢特征的加合, 代谢速率也可能完全不同。Goracci等[7]通过对PROTAC分子代谢特征与其各配体代谢特征的比较发现, POI配体和CRBN配体分别会发生烷基羟化和酰胺水解的代谢反应, 但当linker连接两者形成PROTAC分子后, 两个配体分子的部分均未发生对应的代谢, 主要的代谢发生在linker上。并且, PROTAC分子的代谢速率与单个配体相比也有所差异。由此可知, 不能通过简单加合各组成部分的代谢特征来准确判断PROTAC分子的代谢特征, 需要对其整体进行代谢产物研究。
由于PROTAC药物分子量较大且肾脏转运蛋白的转运潜力有限, 理论上认为肾脏排泄不是PROTAC药物清除的主要途径, 其主要通过肝代谢清除, 故可以通过体外肝细胞内在清除率预测PROTAC药物的体内清除[30]。PROTAC药物或其代谢物在肝脏的摄取、分布及在胆汁中的排泄可能与转运蛋白密切相关, 但由于临床数据稀少, 还应该不断补充关于PROTAC药物作为肾脏或者肝胆排泄转运蛋白底物的研究, 为阐明PROTAC药物体内清除途径提供依据。
随着学术界与工业界众多研究与技术的不断投入, PROTAC药物在特异性靶向POI和组织选择性方面都有着出色的表现, 减少了耐药性和不良反应, 不仅为新型药物的研发提供了新的思路, 更为疾病的治疗开辟了新的可能性。迄今为止, PROTAC药物在肿瘤、神经退行性疾病、心血管疾病和病毒感染等疾病治疗中均展现出巨大的发展潜力(图 2)。
目前癌症治疗通常采用放射治疗(RT) 和小分子抑制剂(SMIs), 但这些疗法往往会出现损伤健康组织或耐药等不良反应, 并且在肿瘤发生过程中存在一些难以靶向的致病蛋白, PROTAC技术的出现为此类疾病的治疗带来了希望。
Arvinas公司开发的用于治疗癌症的ARV-110 (NCT 03888612) 和ARV-471 (NCT 04072952), 成为第一批进入临床试验的两个PROTAC分子。ARV-110选择性靶向和降解AR, 拟开发用于治疗转移性去势抵抗性前列腺癌(mCRPC); ARV-471作为一款靶向ER的蛋白降解剂, 拟开发用于治疗ER阳性HER2阴性晚期或转移性乳腺癌, 能够显著抑制肿瘤生长。目前这两种PROTAC药物在临床研究中均显示出一定的安全性和临床疗效。另外, BCL-XL蛋白作为治疗T细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病(T-ALL) 的靶向蛋白之一[31], 其特异性小分子抑制剂会导致严重的血小板减少症, 限制其临床应用[32], Dilectic Therapeutics公司于2021年开发了一种可靶向降解BCL-XL的PROTAC药物DT2216 (NCT 04886622) 有望解决这一问题, 目前已进入临床试验[33]
近年来, 天然产物在构建多靶点的PROTAC药物中同样发挥着巨大作用。天然产物雷公藤红素(celastrol, CST) 具有多种抗肿瘤活性, 如抑制细胞增殖、诱导细胞凋亡、细胞周期阻滞、抑制细胞侵袭和转移[34], 2023年, Gan等[35]基于雷公藤红素设计合成了一种PROTAC分子, 结果表明该PROTAC药物能选择性降解肿瘤细胞中的GRP94和CDK1/4, 导致细胞周期阻滞, 诱导细胞凋亡, 以达到治疗乳腺癌的目的。
神经退行性疾病的发病机制不明及进展复杂, 目前认为Tau蛋白、α-突触核蛋白等错误折叠蛋白的聚集是此类疾病的主要发病原因, 但传统小分子药物难以通过血脑屏障并有效靶向目标蛋白。近年来, 随着PROTAC技术的进展, 有望在设计治疗神经系统疾病的药物中发挥潜在作用。
与AD相关的两个主要病理特征是老年斑和神经原纤维缠结(NFT), 患者大脑中细胞外Aβ蛋白的积累导致老年斑的形成, 而过度磷酸化的Tau蛋白形成NFT, 因此, Aβ和Tau沉积物成为目前神经退行性疾病的主要治疗靶点。
2019年, Kargbo等[36]基于CRBN和VHL开发了六种靶向Tau蛋白的PROTA药物, 报道了第一个小分子Tau蛋白降解剂, 该药物能够成功降解人Tau-p301L和Tau-a152T神经元中的过度磷酸化Tau蛋白和总Tau蛋白, 并通过血浆和脑组织的药代动力学研究, 证明其能够透过BBB发挥药效。同年, Silva等[37]合成的PROTAC分子QC01-175能靶向结合Tau蛋白和CRBN, 以触发Tau泛素化使其降解, 并且QC01-175还表现出一定的组织特异性, 优先降解额颞叶痴呆(FTD) 神经元中的Tau蛋白, 对正常神经元中Tau蛋白的影响较小, 使阿尔茨海默病的治疗有望实现新的突破。
亨廷顿病的发生是由于HTT基因突变产生的亨廷顿蛋白(mHtt) 在神经细胞中聚集, 导致神经细胞死亡引起的, 包括运动障碍和认知缺陷等多种症状[38]。2017年, Tomoshige等[39]将cIAP与Htt探针连接设计PROTAC分子, 诱导患者成纤维细胞中mHtt水平的下调, 随后又对PROTAC分子结构进行优化, 通过PEG连接对IAPs具有更高亲和力的MV1 (IAP拮抗剂) 和mHtt配体, 得到亲和力更强、特异性更高的PROTAC分子, 但降解Htt蛋白的能力却减弱了, 这也间接证明了E3配体的接头长度可能是影响药效的重要决定因素。
抗病毒配体的有限靶向性和病毒频繁变异产生的耐药性是当前抗病毒感染面临的两大挑战[40]。PROTAC药物可对抗不同的病毒并能有效克服病毒变种, 因此有望是解决当前抗病毒药物耐药性、选择性低和高毒性困境的新方法。
流感病毒血凝素(HA) 通过膜融合过程驱动病毒进入细胞, 是一种新兴的抗病毒药物靶点。2022年, Li等[41]报道了首例利用PROTAC药物进行体内外抗流感病毒应用的案例, 基于VHL配体构建PROTAC V3, 可以同时结合HA和E3连接酶, 以增强对血凝素蛋白的降解, 具有广谱抗甲型流感病毒活性, 表现出中等程度的口服生物利用度。同年, Si等[42]提出将疫苗与PROTAC技术相结合, 生成甲型流感减毒活疫苗, 通过利用宿主的蛋白质降解机制来控制病毒蛋白质的稳定性, 在保证安全性的同时保留了强大的免疫原性以提高功效。
HMGCR是他汀类药物防治心血管疾病的经典作用靶点, 但他汀类药物诱导的HMGCR代偿性上调不可避免地限制了它们的利用, 从而敦促开发额外的治疗策略。2020年, Luo等[43]通过连接阿托伐他汀与CRBN设计并合成了一组PROTAC分子, 发现其可以降低HMGCR蛋白水平并有效阻断胆固醇生物合成, 同时HMGCR的代偿性上调较少。HMGCR是第一个通过PROTAC技术成功降解的内质网定位的多面跨膜蛋白, 该技术可为降低胆固醇水平和治疗相关疾病提供新策略。
综上所述, PROTAC作为一种新兴的药物研发模式, 在疾病治疗中能够降解一些“不可成药”的靶蛋白, 提高药物选择性和特异性, 克服耐药性, 解决药物蓄积等问题, 在疾病治疗中具有显著优势。但PROTAC药物固有的复杂结构使其药代动力学特征较差, 临床应用受到限制, 因此, 以药代动力学特征为着力点进行优化设计, 不断完善和创新, 提高药物研发和临床转化的成功率。在当前精准医学的时代背景下, 随着更多临床数据的产生和技术积累, PROTAC药物这种新型疗法会加速成为患者精准医疗的选择, 一旦产生突破性进展, 定会开启药物创新新纪元。
作者贡献: 吴瑾瑾负责撰写全文, 并进行修改; 扈金萍负责选题, 对文章进行指导并提出合理的修改意见。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2022-I2M-2-002)
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2024年第59卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0223
  • 接收时间:2024-03-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2024-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-12
  • 修回日期:2024-06-25
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中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2022-I2M-2-002)
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    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 创新药物非临床药物代谢及PK/PD研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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