Article(id=1199783259941994805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783256183898355, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0464, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715702400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-15, revisedDate=1721232000000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763980220064, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1728662400000, pubDateStr=2024-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763980220064, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763980220064, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763980220064, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199783256183898355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='10', pageStart='2677', pageEnd='2896', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763980219168, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225034160, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810084742844917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783256183898355, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810084742844918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783256183898355, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2800, endPage=2808, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199783260223013193, articleId=1199783259941994805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Synergistic aspirin derivatives treat hypoxic injury of coronary heart diseases, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study focuses on the microenvironment acidification caused by metabolic abnormalities and ion balance disturbances during cardiac ischemia, which can significantly trigger drug resistance and thus limit the therapeutic effect of coronary heart disease. To address this issue, we delve into the potential role of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in enhancing drug efficacy through pH regulation. First, we evaluated the potential of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide, in combination with aspirin, in alleviating myocardial hypoxic injury in a cellular model. Through high-throughput screening techniques, we systematically analyzed the synergistic effect of this drug combination and determined the optimal ratio. Next, we modified the structure of aspirin using acetazolamide as the structural basis, aiming to create novel derivatives with stronger myocardial protective activity. Using in vitro and in vivo models of myocardial hypoxic injury, we evaluated the biological activity and therapeutic efficacy of these derived compounds in detail. Animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Southeast University (Ethics No. 20240109001). The results showed that the structurally modified aspirin derivatives exhibited significant synergistic effects in alleviating myocardial hypoxic injury. This study reveals the mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in the treatment of coronary heart disease and provides experimental and theoretical evidence for the development of novel coronary heart disease treatment drugs, which has important guiding significance for drug design and coronary heart disease treatment strategies.

, correspAuthors=Shao-hua GOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen ZHOU, Ping JIANG, Wan-xiang YANG, Shao-hua GOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1199783261762322885, articleId=1199783259941994805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于协同分析设计的阿司匹林衍生物在抗冠心病缺氧损伤中的应用研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究专注于心脏缺血期间由代谢异常和离子平衡紊乱导致的微环境酸化现象, 这种酸化现象会显著触发药物抗性, 从而限制冠心病的治疗效果。为了解决该问题, 本研究深入探讨了碳酸酐酶抑制剂在通过pH调节来增强药效方面的潜在作用。首先, 在细胞模型中评估了碳酸酐酶抑制剂乙酰唑胺与阿司匹林在缓解心肌缺氧损伤方面联合使用的功效。通过高通量筛选技术, 本研究系统地分析了这两种药物组合的协同作用, 并确定了其最佳配比。在此基础上, 利用化学修饰的方法, 以乙酰唑胺为结构修饰基团, 对阿司匹林进行了结构改造, 旨在合成出具有更强心肌保护活性的新型衍生物。通过体外和体内心肌缺氧损伤模型, 全面评估了上述衍生物的生物活性和治疗效果。动物实验已获得东南大学动物伦理委员会的批准(批准号: 20240109001)。研究结果显示, 经过结构修饰的阿司匹林衍生物在改善心肌缺氧损伤方面展现出了显著的协同效应。本研究揭示了碳酸酐酶抑制剂在冠心病治疗中的作用机制, 并为新型冠心病治疗药物的开发提供了实验和理论依据, 对药物设计和冠心病治疗策略具有重要的指导意义。

, correspAuthors=苟少华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*苟少华, E-mail:
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A: Cell viabilities influenced by As, Ac and As+Ac under 1% O<sub>2</sub>; B: H9c2 cell membrane integrities stained with FITC and PI, administrated by As, Ac and As+Ac, and detected by flow cytometry. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> 0 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> (model group); <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 , figureFileSmall=4ESspXaeobrl2XwUrEDyvA==, figureFileBig=MO8ItRtT/UBzKZgV6erBFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142938828276224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783259941994805, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8c5oPY/gBc2FpCFxBVI2Ow==, figureFileBig=+Dgl/xOyGbHaN9KHPxNEGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142938941522437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783259941994805, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Synergistic effects between As and Ac. A: CCK8 cell viability values (%) under different concentration combinations of As and Ac; B: The synergy score and two-dimensional visual representation of the synergy between As and Ac by SynergyFinder; C: Three-dimensional visual representation of the synergy between As and Ac , figureFileSmall=8c5oPY/gBc2FpCFxBVI2Ow==, figureFileBig=+Dgl/xOyGbHaN9KHPxNEGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142939063157258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783259941994805, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/iA0pBDV8jYn8+Q/q98MPw==, figureFileBig=Lm/nx0mIjmFkxMJGfIz9xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142939205763600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783259941994805, language=CN, label=Scheme 1, caption= The synthetic route of compounds AcAsw3, AcAsw4 and AcAsw5 , figureFileSmall=/iA0pBDV8jYn8+Q/q98MPw==, figureFileBig=Lm/nx0mIjmFkxMJGfIz9xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142939369341463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783259941994805, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rEjG0Oik10CpuluCpU3row==, figureFileBig=z1TbxhFvqJAUtU6qct83Yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142939503559194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783259941994805, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= H9c2 cell viabilities and apoptosis regulated by As, As+Ac and the compounds AcAsw3, AcAsw4, AcAsw5. A: Cell viabilities influenced by AcAsw3, AcAsw4, AcAsw5 under 1% O<sub>2</sub>, comparing with As, Ac and As+Ac; B: H9c2 cell membrane integrities stained with FITC and PI, and detected by flow cytometry. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> 0 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> (model group) , figureFileSmall=rEjG0Oik10CpuluCpU3row==, figureFileBig=z1TbxhFvqJAUtU6qct83Yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142939612611103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783259941994805, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NNnIuDrbdNO6Nyj+8uPw1g==, figureFileBig=SzVahhNAIWiCU9km2KJ61g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142939784577571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783259941994805, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The repair mechanism of AcAsw3 based on dual cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitions. A: IC<sub>50</sub> values of As and AcAsw3 against COX-2; B: The pH regulation effect of H9c2 cells cultured under normoxia (21% O<sub>2</sub>) or hypoxia (1% O<sub>2</sub>) with As or AcAsw3 (the difference in pH of cell culture medium before and after drug administration); C: IL-1<i>β</i>, TNF-<i>α</i>, ACE and cytc protein expressions in hypoxia (1% O<sub>2</sub>) modeling cells treated with As and AcAsw3. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> blank group (model group) , figureFileSmall=NNnIuDrbdNO6Nyj+8uPw1g==, figureFileBig=SzVahhNAIWiCU9km2KJ61g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142939893629481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783259941994805, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gUYlI5dmiwfbmPSeoU2sSA==, figureFileBig=bV943940fKCAfim1GQzKMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142940082373168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783259941994805, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= The efficacy of AcAsw3 to attenuate myocardial ischemic injury in mice. 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基于协同分析设计的阿司匹林衍生物在抗冠心病缺氧损伤中的应用研究
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周雯 1, 2 , 江萍 1 , 杨万祥 1 , 苟少华 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(10): 2800-2808
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(10): 2800-2808
基于协同分析设计的阿司匹林衍生物在抗冠心病缺氧损伤中的应用研究
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周雯1, 2, 江萍1, 杨万祥1, 苟少华1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.东南大学化学化工学院, 江苏 南京 211189
  • 2.东南大学, 江苏省生物药物高技术研究重点实验室, 江苏 南京 211189

通讯作者:

*苟少华, E-mail:
Synergistic aspirin derivatives treat hypoxic injury of coronary heart diseases
Wen ZHOU1, 2, Ping JIANG1, Wan-xiang YANG1, Shao-hua GOU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
  • 2. Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
出版时间: 2024-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0464
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本研究专注于心脏缺血期间由代谢异常和离子平衡紊乱导致的微环境酸化现象, 这种酸化现象会显著触发药物抗性, 从而限制冠心病的治疗效果。为了解决该问题, 本研究深入探讨了碳酸酐酶抑制剂在通过pH调节来增强药效方面的潜在作用。首先, 在细胞模型中评估了碳酸酐酶抑制剂乙酰唑胺与阿司匹林在缓解心肌缺氧损伤方面联合使用的功效。通过高通量筛选技术, 本研究系统地分析了这两种药物组合的协同作用, 并确定了其最佳配比。在此基础上, 利用化学修饰的方法, 以乙酰唑胺为结构修饰基团, 对阿司匹林进行了结构改造, 旨在合成出具有更强心肌保护活性的新型衍生物。通过体外和体内心肌缺氧损伤模型, 全面评估了上述衍生物的生物活性和治疗效果。动物实验已获得东南大学动物伦理委员会的批准(批准号: 20240109001)。研究结果显示, 经过结构修饰的阿司匹林衍生物在改善心肌缺氧损伤方面展现出了显著的协同效应。本研究揭示了碳酸酐酶抑制剂在冠心病治疗中的作用机制, 并为新型冠心病治疗药物的开发提供了实验和理论依据, 对药物设计和冠心病治疗策略具有重要的指导意义。

冠心病  /  碳酸酐酶抑制剂  /  阿司匹林衍生物  /  缺氧  /  协同作用

This study focuses on the microenvironment acidification caused by metabolic abnormalities and ion balance disturbances during cardiac ischemia, which can significantly trigger drug resistance and thus limit the therapeutic effect of coronary heart disease. To address this issue, we delve into the potential role of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in enhancing drug efficacy through pH regulation. First, we evaluated the potential of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide, in combination with aspirin, in alleviating myocardial hypoxic injury in a cellular model. Through high-throughput screening techniques, we systematically analyzed the synergistic effect of this drug combination and determined the optimal ratio. Next, we modified the structure of aspirin using acetazolamide as the structural basis, aiming to create novel derivatives with stronger myocardial protective activity. Using in vitro and in vivo models of myocardial hypoxic injury, we evaluated the biological activity and therapeutic efficacy of these derived compounds in detail. Animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Southeast University (Ethics No. 20240109001). The results showed that the structurally modified aspirin derivatives exhibited significant synergistic effects in alleviating myocardial hypoxic injury. This study reveals the mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in the treatment of coronary heart disease and provides experimental and theoretical evidence for the development of novel coronary heart disease treatment drugs, which has important guiding significance for drug design and coronary heart disease treatment strategies.

coronary heart disease  /  carbonic anhydrase inhibitor  /  aspirin derivative  /  hypoxia  /  synergy
周雯, 江萍, 杨万祥, 苟少华. 基于协同分析设计的阿司匹林衍生物在抗冠心病缺氧损伤中的应用研究. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (10) : 2800 -2808 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0464
Wen ZHOU, Ping JIANG, Wan-xiang YANG, Shao-hua GOU. Synergistic aspirin derivatives treat hypoxic injury of coronary heart diseases[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (10) : 2800 -2808 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0464
近年来, 冠心病(CHD) 的发病率和死亡率持续攀升, 已成为心血管医学领域亟待解决的首要问题[1, 2]。冠心病涵盖了一系列疾病, 包括但不限于心绞痛、心肌梗死、缺血性心肌病及突发性死亡型冠心病, 其共同病理基础是动脉粥样硬化, 它会导致冠状动脉的闭塞或狭窄。如未进行有效的药物干预, 会大大增加患者的死亡风险[3, 4]。然而, 当前药物在缺氧微环境中的效力受到明显抑制, 亟待研究在缺氧微环境下仍有显著疗效的新型药物[5, 6]
阿司匹林作为心血管疾病的常用药物, 主要通过抑制血小板中血栓烷的生物合成来发挥抗血小板聚集的作用, 进而减轻动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成, 有效降低冠心病进一步恶化的风险[7-9]。此外, 阿司匹林还具备解热、镇痛和抗炎作用, 对于缓解与心肌缺血相关的发热和炎症等并发症也有一定效果[10]
然而, 在缺氧微环境中, 阿司匹林的疗效会受到抑制[11]。当细胞处于缺氧状态时, 其代谢过程会由有氧呼吸转变为无氧呼吸, 这一转变导致乳酸等酸性代谢产物的过度积累。同时, 由于缺氧导致的能量剥夺, 细胞内的离子泵功能出现障碍, 进而破坏了细胞内外的离子稳态, 加剧了微环境的酸化过程[12]。这种高度酸化的环境会引起pH依赖型原发性耐药, 从而影响药效, 如阿司匹林在酸性条件下不稳定, 酯键易被水解生成水杨酸, 导致药物疗效降低[13, 14]。因此, 克服这种由缺氧引起的药物抗性, 对于提高阿司匹林在冠心病治疗中的疗效至关重要。
碳酸酐酶(CA) 在生物系统酸碱平衡的调节中具有重要作用, 是维持细胞正常功能的关键要素[15, 16]。在机体发生缺氧时, 缺氧诱导因子HIF-1α过表达, 由此触发炎症发展、代谢异常、细胞凋亡等多条信号通路[17]。其中, HIF-1α会引起CA的表达上调, 异常的CA活性会破坏心肌细胞内的酸碱平衡[18, 19]
已有研究表明, 碳酸酐酶抑制剂乙酰唑胺能够通过调节酸性微环境来逆转药物抗性[20, 21]。然而, 乙酰唑胺能否提高阿司匹林等上市药物在冠心病防治方面的疗效仍缺乏系统的研究, 对于二者的联合能否发挥协同增效的作用未见报道。研究二者的协同机制有望为药物的结构优化提供有效的设计思路。
因此, 本研究旨在探讨阿司匹林与乙酰唑胺联合使用的潜在协同作用, 并以此指导后续的药物分子设计。本研究利用双向方差分析(ANOVA) 和高通量筛选技术, 分析了阿司匹林与乙酰唑胺之间的相互作用, 并在证实其协同作用的基础上, 利用乙酰唑胺对阿司匹林进行了结构优化, 将两种具有不同动力学参数的药物偶联为单个药物分子。通过体内和体外心肌缺氧损伤模型, 对其进行了抗冠心病心肌缺氧损伤的活性评价。
心肌H9c2细胞在含10%胎牛血清(FBS) 的DMEM培养基中培养。空白组的细胞在细胞培养箱中培养条件为37 ℃、21% O2、5% CO2。缺氧造模的细胞培养方法如下: 将细胞在无FBS和葡萄糖的DMEM中饥饿2 h, 再置于细胞培养箱中。随后, 加药孵育2 h, 然后暴露在缺氧条件下(37 ℃、1% O2、5% CO2) 4 h。为了阻止细胞活动, 将细胞置于冰上。
在对细胞完成造模和给药后, 收集细胞, 使用细胞计数试剂盒8 (CCK8, 上海碧云天生物技术有限公司) 检测细胞活力。该试剂盒内的工作液WST-8在加入细胞后会产生橙色的甲酸, 在450 nm处有特征吸收。使用酶标仪测量450 nm处的吸光度强度用于分析细胞增殖和活力, 该数值与活细胞的数量成正比。随后, 通过计算给药组与空白对照组吸光度值的比值对细胞活力进行分析。
SynergyFinder是一个网络应用程序, 专为多药物(即涉及两种或更多种药物) 和多剂量联合反应数据的交互式分析与可视化而设计。作为一款用于探究药物间协同作用的工具, 它已得到广泛认可与应用。SynergyFinder的核心在于其依托的一系列复杂数学模型和算法, 这些算法能够全面评估药物组合的协同特性[22, 23]。在研究中, 阿司匹林和乙酰唑胺均以不同的浓度进行联合用药, 通过CCK8实验检测其对细胞活力的影响。随后, 将数据整合并导入SynergyFinder中进行解析与评分, 并以可视化的形式展示协同分析的结果。
化合物具体按如下方法合成, 并通过1H、13C-核磁共振(NMR) 波谱(德国布鲁克公司, AVANCE Ⅲ HD 600 MHz) 及电喷雾电离质谱(ESI-MS, 美国安捷伦公司, G1948B) 进行结构表征。
5-氨基-1, 3, 4-噻二唑-2-磺酰胺的合成: 5.0 g乙酰唑胺(上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司, 批号: C12799096) 溶于30 mL乙醇(22.5 mmol·L-1), 加入5 mL浓盐酸, 室温下搅拌回流, 直至反应完成。将溶液真空浓缩, 加入少量饱和碳酸氢钠溶液调节pH值。所得溶液经乙酸乙酯萃取, 有机相浓缩得到白色粉末。产率为86.4%。熔点: 223 ℃。1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.06 (s, 2H), 7.81 (s, 2H)。
中间体1的合成: 200 mg阿司匹林(玛雅试剂有限公司, 批号: MAYA-CR-8379) 溶解于10 mL N, N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF) 中, 随后向溶液中加入溴丁酸叔丁酯(247.7 mg) 和碳酸钾(230.1 mg)。反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜, 期间通过薄层色谱(TLC) 监测反应进程。反应结束后, 分液漏斗分离水层, 并用乙酸乙酯提取有机层。合并有机提取物, 用无水硫酸钠干燥并过滤去除残留固体。最后, 通过减压蒸馏, 分离出0.30 g白色固体产物, 产率: 90.0%。熔点: 153 ℃。1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.05 (d, 1H), 7.58 (t, 1H), 7.33 (t, 1H), 7.13 (d, 1H), 4.43 (t, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.25 (t, 2H), 1.63 (t, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H)。
AcAsw3的合成: 中间体1 (300 mg) 溶解于50 mL二氯甲烷中, 加入三氟乙酸(3 mL)。混合物在室温下搅拌过夜, 并用TLC监测反应进程。反应完成后, 去除溶剂, 并将草酰氯(3 mL) 加入至冰浴下的二氯甲烷溶液(50 mL) 中, 继续搅拌一夜。浓缩后, 将酰氯溶解在5 mL二氯甲烷中, 并在冰浴下缓慢滴加到5-氨基-1, 3, 4-噻二唑-2-磺酰胺的DMF溶液中, 该溶液中含2当量缚酸剂三乙胺。反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜, 并通过TLC监测。最后, 通过柱层析纯化, 减压蒸馏得到40.3 mg白色固体产物, 产率为15.5%。熔点: 271 ℃。1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.05 (s, 1H), 8.34 (s, 2H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 7.66 (t, 1H), 7.34 (t, 1H), 7.19 (d, 1H), 4.26 (d, 2H), 2.66 (t, 2H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.05 (d, 2H)。13C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 172.21, 169.57, 164.74, 164.25, 161.56, 150.52, 134.78, 131.58, 126.55, 124.46, 123.35, 64.68, 32.16, 23.95, 21.21。ESI-MS Calcd for [M + H]+ (C15H16N4O7S2): 429.05, found 429.100 0。
中间体2的合成: 阿司匹林(200 mg) 溶解于10 mL DMF中, 加入溴戊酸叔丁酯(263.3 mg) 和碳酸钾(230.1 mg)。反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜, 通过TLC监测反应进程。反应结束后, 分液漏斗分离水层, 并用乙酸乙酯提取有机层。合并有机提取物, 用无水硫酸钠干燥并过滤去除残留固体。减压蒸馏得到280.9 mg白色固体产物, 产率为75.1%。熔点: 164 ℃。1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.07 (d, 1H), 7.58 (t, 1H), 7.28 (t, 1H), 7.12 (d, 1H), 4.26 (d, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.19 (t, 2H), 1.74 (t, 2H), 1.62 (t, 2H), 1.41 (s, 9H)。
AcAsw4的合成: 中间体2 (280.9 mg) 溶解于50 mL二氯甲烷中, 加入三氟乙酸(3 mL)。混合物搅拌过夜, 并用TLC监测。去除溶剂后, 将草酰氯(3 mL) 加入至冰浴下的二氯甲烷溶液(50 mL) 中, 搅拌一夜。浓缩后, 将酰氯溶解在5 mL二氯甲烷中, 并在冰浴下滴加到5-氨基-1, 3, 4-噻二唑-2-磺酰胺的DMF溶液中, 该溶液中含2当量缚酸剂三乙胺。反应混合物搅拌过夜, 并用TLC监测。通过柱层析纯化, 减压蒸馏后, 得到58.6 mg白色固体产物, 产率为15.1%。熔点: 287 ℃。1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.03 (s, 1H), 8.30 (s, 2H), 7.92 (d, 1H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.42 (t, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 4.25 (s, 2H), 2.66 (t, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 1.70 (d, 4H)。13C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 172.75, 169.58, 164.61, 164.54, 161.31, 150.27, 134.35, 131.54, 126.62, 124.48, 123.39, 65.29, 34.83, 28.39, 25.23, 21.22。ESI-MS Calcd for [M + H]+ (C16H18N4O7S2): 443.06, found 443.100 0。
中间体3的合成: 阿司匹林(200 mg) 溶解于10 mL DMF中, 加入溴戊酸叔丁酯(278.8 mg) 和碳酸钾(230.1 mg)。反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜, 并通过TLC监测反应进程。反应结束后, 分液漏斗分离水层, 并用乙酸乙酯提取有机层。合并有机提取物, 用无水硫酸钠干燥并过滤去除残留固体。减压蒸馏后, 得到298.5 mg白色固体产物, 产率为70.8%。熔点: 188 ℃。1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.03 (d, 1H), 7.52 (t, 1H), 7.27 (t, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 4.25 (d, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.16 (t, 2H), 1.72 (t, 2H), 1.63 (t, 2H), 1.39 (s, 9H), 0.85 (t, 2H)。
AcAsw5的合成: 中间体3 (298.5 mg) 溶解于50 mL二氯甲烷中, 加入三氟乙酸(3 mL)。混合物搅拌过夜, 并用TLC监测。去除溶剂后, 将草酰氯(3 mL) 加入至冰浴下的二氯甲烷溶液(50 mL) 中, 搅拌一夜。浓缩后, 将酰氯溶解在5 mL二氯甲烷中, 并在冰浴下滴加到5-氨基-1, 3, 4-噻二唑-2-磺酰胺的DMF溶液中, 该溶液中含2当量缚酸剂三乙胺。反应混合物搅拌过夜, 并通过TLC监测。通过柱层析纯化, 减压蒸馏后得到白色固体产物67.4 mg, 产率为17.5%。熔点: 293 ℃。1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.02 (s, 1H), 8.37 (s, 2H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.69 (t, 1H), 7.36 (t, 1H), 7.25 (d, 1H), 4.24 (d, 2H), 2.56 (t, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 1.70 (d, 4H), 1.39 (d, 2H)。13C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 172.62, 169.53, 164.75, 164.54, 161.53, 150.39, 134.66, 131.58, 126.71, 124.48, 123.72, 65.13, 35.13, 28.23, 25.29, 24.46, 21.22。ESI-MS Calcd for [M + H]+ (C17H20N4O7S2): 457.08, found 457.100 0。
采用Annexin V-FITC细胞凋亡检测试剂盒对细胞凋亡和坏死进行检测。H9c2细胞被培养在6孔板中, 分别加入或不加入化合物(10 μmol·L-1) 处理, 于缺氧条件下孵育4 h。之后, 细胞被重悬于1 mL细胞染色缓冲液中, 并依次用Annexin V-FITC (5 μL) 和PI (10 μL) 进行染色30 min。完成标记的细胞样本, 利用流式细胞术和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜进行分析。显微镜成像采用徕卡DM IRBE倒置显微镜, 配备HCX PlanApo 63×油物镜, 数值孔径为1.32, 并搭载了配备arr激光器的徕卡TCS NT共聚焦扫描仪。在显微镜成像阶段, 本研究选用了徕卡DM IRBE倒置显微镜, 并配备了HCX PlanApo 63×油物镜(数值孔径为1.32)。此外, 为了获得更清晰的图像, 还搭载了配备arr激光器的徕卡TCS NT共聚焦扫描仪。这些高级设备和技术确保了细胞凋亡和坏死检测结果的准确性和可靠性。
细胞首先被接种于24孔板中, 并培养过夜以确保其充分附着。随后, 加入待测药物, 并将细胞置于常氧条件(21% O2) 或缺氧环境(1% O2) 中进行孵育。在整个孵育过程中, 细胞外pH值的变化通过pH值探头进行监测。通过比较孵育开始与结束时的pH值测量值, 可以计算出pH值的变化量(∆pH值), 从而评估药物对细胞环境pH值的调节作用。
收集各组细胞并使用含有1 mmol·L-1 PMSF的细胞裂解液进行裂解处理。离心收集蛋白质样品, 并利用BCA蛋白浓度检测试剂盒(上海碧云天生物技术有限公司) 进行蛋白质定量。随后, 等量的蛋白质通过SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳进行分离, 并转移至PVDF膜上。在室温条件下进行封闭后, 利用一抗进行特异性结合。一抗包括白细胞介素-1β抗体(anti-IL-1β, 1∶500, 16806-1-AP)、促炎细胞因子阿达木抗体(anti-TNF-α, 1∶500, 60291-1-lg)、血管紧张素转化酶抗体(anti-ACE, 1∶500, 24743-1-AP)、细胞色素c抗体(anti-cytc, 1∶500, 10993-1-AP), Proteintech公司; 甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶抗体(anti-GAPDH, 1∶1 500, AP0063), Bioworld Technology公司。之后, 使用酶标二抗[goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) HRP, 1∶5 000, SA00001-2或goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) HRP, 1∶5 000, SA00001-1, Proteintech公司] 进行孵育, 以识别并增强一抗结合的信号, 使用化学发光成像仪结合显影液记录条带。
本研究采用环氧化酶-2 (COX-2) 抑制剂筛选试剂盒(上海天宇生物技术研究所) 评估化合物对COX-2酶活性的抑制效果。在酶促反应中, COX-2酶将底物转化为产物, 同时非荧光探针转化为荧光活性形式。此荧光活性形式的激发波长和发射波长分别为560和590 nm。荧光强度与COX-2酶活性直接相关, 因此可通过荧光强度来定量分析COX-2抑制剂的活性。按照试剂盒的操作说明, 将COX-2探针、辅因子、底物及待测化合物共同孵育, 使用微孔板读取器测量590 nm处的荧光强度。通过与阳性对照的荧光强度进行比较, 由此得出COX-2抑制剂的半数抑制浓度(IC50) 值。
C57BL/6小鼠[杭州子源实验动物科技有限公司, 许可证号: SCXK (浙) 2019-0004] 被随机等分为4组, 每组3只。空白对照组是常规饲养条件, 模型组采用10 mg·kg-1异丙肾上腺素(ISO) 作为造模剂, 持续造模3天。两个给药组在造模后分别给药30 μmol·kg-1阿司匹林或AcAsw3, 给药3天。实验中监测小鼠体重, 实验结束后, 从各组小鼠中采集血液样本。随后, 通过颈椎脱臼的方式处死小鼠并立即摘除心脏, 称重并拍照记录。动物实验已获得东南大学动物伦理委员会的批准(批准号: 20240109001)。
为评估心脏组织切片中胶原纤维的增生及后续恢复情况, 本研究采用马松染色试剂盒进行染色。首先, 对组织切片进行脱蜡和彻底冲洗, 以去除残留的固定剂或包埋材料。用核染料溶液进行初步染色, 再使用特定的分离色溶液对胶原纤维进行显著着色。随后, 应用复染溶液增强胶原纤维与周围组织的对比, 并用显微镜(日本尼康公司, ECLIPSE Ni) 拍摄记录。
肌酸激酶(CK) 及其同工酶CK-MB作为评估心肌损伤的关键生物标志物, 其血清水平的变化对诊断心肌状态至关重要。采用相应的试剂盒与自动生化分析仪(芬兰赛默飞公司, 352) 相结合的方法, 确保数据的准确性和可靠性。
所有结果均以平均数±标准差(x ± s) 的形式表示。采用非参数检验和双向方差分析(ANOVA) 对组间差异进行统计学评估。当P值小于0.05时, 认为差异具有统计学显著性。
本研究探索了乙酰唑胺在增强阿司匹林治疗心肌缺氧损伤中的效果。在CCK8实验中, 将H9c2心肌细胞分为5组: 空白对照组、缺氧造模组、阿司匹林给药组、乙酰唑胺给药组以及联合给药组。采用ANOVA进行统计分析, 其中阿司匹林和乙酰唑胺的浓度作为两个自变量, 心肌细胞的活力作为因变量。Kolmogorov-Smirnov正态性检验的结果(P > 0.05) 显示, 数据符合正态分布, 可用于进一步的统计分析。
图 1A中, 单独给予阿司匹林或乙酰唑胺均能在一定程度上提升缺氧损伤心肌细胞的活力。当浓度达到0.1 μmol·L-1时, 两种药物均能使细胞活力提升5%。其中, 当阿司匹林浓度为1 μmol·L-1、乙酰唑胺浓度为0.1 μmol·L-1时, 其与模型组细胞活力的差异有统计学意义。此外, 联合使用阿司匹林和乙酰唑胺的治疗效果显著优于阿司匹林单独给药, 且差异具有统计学意义。其中, 当浓度为0.1 μmol·L-1时, 联合用药组的细胞活力较模型组高出16.8%; 在浓度为1 μmol·L-1时, 细胞活力提高至最大值, 高于模型组19.9%。该结果初步显示了乙酰唑胺与阿司匹林在治疗心肌缺氧损伤中的协同作用。
为进一步验证上述发现, 本研究采用流式细胞仪进行FITC-PI双染色实验, 以评估阿司匹林、乙酰唑胺及其联合用药对缺氧造模细胞凋亡率的影响。根据荧光标记, 可将细胞分为3类: 正常细胞(FITC-、PI-)、早期凋亡细胞(FITC+、PI-) 和晚期凋亡/坏死细胞(FITC+、PI+)。如图 1B所示, 在缺氧造模组中, 细胞凋亡和坏死的比例显著上升至18.01%。相比之下, 1 μmol·L-1阿司匹林、乙酰唑胺及两药联合组的细胞凋亡率和坏死率分别为13.31%、12.23%和5.98%, 联合用药组的凋亡和坏死细胞比例最低, 这一结果与CCK8实验中的变化趋势一致。
本研究利用SynergyFinder网络分析平台对阿司匹林与乙酰唑胺的协同作用进行了进一步的评估。分析结果的定量数据及直观图形如图 2所示, 其中协同得分作为核心指标, 揭示了药物间相互作用的效果, 其数值大小直接反映了相互作用的强度。若分数接近于零, 则表明药物间仅存在加和作用。利用CCK8检测数据计算得出, 协同分析得分8.63, 而在特定浓度(1 μmol·L-1) 下, 最突出的协同效应区域得分高达12.87, 表明阿司匹林与乙酰唑胺之间存在协同作用。
在确认协同作用的基础上, 本研究利用乙酰唑胺对阿司匹林进行结构修饰(合成路线1), 并选用不同长度的烷基链作为连接剂。通过1H、13C-核磁共振波谱, 以及电喷雾电离质谱进行结构表征, 确认化合物结构与设计一致(见附图S1~S14)。
本研究揭示了阿司匹林衍生物发挥了阿司匹林与乙酰唑胺的协同作用, 具有优于阿司匹林的活性。如图 3A所示, 缺氧造模导致细胞的活力显著降低, 仅为正常细胞的64.7%。在化合物浓度为1 μmol·L-1时, 3种阿司匹林衍生物(AcAsw3、AcAsw4和AcAsw5) 均表现出对细胞活力的显著增强作用, AcAsw3、AcAsw4和AcAsw5分别提高到84.6%、79.7%和76.2%的细胞活力。值得注意的是, 化合物AcAsw3表现出了最佳活性。
利用流式细胞仪检测FITC-PI双染细胞, 可分析上述化合物降低细胞凋亡和坏死的水平。如图 3B所示, 在缺氧造模组中, 细胞发生凋亡坏死的比例上升至17.82%。而经过1 μmol·L-1的AcAsw3、AcAsw4和AcAsw5给药处理后, 细胞凋亡坏死率分别降低至4.66%、6.82%和10.54%, 阿司匹林和乙酰唑胺联合组的这一比例为5.41%。这进一步证实了AcAsw3在治疗缺氧诱导的细胞损伤方面的优势。
阿司匹林是一种非特异性COX-2抑制剂, IC50值为137.05 μmol·L-1, 而AcAsw3表现出更强的抑制作用, IC50值为67.54 μmol·L-1 (图 4A)。
图 4B中, 与正常培养的细胞相比, H9c2细胞在缺氧培养时呈现出细胞外pH值的显著降低, 这表明缺氧导致了细胞外周酸度的增强。AcAsw3给药组的pH值与建模组相比增加了0.14, 这表明AcAsw3具有降低细胞外酸化的能力。阿司匹林在缺氧条件下未显示出对pH值的调节作用。由此可见, AcAsw3对COX-2和CA的双重抑制作用为其在缺氧条件下的活性优于阿司匹林提供了有力证据。
进一步通过Western blot技术, 在蛋白水平上探究了AcAsw3的作用机制。图 4C中显示, 造模组中的TNF-α和IL-1β的表达均有所上调, 表明炎性损伤加重。与阿司匹林相比, AcAsw3在调节炎症损伤方面表现更佳, 尤其对IL-1β表达的调节作用优势更显著。血管紧张素转化酶(ACE) 的表达异常可导致血管收缩异常, 从而造成缺氧损伤。造模组大鼠的ACE水平较空白组显著升高。AcAsw3和阿司匹林均能有效降低ACE的蛋白水平, 其中AcAsw3活性更好。细胞色素C (cytc) 是细胞凋亡发生的诱导因子, cytc表达上调预示着细胞凋亡启动。AcAsw3和阿司匹林均能有效抑制缺氧造模导致的cytc水平上升, 且AcAsw3再次显示出优于阿司匹林的作用。由此可见, AcAsw3在减轻心肌缺氧损伤方面展现出了优于阿司匹林的活性。
本研究利用ISO构建小鼠心肌缺血损伤模型, 选用体外活性最佳的AcAsw3与As进行了体内活性比较研究。
C57BL/6雄性小鼠被随机分为4组: 空白对照组(正常培养小鼠)、ISO模型组及两个给药组, 分别给予30 μmol·kg-1 As或AcAsw3。经过10 mg·kg-1 ISO皮下注射3天构建模型后, 再连续腹腔给药3天。图 5A中小鼠的体重增长曲线表明, 与正常对照组相比, 模型组和药物治疗组的小鼠均显示出稳定的体重增加趋势, 这为AcAsw3和As在小鼠体内的安全性提供了初步证据。
图 5B展示了各组小鼠心脏尺寸的差异, 空白对照组和模型组小鼠的心脏横截面最宽处分别为4.66和7.67 mm, 表明心脏经ISO造模后发生肿胀。As和AcAsw3治疗均能减轻心脏肿胀, 其中As组的心脏直径降至6.33 mm, 而AcAsw3组降至5.50 mm。AcAsw3比As更有利于心脏肿胀的恢复。
ISO建模导致心脏重量相对于正常心脏的升高。为了更准确地评估心脏重量的变化, 采用心脏重量与小鼠体重的比值进行比较。如图 5C所示, As和AcAsw3分别使心脏重量比从模型组的0.63%降低至0.55%和0.49%, 表明AcAsw3在恢复心脏重量方面优于As。
马松染色可以有效地检测到肌纤维(红色部分) 和胶原纤维(蓝色部分) 的变化。如图 5D所示, 空白组小鼠的心肌纤维形态正常, 排列有序, 并伴有心肌间质和毛细血管周围胶原纤维的适当分布。然而, 在造模组中, 胶原纤维的数量显著增加, 心肌细胞在心肌组织中排列紊乱且细胞边界模糊。在给药组中, 与As相比, AcAsw3在抑制胶原纤维增生方面展现出了更为显著的效果, 且细胞边界更加清晰。
肌酸激酶及其同工酶是诊断心肌损伤的生物标志物。如图 5EF所示, 与空白对照组相比, 模型组CK和CK-MB水平均显著升高, 提示心肌遭受了严重损伤。As和AcAsw3均可降低CK和CK-MB水平, 二者之间在两个数据上的差异均有统计学意义, 表明AcAsw3具有显著优于As的活性。
本研究通过双因素方差分析和高通量筛选技术对细胞活力检测的实验数据进行分析, 证实阿司匹林和乙酰唑胺之间存在协同作用, 二者联合可显著提高缺氧损伤心肌细胞的活力。在此基础上, 通过在阿司匹林药效团上引入乙酰唑胺基团形成偶联物, 设计合成了阿司匹林衍生物。这类设计通过统一不同动力学参数的药物为一体, 在体内实现协同作用的最大化, 进一步提高药效和安全性。
通过CCK8细胞活力检测实验、FITC-PI双染实验分析发现, 阿司匹林衍生物在对抗心肌缺氧损伤方面相比于阿司匹林表现出显著优势, 其中AcAsw3活性最佳。AcAsw3能同时有效抑制在缺氧造模时异常升高的两种酶COX-2和CA的酶活。AcAsw3通过抑制这两种酶的活性, 维持细胞内的酸碱平衡, 减少缺氧导致的炎症反应, 并通过克服pH依赖型原发性耐药来提高抗心肌缺氧损伤的药效。
通过Western blot技术分析, 本研究发现AcAsw3在蛋白水平上表现出对心肌缺氧损伤的保护作用。实验结果显示, AcAsw3在抑制TNF-α、IL-1β等炎症因子表达, 降低ACE水平, 以及抑制细胞凋亡诱导因子cytc的表达上, 均优于阿司匹林。这些发现揭示了AcAsw3在抗心肌缺氧损伤方面的作用机制。
本研究通过建立小鼠心肌缺血损伤模型, 比较了AcAsw3与阿司匹林在体内的治疗活性。实验结果显示, AcAsw3与阿司匹林均能稳定小鼠体重增长, 但AcAsw3在减轻心脏肿胀、恢复心脏重量及抑制胶原纤维增生方面表现更为出色。同时, AcAsw3能更有效地降低心肌损伤标志物肌酸激酶及其同工酶的水平, 显示出对心肌缺血损伤更强的治疗潜力。
该研究不仅为心血管疾病的治疗提供了新的候选药物, 也为冠心病药物研发提供了新的思路和方向。
作者贡献: 周雯负责实验设计与操作、数据处理、文章撰写与修改; 江萍负责分子生物学实验; 杨万祥负责化学实验; 苟少华负责实验指导、文章修改与审核。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22207016)
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2024年第59卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0464
  • 接收时间:2024-05-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2024-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-15
  • 修回日期:2024-07-18
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(22207016)
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    1.东南大学化学化工学院, 江苏 南京 211189
    2.东南大学, 江苏省生物药物高技术研究重点实验室, 江苏 南京 211189

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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