Article(id=1199783106396910352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783099115598386, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0503, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716739200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-27, revisedDate=1721664000000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763980183456, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1731340800000, pubDateStr=2024-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763980183456, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763980183456, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763980183456, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199783099115598386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='11', pageStart='2897', pageEnd='3178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763980181720, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225007568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809973203726680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783099115598386, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809973203726681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783099115598386, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2897, endPage=2911, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199783106732454701, articleId=1199783106396910352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Targeting protein folding and post-translational modifications by small molecules: review and prospects, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Folding and post-translational modification of proteins are vital for their proper functionality, with various functional regulatory systems playing significant roles, including molecular chaperone systems, ubiquitination systems, phosphorylation systems, acetylation systems, etc. Precise regulations of these systems have emerged as an important trend in drug development. This review systematically summarizes the molecular control strategies related to protein folding and post-translational modification, with a specific focus on the molecular chaperone system and the strategy of heterobifunctional molecules. On one hand, based on the similarities and differences in molecular mechanisms and design strategies, we summarize the drug development process targeting the molecular chaperone system. On the other hand, we discuss the design principles and characteristics of dual-functional molecules, and summarize their applications and developments in the precise control of post-translational modifications, aiming to provide new insights for future design.

, correspAuthors=Qi-dong YOU, Lei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan-yi HE, Qi-dong YOU, Lei WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1199783108368233406, articleId=1199783106396910352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=调控蛋白成熟与翻译后修饰的小分子设计策略, columnId=1199783099958653494, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 蛋白成熟与翻译后修饰的化学干预, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

蛋白成熟与翻译后修饰是各类蛋白质发挥生物学功能的前提, 在体内由多种复杂的生物系统协同调控, 其中包括分子伴侣系统、泛素化系统、磷酸化系统和乙酰化系统等。合理调控上述系统可以实现对蛋白成熟和翻译后修饰过程的有效干预, 逐渐成为有效的药物设计方向。本文回顾了调控蛋白成熟和翻译后修饰相关的分子设计策略, 重点聚焦于靶向分子伴侣系统的小分子调控剂和异双功能分子策略。一方面基于分子伴侣系统调控蛋白成熟的生物学原理, 总结靶向分子伴侣系统的小分子研发历程; 另一方面围绕异双功能分子的设计原理和特点, 归纳其在调控翻译后修饰中的应用和发展, 为调控蛋白成熟与翻译后修饰过程的小分子设计提供新思路。

, correspAuthors=尤启冬, 王磊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*尤启冬, Tel: 86-25-83271351, E-mail: ;
王磊, Tel: 86-25-83271351, E-mail:
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HSP: Heat shock protein; NTD: N terminal domain; GRP94: Glucose-regulated protein 94; TRAP1: Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; CDC37: Cell division cycle 37 homolog; CHAMP: Chaperone-mediated protein degrader; HEMTACs: Heat shock protein 90-mediated targeting chimeras , figureFileSmall=J1rmqtPNukRYEf81lo3DYw==, figureFileBig=oRNsuC0UotMx4pLSNt9ncQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375555477598815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783106396910352, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=M8J49aMxaN2KXlaxeFcFnw==, figureFileBig=ptCF2EkuhFefZjPDWR3dhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375555641176681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783106396910352, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Representative molecules targeting molecular chaperone systems. 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OGA: O-GlcNAcase; OGT: O-GlcNAc transferase; PROTAC: Proteolysis-targeting chimera; pro-PROTAC: Prodrug-based PROTAC; DUBTAC: Deubiquitinase-targeting chimera; PHICS: Phosphorylation-inducing chimeric small molecules; PhoRC: Phosphatase recruiting chimeras; PhosTAC: Phosphorylation targeting chimeras; AceTAG: Acetylation tagging system , figureFileSmall=pDh+H8JPR4xj/Xh+sD6kTg==, figureFileBig=+Awbf4Z9CuyWkT5EJx+5sA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375556048024202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783106396910352, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pKNsbXw5jCuKsGdgmovd4Q==, figureFileBig=kbxH1/maBR4Q2JEVomAFbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375556178047642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783106396910352, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= The mechanism of PROTAC, DUBTAC, PHICS, PhoRC/PhosTAC and AceTAG. 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调控蛋白成熟与翻译后修饰的小分子设计策略
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何彦仪 1, 2 , 尤启冬 1, 2, * , 王磊 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 蛋白成熟与翻译后修饰的化学干预 2024,59(11): 2897-2911
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 蛋白成熟与翻译后修饰的化学干预 2024, 59(11): 2897-2911
调控蛋白成熟与翻译后修饰的小分子设计策略
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何彦仪1, 2, 尤启冬1, 2, * , 王磊1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国药科大学, 江苏省药物分子设计与成药性优化重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009
  • 2.中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210009

通讯作者:

*尤启冬, Tel: 86-25-83271351, E-mail: ;
王磊, Tel: 86-25-83271351, E-mail:
Targeting protein folding and post-translational modifications by small molecules: review and prospects
Yan-yi HE1, 2, Qi-dong YOU1, 2, * , Lei WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
  • 2. School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
出版时间: 2024-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0503
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蛋白成熟与翻译后修饰是各类蛋白质发挥生物学功能的前提, 在体内由多种复杂的生物系统协同调控, 其中包括分子伴侣系统、泛素化系统、磷酸化系统和乙酰化系统等。合理调控上述系统可以实现对蛋白成熟和翻译后修饰过程的有效干预, 逐渐成为有效的药物设计方向。本文回顾了调控蛋白成熟和翻译后修饰相关的分子设计策略, 重点聚焦于靶向分子伴侣系统的小分子调控剂和异双功能分子策略。一方面基于分子伴侣系统调控蛋白成熟的生物学原理, 总结靶向分子伴侣系统的小分子研发历程; 另一方面围绕异双功能分子的设计原理和特点, 归纳其在调控翻译后修饰中的应用和发展, 为调控蛋白成熟与翻译后修饰过程的小分子设计提供新思路。

蛋白成熟  /  翻译后修饰  /  分子伴侣系统  /  异双功能分子  /  分子药物设计

Folding and post-translational modification of proteins are vital for their proper functionality, with various functional regulatory systems playing significant roles, including molecular chaperone systems, ubiquitination systems, phosphorylation systems, acetylation systems, etc. Precise regulations of these systems have emerged as an important trend in drug development. This review systematically summarizes the molecular control strategies related to protein folding and post-translational modification, with a specific focus on the molecular chaperone system and the strategy of heterobifunctional molecules. On one hand, based on the similarities and differences in molecular mechanisms and design strategies, we summarize the drug development process targeting the molecular chaperone system. On the other hand, we discuss the design principles and characteristics of dual-functional molecules, and summarize their applications and developments in the precise control of post-translational modifications, aiming to provide new insights for future design.

protein folding  /  post-translational modification  /  molecular chaperone system  /  heterobifunctional molecule  /  molecule drug design
何彦仪, 尤启冬, 王磊. 调控蛋白成熟与翻译后修饰的小分子设计策略. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (11) : 2897 -2911 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0503
Yan-yi HE, Qi-dong YOU, Lei WANG. Targeting protein folding and post-translational modifications by small molecules: review and prospects[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (11) : 2897 -2911 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0503
1970年, Francis Crick提出分子生物学的中心法则(central dogma), 即DNA的复制(replication)、转录(transcription) 和翻译(translation) 这三大过程[1], 阐明了DNA、RNA和蛋白质三者之间的联系, 揭示了遗传信息传递的规律。具体而言, DNA通过转录将遗传信息传递给RNA, 然后通过翻译将信息表达为氨基酸序列, 最终这个序列经过折叠和翻译后修饰形成具有特定三维结构的蛋白质分子, 以执行特定的生物功能, 维持生命的正常活动(图 1)。
蛋白质正确折叠对其功能的发挥至关重要。20世纪80年代末, John Ellis首次发现分子伴侣(molecular chaperones) 蛋白可以辅助客户蛋白进行特定的折叠和组装[2], 推翻了蛋白折叠无需外力的观点[3]。20世纪90年代, 辅助蛋白折叠的蛋白质被进一步分为两大类——分子伴侣和折叠酶(foldases)[4] (图 1)。二者的区别在于, 折叠酶可以辅助客户蛋白的二硫键断裂和生成、脯氨酸顺反异构等化学键变化, 而分子伴侣主要催化客户蛋白发生非共价的折叠或解折叠[5, 6]。折叠酶主要包括两种异构酶, 即蛋白质二硫化物异构酶和肽基脯氨酰基顺反异构酶。分子伴侣系统是一个庞大且多样的蛋白质群体, 主要包含热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins, HSPs) 家族, 它们能够协助蛋白质从头折叠或重新折叠, 并具有借助泛素蛋白酶体系统(ubiquitin-proteasome system, UPS) 和自噬系统及时清除错误蛋白质的能力[7, 8]。分子伴侣系统和折叠酶在维持蛋白质稳态方面都发挥了重要作用。目前, 越来越多的疾病呈现出蛋白质稳态的失衡, 主要表现为蛋白质因错误折叠而在细胞内外聚集形成沉积。例如, 帕金森病中出现的α-突触核蛋白及阿尔茨海默病中形成的细胞外β-淀粉样蛋白沉积[9]。因此, 以蛋白折叠的调控为切入点, 设计发现针对性的小分子药物, 有望成为维持蛋白稳态的有效策略。
蛋白质在翻译后可以通过特定的氨基酸修饰呈现出多样的表型, 此过程通过多种酶的催化修饰而完成[10], 称为蛋白质的翻译后修饰(post-translational modifications, PTMs)。几乎所有蛋白质都存在翻译后修饰位点[11], 并且大多数蛋白会发生多种修饰, 表现出蛋白功能的多样性[12]。翻译后修饰包括磷酸化、乙酰化、泛素化、糖基化、甲基化、羟基化、酰胺化、硫酸化、脂质化等[10] (图 1)。这些修饰会显著影响蛋白质活性、定位、折叠和相互作用[12-14], 异常的翻译后修饰会导致多种疾病的发生[15]。因此, 设计调控蛋白质翻译后修饰的小分子被认为是调节蛋白功能、活性和互作的有效方法。
蛋白成熟与折叠的类型主要分为三类: 第一类蛋白不折叠或部分折叠, 缺乏特定的二级和三级结构; 第二类蛋白可以独立完成折叠; 第三类蛋白需要其他蛋白协助折叠。辅助折叠的蛋白主要有两种, 分子伴侣和折叠酶。作者将分别探讨这两种蛋白的分子调控策略, 并总结已报道的代表性小分子。
分子伴侣系统是一种帮助客户蛋白折叠或组装的蛋白群体[16], 存在于大多数原核和真核生物中[17]。除了协助蛋白质折叠外, 分子伴侣系统还参与维持蛋白质稳态, 包括协助大分子复合物组装、蛋白质转运和降解, 及处理应激状态下的蛋白质的聚集问题等[18]。大多数分子伴侣属于热休克蛋白(heat shock protein, HSP), 这些蛋白在细胞热应激时被诱导表达, 以适应应激状态。除热应激外, 其他环境、化学和疾病等因素也会增加热休克蛋白的表达[19]。热休克蛋白根据分子质量可分为不同亚类, 如HSP10、HSP20、HSP40、HSP60、HSP70、HSP90和HSP100等。分子伴侣系统的相关蛋白在细胞内表达量高, 约占细胞质量的10%。其中, HSP90和HSP70是最主要的成员, 相关研究备受关注[20]。HSP90和HSP70功能的发挥离不开共伴侣蛋白(cochaperones) 的帮助, 共伴侣蛋白能够参与对底物蛋白的识别和递送、稳定分子伴侣构象等过程, 是分子伴侣循环正常运作所不可缺少的一部分。
HSP70是一种普遍存在的伴侣蛋白, 通过与共伴侣蛋白结合发挥多种生物学功能, 包括蛋白质折叠、转运和分解等[21]。人体中的HSP70包含641个氨基酸残基, 分子质量约为70 kDa。HSP70是ATP依赖型的分子伴侣, 由两个主要功能域组成[21], 其一是保守的N端核苷酸结合域(nucleotide‐binding domain, NBD), 能够结合并水解ATP, 因此也称为ATP结合域(ATP‐binding domain, ABD); 其二是更易发生构象变化的C端底物结合域(substrate‐binding domain, SBD), 负责结合客户蛋白。HSP70的活性既取决于这两个功能域之间的动态相互作用, 也取决于与共伴侣蛋白之间的相互作用。
HSP90是一类高度保守的伴侣蛋白, 在所有真核细胞中表达[22]。它参与了多种重要的生理过程, 如细胞凋亡、蛋白质折叠和降解及信号传导等[23]。HSP90也是ATP依赖型的分子伴侣, 常以二聚体的形式存在。其单体分子质量约为90 kDa, 主要可以分为3个较为保守的结构域: N端结构域(N-terminal domain, NTD)、中间结构域(middle domain, MD) 和C端结构域(C-terminal domain, CTD)。N端结构域能与ATP结合, 因此也被称为ATP结合域。中间结构域主要负责结合客户蛋白。C端结构域负责HSP90的二聚化, 包含特殊序列MEEVD或KDEL, 特殊序列的种类主要取决于HSP90亚型及其所处细胞位置。与HSP70类似, HSP90需要与多种共伴侣蛋白形成蛋白互作网络, 以发挥精细化的生物学功能。
HSP70与HSP90的过表达与多种人类癌症相关, 如肺癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌、肝癌、前列腺癌、食道癌和宫颈癌等[24-32]。因此, 设计靶向HSP70和HSP90的小分子调控剂具有临床前景与应用价值。这部分内容将介绍靶向分子伴侣系统的分子调控手段, 聚焦HSP70和HSP90这两种伴侣蛋白, 按照作用位点与调控机制的异同, 将分子调控手段分为四大类(图 2): 一是靶向分子伴侣蛋白的ATP口袋, 二是选择性靶向分子伴侣蛋白亚型, 三是靶向分子伴侣蛋白与共伴侣蛋白间的蛋白相互作用, 四是设计多特异性分子, 并介绍这四类调控手段的代表性分子(图 3)。
HSP70的许多功能都与NBD的ATP酶活性有关, 因此抑制HSP70与ATP的结合有望阻断HSP70的伴侣活性。靶向HSP70 N端ATP结合口袋的代表性HSP70 ATPase抑制剂包括VER-155008 (1) 和Apoptozole (2)。2009年, Williamson等[33]通过荧光偏振实验设计筛选了一系列腺苷衍生物, 借助其在结构上与ATP的相似性实现了对HSP70的竞争性结合。其中, VER-155008 (1) 对HSP70的亲和力最强(IC50值为0.5 μmol·L-1), 且在HCT116细胞中表现出抗增殖活性(GI50值为5 μmol·L-1), 并降低了对HSP70敲除敏感的HER2蛋白的水平。另有研究表明, 这类化合物在HCT116细胞中与HSP90抑制剂具有协同作用[34]。2008年, Williams等[35]首次设计了咪唑类凋亡诱导分子Apoptozole (2), 该分子能够以相似的亲和力结合HSP70和HSC70 (heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein) (Kd值分别是0.21和0.14 μmol·L-1)。Apoptozole (2) 通过结合在HSP70的ATP结合域来抑制HSP70活性, 不与其他热休克蛋白如HSP40、HSP60和HSP90结合[36]。细胞实验表明Apoptozole (2) 阻断HSP70与APAF-1 (apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1) 的结合, 但不影响其与ASK1 (apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1)、JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase)、BAX (Bcl-2 Associated X Protein) 和AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor) 的结合。动物实验表明Apoptozole (2) 会显著抑制肿瘤生长并诱导细胞凋亡。联用结果显示, Apoptozole (2) 可以通过与现有化疗药物联用来减少所需剂量, 减少毒副作用。以上结果证明了Apoptozole (2) 具有作为抗肿瘤剂的强大潜力。然而与HSP90相比, HSP70对ATP具有更强的亲和力(Kd值为100~500 nmol·L-1), 这使得ATPase类抑制剂的设计具有挑战性[37]
HSP90的生物学功能依赖于ATP的结合[38], 抑制HSP90的ATP酶活性会破坏底物蛋白的“折叠-循环”过程, 从而导致客户蛋白的不稳定、泛素化和最终降解[39]。因此, HSP90的ATP结合位点在开发抑制剂的过程中备受关注。目前, 多种HSP90 ATPase抑制剂已进入临床试验阶段, 根据结构类型主要分为4类: 格尔德霉素衍生物类、间苯二酚类、嘌呤骨架类和苯甲酰胺类。首个进入临床试验的HSP90抑制剂为格尔德霉素衍生物17-AAG (3)[40], 尽管17-AAG (3) 在试验中表现出预期的药效活性, 但其水溶性和肝毒性的缺陷严重限制了临床应用[41]。另一种嘌呤骨架类抑制剂伊卡司匹(icapamespib, 又称PU-AD或PU-HZ151) (4) 已进入临床Ⅱ期, 表现出对病变神经元较好的选择性[42, 43]。此外, 在单次或多次给药条件下, 伊卡司匹(4) 均表现出良好的耐受性。
本课题组早期也聚焦于HSP90 ATPase抑制剂的研究, 设计了一系列基于间苯二酚结构的四氢吡啶并[4,3-d]嘧啶核类化合物。在第一阶段研究中, 化合物5[44]表现出百纳摩尔级别的结合活性(IC50 = 100 nmol·L-1), 对HSP90 ATP酶活抑制活性较强(IC50 = 420 nmol·L-1)。在此基础上, 本课题组设计并合成了化合物6, 其结合活性相较于化合物5提高了约4倍(IC50 = 28 nmol·L-1), 具有合适的半衰期和良好的肝微粒体代谢稳定性, 且在大鼠模型中未表现出眼毒性, 有望成为靶向HSP90的抗肿瘤候选药物[45]
然而, 各类HSP90 ATPase抑制剂都表现出一定的缺陷, 包括: ①无选择性降解底物蛋白, 导致潜在药物毒性; ② HSP70的代偿性表达, 引发严重的热休克不良反应。为了克服HSP90 ATPase抑制剂的固有缺陷, 研究人员需要寻找全新的作用靶点和调控策略。
不同的细胞区域具有不同的分子伴侣网络, 特定的分子伴侣网络仅在指定区域发挥作用[8, 18]。因此, 探究热休克蛋白位于特定区域的不同亚型有望实现对特定分子伴侣网络的靶向干预, 提高抑制剂对靶点的选择性有利于规避泛抑制导致的潜在毒性。
人类HSP70家族至少包含8个成员, 包括细胞内应激诱导的HSP70 (又称为HSP70-1、HSP72或HSP1A1)、构成细胞质的HSC70 (又称为HSP73或HSPA8)、内质网定位的GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein 78, 又称为BiP或HSPA5) 和位于线粒体中的GRP75 (glucose-regulated protein 75, 又称为mtHSP-70、mortalin或HSPA9)。这些成员均包含高度保守的N端ATP结合域和C端底物结合域, 参与了蛋白折叠和蛋白降解等多种生理进程。虽然已报道的HSP70抑制剂尚未在亚型间表现出明显的选择性, 但是随着对HSP70不同结构亚型的深入认知, 未来有望设计差异化的小分子调控剂。
在哺乳动物细胞中, HSP90可以根据结构分为4类: HSP90α、HSP90β、GRP94 (glucose-regulated protein 94) 和TRAP1 (tumor necrosis factor receptor associated protein 1)[46-48]。HSP90α和HSP90β主要位于细胞质中, 少量存在于细胞核中, GRP94存在于内质网中, TRAP1位于线粒体中。这4种亚型均包含NTD、MD和CTD这3个结构域, NTD上含有ATP结合口袋。HSP90α和HSP90β在序列上具有85%的同一性, 在功能上也具有高度的相似性[49]。GRP94与HSP90α/β在序列上具有50%的同源性[50], 其N末端额外包含靶向内质网所需的21个氨基酸序列[23], C末端额外包含55个氨基酸, 且末端序列为KDEL而非MEEVD[51]。TRAP1与HSP90α/β具有60%的相似性[52], 它在序列上缺乏C端MEEVD基序和连接MD和CTD的结构域[53]。这些结构上的微小区别使设计选择性靶向HSP90不同亚型的抑制剂成为可能, 随着结构解析技术的发展, 配体诱导的HSP90亚型的特异性结构变化也为设计选择性抑制剂提供了方向。
2012年, Kodama等[54]首次报道了HSP90α/β选择性抑制剂派米司匹(pimitespib, TAS-116) (7), 这是首个也是唯一一个进入临床的HSP90亚型选择性抑制剂。2022年6月, 派米司匹(7) 在日本获批上市, 用于治疗化疗后恶化的胃肠道间质瘤。派米司匹(7) 具有较高的选择性[55], 能有效抑制ATP与HSP90α和HSP90β的结合(Ki值分别为34.7和21.3 nmol·L-1), 但不影响其与GRP94和TRAP1的结合(Ki值均大于50 000 nmol·L-1)。晶体结构显示派米司匹类似物具有独特的结合模式, 能促使HSP90α/β形成局部的α-螺旋[56]。这一现象与Ernst等[57]在2014年提出的观念相吻合——HSP90α/β在104~111区域可形成配体依赖性的α-螺旋, 这一构象是否形成会影响抑制剂的亚型选择性。派米司匹(7) 凭借其口服有效、安全性高等优点, 目前正在进行治疗去势抵抗性前列腺癌的Ⅱ期临床试验和治疗晚期实体瘤患者的Ⅰ期临床试验。
2018年, Que等[58]在解析晶体数据时指出, 能否诱导GRP94的Phe199发生移位是产生GRP94选择性的关键。受此启发, 本课题组选择苯甲酰胺结构作为活性片段, 并在间位引入刚性苯环来移动Phe199残基, 成功设计合成了化合物8[59]。该化合物的GRP94抑制活性达到2 nmol·L-1, 且在100 μmol·L-1条件下也没有表现出明显的HSP90 α抑制, 展现出较优的选择性。在细胞水平上, 化合物8下调GRP94特异性客户蛋白, 但不干扰HSP70和AKT的表达。在小鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型中, 化合物8表现出显著的抗炎功效。该分子可作为强选择性探针化合物, 辅助探究GRP94的生物学功能。
在生命体中, HSP70和HSP90并不是孤立地发挥作用, 而是与许多共伴侣蛋白交织在一起, 形成伴侣作用网络。HSP70的共伴侣蛋白包括J结构域蛋白(the J-domain containing proteins, JDPs) 和核苷酸交换因子(nucleotide exchange factors, NEFs)。JDPs, 也称为HSP40s, 能够刺激ATP水解[60]。人类基因组中已鉴定出超过40种J蛋白基因[61], 每个基因都包含结合和刺激HSP70所需的保守的J结构域[62]。JDPs与HSP70之间的相互作用通过J结构域与HSP70 NBD结合来触发HSP70的变构, 从而使ATP的周转速度增加约7倍, 因此在存在JDPs的情况下, ADP的释放成为限速步骤[63]。NEFs是一类能够促进ADP释放的共伴侣蛋白, 主要包括GrpE样家族、BAG家族、HSPBP1和非典型HSP70同源物[64]。几乎所有NEFs都可以结合HSP70的NBD并促进ADP释放, 但每一类都具有不同的结构机制来实现这一效果[65]。综上所述, JDPs和NEFs共同调节HSP70的ATP循环, 虽然它们不具有酶活性, 但作为重要的调节因子, 对HSP70实现伴侣功能至关重要。因此, 设计抑制HSP70与共伴侣蛋白相互作用的小分子成为调节HSP70伴侣功能的策略之一。
靶向HSP70与共伴侣蛋白相互作用的代表性分子包括MAL3-101 (9)、MKT-077 (10) 和JG-98 (11)。2004年, Fewell等[66]首次报道了一个作用于HSP70与JDPs结合界面的二氢嘧啶类衍生物MAL3-101 (9)。研究人员发现MAL3-101 (9) 能够抑制JDPs诱导的HSP70的ATP酶活, 而不影响HSP70本身活性。进一步研究发现MAL3-101 (9) 对SKBr3细胞具有抗增殖活性[67], 这一结果可能与MAL3-101 (9) 阻断了JDPs对Hsp70的作用有关[68]。MAL3-101 (9) 凭借其独特的作用机制可用于调节HSP70-JDPs依赖性细胞过程, 或作为工具分子识别与HSP70-JDPs互作相关的信号通路。有别于JDPs推动ATP周转的方式, NEFs通过加速ADP释放来增加HSP70的ATP周转速度, 进而控制客户蛋白从复合体中释放的速度。因此, 阻断NEFs与HSP70结合有望使HSP70暂时稳定在ADP结合状态, 有利于一些客户蛋白的降解[69]。2000年, Wadhwa等[70]首次描述了含苯并噻唑结构的分子MKT-077 (10), 该分子能结合在HSP70的变构口袋中[69, 71], 通过构象变化促进HSP70与ADP的结合并破坏HSP70与NEFs的相互作用[72]。MKT-077 (10) 展现出一定的抗增殖活性[70], 已进入Ⅱ期临床试验。然而, 其在MCF7乳腺癌细胞中的效力相对较弱(EC50约为2.2 μmol·L-1), 且在肝微粒体存在的情况下稳定性较差[72]。在此基础上, 研究人员进行了结构优化, 得到了类似物JG-98 (11), 其在MCF7模型中表现出更为优越的抗肿瘤活性(IC50约为0.4 μmol·L-1)[73-76]。这些分子展现了特殊的生物学机制和良好的生物学效应, 有望成为HSP70-NEFs生物学研究的重要化学探针。
HSP90的共伴侣蛋白对HSP90功能至关重要, 它们能特异性作用于不同的底物蛋白, 协助HSP90发挥不同的功能。CDC37 (cell division cycle 37 homolog) 主要负责识别和结合HSP90未折叠的激酶客户, 形成HSP90-CDC37-激酶复合物, 通过ATP驱动辅助激酶折叠[22]。HSP90的激酶客户包括受体酪氨酸激酶、非受体酪氨酸激酶、淋巴细胞特异性酪氨酸激酶和丝/苏氨酸激酶等, 其客户范围之广反映出癌细胞激酶组对HSP90伴侣网络的依赖性[76]。HSP90-CDC37的协同作用加速异常激酶蛋白的折叠, 促进肿瘤的发生。因此, 设计靶向HSP90-CDC37作用界面的小分子来抑制HSP90-CDC37二者相互作用, 同时不影响HSP90的ATP酶活性, 成为有别于HSP90 N端抑制剂的分子设计策略。
2019年, 本课题组报道了小分子抑制剂DDO-5936 (12)[77], 首次实现在细胞水平上破坏HSP90-CDC37相互作用。借助分子动力学模拟和关键残基突变等手段, 确定了HSP90与CDC37结合的关键氨基酸位点, 构建了一套高通量筛选方法和生物评价体系, 将DDO-5936 (12) 确证为HSP90-CDC37蛋白互作抑制剂。该抑制剂选择性结合HSP90 NBD, 不干扰其ATP酶活性。DDO-5936 (12) 能够选择性下调HSP90的激酶客户, 而不影响非激酶客户, 它对HSP90-CDC37互作的阻断作用能够引起CDK4 (cyclin dependent kinase 4) 的显著下调, 阻碍了CDC37依赖性细胞周期, 从而抑制细胞增殖。在此基础上, 作者进一步设计合成了DDO-5942 (13)[78], 在理化性质和靶标活性上取得了改善。DDO-5936 (12) 及DDO-5942 (13) 的成功发现为调节HSP90与CDC37或其他共伴侣蛋白相互作用提供了新模板, 也为设计靶向分子伴侣系统的小分子药物提供了新思路。
HSP90在参与蛋白折叠之外, 还可以识别错误折叠的蛋白, 并通过泛素蛋白酶体系统加速其降解。HSP90会与人体约30% 的E3泛素连接酶结合[79, 80], 这些连接酶能特异性识别并泛素化标记底物蛋白, 帮助蛋白降解, 维护细胞的正常功能。基于HSP90与E3泛素连接酶的相互作用, HSP90成为选择性诱导靶蛋白降解的一个突破口。
珃诺生物医药科技于2021年首次提出CHAMP (chaperone-mediated protein degradation) 分子设计概念。CHAMP分子包括靶蛋白结合物、HSP90结合物和连接链三部分, 借助HSP90与E3泛素连接酶的结合, 拉近E3与靶蛋白的距离, 使靶蛋白被泛素化标记后降解。RNK05028 (14) 是首个代表性的CHAMP分子, 由BET (bromodomain and extra-terminal domain) 结合物、HSP90结合物(HSP90 binder) 和连接链三部分组成。该分子能在MV-411细胞中形成BRD4 (bromodomain-containing protein 4)、CHAMP分子和HSP90三元复合物, 选择性降解具有蛋白酶体依赖性的BRD4, 抑制细胞增殖。RNK05028 (14) 在肿瘤中显示出较长的药物代谢周期和优良的选择性, 进一步证实了CHAMP技术的可行性。在此基础上衍生出的RNK05047 (15) 成为了第一个进入临床的CHAMP分子, 用于治疗晚期实体瘤或弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤。2023年, Li等[81]提出了类似的HEMTACs (heat shock protein 90-mediated targeting chimeras) 分子设计概念, 同样由靶蛋白配体、HSP90配体和连接链组成, 利用同样的原理诱导靶蛋白降解。Li等[81]设计合成了HEMTAC26 (16) 分子, 该分子使用柔性连接链分别连接CDK4/6与HSP90的配体, 实现对CDK4/6与HSP90的化学诱导拉近, 靶向降解CDK4/6。
以上3个分子RNK05028 (14)、RNK05047 (15) 和HEMTAC26 (16) 都是基于分子伴侣系统的基础功能设计多特异性分子的成功运用。通过化学诱导拉近这一手段, 实现了对靶蛋白的选择性降解。基于它们独特的作用机制, 是否可以选择性诱导分子伴侣系统非底物蛋白降解, 以及是否可以拉近HSP70等其他热休克蛋白发挥功能, 是现阶段这一分子设计策略研究的重点方向。
折叠酶是另一种蛋白折叠过程中的辅助因子, 其催化过程中会诱导客户蛋白发生共价变化, 主要包括两个成员: 蛋白质二硫化物异构酶(protein disulfide isomerase, PDI) 和肽基脯氨酰基顺反异构酶(peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase, PPIase)。
PDI通过重排二硫键, 帮助蛋白质快速找到热力学最稳定的配对方式, 形成正确的二硫键。PDI与许多疾病的发病机制相关, 如癌症[82]、血栓[83-85]、神经退行性疾病[86, 87]和心血管疾病[88]等。其生物学机制的多样性推动了靶向PDI的分子药物设计。目前已相继报道了juniferdin[89]、芦丁[90]、丙酸氨甲酰甲酰胺(PACMAs)[91, 92]和origamicin[92]等多种具有不同药理特性的PDI抑制剂。
PPIase通过帮助脯氨酸异构化形成正确的顺反结构, 加速蛋白质的折叠。PPIase在许多客户蛋白的折叠、活化或降解过程中充当重要的调节开关。这些客户蛋白包括在癌症[93]、心血管[94]和精神疾病[95]中起关键作用的蛋白质, 是许多潜在的药物作用靶点。因此, 设计靶向PPIase的小分子药物来调控客户蛋白的生理过程是一种可行的药物设计策略。在前期的药物筛选过程中, 大环天然产物[96-100], 如FK506、雷帕霉素和环孢菌素等, 均表现出与PPIase极强的亲和力。通过整合天然产物的结构特征和PPIase的生物学功能, 大环化和脯氨酸模拟等分子设计策略应运而生[101]。随着对PPIase研究的不断深入, 其作为药物作用靶点展现出越来越强的可塑性。因此, 非传统的药物设计策略, 如共价抑制剂和化学诱导临近等, 可能成为靶向PPIase的有效手段。
PTMs有利于增加蛋白质的多样性, 为生物体的复杂性提供了物质基础。迄今为止, 已经报道了近700种PTMs[102, 103], 常见的包括磷酸化、乙酰化、糖基化和泛素化等。异常的PTMs可能导致蛋白质特性和生物功能的改变, 直接影响疾病的发生和恶化。因此, 蛋白质翻译后修饰一直是研究人员关注的热点。
迄今为止, 已有数百种针对PTMs调节因子的小分子药物被批准用于癌症治疗, 如激酶抑制剂、脱乙酰酶抑制剂和甲基转移酶抑制剂等。然而, 传统药物设计中的作用靶点通常可调节多种蛋白, 选择性较差, 不可避免地会产生一些不良反应, 限制其临床应用[104]。与传统的药物设计不同, 异双功能分子调控策略可以通过结构中包含的两个特异性结合位点, 选择性地拉近功能蛋白和靶蛋白, 能更加精确地调节单个靶蛋白的翻译后修饰, 实现选择性调控(图 4)。这部分内容将聚焦泛素化、磷酸化和乙酰化这3种翻译后修饰, 总结已报道的异双功能分子设计策略和代表性分子(图 56)。
泛素蛋白酶体途径是蛋白降解的主要途径之一, 超过70%的蛋白质降解通过该途径进行[105]。该途径调节着细胞周期、细胞信号传导、应激反应等多个细胞进程。在该途径中, 泛素激活酶E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme)、泛素结合酶E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme) 和泛素连接酶E3 (ubiquitin ligase) 依次催化目标蛋白, 使其连上泛素化标记, 被蛋白酶体识别和降解。在泛素化标记过程中, E3连接酶通过识别底物蛋白的末端特征序列, 实现选择性降解。蛋白质去泛素化过程由去泛素化酶(deubiquitinases, DUBs) 介导, 某些蛋白质的主动泛素化和降解也会导致多种疾病, 如肿瘤抑制因子的降解会诱导癌症的发生。因此, 通过拉近E3泛素连接酶或去泛素化酶与靶蛋白的距离, 可以促进或抑制对靶蛋白的选择性降解。基于此, 靶向蛋白降解嵌合体(proteolysis-targeting chimera, PROTAC) 技术和去泛素化酶靶向嵌合体(deubiquitinase-targeting chimera, DUBTAC) 技术分别利用E3泛素连接酶和去泛素化酶的功能, 实现了对底物蛋白降解过程的选择性调控。
Crews和Deshaies于2001年首次提出了PROTAC技术概念[106]。PROTAC分子通过拉近E3泛素连接酶与靶蛋白的距离, 依靠泛素蛋白酶体系统实现对目标蛋白的靶向泛素化和降解。PROTAC分子由目标蛋白配体、连接链和E3泛素连接酶配体三部分组成。随着E3泛素连接酶配体的不断发现, 该技术迅速发展, 成为了一种极具前景的靶向蛋白质降解(targeted protein degradation, TPD) 技术[107]。目前, 已有多种PROTAC化合物进入临床试验阶段。其中, 进展最快的ARV-471 (17) 已进入Ⅲ期临床, 它由雌激素受体配体、E3连接酶配体和连接链三部分组成, 能够选择性地降解雌激素受体α, 有望用于治疗乳腺癌[108]。PROTAC技术在分子设计层面的创新赋予了其降解细胞内多种蛋白的潜力, 且在目标蛋白的配体选择上更为灵活, 不要求配体作用于目标蛋白的活性位点。然而, 如何设计发现目标蛋白的特异性配体仍然是PROTAC分子开发面临的主要挑战。PROTAC分子组成难以符合Lipinski五规则, 影响了其在渗透性、溶解性和口服生物利用度等方面的表现。此外, PROTAC分子在组织或细胞层面不具有选择性, 可能会导致靶蛋白在正常组织或细胞中的降解, 具有难以避免的脱靶毒性。
除此之外, 更多新颖的PROTAC分子设计策略被陆续报道。例如: 融合前药设计理念的PROTAC技术(prodrug-based PROTAC, pro-PROTAC)[109]、抗体-PROTAC、叶酸-PROTAC、核酸适配体-PROTAC等, 还有部分pro-PROTAC依赖光、亚硝基还原酶、活性氧等激活。以上策略通过不同的反应模式对PROTAC分子的靶向降解活性进行调节, 增强了PROTAC分子的选择性。
受到PROTAC技术的启发, Henning等[110]在2022年提出了去泛素化酶靶向嵌合体DUBTAC技术。与PROTAC类似, DUBTAC分子包含目标蛋白配体、去泛素化酶配体和连接链三部分。这类分子通过拉近去泛素化酶与目标蛋白间的距离实现靶向去泛素化, 稳定目标蛋白。NJH-2-057 (18) 是首个成功设计的DUBTAC分子, 将去泛素化酶配体EN523与CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) 蛋白配体鲁玛卡托(lumacaftor) 连接, 稳定了CFTR蛋白[110]。这一分子的成功设计为DUBTAC作为蛋白质稳定剂提供了概念证明。目前, 已报道的去泛素化酶配体非常有限, 进一步开发这些配体将推动新一代DUBTAC分子的发展, 为治疗蛋白异常降解导致的疾病提供新策略。
磷酸化和去磷酸化是蛋白质最常见的翻译后修饰, 它们分别由蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶介导, 激酶利用ATP催化氨基酸侧链羟基的磷酸化, 而磷酸酶则去除磷酰基。人类基因组中大约有500种蛋白激酶, 主要分为丝/苏氨酸激酶和酪氨酸激酶两类[111], 每种激酶都具有独特的底物谱[112]。人体内近200种磷酸酶可分为磷酸蛋白磷酸酶、酪氨酸磷酸酶和天冬氨酸磷酸酶三大类[113]。激酶和磷酸酶通过改变蛋白质的磷酸化修饰影响蛋白折叠、定位、相互作用、稳定性和活性等各个方面, 参与细胞存活、生长、迁移、分化和能量代谢等多种生理过程。蛋白质磷酸化失调通常与多种疾病相关, 使得蛋白激酶和磷酸酶成为潜在的治疗靶点。然而, 由于激酶和磷酸酶底物蛋白的非单一性, 传统的激酶抑制剂和磷酸酶抑制剂往往存在不可避免的毒副作用, 且在临床应用中常引发患者的获得性耐药[114]。因此, 研究人员受到PROTAC异双功能分子设计策略的启发, 提出了磷酸化诱导嵌合分子(phosphorylation-inducing chimeric small molecules, PHICS) 和磷酸酶募集嵌合体(phosphatase recruiting chimeras, PhoRC; phosphorylation targeting chimeras, PhosTAC) 两种分子设计策略, 分别借助激酶和磷酸酶, 利用异双功能分子对靶蛋白和效应器的拉近效应, 实现对目标蛋白的特异性磷酸化调控。
2020年, Siriwardena等[115]首次提出了PHICS分子设计概念, PHICS分子由激酶配体和蛋白配体连接而成, 是典型的双功能分子。研究人员设计合成了两个代表性分子——PHICS3 (19) 和PHICS5 (20)。PHICS3 (19) 通过募集AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) 和非底物蛋白BTK (Bruton's tyrosine kinase) 实现了BTK Ser180的磷酸化[115]。PHICS5 (20) 通过募集PKC (protein kinase C) 和底物蛋白BTK实现了BTK新位点Ser310、Ser378和Thr410的磷酸化[116]。PHICS3 (19) 成功将PHICS设计策略拓展到了非底物层面, 实现了对非底物蛋白旧位点的磷酸化。PHICS5 (20) 佐证了利用PHICS策略实行底物蛋白新位点磷酸化的可行性。PHICS5 (20) 诱导的BTK新位点的磷酸化成功抑制了BTK蛋白的激活, 这为BTK-S180A相关癌症的治疗提供了新思路[104]。总之, PHICS分子设计策略通过招募蛋白激酶实现了对靶蛋白磷酸化状态的有效调控, 保留了双功能分子的高特异性优点。但截至目前, 已完成概念验证的PHICS分子仍占少数, 其成药性仍有待确证。
2020年, Yamazoe等[117]首次设计合成了两个PHORC/PhosTAC分子, 化合物2122, 它们以RVSF四肽序列作为磷酸酶PP1 (protein-phosphatase 1) 配体, 分别以AKT (protein kinase B) 的变构抑制剂和ATP竞争性抑制剂作为底物蛋白AKT配体, 通过募集磷酸酶PP1实现对AKT的靶向去磷酸化。Chen等[114]在2021年设计合成了PhosTAC7 (23), 该分子一端采用了FKBP12 (F36V) 标签配体, 选择性靶向融合了该标签的磷酸酶PP2A (serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A) 的骨架亚基, 将效应磷酸酶成功拓展到PP2A, 并证明了通过靶向PP2A骨架亚基(PP2A-A) 间接招募PP2A催化亚基(PP2A-C) 的可行性; 另一端通过Halo-Tag配体实现了对带Halo-Tag标签的PDCD4 (programmed cell death 4) 和FOXO3a (Forkhead-box O3a) 蛋白的去磷酸化。
2023年初, 本课题组将应用于PHORC/PhosTAC分子设计的效应磷酸酶种类进一步拓展, 提出了首个招募磷酸酶PP5 (protein phosphatase 5) 的PHORC分子DDO3711 (24)[118, 119]。该分子通过连接链将ASK1 (apoptosis signal-regulated kinase 1) 抑制剂与PP5激活剂连接, 诱导拉近PP5与ASK1的距离, 在体内外实现了对ASK1 Thr838位点的去磷酸化, 削弱了ASK1活性, 有望治疗因ASK1过度活化而加速恶化的胃癌。在MKN45人胃癌细胞模型上, DDO3711 (24) 显示出较好的抗增殖活性(IC50 = 0.5 μmol·L-1), 且单独或联合使用ASK1抑制剂和PP5激活剂对MKN45细胞均无影响, 进一步佐证了该分子在治疗学上的潜在应用。PHORC/PhosTAC分子的成功开发表明靶向磷酸酶的异双功能分子是一种可行的磷酸化调控策略, 但仍有诸多问题有待解决, 包括如何实现非底物蛋白的去磷酸化、如何设计磷酸酶非抑制性配体、如何提高成药性等等[119]
乙酰化是一种常见的蛋白质翻译后修饰, 目前已知的超过10 000个赖氨酸位点, 涉及多种生物学事件[120]。这种修饰不仅直接影响蛋白质功能, 还会与其他翻译后修饰如磷酸化、泛素化和甲基化相互作用。乙酰化过程是可逆的, 由赖氨酸乙酰转移酶(lysine acetyltransferase, KATs) 和赖氨酸脱乙酰酶(lysine deacetylase, KDACs) 共同维持着动态平衡, KATs负责将乙酰基从乙酰辅酶A转移到赖氨酸, KDACs催化逆反应去除乙酰赖氨酸的乙酰基。乙酰化修饰失调与多种人类疾病有关, 包括各种癌症[121, 122]、神经退行性疾病[123, 124]、自身免疫性疾病[125, 126]和代谢疾病[121, 127, 128]等。虽然传统的靶向KDACs或KATs的化学或遗传学策略让人们对乙酰化修饰有了更为深入的理解[129, 130], 但是缺乏特异性, 难以精准解释单一底物蛋白的生物学效应[131, 132]。即便是通过对底物蛋白位点加以修饰, 来模拟或阻断乙酰化[133, 134], 这种人为的修饰过程也可能对蛋白质结构产生不良影响, 左右体内外生物学探究。为了实现对底物蛋白乙酰化的特异性调控, 研究人员提出了一种靶向KATs的异双功能分子设计策略——乙酰化标记系统(acetylation tagging system, AceTAG)。
2021年, Wang等[135]开发了一种AceTAG, 用于诱导目标蛋白的乙酰化。基于p300及CBP (CREB-binding protein) 这两个同源KATs的结构功能相似性、底物蛋白多样性及重要的生物学效应, 研究人员设计合成了异双功能分子AceTAG-1 (25)。该分子通过连接p300/CBP配体和FKBP12-F36V结合配体, 将p300/CBP选择性地引向融合了FKBP12-F36V标签的蛋白质, 诱导其乙酰化。通过AceTAG分子, 该团队成功诱导了多种带标签蛋白的靶向乙酰化, 如组蛋白H3.3、NF-κB亚基p65和肿瘤抑制因子p53。实验结果证明, AceTAG调控策略具有快速、可逆、选择性强和剂量依赖等优点, 进一步证明了AceTAG分子用于调节蛋白质乙酰化的可行性。值得注意的是, 临近诱导的乙酰化修饰可以在避免扰乱蛋白结构的同时, 调节其乙酰化状态, 且不会与其他翻译后修饰竞争, 这使得AceTAG成为分析蛋白乙酰化如何影响下游信号通路及生理病理过程的有力工具[119]。当然, 该技术现在仍处于起步阶段, 需要设计发现更多的特异性配体, 乙酰化位点的选择性和分子成药性也需要更为深入的探究。
正确的蛋白折叠和翻译后修饰是蛋白功能能够正常发挥的基础, 一些功能性蛋白在其中发挥了举足轻重的作用, 如分子伴侣和折叠酶辅助蛋白正确折叠, E3连接酶和去泛素化酶、激酶和磷酸酶及赖氨酸乙酰转移酶和赖氨酸脱乙酰酶维持着翻译后修饰的动态平衡。如何利用这些功能性蛋白治疗下游蛋白异常引起的疾病, 一直是科研工作者试图解决的难题。
针对以HSP70和HSP90为代表的分子伴侣系统, 研究人员采取了4种主要干预手段: 作用于蛋白ATP口袋、选择性靶向蛋白亚型、干扰蛋白相互作用和设计多特异性分子。作用模式和作用靶点的异同使这4种调控策略具有不同的优势和缺陷, 为临床应用提供了选择的空间。
针对翻译后修饰, 异双功能分子设计策略(如PROTAC、DUBTAC、PHICS、PHORC/PhosTAC和AceTAG) 在许多方面都展现出了独特优势。传统的抑制剂或激动剂常常通过占据靶蛋白口袋来影响其功能, 且分子本身也会在解离的同时失效, 往往一个分子只能影响一个目标蛋白。而异双功能分子本质上发挥着催化作用, 通过拉近效应器和蛋白间的距离, 来诱导效应器发挥作用, 理论上一个分子能进行多轮诱导催化。独特的设计方法和作用模式赋予了异双功能分子更强的选择性、更长的作用周期和克服耐药性的潜力, 这也揭示了其作为化学生物学工具或临床治疗药物的巨大潜力。
作者贡献: 何彦仪负责文章资料收集与撰写; 尤启冬、王磊负责文章的选题与修改, 为该文章的主要负责人。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82003582)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金-优秀青年基金(BK20230103)
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2024年第59卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0503
  • 接收时间:2024-05-27
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2024-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-27
  • 修回日期:2024-07-23
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82003582)
江苏省自然科学基金-优秀青年基金(BK20230103)
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    1.中国药科大学, 江苏省药物分子设计与成药性优化重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009
    2.中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210009

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*尤启冬, Tel: 86-25-83271351, E-mail: ;
王磊, Tel: 86-25-83271351, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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