Article(id=1199783105453191940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783099115598386, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0141, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708358400000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-20, revisedDate=1715184000000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763980183232, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1731340800000, pubDateStr=2024-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763980183232, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763980183232, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763980183232, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199783099115598386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='11', pageStart='2897', pageEnd='3178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763980181720, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225007568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809973203726680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783099115598386, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809973203726681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783099115598386, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2912, endPage=2925, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199783106531128090, articleId=1199783105453191940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Small-molecule drug design strategies for regulating protein phosphorylation modification, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Protein phosphorylation modification is an important mechanism of physiological regulation that is closely related to protein biological functions. In particular, protein kinases are responsible for catalyzing the phosphorylation process of proteins, and phosphatases are responsible for catalyzing the dephosphorylation process of phosphorylation-modified proteins, which together mediate the achievement of dynamic and reversible phosphorylation modifications of proteins. Abnormal phosphorylation levels of proteins contribute to the development of many diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and chronic diseases. Therefore, rational design of small molecules to regulate protein phosphorylation is an important approach for disease treatment. Based on the mechanism of protein phosphorylation regulation, small molecule drug design strategies can be classified into three types, protein kinase modulators, phosphatase modulators, and bifunctional molecules with proximity-mediated mechanism. This review emphasizes the above three small molecule design strategies for targeting protein phosphorylation regulation, including molecular design ideas, research progress and current challenges, and provides an outlook on small molecule modulators targeting protein phosphorylation modification.

, correspAuthors=Qi-dong YOU, Lei WANG, Qiu-yue ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-yan YANG, Jia-yi WANG, Feng-jiao LIN, Ke-ran WANG, Yu-zhuo WU, Zhao-cheng WANG, Qi-dong YOU, Lei WANG, Qiu-yue ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1199783108103992226, articleId=1199783105453191940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=调控蛋白磷酸化修饰的小分子设计策略, columnId=1199783099958653494, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 蛋白成熟与翻译后修饰的化学干预, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

蛋白磷酸化修饰是机体内的一种调节机制, 与蛋白生物学功能紧密相关, 在细胞的生理活动中发挥着关键作用。其中, 蛋白激酶负责催化蛋白的磷酸化过程, 磷酸酶负责将磷酸化修饰的蛋白去磷酸化, 实现对蛋白动态可逆的磷酸化修饰。蛋白的磷酸化水平异常往往会导致许多疾病的发生, 包括恶性肿瘤、神经退行性疾病、各类慢性疾病等。因此, 合理设计小分子调控蛋白磷酸化修饰是一种重要的疾病治疗手段。基于蛋白磷酸化调控的机制, 小分子药物设计策略可以分为三种, 蛋白激酶调控剂、磷酸酶调控剂以及基于诱导拉近机制的双功能分子。本文重点阐述这三种靶向蛋白磷酸化调控的小分子设计策略, 包括分子设计思路、研究进展和当前存在问题, 并对靶向蛋白磷酸化修饰的小分子调控剂进行展望。

, correspAuthors=尤启冬, 王磊, 张秋月, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*尤启冬, E-mail: ;
王磊, E-mail: ;
张秋月, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bPXyT5GwLZ9nCSthnRlHwQ==, magXml=ImBrx9C5I656cq5cmHNzoA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=CJnS+slNJ5EJYF6jcR835w==, pdfFileSize=6099071, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=T9S2DxWFarXY0RPftF2WqA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=EKeACW2vLP1HyCaNGkYp6w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

#共同第一作者

, authorsList=杨文妍, 王佳怡, 林凤娇, 王颗冉, 吴煜卓, 王兆成, 尤启冬, 王磊, 张秋月)}, authors=[Author(id=1200375548984807689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783105453191940, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1200375549332934943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783105453191940, authorId=1200375548984807689, language=EN, stringName=Wen-yan YANG, firstName=Wen-yan, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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调控蛋白磷酸化修饰的小分子设计策略
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杨文妍 1, 2, # , 王佳怡 1, 2, # , 林凤娇 1, 2 , 王颗冉 1, 2 , 吴煜卓 1, 2 , 王兆成 1, 2 , 尤启冬 1, 2, * , 王磊 1, 2, * , 张秋月 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 蛋白成熟与翻译后修饰的化学干预 2024,59(11): 2912-2925
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 蛋白成熟与翻译后修饰的化学干预 2024, 59(11): 2912-2925
调控蛋白磷酸化修饰的小分子设计策略
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杨文妍1, 2, #, 王佳怡1, 2, #, 林凤娇1, 2, 王颗冉1, 2, 吴煜卓1, 2, 王兆成1, 2, 尤启冬1, 2, * , 王磊1, 2, *, 张秋月1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国药科大学, 江苏省药物分子设计与成药性优化重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009
  • 2.中国药科大学药学院药物化学系, 江苏 南京 210009

通讯作者:

*尤启冬, E-mail: ;
王磊, E-mail: ;
张秋月, E-mail:
Small-molecule drug design strategies for regulating protein phosphorylation modification
Wen-yan YANG1, 2, Jia-yi WANG1, 2, Feng-jiao LIN1, 2, Ke-ran WANG1, 2, Yu-zhuo WU1, 2, Zhao-cheng WANG1, 2, Qi-dong YOU1, 2, * , Lei WANG1, 2, *, Qiu-yue ZHANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
  • 2. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
出版时间: 2024-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0141
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蛋白磷酸化修饰是机体内的一种调节机制, 与蛋白生物学功能紧密相关, 在细胞的生理活动中发挥着关键作用。其中, 蛋白激酶负责催化蛋白的磷酸化过程, 磷酸酶负责将磷酸化修饰的蛋白去磷酸化, 实现对蛋白动态可逆的磷酸化修饰。蛋白的磷酸化水平异常往往会导致许多疾病的发生, 包括恶性肿瘤、神经退行性疾病、各类慢性疾病等。因此, 合理设计小分子调控蛋白磷酸化修饰是一种重要的疾病治疗手段。基于蛋白磷酸化调控的机制, 小分子药物设计策略可以分为三种, 蛋白激酶调控剂、磷酸酶调控剂以及基于诱导拉近机制的双功能分子。本文重点阐述这三种靶向蛋白磷酸化调控的小分子设计策略, 包括分子设计思路、研究进展和当前存在问题, 并对靶向蛋白磷酸化修饰的小分子调控剂进行展望。

磷酸化调控  /  小分子设计  /  激酶  /  磷酸酶  /  双功能分子

Protein phosphorylation modification is an important mechanism of physiological regulation that is closely related to protein biological functions. In particular, protein kinases are responsible for catalyzing the phosphorylation process of proteins, and phosphatases are responsible for catalyzing the dephosphorylation process of phosphorylation-modified proteins, which together mediate the achievement of dynamic and reversible phosphorylation modifications of proteins. Abnormal phosphorylation levels of proteins contribute to the development of many diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and chronic diseases. Therefore, rational design of small molecules to regulate protein phosphorylation is an important approach for disease treatment. Based on the mechanism of protein phosphorylation regulation, small molecule drug design strategies can be classified into three types, protein kinase modulators, phosphatase modulators, and bifunctional molecules with proximity-mediated mechanism. This review emphasizes the above three small molecule design strategies for targeting protein phosphorylation regulation, including molecular design ideas, research progress and current challenges, and provides an outlook on small molecule modulators targeting protein phosphorylation modification.

phosphorylation regulation  /  small molecule design  /  kinase  /  phosphatase  /  bifunctional molecule
杨文妍, 王佳怡, 林凤娇, 王颗冉, 吴煜卓, 王兆成, 尤启冬, 王磊, 张秋月. 调控蛋白磷酸化修饰的小分子设计策略. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (11) : 2912 -2925 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0141
Wen-yan YANG, Jia-yi WANG, Feng-jiao LIN, Ke-ran WANG, Yu-zhuo WU, Zhao-cheng WANG, Qi-dong YOU, Lei WANG, Qiu-yue ZHANG. Small-molecule drug design strategies for regulating protein phosphorylation modification[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (11) : 2912 -2925 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0141
蛋白磷酸化修饰是细胞内蛋白氨基酸上磷酸基团的修饰过程, Edmond Henri Fischer和Edwin Krebs在20世纪50年代发现了第一个蛋白激酶环腺苷酸依赖性蛋白激酶(cyclic-AMP dependent protein kinase, PKA), 并首次提出机体中蛋白的可逆磷酸化修饰作为一种生物调节机制而存在[1]。蛋白磷酸化修饰是一个动态调节的过程, 由激酶和磷酸酶共同参与。其中, 激酶负责催化蛋白的磷酸化过程, 将三磷酸腺苷(ATP) 末位(γ位) 的磷酸基团转移到底物蛋白的特定氨基酸上, 进行共价修饰[2]。磷酸酶则负责催化蛋白上已经发生磷酸化修饰的氨基酸去磷酸化, 通过水解反应将磷酸单酯水解成一个磷酸基团和一个游离羟基以去除磷酸基团(图 1A)。常见的蛋白质磷酸化主要分为丝/苏氨酸磷酸化和酪氨酸磷酸化[3]。目前已发现约560种蛋白激酶, 226种磷酸酶, 足见蛋白磷酸化修饰在生命活动的调节中占据重要的地位。
蛋白的磷酸化修饰参与细胞内的众多生理活动, 如细胞内信号传导、基因表达调控、细胞周期调控、代谢调控、蛋白质的稳定性和定位以及神经递质信号传导等[4]。举例来说, 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK) 通路就是由四个磷酸化反应步骤组成的[5]。当相关受体感知到环境变化时, 激酶MAPKKKK会被受体酪氨酸激酶磷酸化启动。启动后的MAPKKKK会继续磷酸化第二个激酶MAPKKK, 然后磷酸化第三个激酶MAPKK[6]。最后, 激酶MAPK的磷酸化和活化紧随MAPKK的磷酸化而发生, 从而调控特异性转录因子的活性和靶基因的表达[7]。由此可见, 蛋白的正常磷酸化对于维持细胞内稳态至关重要。
蛋白磷酸化修饰与蛋白生物功能的实现紧密联系, 其异常的磷酸化状态往往直接导致许多疾病的产生, 如癌症、炎症性疾病、神经退行性疾病、骨骼疾病和糖尿病等[8-12]。研究发现糖原磷酸化酶参与糖原分解过程, 其磷酸化水平的异常造成血糖水平紊乱, 促进糖尿病的发生[13]。同时在阿尔茨海默病中发现, 神经原纤维缠结是由于tau蛋白过度磷酸化引起的[14]。因此, 设计小分子调控剂干预蛋白的磷酸化修饰是相关疾病治疗的重要手段。
从蛋白的磷酸化调控机制出发, 药学家可以设计小分子直接调控蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶的活性(图 1B)[15, 16]。针对过度磷酸化的靶蛋白, 需要降低其磷酸化水平, 可以设计激酶的抑制剂或者磷酸酶的激动剂。同样地, 针对靶蛋白缺乏磷酸化的情况, 需要增加其磷酸化水平, 则可以设计激酶的激动剂或者磷酸酶的抑制剂。然而, 在实际的研究中, 分别靶向磷酸酶和激酶的小分子药物的开发现状却大相径庭。在过去的几十年里, 激酶小分子一直是药物开发的热门方向, 截至2024年, 已经有80种小分子药物经FDA批准上市[17]。与此形成鲜明对比的是, 尚无上市的激活剂报道, 且只有一个小分子磷酸酶抑制剂斑蝥素, 于去年经FDA批准上市[18]。根本原因在于磷酸酶的催化域富含正电荷, 开发的小分子抑制剂无可避免的需要富含负电荷, 使得该类小分子难以成药[19]。除了传统的直接靶向激酶和磷酸酶的小分子调控剂外, 目前还有一个新颖的策略是设计双功能分子以靶向蛋白磷酸化调控。双功能分子是当下新药开发的热门方向之一, 该类分子的本质在于将生物效应器(例如E3泛素连接酶、激酶、磷酸酶、乙酰化酶等) 的小分子配体和靶标蛋白的小分子配体通过合适长度的化学连接链连接起来获得目标分子[20]。通过这样的设计, 目标分子可以同时拉近生物效应器和靶标蛋白, 促进二者相互作用。双功能分子中, 最成功的莫属蛋白水解靶向嵌合体(proteolysis targeting chimera, PROTAC), 头部分子ARV-471目前已经进入临床Ⅲ期研究阶段, 为后续双功能分子的开发奠定了坚实的基础和信心[21]。最近, 靶向蛋白磷酸化修饰的双功能分子也陆续被提出并证实其在细胞内的有效性, 包括招募激酶实现靶蛋白磷酸化的磷酸化诱导嵌合体(phosphorylation-inducing chimeric small molecules, PHICS) 和招募磷酸酶实现蛋白去磷酸化的磷酸化靶向嵌合体(phosphorylation-targeting chimeras, PhosTAC)[22, 23]。当前, PHICS的创始人已就该技术创建医药公司Photys Therapeutics, 并获得MPM Capital等知名投资机构高达7 500万美金的投资。靶向蛋白磷酸化修饰的双功能分子除了具备PROTAC所具有的催化特性、可作用于不可成药靶标等优势外, 还在机制上具有显著的优势[24], 即该类分子仅调节蛋白的磷酸化状态, 而不会对靶标蛋白本身的表达水平造成影响, 避免了由于蛋白降解而产生的潜在不良反应[25]
激酶结构域包括胞外结构域、跨膜结构域、胞内结构域[26]。胞外结构域指的是激酶结构域中存在于细胞外部的结构域, 跨膜结构域是激酶结构域中连接胞外结构域和胞内结构域的部分, 胞内结构域指的是激酶结构域中存在于细胞内部的结构域。胞内区域是蛋白激酶的催化区域, 可分为N端区域、C端区域以及连接N端和C端的铰链区(hinge)。ATP结合口袋位于N端与C端之间, 同时在ATP结合口袋附近, 还存在着一条活化环, 该条活化环的N端是由高度保守的天冬氨酸(Asp, D)-苯丙氨酸(Phe, F)-甘氨酸(Gly, G) 组成, 即DFG序列[27]。当DFG序列中的Asp采取向内旋转的姿态时的激酶构象即为DFG-in构象, 此时激酶大多数处于活性构象(有少数处于非活性构象); 当DFG序列中的Asp采取向外旋转的姿态时的激酶构象即为DFG-out构象, 此时激酶处于非活性构象[28]。激酶抑制剂通过与蛋白激酶结合来抑制其活性, 进而干扰蛋白激酶对靶蛋白的磷酸化修饰过程, 最终实现对靶蛋白的磷酸化调控。激酶抑制剂根据结合位点不同可分为ATP竞争性抑制剂和ATP非竞争性抑制剂。ATP竞争性抑制剂(又称为正构抑制剂) 通过与激酶催化结构域内ATP结合位点的铰链区形成氢键, 从而竞争性地抑制ATP与激酶的结合[29]。根据所结合激酶状态的不同, ATP竞争性抑制剂可以进一步分为Type Ⅰ、Type Ⅰ½和Type Ⅱ型(图 2A)。其中, 与DFG-in状态的活性构象结合的抑制剂即为Type Ⅰ型抑制剂, 与DFG-in状态的非活性构象结合的抑制剂为Type Ⅰ½型抑制剂, 与DFG-out状态的非活性构象结合的抑制剂为Type Ⅱ型[30]。ATP非竞争性抑制剂(又称为变构抑制剂) 作用于非ATP结合位点, 其作用机制主要是利用激酶活性状态与非活性状态间的构象差异, 阻止激酶启动环序列(activation loop) 形成启动的构象, 从而抑制激酶活化。这类结合位点又称为变构位点, 特点是位于底物结合口袋之外且能对蛋白活性有调控影响。激酶的变构抑制剂依据其结合位置的不同, 可进一步分为Type Ⅲ、Type Ⅳ、Type Ⅵ、Type Ⅶ型。其中Type Ⅲ变构抑制剂结合位点在ATP口袋附近(但不重叠), Type Ⅳ变构抑制剂结合位点远离ATP口袋(但还在激酶催化结构域内), Type Ⅵ的结合位点为“假激酶”结构域非催化的ATP结合口袋(假激酶是指与激酶催化结构域高度相似但不具备催化功能的结构, 假激酶非催化的ATP结合口袋也可认为是变构位点), Type Ⅶ型抑制剂结合在激酶的胞外结构域[31, 32]
截至目前, 人类激酶组的560种蛋白激酶中, 约有150种蛋白激酶被作为靶点进行药物开发(仅占人类基因组的30%), 其中约45种蛋白已有药物批准上市(图 2B)[33]。其中比较热门的激酶抑制剂研究靶点有: 表皮生长因子受体(epithelial growth factor receptors, EGFRs)、成纤维细胞生长因子受体(fibroblast growth factor receptors, FGFRs)、血管内表皮生长因子受体(vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, VEGFRs)、布鲁顿酪氨酸激酶(brutons tyrosine kinase, BTK)、非受体酪氨酸蛋白激酶(janus kinase, JAK)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PI3K)、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(cyclin-dependent protein kinase, CDK) 4/6。基于药融云生物医药数据库和科睿唯安Cortellis平台Drug Discovery Intelligence药物早期研发情报库, 对全球激酶抑制剂药物进行统计分析。结果显示, 截至2023年10月, 全球处于临床前、Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期临床研究阶段的激酶抑制剂药物分别有939、460、564和137个。正在申请上市的激酶抑制剂药物有28个, 已经批准上市的激酶抑制剂药物有136个, 其中有84个药物经FDA批准上市。上市的激酶抑制剂中, 大部分为ATP竞争性抑制剂, 仅有9个变构抑制剂, 分别为丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶1/2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2, MEK1/2) 抑制剂曲马替尼(trametinib)、卡比替尼(cobimetinib)、比美替尼(binimetinib)、司美替尼(selumetinib); 雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR) 抑制剂西罗莫司(sirolimus)、替西罗莫司(temsirolimus)、依维莫司(everolimus); BCR-ABL (break point clusterregion-abelson) 酪氨酸激酶抑制剂阿西米尼(asciminib) 和酪氨酸激酶2 (tyrosine kinase 2, TyK2) 抑制剂氘可来昔替尼(deucravacitinib)。这些激酶抑制剂适应症包含肿瘤、免疫调节、神经系统、皮肤病、眼科、炎症、胃肠道系统、血液系统、呼吸系统、感染、内分泌与代谢、肌肉骨骼系统、心血管系统、泌尿生殖系统、杂类、中毒/药物成瘾等疾病领域[33-36]
自1995年Rho相关蛋白激酶1/2 (Rho-associated protein kinase 1/2, ROCK1/2) 抑制剂Fasudil在日本被批准上市以来, 小分子激酶抑制剂的开发一直备受药物研究者的青睐[33]。随后在2001年, 里程碑式药物伊马替尼(imatinib) 经FDA批准上市, 作为一种靶向BCR-ABL酪氨酸激酶抑制剂被用于治疗慢性髓性白血病(chronic granulocytic leukemia, CML)[37]。2013年, 曲美替尼(trametinib) 获批上市, 用于治疗黑色素瘤, 是首个MEK抑制剂, 也是第一款变构激酶抑制剂[38]。迄今, 全球已有136个激酶抑制剂药物批准上市, 发展势头强劲。尽管如此, 当前激酶抑制剂的开发仍存在诸多难题有待解决。大多数上市的激酶抑制剂药物作用于激酶结构域的ATP结合位点, 然而激酶的催化结构域高度相似, 为高选择、低脱靶毒性的小分子抑制剂的开发带来巨大的挑战[39]。同时, 保守的ATP结合位点的狭窄化学空间探索使得该领域的知识产权竞争尤为激烈。此外, 在用药过程中, 激酶关键结合位点突变诱发耐药问题, 使得药物工作者不得不进行二、三代的药物开发[40]。变构抑制剂药物虽然在耐药性、选择性、脱靶毒性等方面具有较大的优势, 但缺乏系统有效的检测技术来快速发现新的变构靶点, 以及对变构信号通路的研究尚不充分[41]。随着晚期癌症患者存活时间的延长, 脑转移是一个常见的临床问题, 如何开发透过血脑屏障、平衡和维持药物的所有特性(如效价、选择性等) 成为激酶抑制剂研究的另一个重要问题[42]。在未来, 肿瘤学将继续主导激酶抑制剂药物的发现。其次, 下一代激酶抑制剂将改进升级成具有更好选择性、更佳抗耐药性的药物, 同时对中枢神经系统有更强的渗透力, 激酶变构抑制剂开发将在其中起到关键作用。未来还会涌现出更多新的激酶抑制剂及组合, 或者与新疗法结合提高抗耐药性[43]。其他如阻断多个激酶的双特异性抗体、利用PROTAC技术降解蛋白激酶等也将成为新兴前沿领域[44, 45]。总之, 新型激酶抑制剂的开发潜力巨大, 在可预见的未来, 该领域的研发仍将处于医学前沿地带, 未来还有更多科学未知值得探寻[46]
激酶激动剂是一类与蛋白激酶结合后, 能够增强激酶活性的分子, 进而促进蛋白激酶与靶蛋白结合并进行磷酸化反应, 提高靶蛋白的磷酸化水平, 实现对靶蛋白的磷酸化调控。蛋白激酶(protein kinase, PK) 根据其活化条件的不同, 可分为蛋白激酶A (protein kinase A, PKA)、蛋白激酶G (protein kinase G, PKG)、蛋白激酶C (protein kinase C, PKC)、和钙调蛋白依赖性的蛋白激酶(calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, CaMK)[47]。其中, PKA由cAMP启动, 故又称第二信使环腺苷酸依赖性蛋白激酶(cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP); PKG由cGMP启动, 又称环尿苷酸依赖性蛋白激酶(cyclic guanosine monophosphate, cGMP); PKC由Ca2+、二酰基甘油(diacylglycerol, DAG) 和磷脂酰丝氨酸(phosphatidylserine, PS) 启动, 又称Ca2+和磷脂依赖的蛋白激酶; CaMK由钙离子和钙调蛋白启动。
从靶点的角度分析, 根据小分子激酶激动剂的临床及上市药物信息显示, 目前约有50种激酶在激动剂研究, 其中比较热门的靶点有: 葡萄糖激酶(gluco kinase, GK)、单磷酸腺苷活化的蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK)、磷酸肌醇3-激酶、细胞周期依赖性的蛋白激酶、非受体酪氨酸激酶、丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase, PK)。基于药融云生物医药数据库和科睿唯安Cortellis平台Drug Discovery Intelligence药物早期研发情报库, 对全球激酶激动剂药物进行统计分析, 结果显示, 截至2023年10月, 全球范围内处于临床前、Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期研究阶段的激酶激动剂药物分别有51、14、35和8个(图 3A)。批准上市的激酶激动剂药物有10个, 包括靶向丙酮酸激酶L/R的硫酸米他匹伐(mitapivat sulfate); 靶向葡萄糖激酶的多扎格列艾汀(dorzagliatin); 靶向AMP活化的蛋白激酶的二甲双胍(metformin)、伊美格列明(imeglimin) (图 3B); 靶向肝细胞生长因子(hepatocyte growth factor, HGF) 的培米诺近(beperminogene perplasmid); 靶向血小板衍生因子受体(platelet-derived growth factor receptors, PDGFR) 的贝卡普勒明(becaplermin)、becaplermin follow-on biologic、奥普瑞白介素(oprelvekin); 靶向胰岛素样生长因子1 (insulin-like growth factor 1, IGF1) 的美卡舍明(mecasermin); 靶向表皮生长因子和表皮生长因子受体的奈匹德明(nepidermin) (beperminogene perplasmid、becaplermin、becaplermin follow-on biologic、oprelvekin、mecasermin、nepidermin为生物药物)。其中mitapivat sulfate、metformin、becaplermin这3个药物经FDA批准上市。这些激酶激动剂药物的适应症包括肿瘤、免疫调节、神经系统、皮肤病、眼科、炎症、胃肠道系统、血液系统、呼吸系统、感染、内分泌与代谢、肌肉骨骼系统、心血管系统、泌尿生殖系统、杂类等疾病领域。当前研究最为火热的是葡萄糖激酶激动剂, 有一个药物多格列艾汀(dorzagliatin) 获批上市[48]。2型糖尿病患者普遍存在GK损伤, GK功能显著降低, 导致控糖激素(胰岛素、胰高糖素等) 分泌失常、肝糖原合成受阻以及葡萄糖利用能力降低[49]。多格列艾汀则通过修复2型糖尿病患者的葡萄糖激酶功能, 重塑血糖稳态[50]
相较于蛋白激酶抑制剂所取得的巨大成功, 激酶激动剂的发展势头较弱。目前虽有50种激酶被作为靶点进行激动剂药物开发, 但获批上市的激酶激动剂药物寥寥无几, 激酶激动剂在疾病中的治疗潜力有待进一步挖掘[51]。未来, 激酶激动剂的研究工作仍将主要聚焦于新靶点开发及其生物机制的阐明。同时, 对于现有的可成药靶点, 寻找具有更高选择性、高特异性、高生物利用度的小分子也是激酶激动剂药物未来的重要研究内容。激酶激动剂的研究空间广阔, 充满挑战与机遇。
蛋白磷酸酶是一类可以催化底物蛋白去磷酸化的蛋白, 可以分为蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(protein tyrosine phosphatases, PTPs)、金属离子依赖性蛋白磷酸酶(metal-dependent protein phosphatases, PPMs)、磷蛋白磷酸酶(phosphoprotein phosphatase, PPPs) 以及卤酸脱卤型磷酸酶(phosphatases of the haloaciddehalogenases, HAD) 四类(图 4D)[52]。受到蛋白磷酸酶自身活性催化口袋高度保守以及富电荷的局限, 磷酸酶一度被认为是不可成药靶标。在药物研发者的不懈努力下, 近年来在磷酸酶调控剂的开发上取得突破性进展, 重振该研究领域的信心。
当前, 磷酸酶抑制剂的研究主要集中在PTPs和PPPs家族。PTPs家族蛋白由催化结构域和骨架结构域组成, 共同调节磷酸酶的活性。根据其催化底物的不同, PTPs可以进一步分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ四类[53]。Ⅰ类包括磷酸酪氨酸特异性受体PTP (receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases, RPTP)、非受体PTP和双特异性PTP (dual-specificity protein phosphatase, DSP); Ⅱ类由低分子量PTP (low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatases, LMPTP) 和Sua7-2抑制因子组成; Ⅲ类包含三种人类细胞周期调节因子CDC25A (cell division cycle 25A)、CDC25B和CDC25C; Ⅳ类包含四种缺眼同源蛋白(eyes absent homolog, Eya)[54]。目前代表性的PTPs调节剂研究集中在Ⅰ类和Ⅳ类, 包括蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B (protein tyrosine phosphatase1B, PTP1B)、含Src同源2结构域蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(srchomology 2 domain containing protein tyrosinephosphatase, SHP2) 和缺眼同源蛋白2 (Eya2), 其作用机制是通过变构的方式结合于蛋白磷酸酶催化域以外的潜在口袋来调节蛋白磷酸酶的活性。PPPs家族包含PP1、PP2A、PP2B、PP4、PP5、PP6和PP7七个亚家族, 当前对于PPPs家族抑制剂的开发主要靶向PP1、PP2A和PP5进行[55]
2023年7月21日, 斑蝥素(cantharidin) 获得FDA批准用于治疗2岁及以上成人和儿童传染性软疣患者, 成为首个成功上市的磷酸酶抑制剂(图 4A)。目前的研究表明, 斑蝥素是一种具有亚摩尔抑制活性的PPPs (包括PP1、PP2A、PP4、PP5和PP6) 泛抑制剂, 主要作用于PP1 (IC50 = 1 700 nmol·L-1) 和PP2A (IC50 = 1.60 nmol·L-1)。其抗肿瘤机制主要包括DNA损伤和细胞凋亡。但斑蝥素对胃肠道、输尿管、心脏、肺、皮肤和肾脏有较强的不良反应[52]。近年来, 诺华公司开发的SHP2抑制剂TNO155广受关注。SHP2其结构包含N端的2个Src同源2结构域(N-SH2和C-SH2 domains) 和C端的1个具有催化功能的PTP结构域。通常, N端的SH2结构域会与PTP结构域相互作用形成一种自抑制的构象, 当SH2结构域与酪氨酸磷酸化的生长因子受体结合后会解除SHP2的自抑制构象, 形成开放的活化状态从而启动PTP结构域的去磷酸化功能[56]。2016年, 该公司报道了化合物SHP099, 它可以结合在2个N-SH2结构域和PTP结构域之间, 并将酶锁定在其关闭的自抑制构象上, 从而抑制SHP2活性(IC50 = 0.071 μmol·L-1, 图 4B)[57]。之后, 诺华对其进行进一步的结构优化, 以提升理化性质、降低毒性, 最终得到了化合物TNO155, 这是全球首款进入临床阶段的SHP2变构抑制剂[58]。目前TNO155已处于Ⅱ期临床试验中, 用于结肠癌、非小细胞癌以及消化/胃肠道癌的治疗。除上述分子外, 处于临床研究中分子还有32个, 包括: Ⅲ期临床的SHP2抑制剂SFX-01; Ⅱ期临床阶段抑制剂16个, 其中靶向SHP2的抑制剂有8个, 靶向于PP2A的抑制剂有1个, 靶向于PTP1B的抑制剂有7个; Ⅰ期临床阶段抑制剂15个, 靶向SHP2的抑制剂有10个, 靶向于PP2A的抑制剂有3个, 靶向于PTP1B的抑制剂有2个; 临床前抑制剂102个, 靶向SHP2的抑制剂有19个, 靶向于PP2A的抑制剂有8个, 靶向于PTP1B的抑制剂有72个, 靶向于Eya的有3个(图 4C)。这些磷酸酶抑制剂的适应症包括肿瘤、心血管系统、阿尔茨海默症、呼吸系统、糖尿病、肥胖症、内分泌代谢、泌尿生殖系统、抗菌等疾病领域。
近年来, 磷酸酶抑制的研究已经取得了重要进展, 然而目前全球仅有一例磷酸酶抑制剂获批上市, 已报道的大多数选择性磷酸酶抑制剂仍处在早期临床研究之中。而一些磷酸酶抑制剂对心血管系统、胃肠道、肺等有不良反应, 使得其难以进一步开发[59]。此外, 由于磷酸酶催化口袋的高度保守性和富电荷性, 靶向催化口袋开发小分子十分困难, 因此, 发现更多的磷酸酶变构位点开发变构抑制剂是未来磷酸酶抑制剂开发的突破口。
目前, 对于蛋白磷酸酶激动剂的研究主要集中在PPPs家族中的PP2A和PP5亚家族。PP2A是一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸磷酸酶全酶, 由支架亚基(PP2A-A)、催化亚基(PP2A-C) 和调节亚基(PP2A-B) 组成[56]。PP5是一种重要的丝氨酸/苏氨酸磷酸酶单体酶, 还是热休克蛋白90 (heat shock proteins 90, HSP90) 伴侣系统中重要的共伴侣蛋白, 其N末端含有一个四肽重复序列(tetratricopeptide repeat, TPR) 结构域, C末端含有一条αJ螺旋。TPR结构域与αJ螺旋协同作用, 作为开关控制PP5的活性[52]。根据作用机制的不同作用于PP5的激动剂可以分为两类, 第一类是TPR依赖的激动剂, 包括内源性小分子如花生四烯酸和脂肪酸CoA酯等多不饱和脂肪酸, 其通过直接结合TPR结构域, 并通过促进TPR螺旋内的结构变化来启动PP5; 第二类是非TPR依赖的激动剂, 其通过与各种蛋白质和脂质的TPR相互作用介导的Hsp90的直接结合启动PP5[60]
代表性的磷酸酶激动剂如图 4E所示, 其中PP2A的激动剂有FTY720[56]、DT-061[61]、ATUX-1215[62]、C2-ceramide[63]、iHAP1[64]、chlorpromazine[65]D-erythro-sphiingosine[66]、perphenazine[67]、SMAP-2[61]; PP5的激动剂有P5SA-2[68]、chaulmoogric acid、arachidonic acid[69]。FTY720与PP2A的内源性抑制剂SET结合, 阻断PP2A-SET蛋白相互作用, 从而启动PP2A。FTY720可启动PP2A 175%的磷酸酶活性, 具有抗肿瘤细胞增殖的活性[56]。DT-061 (GI50 = 5×103 nmol·L-1)、iHAP1和SMAP-2也是代表性的PP2A激动剂, 它们通过与支架Aα亚基结合并诱导PP2A的构象变化来直接启动PP2A, 均具有潜在的抗肿瘤活性[61]。P5SA-2可将PP5磷酸酶活性提高8倍, 它是一种通过变构调节的方式, 能够有效地加速PP5的周转率, 但几乎不影响底物结合或PP5与伴侣HSP90之间的相互作用。Chaulmoogridic acid (EC50 = 1.3×105 nmol·L-1) 和arachidonic acid (EC50 = 7.81×104 nmol·L-1) 通过与PP5的四肽重复序列TPR结构域结合来变构启动PP5。
目前, 蛋白磷酸酶激动剂的报道较少, 且几乎没有进入临床阶段的药物, 大多都还处于药物发现阶段。值得一提的是, 许多小分子来源于老药新用, 如perphenazine、FTY720, 这可能成为寻找激动剂的一种策略。靶向非催化亚基/结构域或全酶药物设计的成功也为后续小分子激动剂的开发提供了新的参考, 但磷酸酶激动剂的开发依然面临着很多困难, 如缺乏对蛋白磷酸酶结构和生物功能的充分了解, 这阻碍了靶向蛋白磷酸酶独特结构域的选择性小分子的发展。此外, 磷酸酶激动剂的研究目前局限于PPPs家族, 很多新的启动位点还有待发现。因此, 深入研究蛋白磷酸酶结构以及生物功能, 寻找新的变构启动位点以得到高活性蛋白磷酸酶激动剂是该领域未来主要的研究方向。
近年来, 通过招募内源性生物效应物(如E3连接酶、乙酰化酶、激酶、磷酸酶等) 来调节靶蛋白(protein of interesting, POI) 翻译后修饰(protein translational modifications, PTMs) 过程的诱导拉近作用模式被提出。走在前端的双分子技术是招募E3配体酶诱导POIs降解的PROTAC, 该分子由E3连接酶配体、化学连接链和POI配体连接而成[70]。Arvinas公司的ER降解剂ARV-471已进入临床Ⅲ期研究[71]。受PROTACs的启发, 招募更多效应器的双功能分子被不断提出。Choudhary研究团队和基因泰克公司分别提出了诱导蛋白磷酸化的磷酸化诱导嵌合小分子PHICS[72]和诱导蛋白去磷酸化的磷酸化靶向嵌合体PhosTAC[73], 实现了对POI的磷酸化精细调控。PhosTAC又称磷酸酶招募嵌合体PHORC, 通过招募磷酸酶加速POI的去磷酸化。PHICS通过招募激酶加速POIs的磷酸化。
PHICS概念由Choudhary研究团队于2020年提出, 它由激酶激动剂、化学连接链和POI配体组成, 能够招募激酶加速POI的磷酸化。他们设计了一系列PHICS分子来招募丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(AMPK和PKC) 和酪氨酸激酶(ABL和BTK), 实现对溴结构域蛋白4 (bromodomain containing 4, BRD4) 和BTK磷酸化调控(图 5A)。他们的研究不仅表明PHICS能加速POIs的磷酸化, 还揭示了该技术能改进激酶的特异性, 实现非天然底物和非天然作用位点的磷酸化。
2020年, Choudhary实验室首次报道PHICS相关研究, 结果表明PHICS可以招募丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶AMPK或PKC, 实现底物或非底物BRD4被磷酸化[72]。AMPK募集PHICS分子PHICS1由AMPK变构激动剂PF-06409577与BRD4结合剂(S)-JQ1连接而成。将PF-06409577替换为9-(4-氨甲基苄氧基) 取代的苯内酰胺PKC激动剂得到PKC募集PHICS分子PHICS2。PHICS1和PHICS2在体外以诱导拉近的作用机制特异性地提高了非天然底物BRD4的磷酸化水平。质谱分析发现, PHICS1诱导位点T169、T186、T221、S324和S325磷酸化, 而PHICS2诱导位点T229、S324和S338磷酸化。其中, T169、T186、T221和T229位点的磷酸化在以往的研究中未见报道。此外, 通过ADP-Glo实验分别检测AMPK对含上述位点的多肽及天然识别基序的磷酸化效应。结果表明, AMPK对含上述位点的多肽并无偏好, 表明了PHICS分子诱导拉近作用模式的重要性。由于布鲁顿酪氨酸激酶(BTK) 和AMPK的亚细胞定位不同(即BTK同样是AMPK的非天然底物), 随后他们继续设计了靶向BTK的PHICS3 (BTK配体选择抑制剂伊布替尼类似物), 表明PHICS可在细胞中介导靶蛋白磷酸化。上述研究完成了对PHICS概念的验证, Choudhary团队在随后的研究中尝试利用PHICS解决一些具体科学问题。他们设计了招募PKC磷酸化BRD4的PHICS4 [两头配体分别为VS1099和(S)-JQ1], 将PKC的底物范围由膜蛋白拓宽至胞浆蛋白; 设计了招募PKC磷酸化BTKS180A (该位点为PKC的天然作用位点, 其突变阻断了PKC对BTK的负调控, 诱发B细胞恶性肿瘤) 的PHICS5 (两头配体分别为VS1099和伊布替尼), 赋予BTK一个新的“灭活”开关, 调控BTK的活性, 抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖, 为癌症治疗提供新策略。
除了丝/苏氨酸位点的磷酸化调控, Choudhary团队还继续探索PHICS对另一种关键磷酸化—酪氨酸磷酸化的调控能力。2023年, 他们报道两个分别基于激酶非抑制性结合剂和激酶抑制剂的酪氨酸磷酸化嵌合体平台。在第一个平台中, 他们利用酪氨酸激酶ABL的非抑制性结合剂设计了ABL-PHICS (化合物1), 实现了对BRD4的磷酸化调控[74]。随后, 他们将化合物1中BRD4的配体替换为FKBPF36V结合剂AP1867, 得到化合物5, 实现了对FKBPF36V融合表达的表皮生长因子受体以及FKBPF36V融合表达的HER2的磷酸化调控。然而, 非抑制性激酶结合剂并不多见, 更多的是大量激酶抑制剂的报道。因此, Choudhary团队开发了基于激酶抑制剂的第二个去磷酸化平台。如图 5B所示, 在该平台中, 利用激酶抑制剂诱导拉近激酶与底物蛋白, 随后利用转移化学, 让PHICS连接链上的亲电基团与附近口袋的亲核基团(如半胱氨酸) 共价结合, 并释放出激酶抑制剂。利用该设计原理, 选择不同的BTK抑制剂, 设计了化合物17和化合物19, 均实现了对BRD4的磷酸化调控。BRET分析表明PHICS发生了基团转移化学反应, BTK抑制剂从激酶的ATP结合袋中释放出来。这两个平台验证了Tyr-PHICS的可行性, 同时也提供了全新的双分子设计策略, 解决了生物效应器非抑制性配体不足的问题。图 5C总结了上述代表性的PHICS分子。
PHICS技术由Choudhary团队提出并推进, 并成立了Photys Therapeutics公司已开发相应的药物。该技术受到行业内著名投资者的青睐, 并于2022年获得了7 500万美元的A轮融资。PHICS能诱导天然以及非天然氨基酸位点和靶点的磷酸化, 为更多疾病的治疗开辟新途径。尽管如此, 仍有许多问题需要解决。例如, 为什么PHICS能诱导激酶与非天然底物作用?当PHICS5拉近两种激酶ABL和BTK接近时, 为什么只有BTK的磷酸化受到调控?阐明这些相关机制将有助于今后利用该技术实现对目标蛋白活性的精确调控。因此, 未来PHICS的研究重点一方面将放在基于现有分子的成药性优化上, 另一方面将放在机制的研究上。
靶向蛋白去磷酸化的双功能分子—蛋白磷酸酶招募异嵌合体(PHORC), 又称为PhosTAC, 最早由基因泰克公司于2019年提出, 该分子由磷酸酶激动剂、化学连接链和POI配体组成, 能够招募磷酸酶加速POI的去磷酸化过程(图 6A)。截至目前, 约有5个PHORC分子报道, 分别招募蛋白磷酸酶PP1、PP2A和PP5, 实现了对蛋白激酶B [protein kinase B, PKB (也称AKT)]、凋亡信号调节激酶I (apoptotic signaling regulates kinase I, ASK1)、Tau等蛋白的去磷酸化调控, 完成了PHORC技术的概念性证明以及初步的动物模型活性评价, 初步表明PHORC分子是一种实现靶标蛋白精准、高效去磷酸化的有效策略(图 6B)。
2019年, 基因泰克公司首次提出PHORC分子概念, 并设计了招募PP1去磷酸化AKT的PHORC分子compound 4a以及去磷酸化EGFR的compound 7[20]。如图 6B所示, compound 4a两端的弹头分子分别是AKT变构抑制剂和PP1多肽激动剂RVSF。将无活性的RVSA替换compound 4a中的RVSF, 得到阴性化合物compound 4b。细胞实验结果表明, compound 4a显著降低人前列腺癌细胞(lymph node carcinoma of prostate, LNCaP) 内p-AKTT308和p-AKTS473的水平, 而阴性化合物不影响AKT这两个位点的磷酸化水平, 表明compound 4a在细胞内通过拉近PP1和AKT, 来促进PP1对AKT的去磷酸化效应。此外, 该课题组还利用HaloTag技术, 利用氯烷基来招募融合表达HaloTag标签的PP1 (HaloTag-PP1-FLAG), 设计了由氯烷基、聚乙二醇连接链和EGFR共价抑制剂AZD-9291连接而成的PHORC分子compound 7。在HaloTag-PP1-FLAG转染的HCC827细胞中, compound 7能够显著降低p-EGFRY1068的水平, 表明PHORC技术同样也适用于EGFR的去磷酸化调控。除此之外, 更重要的是还发现PHORC可以克服磷酸酶天然的底物以及底物位点的特异性, 因为不仅EGFR不是PP1的天然底物, 酪氨酸Y1068也不是PP1 (丝/苏氨酸磷酸酶) 天然作用的氨基酸类型。该项研究不仅提出了PHORC分子的概念, 证明其在细胞内促进磷酸酶对靶标蛋白的去磷酸化作用, 还表明该类双分子技术能够重塑磷酸酶的底物及其作用位点的特异性。
PROTAC的创始团队Crews课题组在其前期的研究基础上, 也报道了靶向蛋白去磷酸化的双功能分子(他们将其命名为PhosTAC)。该团队聚焦于丝/苏氨酸磷酸酶PP2A进行PHORC分子设计, 如图 6B所示, 他们以PKBP12F36V配体招募PP2A (PP2A结构亚基与PKBP12F36V融合表达)、利用HaloTAG技术拉近PP2A的底物蛋白(肿瘤抑制因子PDCD4、转录因子FOXO3a和微管相关蛋白Tau) 设计得到PhosTAC 7[73, 75]。细胞内研究结果表明, PhosTAC 7可以招募PP2A实现对这些底物蛋白的去磷酸化调控。基于上述研究基础, 国内神经再生协同创新中心于2021年报道了招募PP2A去磷酸化底物蛋白Tau的PHORC分子DEPTAC[76]。如图 6B所示, DEPTAC由Tau结合多肽(YQQYQDATADEQG)、连接肽(GSGS)、PP2A-B (PP2A的调节亚基) 结合多肽(KKVAVVRTPPKSP) 以及多聚精氨酸穿膜肽(RRRRRRRR) 依次连接组成。体内外的研究结果表明, DEPTAC在多个AD相关位点上高效地去磷酸化Tau蛋白并阻止Tau蛋白的聚集, 并显著改善转基因小鼠的微管组装、神经元可塑性和海马依赖的学习和记忆。
本课题组也长期致力于靶向蛋白磷酸化调控的小分子药物研究, 近期基于丝/苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶PP5的磷酸酶功能, 设计了首个靶向ASK1去磷酸化的PHORC分子DDO3711, 实现对胃癌细胞增殖活性的抑制[77]。ASK1在Thr838位点过度磷酸化会处于持续的高活性状态, 会加速胃癌的病程。磷酸酶PP5负责在体内去磷酸化的p-ASK1T838, 从而使ASK1由高活性转为基础低活性状态。基于该生理机制以及PHORC技术特点, 将ASK1抑制剂TCASK10与PP5激动剂P5SA-2通过不同长度的化学连接链连接, 然后通过两头蛋白的酶活实验以及初步的去磷酸化活性评价进行筛选, 获得活性分子DDO3711。进一步的细胞外和细胞内去磷酸化评价和机制研究表明, DDO3711可同时拉近PP5和ASK1, 形成三元复合物, 显著降低细胞内p-ASK1T838水平, 并通过该作用机制抑制胃癌细胞MKN45的增殖(IC50 = 0.5 μmol·L-1)。在异种移植瘤小鼠模型中, DDO3711能够有效抑制肿瘤的生长, 并显著降低肿瘤组织中p-ASK1T838水平。DDO3711是首个招募PP5实现p-ASK1T838去磷酸化调控的小分子类PHORC分子, 为小分子调控蛋白的翻译后修饰过程提供了重要研究思路与范例。
PHORC是实现靶蛋白精准去磷酸化的有效工具, 此外, 还突破了磷酸酶和底物蛋白以及底物位点间天然的限制, 实现对非底物蛋白及位点的去磷酸化。利用该特性, 可快速构建靶标蛋白去磷酸化平台, 实现对疾病治疗靶标的精准调控, 有望成为继PROTAC后, 具有改革意义的药物开发策略[78]。当前, PHORC分子还处于早期开发阶段, 尚无成药性较好的分子报道, 在未来还需要从以下几个方面继续深入探索与研究。首先, PHORC分子详细的作用机制有待进一步阐明, 例如三元复合物的形成顺序、重建底物关系的机制等, 这些都将有助于研究者更加合理的设计更为高效的PHORC分子。其次, 当前的研究已经表明了PHORC分子的可行性, 未来需继续开发更多PHORC分子并进行成药性优化, 实现对疾病的治疗意义。此外, 目前报道的蛋白磷酸酶小分子配体较少, 阻碍了利用更多蛋白磷酸酶进行PHORC分子设计的进程, 因此, 蛋白磷酸酶配体的开发也将是该领域的重要研究工作之一。
蛋白磷酸化修饰对维持正常的生理活动有着重要意义, 直接靶向和利用拉近作用是调控蛋白磷酸化的两种不同策略。针对过度磷酸化的靶蛋白可以设计激酶抑制剂, 磷酸酶激动剂或者靶向蛋白去磷酸化的双功能分子, 降低靶蛋白的磷酸化水平。而针对缺乏磷酸化的靶蛋白的策略恰恰相反, 设计激酶激动剂、磷酸酶抑制剂或者靶向蛋白磷酸化的双功能分子, 可以增加靶蛋白的磷酸化水平。因此, 通过合理设计分子来调控蛋白磷酸化水平, 对于治疗由异常磷酸化致病蛋白引起的多种疾病有重要的研究价值。
目前, 相对于其他几种方式来说, 激酶抑制剂的设计最为成熟, 超过百种药物已经获批上市, 但由于激酶本身高度相似的催化结构域导致的药物脱靶以及关键位点突变造成的耐药问题, 高选择性的变构抑制剂比正构抑制剂更具优势[79]。激酶激动剂的发展势头次之, 还需进一步的新靶点开发及相关生物机制的阐明。与激酶相比, 磷酸酶的研究还不够深入, 大多局限于PTPs和PPPs家族。高度保守且富含正电荷的催化域是阻碍靶向磷酸酶的小分子药物设计的重要因素, 因此, 进一步了解蛋白磷酸酶结构和生物功能, 发现更多的磷酸酶变构位点有助于靶向磷酸酶的药物开发。新兴的双功能分子领域有着巨大潜力, 不仅能够对靶蛋白进行精确的磷酸化调控, 而且突破了激酶和磷酸酶的天然底物蛋白及位点的特异性的限制。但双功能分子详细的作用机制需要进一步阐释, 更多的激酶和磷酸酶配体有待发掘, 双分子的成药性也需要继续优化。
总的来说, 继续研究激酶和磷酸酶的结构和功能, 开发新的靶标和位点, 优化小分子的成药性将促进靶向蛋白磷酸化修饰的调控剂设计。
作者贡献: 杨文妍负责文章初稿撰写以及文章修改和定稿; 王佳怡负责文章初稿撰写和配图制作及修改; 林凤娇、王颗冉、吴煜卓、王兆成负责文章初稿撰写及文献收集; 尤启冬、王磊、张秋月负责文章的思路指导、审阅及完善工作。
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2024年第59卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0141
  • 接收时间:2024-02-20
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2024-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-20
  • 修回日期:2024-05-09
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(82173741)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(82003582)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(81930100)
国家自然科学青年基金项目(82304309)
江苏省自然科学青年基金项目(BK20231014)
中国博士后科学基金项目(2022M723512)
江苏省“卓博计划”(2023ZB429)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(2632023GR13)
大学生创新创业训练计划项目成果(3312300067)
大学生创新创业训练计划项目成果(202410316058Y)
作者信息
    1.中国药科大学, 江苏省药物分子设计与成药性优化重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009
    2.中国药科大学药学院药物化学系, 江苏 南京 210009

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王磊, E-mail: ;
张秋月, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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