Article(id=1199783103536394890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783099115598386, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0306, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711814400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-31, revisedDate=1723737600000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763980182775, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1731340800000, pubDateStr=2024-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763980182775, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763980182775, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763980182775, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199783099115598386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='11', pageStart='2897', pageEnd='3178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763980181720, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225007568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809973203726680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783099115598386, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809973203726681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783099115598386, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3164, endPage=3171, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199783103880327846, articleId=1199783103536394890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Structural characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast genomes of four species of Lonicera, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lonicera Linn. is the largest genus of family Caprifoliaceae, which has a long history and abundant resources in China. Due to its ornamental and medicinal properties, the species of Lonicera shows outstanding economic value. However, affected by the huge demand and high price stimulation, there is a serious mixing phenomenon on the market. In this study, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the analysis of L. angustifolia Wallich ex Candolle var. myrtillus (Hook. f. & Thomson) Q. E. Yang, L. myrtillus Hook. f. et Thoms. var. cyclophylla Rehd, L. szechuanica Batal and L. tangutica Maxim to sequence and assemble their chloroplast (CP) genomes, and to conduct structural comparisons and phylogenetic studies. The results showed that the chloroplast genomes of the four species showed a typical circular tetrad structure, with a total length of 154 608-163 413 bp and a total GC content of 37.93%-38.42%. A total of 128-129 genes were annotated, including 83-84 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes. A total of 53-68 SSRs and 133-745 long repeats were detected by chloroplast repeat structure analysis. Phylogenetic studies showed that 21 species of Lonicera medicinal plants could be significantly clustered into one branch, among which the relatives of L. angustifolia and L. szechuanica were close, and the kinship of L. myrtillus and L. tangutica was close. This study is the first comprehensive study of the chloroplast genome and phylogenetic relationship of Loicera species, and the experimental results provide a scientific basis for revealing the genetic information, species evolution and genetic diversity of Lonicera species.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-lang DU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yao XIONG, Ling-fei TONG, Lan CAO, Ze-jing MU, Cheng-ying SHEN, Xiao-lang DU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1199783106715677484, articleId=1199783103536394890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=四种忍冬属植物叶绿体基因组结构特征及系统发育分析, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

忍冬属(Lonicera) 是忍冬科(Caprifoliaceae) 最大的属, 忍冬科药用植物在我国历史悠久, 资源丰富。由于具有观赏和药用价值, 忍冬的经济价值十分突出。然而, 受巨大需求和高价刺激的影响, 市场上出现了严重的混杂现象。本文通过高通量测序技术对越橘叶忍冬[L. angustifolia Wallich ex Candolle var. myrtillus (Hook. f. & Thomson) Q. E. Yang]、圆叶忍冬(L. myrtillus Hook. f. et Thoms. var. cyclophylla Rehd)、四川忍冬(L. szechuanica Batal) 和唐古特忍冬(L. tangutica Maxim) 的叶绿体基因组进行测序和组装, 并对其进行结构比较和系统发育学研究。结果显示, 4种忍冬的叶绿体基因组呈典型的环状四分体结构, 总长度为154 608~163 413 bp, 总GC含量为37.93%~38.42%。共注释128~129个基因, 包括83~84个蛋白编码基因、8个rRNA基因和37个tRNA基因。忍冬属叶绿体重复结构分析共检测到53~68个简单重复序列(simple sequence repeats, SSRs) 和133~745个长重复序列。系统发育研究表明, 21种忍冬属药用植物可以明显聚为一支, 其中越橘叶忍冬和四川忍冬的亲缘关系较近, 圆叶忍冬和唐古特忍冬的亲缘关系较近。本研究首次对忍冬属叶绿体基因组及系统发育关系进行了全面的研究, 为揭示忍冬属物种间的遗传信息、物种进化和遗传多样性研究提供一定的科学依据。

, correspAuthors=杜小浪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杜小浪, E-mail:
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Genes inside or outside the circle are transcribed in a clockwise or counter clockwise direction, respectively. The grey region of the inner circle indicates the GC content of the CP genome. LSC: Large single-copy; SSC: Small single-copy; IRA: Inverted repeat a; IRB: Inverted repeat b , figureFileSmall=oQN9330yKq8DBV1yA4GXBQ==, figureFileBig=Z6PDxjSApAXCcnAk5aOkOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375556207407773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783103536394890, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Tf6qXeGOBLWUfUxNcbt3Cw==, figureFileBig=6nMEEFIFXFmHZRUHol+aGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375556366791337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783103536394890, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The number of long repeats (A) and SSRs (B) in CP genome of <i>Lonicera</i> , figureFileSmall=Tf6qXeGOBLWUfUxNcbt3Cw==, figureFileBig=6nMEEFIFXFmHZRUHol+aGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375556480037551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783103536394890, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=iGBb/WEVqzBv4iC9+AM88Q==, figureFileBig=eT1lJOlL1XKKn3Lqe17JTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375557784466102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783103536394890, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= The columnar stacking diagram of each amino acid display the codon usage within the CP genome of <i>Lonicera</i>. Colors in the column graph reflect codons in the same colors shown below the figure. RSCU: Relative synonymous codon usage; Ala: Alanine; Arg: Arginine; Asn: Asparagine; Asp: Aspartic acid; Cys: Cysteine; Gln: Glutamine; Glu: Glutamic acid; Gly: Glycine; His: Histidine; Ile: Isoleucine; Leu: Leucine; Lys: Lysine; Met: Methionine; Phe: Phenylalanine; Pro: Proline; Ser: Serine; Thr: Threonine; Trp: Tryptophan; Tyr: Tyrosine; Val: Valine , figureFileSmall=iGBb/WEVqzBv4iC9+AM88Q==, figureFileBig=eT1lJOlL1XKKn3Lqe17JTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375557918683840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783103536394890, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=29Hxy8xgf3CIwuHahFGn+w==, figureFileBig=Bl85Er7TfeqtrWijdch0fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375558086456011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783103536394890, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Boundary comparison of IR and SC region of CP genomes in four species. Gene names and their lengths are displayed in boxes and above the boxes. JLB: LSC-IRb; JSB: IRb-SSC; JSA: SSC-IRa; JLA: IRa-LSC , figureFileSmall=29Hxy8xgf3CIwuHahFGn+w==, figureFileBig=Bl85Er7TfeqtrWijdch0fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375558203896534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783103536394890, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=K6rBQNBeaW/tdKqhwgYf2w==, figureFileBig=yCCpdhAIBAOGRhfppZ7CbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375558359085788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783103536394890, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Phylogenetic relationship of 52 taxa using maximum likelihood (ML) based on concatenated sequences of 83 genes in Caprifoliaceae. Bootstrap support value shown at each node , figureFileSmall=K6rBQNBeaW/tdKqhwgYf2w==, figureFileBig=yCCpdhAIBAOGRhfppZ7CbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375558472332004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783103536394890, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Species Location Longitude Latitude Altitude/m Specimen No. Genbank No.
L. angustifolia Jilong 85°16'7.5" 28°37'49.3" 3 722 JXZY317 OP388439
L. myrtillus Nielamu 85°54'57.3" 28°9'42.8" 4 475 JXZY293 OP388440
L. szechuanica Jilong 85°16'7.5" 28°37'49.3" 3 722 JXZY319 OP388441
L. tangutica Changdu 96°46'35.7" 29°33'22.6" 4 187 JXZY042 OP388442
), ArticleFig(id=1200375558719795956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783103536394890, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sample collection information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Species Location Longitude Latitude Altitude/m Specimen No. Genbank No.
L. angustifolia Jilong 85°16'7.5" 28°37'49.3" 3 722 JXZY317 OP388439
L. myrtillus Nielamu 85°54'57.3" 28°9'42.8" 4 475 JXZY293 OP388440
L. szechuanica Jilong 85°16'7.5" 28°37'49.3" 3 722 JXZY319 OP388441
L. tangutica Changdu 96°46'35.7" 29°33'22.6" 4 187 JXZY042 OP388442
), ArticleFig(id=1200375558833042170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783103536394890, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Species Size/bp PCG tRNA rRNA Gene GC/% Length/bp
LSC SSC IR
L. angustifolia 155 899 83 37 8 128 38.42 89 628 18 937 23 667
L. myrtillus 154 608 83 37 8 128 38.39 88 542 18 804 23 631
L. szechuanica 163 413 84 37 8 129 37.93 89 564 12 759 30 545
L. tangutica 155 709 83 37 8 128 38.34 88 963 18 816 23 965
), ArticleFig(id=1200375558925316865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783103536394890, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Characterization of four CP genomes of Lonicera in Caprifoliaceae

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Species Size/bp PCG tRNA rRNA Gene GC/% Length/bp
LSC SSC IR
L. angustifolia 155 899 83 37 8 128 38.42 89 628 18 937 23 667
L. myrtillus 154 608 83 37 8 128 38.39 88 542 18 804 23 631
L. szechuanica 163 413 84 37 8 129 37.93 89 564 12 759 30 545
L. tangutica 155 709 83 37 8 128 38.34 88 963 18 816 23 965
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Category Group Gene
Photosynthetic Subunits of photosystem Ⅰ psaA, psaB, psaC, psaI, psaJ
Subunits of photosystem Ⅱ psbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbE, psbF, psbH, psbI, psbJ, psbK, psbM, psbN, psbT, psbZ
Subunits of NADH dehydrogenase ndhA, ndhB (×2), ndhC, ndhD, ndhE, ndhF, ndhG, ndhH, ndhI, ndhJ, ndhK
Subunits of cytochrome b/f complex petA, petB, petD, petG, petL, petN
Subunits of ATP synthase atpA, atpB, atpE, atpF, atpH, atpI
Large subunit of RubisCO rbcL
Self-replication Large subunit of ribosomal rpl14, rpl16, rpl2, rpl20, rpl22, rpl23, rpl32, rpl33, rpl36
Small subunit of ribosomal rps11, rps12 (×2), rps14, rps15, rps16, rps18, rps19, rps2, rps3, rps4, rps7 (×2), rps8
Subunits of RNA polymerase rpoA, rpoB, rpoC1, rpoC2
Ribosomal RNAs rrn16 (×2), rrn23 (×2), rrn4.5 (×2), rrn5 (×2)
Transfer RNAs trnA-UGC (×2), trnC-GCA, trnD-GUC, trnE-UUC, trnF-GAA, trnG-GCC, trnG-UCC, trnH-GUG, trnI-CAU (×2), trnI-GAU (×2), trnK-UUU, trnL-CAA (×2), trnL-UAA, trnL-UAG, trnM-CAU, trnN-GUU (×2), trnP-UGG, trnQ-UUG, trnR-ACG (×2), trnR-UCU, trnS-GCU, trnS-GGA, trnS-UGA, trnT-GGU, trnT-UGU, trnV-GAC (×2), trnV-UAC, trnW-CCA, trnY-GUA, trnfM-CAU
Tanslational initiation factor infA
Other Protease clpP
Maturase matK
Envelope membrane protein cemA
c-Type cytochrome synthesis gene ccsA
Hypothetical chloroplast reading frames ycf1, ycf15 (×2), ycf2 (×2), ycf3, ycf4
), ArticleFig(id=1200375559143420686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783103536394890, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

List of genes found in four CP genomes of Lonicera. ×2: Copy number

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Category Group Gene
Photosynthetic Subunits of photosystem Ⅰ psaA, psaB, psaC, psaI, psaJ
Subunits of photosystem Ⅱ psbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbE, psbF, psbH, psbI, psbJ, psbK, psbM, psbN, psbT, psbZ
Subunits of NADH dehydrogenase ndhA, ndhB (×2), ndhC, ndhD, ndhE, ndhF, ndhG, ndhH, ndhI, ndhJ, ndhK
Subunits of cytochrome b/f complex petA, petB, petD, petG, petL, petN
Subunits of ATP synthase atpA, atpB, atpE, atpF, atpH, atpI
Large subunit of RubisCO rbcL
Self-replication Large subunit of ribosomal rpl14, rpl16, rpl2, rpl20, rpl22, rpl23, rpl32, rpl33, rpl36
Small subunit of ribosomal rps11, rps12 (×2), rps14, rps15, rps16, rps18, rps19, rps2, rps3, rps4, rps7 (×2), rps8
Subunits of RNA polymerase rpoA, rpoB, rpoC1, rpoC2
Ribosomal RNAs rrn16 (×2), rrn23 (×2), rrn4.5 (×2), rrn5 (×2)
Transfer RNAs trnA-UGC (×2), trnC-GCA, trnD-GUC, trnE-UUC, trnF-GAA, trnG-GCC, trnG-UCC, trnH-GUG, trnI-CAU (×2), trnI-GAU (×2), trnK-UUU, trnL-CAA (×2), trnL-UAA, trnL-UAG, trnM-CAU, trnN-GUU (×2), trnP-UGG, trnQ-UUG, trnR-ACG (×2), trnR-UCU, trnS-GCU, trnS-GGA, trnS-UGA, trnT-GGU, trnT-UGU, trnV-GAC (×2), trnV-UAC, trnW-CCA, trnY-GUA, trnfM-CAU
Tanslational initiation factor infA
Other Protease clpP
Maturase matK
Envelope membrane protein cemA
c-Type cytochrome synthesis gene ccsA
Hypothetical chloroplast reading frames ycf1, ycf15 (×2), ycf2 (×2), ycf3, ycf4
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四种忍冬属植物叶绿体基因组结构特征及系统发育分析
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熊瑶 1 , 童凌斐 1 , 曹岚 2 , 慕泽泾 2 , 沈成英 1 , 杜小浪 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(11): 3164-3171
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(11): 3164-3171
四种忍冬属植物叶绿体基因组结构特征及系统发育分析
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熊瑶1, 童凌斐1, 曹岚2, 慕泽泾2, 沈成英1, 杜小浪2, *
作者信息
  • 1.江西省人民医院 (南昌医学院第一附属医院) 药学部, 江西 南昌 330006
  • 2.江西中医药大学, 中药资源与民族药研究中心, 江西 南昌 330004

通讯作者:

*杜小浪, E-mail:
Structural characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast genomes of four species of Lonicera
Yao XIONG1, Ling-fei TONG1, Lan CAO2, Ze-jing MU2, Cheng-ying SHEN1, Xiao-lang DU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang College, Nanchang 330006, China
  • 2. Research Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
出版时间: 2024-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0306
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忍冬属(Lonicera) 是忍冬科(Caprifoliaceae) 最大的属, 忍冬科药用植物在我国历史悠久, 资源丰富。由于具有观赏和药用价值, 忍冬的经济价值十分突出。然而, 受巨大需求和高价刺激的影响, 市场上出现了严重的混杂现象。本文通过高通量测序技术对越橘叶忍冬[L. angustifolia Wallich ex Candolle var. myrtillus (Hook. f. & Thomson) Q. E. Yang]、圆叶忍冬(L. myrtillus Hook. f. et Thoms. var. cyclophylla Rehd)、四川忍冬(L. szechuanica Batal) 和唐古特忍冬(L. tangutica Maxim) 的叶绿体基因组进行测序和组装, 并对其进行结构比较和系统发育学研究。结果显示, 4种忍冬的叶绿体基因组呈典型的环状四分体结构, 总长度为154 608~163 413 bp, 总GC含量为37.93%~38.42%。共注释128~129个基因, 包括83~84个蛋白编码基因、8个rRNA基因和37个tRNA基因。忍冬属叶绿体重复结构分析共检测到53~68个简单重复序列(simple sequence repeats, SSRs) 和133~745个长重复序列。系统发育研究表明, 21种忍冬属药用植物可以明显聚为一支, 其中越橘叶忍冬和四川忍冬的亲缘关系较近, 圆叶忍冬和唐古特忍冬的亲缘关系较近。本研究首次对忍冬属叶绿体基因组及系统发育关系进行了全面的研究, 为揭示忍冬属物种间的遗传信息、物种进化和遗传多样性研究提供一定的科学依据。

忍冬  /  叶绿体基因组  /  比较分析  /  系统发育关系

Lonicera Linn. is the largest genus of family Caprifoliaceae, which has a long history and abundant resources in China. Due to its ornamental and medicinal properties, the species of Lonicera shows outstanding economic value. However, affected by the huge demand and high price stimulation, there is a serious mixing phenomenon on the market. In this study, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the analysis of L. angustifolia Wallich ex Candolle var. myrtillus (Hook. f. & Thomson) Q. E. Yang, L. myrtillus Hook. f. et Thoms. var. cyclophylla Rehd, L. szechuanica Batal and L. tangutica Maxim to sequence and assemble their chloroplast (CP) genomes, and to conduct structural comparisons and phylogenetic studies. The results showed that the chloroplast genomes of the four species showed a typical circular tetrad structure, with a total length of 154 608-163 413 bp and a total GC content of 37.93%-38.42%. A total of 128-129 genes were annotated, including 83-84 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes. A total of 53-68 SSRs and 133-745 long repeats were detected by chloroplast repeat structure analysis. Phylogenetic studies showed that 21 species of Lonicera medicinal plants could be significantly clustered into one branch, among which the relatives of L. angustifolia and L. szechuanica were close, and the kinship of L. myrtillus and L. tangutica was close. This study is the first comprehensive study of the chloroplast genome and phylogenetic relationship of Loicera species, and the experimental results provide a scientific basis for revealing the genetic information, species evolution and genetic diversity of Lonicera species.

Lonicera  /  chloroplast genome  /  comparative analysis  /  phylogenetic relationship
熊瑶, 童凌斐, 曹岚, 慕泽泾, 沈成英, 杜小浪. 四种忍冬属植物叶绿体基因组结构特征及系统发育分析. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (11) : 3164 -3171 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0306
Yao XIONG, Ling-fei TONG, Lan CAO, Ze-jing MU, Cheng-ying SHEN, Xiao-lang DU. Structural characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast genomes of four species of Lonicera[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (11) : 3164 -3171 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0306
忍冬属隶属于忍冬科, 全球约200种, 主要分布于北美洲、欧洲、亚洲和非洲北部的温带和亚热带地区, 我国有98种, 其中以西南各省种类居多。忍冬属植物在我国作为药用植物的应用历史悠久, 资源丰富[1]。忍冬属植物具有良好的经济价值, 不仅仅是因为其有效的药物特性、众多的保健功能, 还由于其诱人的香味和漫长的花期被用来作为装饰和观赏植物。现代药理研究表明忍冬属药用植物具有抗炎[2-4]、抗菌[5]、抗病毒[6, 7]、抗癌[8, 9]、保肝[10]、抗氧化[11]、神经保护[12]和抗糖尿病[13]等作用。
忍冬(L. japonica Thunb.) 的花蕾或初开的花被称为金银花, 具有清热解毒的功效, 广泛用于中成药中, 例如连花清瘟胶囊和清开灵颗粒。同时, 金银花作为中国卫生部批准的首批食药两用资源品种之一, 被用来作为中草药茶的主要原料, 如王老吉等。目前, 中国药典(2020年版) 中共收录5种忍冬属植物, 其中忍冬为金银花的基原物种; 灰毡毛忍冬(L. macranthoides Hand.-Mazz.)、红腺忍冬(L. Hypoglauca Miq.)、华南忍冬(L. confusa DC.) 或黄褐毛忍冬(L. fulvoto-mentosa Hsu et S. C. Cheng) 为山银花的基原物种[14]。由于忍冬属药用植物种类较多, 容易出现同名异物的现象。而且, 受金银花巨大需求和高价刺激的影响, 市场上金银花基原植物存在严重的混用现象, 这不利于金银花药材的质量安全、临床应用和金银花产业的健康发展。因此, 为保证中医临床用药的准确、安全、有效, 金银花的真伪鉴别和基原问题已成为亟待解决的问题。
叶绿体(chloroplast) 作为质体(plastid) 中的一种类型, 是进行光合作用的重要细胞器, 存在于植物、藻类和一些原生生物中。其基因组大小多为150~200 kb, 且结构高度保守[15, 16]。叶绿体基因组可划分为4个边界区: 一个大单拷贝(large single-copy, LSC) 和一个小单拷贝(small single-copy, SSC) 区域以及通过基因组中的连接位点(junction sites, JS) 连成的2个相同的反向重复序列区IR (inverted repeat, IRa和IRb)[17]。目前, 除了传统的生药鉴定方法, 以分子标记为代表的分子生物学鉴定方法已广泛应用于生药的真伪鉴别。Sun等[18]通过DNA条形码对44个金银花及其近缘物种进行检测, 发现psbA-trnH更适于鉴定金银花。Gao等[19]使用DNA条形码测试了47种含有金银花的中成药, 结果表明, 只有22%的中成药中的金银花是可信的。DNA条形码是通过比较物种中的一段标准DNA片段, 可不受环境、生长阶段和形态多样性的限制对物种进行快速、准确地识别和鉴定。然而, 该方法对于近缘物种的鉴定还有一定的缺陷。随着测序技术的快速发展, 忍冬科的大多物种已开展叶绿体基因组相关研究[20, 21], 但忍冬属亲缘物种鉴定和系统发育关系的研究还不足。利用叶绿体基因组解决近缘种分类问题和阐明其系统发育关系对中草药的鉴定具有重要意义。本研究通过新一代测序技术对4种忍冬属植物(越橘叶忍冬、圆叶忍冬、四川忍冬和唐古特忍冬) 进行叶绿体基因组的组装和拼接, 获得其完整的叶绿体基因组, 并进行了序列特征、重复序列、密码子偏好性、系统发育关系以及与近缘同属植物的叶绿体基因组的比较分析, 以期为忍冬属叶绿体基因组遗传信息、遗传多样性分析及物种鉴定等研究提供参考。
基因组DNA的提取和测序  忍冬属4种植物材料均采自于中国西藏自治区, 经江西中医药大学钟国跃研究员鉴定, 凭证标本存放于江西中医药大学标本馆, 样本信息见表 1。取新鲜植物叶片, 利用植物基因组DNA试剂盒(DP 305-03, 天根生物技术北京有限公司) 提取基因组总DNA。使用琼脂凝胶电泳检测DNA质量及浓度。检测合格的DNA于南京吉思汇源生物科技有限公司Illumina Novaseq 6000平台进行建库测序。
叶绿体基因组的组装、注释及图谱绘制  将测序获得的raw reads使用FASTP v0.20.0过滤掉低质量区获得clean reads。叶绿体基因组采用SPAdes v3.10.1软件(http://cab.spbu.ru/software/Spades/) 进行比对, 将比对上的序列作为参考序列。使用prodigal v2.6.3 (https://www.github.com/hyattpd/Prodigal)[22]注释叶绿体基因组的编码序列(coding sequence, CDS) 区, hmmer v3.1b2 (http://www.hmmer.org/)[23]软件预测rRNA, aragorn v1.2.38 (http://130.235.244.92/ARAGORN/)[24]预测tRNA。利用blast v2.6 (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi)[25]对组装后的序列进行比对和注释, 手动检查两个注释结果的差异基因, 获得最佳的基因结构注释。用在线软件使用OGDRAW (https://chlorobox.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/OGDraw.html)[26]绘制叶绿体基因组图谱。最后将获得的序列上传至NCBI, 获得Genbank登录号, 登录号见表 1
基因组结构比较和系统发育分析  利用软件MISA v1.0 (http://pgrc.ipk-gatersleben.de/misa/misa.html)[27]分析叶绿体基因组SSRs位点, REPuter软件分析长重复序列。用Mauve (http://darlinglab.org/Mauve) 软件默认参数进行叶绿体基因组比对和共线性分析。使用在线工具IRscope (https://irscope.shinyapps.io/irapp/) 完成IR区边界比较分析。通过NCBI数据库检索忍冬科的忍冬属物种17个和其他属物种31个, 共48个叶绿体全基因组序列信息, 将六道木属的南方六道木、六道木(Zabelia biflora) 和细叶六道木(Zabelia triflora) 作为外类群, 使用MAFFT v7.427进行种间多序列比较, 然后选择GTRGAMMA模型, 使用RAxML v8.2.10 (https://cme.h-its.org/exelixis/software.html)[28]软件进行快速bootstrap分析, 参数bootstrap=1 000。构建最大似然系统发育树, 计算各分枝的支持率。
忍冬属4种植物的叶绿体基因组均为双链环状结构, 其中包括一个LSC、一个SSC和一对反向拷贝区IRa和IRb, 如图 1所示。4个叶绿体基因组的总长度为154 608~163 413 bp, GC含量37.93%~38.42%; LSC的长度为88 542~89 628 bp, GC含量36.83%~36.95%; SSC的长度为12 759~18 937 bp, GC含量32.71%~33.52%; IR的长度为23 631~30 545 bp, GC含量40.31%~43.5%。越橘叶忍冬、圆叶忍冬和唐古特忍冬的叶绿体基因组中共有128个基因, 其中包括83个编码蛋白、37个tRNA和8个rRNA; 四川忍冬中有129个基因, 见表 2
忍冬属4种植物的叶绿体基因具有高度相似性。4种植物的基因分类情况见表 3, 根据功能将其分为3大类: 与光合作用有关的基因(43个)、与自我复制有关的基因(60个) 以及成熟酶基因(matK) 等其他基因(6个)。在越橘叶忍冬、圆叶忍冬和唐古特忍冬中有16个功能基因为双拷贝基因, 包括ndhBrps12rps7rrn16rrn23rrn4.5rrn5trnA-UGCtrnI-CAUtrnI-GAUtrnL-CAAtrnN-GUUtrnR-ACGtrnV-GACycf15ycf2。而在四川忍冬中ycf1也是双拷贝基因。
在越橘叶忍冬、圆叶忍冬、四川忍冬和唐古特忍冬中分别发现了53、54、68和58个SSRs, 分布于4个区域, 如图 2所示。约50%~70%的SSRs分布于大单拷贝区中, 其中圆叶忍冬中大单拷贝区的重复序列最多, 占68.5%; 四川忍冬中大单拷贝区的重复序列最少, 为54.4%。长重复序列为长度大于30 bp的重复序列, 按照方向可分为正向重复(forward repeats)、反向重复(reverse repeats)、回文重复(palindromic repeats)、互补重复(complement repeats)。在越橘叶忍冬、圆叶忍冬、四川忍冬和唐古特忍冬中分别发现了205、133、745和279条长重复序列, 其中大多为正向重复和反向重复, 仅在圆叶忍冬中发现2条回文重复、四川忍冬中发现了12条回文重复和7条互补重复, 在唐古特忍冬中发现了1条回文重复。
密码子是生物体内遗传信息传递不可缺少的物质, 在编码氨基酸过程中, 多种密码子可以编码同一种氨基酸, 即为同义密码子。在不同生物体内, 甚至同一种生物不同的蛋白质基因对密码子的使用频率不尽相同, 具有一定的偏性, 即为同义密码子使用的偏性[29]。相对密码子使用度(relative synonym codon usage, RSCU) 是指对于某一特定的密码子在编码对应氨基酸的同义密码子间的相对频率, 当某一密码子的RSCU值大于1时, 代表该密码子为使用较多的密码子[30]。在RSCU结果中, 编码Arg蛋白质的密码子(AGA) 使用频率最高, 其中越橘叶忍冬、圆叶忍冬、四川忍冬和唐古特忍冬的RSCU值分别为1.82、1.83、1.89和1.84; 编码Leu蛋白质的密码子(CUG) 使用频率最低, 其中越橘叶忍冬、圆叶忍冬、四川忍冬和唐古特忍冬的RSCU值分别为0.38、0.37、0.38和0.38, 见图 3。在4种忍冬属植物中, 各密码子的RSCU值不尽相同。
IR区域的收缩和扩张是导致叶绿体的大小发生变化的主要原因[31, 32]。在叶绿体基因组中, IR区与LSC和SSC区存在4个边界, 即LSC-IRb、IRb-SSC、SSC-IRa、IRa-LSC, 见图 4。本研究中的忍冬属植物的叶绿体基因组4个边界区相对保守。越橘叶忍冬、圆叶忍冬和唐古特忍冬都有一个ycf1基因, 且距离SSC-IRa边界区分别524、439和380 bp。而四川忍冬相较于其他种多了1个rps15基因和ycf1基因, 且该ycf1基因位于IRb-SSC边界区。越橘叶忍冬、圆叶忍冬和唐古特忍冬的ndhF基因位于IRb-SSC边界区, 长度均为2 262 bp, 距离边界区分别为44、61和151 bp; 而四川忍冬的ndhF基因位于SSC-IRa。
根据本研究中组装的4种忍冬属植物叶绿体基因组和GenBank中下载的48个忍冬科植物的叶绿体基因组, 将Z. dielsiiZ. bifloraZ. triflora设为外类群, 通过RAxML软件对52个叶绿体基因组进行ML tree构建, 结果如图 5所示。结果显示越橘叶忍冬、圆叶忍冬、四川忍冬和唐古特忍冬可以和其他忍冬属植物明显聚为一支, 支持率为100%。其中越橘叶忍冬和四川忍冬可以聚为一分支, 圆叶忍冬和唐古特忍冬聚为一分支, 支持率均为100%。
近年来, 随着新一代测序技术的发展, 叶绿体基因组研究获得了广泛关注, 越来越多的物种叶绿体基因组被组装并公布。目前, 忍冬属的叶绿体基因组也在相继研究中[20, 21], 但越橘叶忍冬、圆叶忍冬、四川忍冬和唐古特忍冬的叶绿体基因组研究还仍为空白。本研究基于新一代测序技术和生物信息学分析方法, 首次对这四种忍冬属植物的叶绿体基因组进行测序、组装和拼接, 并对其基因组序列和结构进行了较为全面的分析。结果表明其基本结构均为环状四分体结构, 均具有4个边界, 且基因组大小差异较小, 具有较高的保守性。
金银花是众多中成药的重要组成部分, 由于其经济价值高, 导致市场出现较多混伪品的现象。目前, 研究者们为了保护和合理开发金银花野生资源, 对其进行了分子生物学鉴定[18, 19]、化学成分[33-35]和药理作用等方面的研究。Sun等[18]通过对金银花及其近缘物种的某一段DNA序列进行比较, 根据物种的种内与种间距离和变异位点等方面来鉴定物种与物种间的不同。相较于DNA条形码研究, 叶绿体基因组研究用于物种鉴别是基于包括上述条形码在内的、更加完整的基因组数据。对于近缘物种而言, 通过DNA条形码可能会由于变异位点少等原因难以准确鉴定, 而叶绿体基因组研究的结果会更加全面和准确。
SSRs分子标记由于其数量丰富、多态性高、信息含量高且不受外界环境影响等因素已被广泛用于药用植物的群体遗传学研究[36]。本研究通过对四种忍冬属叶绿体基因组的分析, 共检测到SSRs位点53~68个, 重复最多的是单核苷酸重复(mono-), 占55.2%~66.0%, 主要分布于LSC区; 其次为tetra-, 占16.2%~24.1%。在四个叶绿体基因组中检测到散在重复序列133~745条, 其中四川忍冬的数量最多。此外, 本研究在分析中发现SSRs位点的高频CDS区, 分别为rps12ycf1rpoC1ycf2, 其中rps12基因的SSRs位点数量最多, 在越橘叶忍冬、圆叶忍冬、四川忍冬和唐古特忍冬中数量依次为10、12、17和19个, 研究结果表明rps12基因在忍冬属中的高变异性, 其可以作为潜在的种属特异性的分子标记。这些SSRs和长重复序列可以为今后开发忍冬科植物SSRs标记以及群体遗传学研究提供候选分子标记。
叶绿体基因组的IR区域被认为是最保守的区域, 但其边界区的收缩与扩张是叶绿体基因组进化中的共有现象, 也是叶绿体基因组长度变异的主因[37]。同时, 本研究根据52种忍冬科叶绿体基因组重建了ML系统发育树, 结果表明21种忍冬属植物可以明显聚为一支, 其中越橘叶忍冬和四川忍冬亲缘关系更近, 圆叶忍冬和唐古特忍冬亲缘关系更近。在中国药典(2005年版) 之前, 山银花的四个基原物种均被认为是金银花的替代品, 此后, 被归类为山银花的基原物种。本研究结果表明山银花基原物种与金银花基原物种亲缘关系近, 可明显聚为一支, 其中华南忍冬最近, 黄褐毛忍冬次之。因此, 由于金银花和山银花亲缘关系相近, 在中药市场流通中更加要加以区分, 避免出现中药材的滥用、误用现象。
本研究通过新一代测序技术获得四种忍冬属植物叶绿体基因组, 并对其叶绿体基因组结构特征、重复序列、密码子偏好性、系统发育关系等进行比较分析, 丰富了忍冬科基因数据库, 为忍冬科的系统分类和进化研究提供有利证据。同时, 为金银花品种鉴定提供了有利的遗传数据和实验基础。
作者贡献: 熊瑶负责进行实验、数据分析和撰写论文; 曹岚和慕泽泾负责实验样品的采集鉴定、整体设计把关和论文框架的构建; 童凌斐和沈成英协助进行实验, 负责实验的设计、课题的指导; 杜小浪是本文的通讯作者, 全程指导实验设计和稿件修改, 并最终定稿。
利益冲突: 作者声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家科技基础资源调查专项(2018FY100703)
  • 江西中医院大学校级科技创新团队发展计划(CXTD22002)
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2024年第59卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0306
  • 接收时间:2024-03-31
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2024-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-31
  • 修回日期:2024-08-16
基金
国家科技基础资源调查专项(2018FY100703)
江西中医院大学校级科技创新团队发展计划(CXTD22002)
作者信息
    1.江西省人民医院 (南昌医学院第一附属医院) 药学部, 江西 南昌 330006
    2.江西中医药大学, 中药资源与民族药研究中心, 江西 南昌 330004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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