Article(id=1199782978101543067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199782966441378761, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0312, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711987200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-02, revisedDate=1722441600000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763980152868, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1733932800000, pubDateStr=2024-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763980152868, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763980152868, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763980152868, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199782966441378761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='12', pageStart='3179', pageEnd='3412', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763980150088, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224975369, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809838151324146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199782966441378761, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809838151324147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199782966441378761, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3379, endPage=3387, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199782978495807669, articleId=1199782978101543067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=A new type of itraconazole amphiphilic chitosan preparation of nanometer antibacterial agent and activity against Candida albicans in vitro, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The limitations of antifungal drugs and severe drug resistance make the treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) a great challenge. Itraconazole (ITZ), as a clinical first-line drug, has a wide range of antifungal activity, but it is still limited by adverse reactions such as liver and kidney toxicity, headache and abdominal pain due to its poor water solubility and easy to cause drug accumulation by injection. In this study, the amphiphilic polymer gallic acid-chitosan-cinnamaldehyde (GA-CS-CN) was prepared by amide reaction and Schiff-base reaction. The drug-loaded nanoparticles (GA-CS-CN/ITZ) were prepared by ultrasonic method. The properties of nanoparticles formulations and its in vitro antifungal activity were investigated in the study. Studies have shown that GA-CS-CN/ITZ is spherical, homogeneous and stable, and has good biological safety. The average particle size was 239.57 ± 31.37 nm, ITZ encapsulation efficiency was (93.41 ± 1.12)%, and the cumulative drug release was (62.25 ± 1.88)% at 48 h in vitro. The antifungal activity results of Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (C. albicans) showed that it had the optimal antifungal effect and could significantly enhance the antifungal activity of free drugs. GA-CS-CN/ITZ prepared in this study has excellent biological safety and anti-C. albicans performance, which provides a new choice for the treatment of C. albicans infection and has good application potential in the treatment of this fungal infection.

, correspAuthors=Li-peng QIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Gan-hong WANG-CAO, Bing-ke ZHAO, Zheng LIU, Jian-nan ZHANG, Liang-yu CAI, Li-peng QIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1199782981658313062, articleId=1199782978101543067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=伊曲康唑的新型两亲性壳聚糖纳米抗菌剂的制备及其体外抗白色念珠菌活性, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

抗真菌药物自身局限性和严重的耐药性使得药物治疗侵袭性真菌感染(invasive fungal infections, IFIs) 面临巨大挑战。伊曲康唑(itraconazole, ITZ) 作为临床一线用药, 发挥广泛抗真菌活性的同时, 依然因其水溶性差、注射剂易造成药物积蓄等引起肝肾毒性和头痛腹痛等不良反应受到限制。因此, 开发新型ITZ制剂降低不良反应对真菌感染的治疗极具现实意义。本研究通过酰胺反应和希夫碱反应制备了没食子酸-壳聚糖-肉桂醛(gallic acid-chitosan-cinnamaldehyde, GA-CS-CN) 两亲性聚合物, 采用超声法制备得到载药纳米粒(GA-CS-CN/ITZ), 考察其制剂学性质及体外抗真菌活性效果, 并通过细胞毒性实验及体外溶血实验初步评价其生物安全性。研究表明, GA-CS-CN/ITZ呈球型、均一稳定, 粒径为239.57 ± 31.37 nm, ITZ包封率为(93.41 ± 1.12)%, 48 h时的体外药物累计释放达(62.25 ± 1.88)%, 且具有良好的生物安全性。Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (C. albicans) 的抗真菌活性结果表明该纳米粒具有最优的抗白色念珠菌效果, 可显著增强游离药物的抗真菌活性。本研究设计制备的GA-CS-CN/ITZ具有优良的抗白色念珠菌效果和生物安全性, 为治疗白色念珠菌感染提供了新选择, 在治疗该真菌感染方面具有良好的应用潜力。

, correspAuthors=邱立朋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*邱立朋, Tel: 17701518734, E-mail:
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Added/% EE/% DL/%
10 93.41 ± 1.12 8.50 ± 1.06
20 46.15 ± 2.17 8.45 ± 2.11
30 28.17 ± 1.56 7.79 ± 1.14
), ArticleFig(id=1200378748144054752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782978101543067, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of ITZ feed ratio on EE and DL. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. ITZ: Itraconazole; EE: Encapsulation efficiency; DL: Drug loading

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Added/% EE/% DL/%
10 93.41 ± 1.12 8.50 ± 1.06
20 46.15 ± 2.17 8.45 ± 2.11
30 28.17 ± 1.56 7.79 ± 1.14
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伊曲康唑的新型两亲性壳聚糖纳米抗菌剂的制备及其体外抗白色念珠菌活性
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王曹甘泓 1 , 赵冰可 1 , 刘政 1 , 张建楠 2 , 蔡靓羽 2 , 邱立朋 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(12): 3379-3387
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(12): 3379-3387
伊曲康唑的新型两亲性壳聚糖纳米抗菌剂的制备及其体外抗白色念珠菌活性
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王曹甘泓1, 赵冰可1, 刘政1, 张建楠2, 蔡靓羽2, 邱立朋1, *
作者信息
  • 1.江南大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 江苏 无锡 214122
  • 2.无锡市中医医院, 江苏 无锡 214071

通讯作者:

*邱立朋, Tel: 17701518734, E-mail:
A new type of itraconazole amphiphilic chitosan preparation of nanometer antibacterial agent and activity against Candida albicans in vitro
Gan-hong WANG-CAO1, Bing-ke ZHAO1, Zheng LIU1, Jian-nan ZHANG2, Liang-yu CAI2, Li-peng QIU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
  • 2. Wuxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wuxi 214071, China
出版时间: 2024-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0312
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抗真菌药物自身局限性和严重的耐药性使得药物治疗侵袭性真菌感染(invasive fungal infections, IFIs) 面临巨大挑战。伊曲康唑(itraconazole, ITZ) 作为临床一线用药, 发挥广泛抗真菌活性的同时, 依然因其水溶性差、注射剂易造成药物积蓄等引起肝肾毒性和头痛腹痛等不良反应受到限制。因此, 开发新型ITZ制剂降低不良反应对真菌感染的治疗极具现实意义。本研究通过酰胺反应和希夫碱反应制备了没食子酸-壳聚糖-肉桂醛(gallic acid-chitosan-cinnamaldehyde, GA-CS-CN) 两亲性聚合物, 采用超声法制备得到载药纳米粒(GA-CS-CN/ITZ), 考察其制剂学性质及体外抗真菌活性效果, 并通过细胞毒性实验及体外溶血实验初步评价其生物安全性。研究表明, GA-CS-CN/ITZ呈球型、均一稳定, 粒径为239.57 ± 31.37 nm, ITZ包封率为(93.41 ± 1.12)%, 48 h时的体外药物累计释放达(62.25 ± 1.88)%, 且具有良好的生物安全性。Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (C. albicans) 的抗真菌活性结果表明该纳米粒具有最优的抗白色念珠菌效果, 可显著增强游离药物的抗真菌活性。本研究设计制备的GA-CS-CN/ITZ具有优良的抗白色念珠菌效果和生物安全性, 为治疗白色念珠菌感染提供了新选择, 在治疗该真菌感染方面具有良好的应用潜力。

伊曲康唑  /  白色念珠菌感染  /  纳米技术  /  壳聚糖  /  纳米粒

The limitations of antifungal drugs and severe drug resistance make the treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) a great challenge. Itraconazole (ITZ), as a clinical first-line drug, has a wide range of antifungal activity, but it is still limited by adverse reactions such as liver and kidney toxicity, headache and abdominal pain due to its poor water solubility and easy to cause drug accumulation by injection. In this study, the amphiphilic polymer gallic acid-chitosan-cinnamaldehyde (GA-CS-CN) was prepared by amide reaction and Schiff-base reaction. The drug-loaded nanoparticles (GA-CS-CN/ITZ) were prepared by ultrasonic method. The properties of nanoparticles formulations and its in vitro antifungal activity were investigated in the study. Studies have shown that GA-CS-CN/ITZ is spherical, homogeneous and stable, and has good biological safety. The average particle size was 239.57 ± 31.37 nm, ITZ encapsulation efficiency was (93.41 ± 1.12)%, and the cumulative drug release was (62.25 ± 1.88)% at 48 h in vitro. The antifungal activity results of Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (C. albicans) showed that it had the optimal antifungal effect and could significantly enhance the antifungal activity of free drugs. GA-CS-CN/ITZ prepared in this study has excellent biological safety and anti-C. albicans performance, which provides a new choice for the treatment of C. albicans infection and has good application potential in the treatment of this fungal infection.

itraconazole  /  C. albicans infection  /  nanotechnology  /  chitosan  /  nanoparticle
王曹甘泓, 赵冰可, 刘政, 张建楠, 蔡靓羽, 邱立朋. 伊曲康唑的新型两亲性壳聚糖纳米抗菌剂的制备及其体外抗白色念珠菌活性. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (12) : 3379 -3387 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0312
Gan-hong WANG-CAO, Bing-ke ZHAO, Zheng LIU, Jian-nan ZHANG, Liang-yu CAI, Li-peng QIU. A new type of itraconazole amphiphilic chitosan preparation of nanometer antibacterial agent and activity against Candida albicans in vitro[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (12) : 3379 -3387 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0312
真菌感染可分为皮肤或软组织的浅部真菌感染和发生在体内的系统性真菌感染抑或称侵袭性真菌感染(invasive fungal infections, IFIs)[1]。浅部真菌感染在临床上多为常见的皮肤疾病, 例如甲真菌病、手足癣、体癣等, 对患者的生活质量造成严重影响, 且容易复发, 有效治疗率为66.67%, 浅部真菌感染的确诊人口约占全球人口的25%[2]。而系统性真菌感染会影响包括肺部、大脑和血液等在内的内脏器官。据报道, 超过3亿人被确诊真菌感染[3], 系统性真菌感染患者的总死亡率高达45%[4]。每年约有150万人因严重真菌感染死亡[5], 其中80%以上的死亡是由念珠菌、曲霉菌和隐球菌引起的。
然而, 真菌感染的治疗药物相对较少, 且存在药物毒副作用大、容易产生耐药性等问题[6]。伊曲康唑(itraconazole, ITZ) 作为治疗真菌感染的临床一线用药, 具有广泛的抗真菌活性, 对于浅部感染和系统性感染均具有良好的抗真菌效果, 对曲霉菌属、念珠菌属、隐球菌属、皮肤癣菌和双形真菌等均具有非常明显的抗菌作用[7], 临床使用有口服液、胶囊剂、静脉注射剂等。ITZ归属生物药剂学分类系统(BSC) Ⅱ类药物, 具有低溶解性、高通透性的特点, 其口服吸收差且静脉注射剂为了增溶易造成药物积蓄, 进而对肝肾损伤的患者易造成肝肾毒性等不良反应[8]。因此, 开发新型伊曲康唑制剂对真菌感染的治疗具有重要的临床意义。纳米制剂一直以来都是研究的热点, 已被证实可提高疏水性药物的溶解度[9]、降低药物毒性、提高药物生物利用度[10]和改善药物的稳定性等[11], 因此本研究通过纳米制剂对ITZ进行包载以降低药物不良反应。
壳聚糖(chitosan, CS) 作为一种天然阳离子聚合物, 具有独特的结构和安全无毒、良好的生物相容性、可生物降解、亲水性、生物黏附性等优点, 广泛应用于生物医学领域。CS的分子链中还存在大量活泼基团, 可作为位点修饰以获得多种功能[12]。据文献报道, CS对多种细菌和真菌都具有广谱抗菌活性, 包括大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌等[13, 14]。除CS外, 大量研究表明, 植物提取物如没食子酸(gallic acid, GA)[15]、百里香酚(thymol)[16]和肉桂醛(cinnamaldehyd, CN)[17]等也具有优异的抗菌、抗真菌性能, 这些植物提取物应用于递送载体, 可以协同提高抗真菌活性。基于课题组前期研究[18], GA接枝至CS上成功制备得到壳聚糖-没食子酸衍生物(CS-GA), 提高CS抗菌活性的同时改善了CS水溶性较差的性能, 但其本身仍不足以自组装成纳米粒。肉桂醛不但具有高效的广谱抗菌活性, 而且难溶于水, 适宜接枝到CS-GA上以增加材料的疏水性能, 合成两亲性聚合物, 并通过自组装包载ITZ制备纳米抗菌剂, 协同增强抗真菌活性。
因此, 本研究通过对具有抗真菌活性的CS进行改性, 制备两亲性衍生物, 自组装成两亲性纳米粒GA-CS-CN, 并对ITZ进行包载, 制备得到GA-CS-CN/ITZ, 通过不同作用机制协同抗白色念珠菌感染。改性后的两亲性壳聚糖衍生物显示出更为优秀的抗白色念珠菌性能, 与ITZ共同作用进一步增强抗菌作用, 为白色念珠菌感染的治疗提供了新选择, 有望在真菌感染治疗方面发挥重要作用。
药品与试剂  小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞NIH-3T3 [中国科学院保藏中心(上海)]; Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (杭州滨和微生物试剂有限公司); 肉桂醛(上海毕得医药科技有限公司); 没食子酸、1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐、N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺均购于上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司; 酵母提取物和胰蛋白胨均购于OXOID公司; 马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(青岛海博生物技术有限公司); 葡萄糖(国药集团化学试剂有限公司); RPMI 1640细胞培养基和DMEM细胞培养基[赛默飞世尔科技(中国) 有限公司]; 新生牛血清(杭州四季青生物科技有限公司)。
仪器  全数字化核磁共振波谱仪(德国布鲁克公司); UV-2550紫外可见分光光度计(Shimadzu公司); 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(英国Nicolet公司); FreeZone 2.5 L冷冻干燥机(Labconco公司); JY92-IIN超声细胞破碎仪(宁波新芝生物科技有限公司); SU8100冷场发射扫描电子显微镜(日本日立株式会社); 激光共聚焦显微镜(日本尼康公司); zeta电位及纳米粒度分析仪(马尔文仪器有限公司); MULTISKAN GO酶标仪(英国Thermo公司)。
GA-CS-CN的合成及表征
GA-CS-CN的合成  将GA溶于乙醇, 加入EDC·HCl和NHS作为催化剂(-COOH∶EDC∶NHS摩尔比为1∶1∶1), 通N2保护, 调节pH至5.5, 置于冰水浴搅拌2 h以活化羧基。活化后的GA溶液逐滴加入CS中, 调节pH至5.5, N2保护反应24 h。反应结束后, 将反应液透析[截留分子质量(molecular weight cutoff, MWCO) 3 500] 3天, 以除去催化剂、溶剂及未反应的原料, 冷冻干燥后即得GA-CS。然后, 通过希夫碱反应, 在GA-CS溶液中加入CN的乙醇溶液, 40 ℃加热搅拌12 h后透析(MWCO 3 500) 3天, 冷冻干燥得到GA-CS-CN。GA-CS-CN聚合物的合成机制如路线1所示。
GA-CS-CN的表征  称取适量原料、GA-CS、GA-CS-CN等通过核磁共振仪扫描1H NMR图谱; 通过紫外分光光度计于200~500 nm波长范围内扫描UV-vis图谱; 采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR) 于4 000~400 cm-1波长范围内进行光谱扫描。
空白及载药纳米粒的制备及表征
空白纳米粒的制备  配置质量浓度为1 mg·mL-1的GA-CS-CN水溶液, 冰水浴超声30 min (工作3 s, 间隙3 s, 功率200 W), 1 500 r·min-1离心10 min, 0.22 μm滤膜过滤即得空白纳米粒。
载药纳米粒的制备  将ITZ溶于四氢呋喃加入质量浓度为1 mg·mL-1的GA-CS-CN溶液中, 使ITZ的质量为GA-CS-CN聚合物质量的10%、20%和30%, 通风橱内通风避光搅拌12 h以挥发四氢呋喃。在冰水浴条件下超声处理30 min (工作3 s, 间隙3 s, 功率200 W), 1 500 r·min-1离心10 min除去过载药物, 过0.22 μm滤膜即得GA-CS-CN/ITZ载药纳米粒。
包封率(encapsulation efficiency, EE) 和载药量(drug loading, DL) 测定  采用有机溶剂破坏法对ITZ的EE和DL进行测定。取500 μL载药纳米粒甲醇溶解后, 补充甲醇定容至10 mL, 超声破碎30 min使载药纳米粒完全被破坏, UV-vis法测定262 nm处的吸光度值, 即得载药纳米粒内所包载的ITZ的总药量, 记为Wt, 按公式(1) (2) 计算载药纳米粒的EE和DL:
$ \text{EE} = W_{\rm t} / W_{\rm d} × 100\% $
$ \text{DL} = W_{\rm t} / (W_{\rm t} + W_{\rm p}) × 100\% $
其中, Wt为载药纳米粒中总药量; Wd为ITZ的投药量; Wp为GA-CS-CN的投料量。
形态和粒径考察  将纳米粒稀释一定倍数, 采用动态光散射(dynamic light scattering, DLS) 测试GA-CS-CN和GA-CS-CN/ITZ的粒径; 利用冷场发射扫描电子显微镜(cold field emission scanning electron microscope, FESEM) 对纳米粒进行形貌观察。
稳定性考察  取1 mL GA-CS-CN/ITZ溶液, 加入1 mL 10% FBS溶液, 模拟血液循环中的生理环境, 于37 ℃、100 r·min-1的恒温振荡器上振荡, 分别在0、1、2、4、8、12和24 h取出混合液, 采用DLS法测量其粒径。
体外释放实验  选择20 mL pH为7.4的PBS作为释放介质加入已负载ITZ的纳米粒, 置于37 ℃、100 r·min-1的恒温振荡器上振荡, 分别在1、2、4、6、8、12、24、48和72 h取出定量溶液并补充等量同温PBS。采用UV法测定ITZ的浓度。
纳米粒体外抑菌性能评价
培养基的配制  ① YPD培养基: 称取10 g酵母提取物、20 g蛋白胨和20 g无水葡萄糖溶于超纯水, 定容1 L, 分装至摇瓶中, 于高压灭菌锅灭菌(115 ℃, 15 min) 后取出备用。② PDA培养基: 称取马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基46.0 g, 加入1 L蒸馏水中, 于高压灭菌锅灭菌(115 ℃, 15 min) 后取出备用。
菌种的活化  于-80 ℃冰箱取出保菌管, 放置于冰上使其缓慢融化。在超净工作台中, 取适量菌液在PDA平板上划线, 于摇床培养后挑取单菌落接种于5 mL YPD培养基中, 置于28 ℃、200 r·min-1的摇床上振荡培养24 h。
最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC) 测定  通过微量稀释法测定药物的MIC。分别用培养基对载药纳米粒样品进行稀释, 使ITZ药物质量浓度依次为32、16、8、4、2、1、0.5、0.25、0.125和0.062 5 μg·mL-1。将活化后的菌液接种于PDA平板上, 用培养基调整菌液浓度为5.0×102~2.5×103 CFU·mL-1, 吸取100 μL依次加入孔板的1~11号孔中, 12号孔加入100 μL的无菌水, 第11号孔作为阳性生长对照组, 第12号孔作为空白对照组。每组设5个复孔。接种后的96孔板置于28 ℃恒温生化培养箱中, 培养48 h后, 采用酶标仪对OD600值进行测定。
稀释涂布平板计数法  通过稀释涂布平板计数法对产物的抗菌效果进行评价。将活化培养好的菌液调整至1×106 CFU·mL-1, 将CS、GA-CS和GA-CS-CN稀释至相同最终药物浓度, 涂布于PDA培养基平板, 置于28 ℃恒温生化培养箱培养24 h, 对菌落进行计数。每组做3组平行。根据公式(3) 计算白色念珠菌的存活率:
$ \mathrm{F}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\;\mathrm{v}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{y}=\mathrm{C}\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{U}}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}}/\mathrm{C}\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{U}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}}\times 100\mathrm{\%} $
其中, CFUexp为实验组的菌落数, CFUcon为对照组的菌落数。以上述为基础, 考察不同浓度载药纳米粒的抗菌效果。分别将游离GA-CS-CN/ITZ稀释至所含ITZ的最终药物质量浓度为0.125、0.25、0.5、1和2 μg·mL-1。培养及计算方法同上。
琼脂纸片扩散法  采用琼脂纸片扩散法测定不同原料及纳米粒的抑菌圈。将CS、GA-CS、GA-CS-CN和GA-CS-CN/ITZ用无菌水稀释至相同浓度, 将无菌空白药敏纸片浸泡在不同浓度组别中2 h, 以无菌水稀释相同体积的不同溶剂作为空白对照。将活化培养好的菌液稀释至1×106 CFU·mL-1, 取菌液进行涂板, 每组做3次平行, 将含药物的药敏纸片放入平板上, 最后将涂布好的平板置于28 ℃恒温生化培养箱培养24 h, 采用游标卡尺对抑菌圈进行测量。
抑菌机制研究
GA-CS-CN/ITZ对白色念珠菌生物膜的干预作用  使用结晶紫染色法检测GA-CS-CN/ITZ对白色念珠菌生物膜的干预作用。调整对数生长期的C. albicans为1×106 CFU·mL-1后, 置于96孔板恒温培养箱28 ℃孵育90 min使菌体黏附, PBS洗涤2次。加入稀释后的GA-CS-CN/ITZ (0.25、1、4和16 μg·mL-1) 混匀, 生化培养箱培养24 h后, PBS洗涤2次。设置空白对照, 每组设5个复孔。加入100 μL甲醇固定15 min后弃去, 超纯水清洗风干。再加入100 μL 0.1%结晶紫染色剂染色30 min后弃去, 超纯水洗涤3次。最后加入150 μL 33%的冰醋酸脱色5 min, 充分溶解后用酶标仪在590 nm处进行测定。
GA-CS-CN/ITZ对白色念珠菌细胞膜的影响  使用活/死细胞染色试剂盒(Calcein-AM/PI) 观察GA-CS-CN/ITZ对白色念珠菌细胞膜的影响。调整菌液为1×106 CFU·mL-1后分别加入CS、GA-CS、GA-CS-CN和GA-CS-CN/ITZ, 设置空白对照, 每组设置3组平行。28 ℃震荡培养12 h后离心收集菌体, PBS洗涤3次。避光条件下加入Calcein-AM/PI, 孵育染色30 min, 离心收集洗涤后重悬于PBS, 使用激光共聚焦显微镜(confocal laser scanning microscope, CLSM) 观察、拍照。
安全性评价
体外细胞毒性  采用MTT法考察纳米粒对NIH-3T3细胞的细胞毒性。在96孔板中接种细胞, 37 ℃培养24 h后, 加入含有不同浓度纳米粒的培养基, 继续培养24 h。用100 μL MTT溶液替换培养基, 避光培养4 h, 去除上清后, 每孔加入100 μL DMSO, 振荡15 min使颗粒溶解, 采用酶标仪在570 nm波长下测量吸收值。每组设置5个复孔, 根据公式(4) 计算细胞存活率:
$ \mathrm{C}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\;\mathrm{v}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{y}=\frac{{A}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}}-{A}_{0}}{{A}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}}-{A}_{0}}\times 100\mathrm{\%} $
其中, AsampleAcontrolA0分别为样品组、阴性对照组和空白对照组在570 nm波长处的吸光度值。
GA-CS-CN/ITZ的血液相容性  从小鼠眼眶采集血液样本于含有0.5%肝素钠的EP管中, 离心(4 ℃, 3 000 r·min-1, 10 min) 获取红细胞, 生理盐水(normal saline, NS) 洗涤至上清无色, 将红细胞用生理盐水稀释至5%备用。GA-CS-CN和GA-CS-CN/ITZ配制成质量浓度为500 μg·mL-1, 与红细胞稀释悬液等体积混合, 37 ℃恒温培养箱孵育2 h。离心(2 000 r·min-1, 10 min), 观察有无红细胞破裂、溶解现象, 每组设置3组平行。根据公式(5) 计算溶血率(HR):
$ \mathrm{H}\mathrm{R}=\frac{{A}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}}-{A}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{S}}}{{A}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}-{A}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{S}}}\times 100\mathrm{\%} $
其中, AsampleAH2OANS分别为样品组、阳性对照组和阴性对照组在最大紫外吸收波长541 nm处的吸光度值。
统计学方法  所有实验至少独立重复3次, 数据分析通过Origin Pro软件完成, 数据表示为平均值±标准差(mean ± SD)。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
按照前述合成步骤依次合成了GA-CS和GA-CS-CN, 通过1H NMR确定产物结构, 结果如图 1AB所示。对比CS和GA-CS的1H NMR图谱(图 1A) 在δ = 6.95 (C-OH)、δ = 7.26 (-CO-NH-) 处出现新的特征峰, 分别为GA上苯基氢的特征峰和酰胺上氢的特征峰, 由此说明GA成功修饰在CS中。通过希夫碱反应, 将CS的-NH2与CN的-CHO相连, 制备所得产物GA-CS-CN的1H NMR图谱如图 1B所示。δ = 6.78、δ = 7.08 (-CH=CH-CH=N-) 归属为CN结构双键两端碳上的氢的吸收峰, 与GA的苯基氢的吸收峰在δ = 7.0处有所重合。δ = 8.2 (-CH=N-) 归属为CN的-CH=N-上H的吸收峰, δ = 7.4~7.7处为其苯基氢的吸收峰, 以上结果说明GA-CS、GA-CS-CN合成成功。
与CS相比, GA-CS (图 2A) 在1 750~1 680 cm-1处新增C = O的收缩振动峰, 表明CS的-NH2与GA的-COOH反应形成了酰胺键, 成功合成GA-CS聚合物。对比GA-CS和GA-CS-CN图谱, 1 634 cm-1处出现新的吸收峰, 归属为C = N的伸缩振动峰, 证明亚胺基团的形成。以上结果验证GA-CS、GA-CS-CN成功制备且保留了CS的部分基团。图 2B中CS在波长200~500 nm范围内无最大紫外吸收, 而GA-CS在210~220 nm处和250~280 nm处有与GA相似的紫外吸收峰, 可证明GA-CS的成功合成。而在GA-CS-CN中, 208 nm和287 nm处的紫外吸收峰保持了GA-CS的特征峰和CN于280~290 nm处的吸收峰, 再次表明GA-CS-CN的成功制备。
制备的GA-CS-CN为两亲性聚合物, 当体系中水溶液表面达到饱和时, 亲水端GA会自动地伸向水中, 而疏水端CN会自动地向内聚集, 形成疏水的微区域, 此时其可自组装为类球形的纳米粒。
通过调整ITZ的投药量, 考察相应的GA-CS-CN/ITZ的EE及DL, 筛选最优载药比(表 1)。当投药量是空白纳米粒质量的10%时, GA-CS-CN/ITZ的EE、DL达到最高, 此时纳米粒的内核已无法装载更多的ITZ, 所以本研究选择ITZ的投药量为空白纳米粒质量的10%进行后续研究。
进一步考察空白纳米粒及载药纳米粒的粒径分布及电镜形貌, 如图 3所示。测得GA-CS-CN空白纳米粒的粒径为173.87 ± 19.87 nm (图 3A), 通过SEM图(图 3B) 可观察到空白纳米粒呈现规则的球形, 分布均一, 与DLS法所测粒径结果相近, 说明制备的聚合物纳米粒粒径适宜均一。
同理测得GA-CS-CN/ITZ粒径为239.57 ± 31.37 nm (图 3C), 相比空白纳米粒粒径明显变大, 这是由于加入ITZ后, 制剂的疏水腔存在较大的空间位阻所导致。如图 3D所示, GA-CS-CN/ITZ呈球形, 粒径较均一, 与DLS法所测粒径相比结果较小, 这可能是由于粒子在水溶液中存在一定的溶胀现象, 导致其水合粒径大于干燥粒径。
血液系统中复杂的成分可能会对粒子的稳定性造成影响, 通常以10% FBS模拟该环境, 考察纳米粒的稳定性, 结果如图 3E所示。GA-CS-CN/ITZ与FBS共同孵育的过程中, 粒径整体变化不大, 可以说明GA-CS-CN/ITZ具有良好的粒径稳定性。
最后考察了载药纳米粒的累计释放, 释放曲线如图 3F所示, GA-CS-CN/ITZ在释放介质前4 h内, ITZ的释放率达到30%左右, 可能是由于部分药物包载不够深入致使药物释放, 同时4 h内药物的部分释放可以达到快速抑制白色念珠菌的生长的目的。24 h后, 药物释放基本进入平台期, 维持缓慢地释放速率; 48 h时, 药物累计释放度为62.25%左右, 说明GA-CS-CN/ITZ可以控制药物分级缓释, 实现更好的抗白色念珠菌效果。
采用微量稀释法对GA-CS-CN/ITZ的MIC进行测定, 评估其抗白色念珠菌效果。结果显示, GA-CS-CN/ITZ的MIC90为0.062 5 μg·mL-1, 而游离ITZ的MIC90是0.25 μg·mL-1, 两者相差近4倍, 说明GA-CS-CN/ITZ优于游离ITZ的效果, 具有更好的抗白色念珠菌作用。
采用稀释涂布平板计数法评估聚合物抗白色念珠菌的效果及不同浓度GA-CS-CN/ITZ的抗白色念珠菌效果。图 4A菌落数计数得出, 与空白对照组相比, CS、GA-CS和GA-CS-CN中的菌落数均明显变少, GA-CS和GA-CS-CN中菌落比CS略有减少。图 4B可以看出, 相比于空白对照组, 随着最终药物浓度的升高, 相应的菌落数也随之减少。抑菌率结果如图 4D所示, 相比于空白对照组, CS对C. albicans的抑制率约为40%, 合成的GA-CS和GA-CS-CN的抑制率约为49%和60%, 均优于CS, 表明GA和CN接枝到CS上增强了CS的抗真菌活性, 使GA-CS-CN优于CS和GA-CS的抗菌效果, 增强了菌株的敏感性。如图 4E所示, 当GA-CS-CN/ITZ中的ITZ质量浓度为2 μg·mL-1时, 抑制率高达95%, 即可以抑制约95%的白色念珠菌的生长, 同时再次表明GA-CS-CN/ITZ具有更强的抗菌性能。
琼脂纸片扩散法测定抑菌圈大小的结果如图 4CF显示, Control组均无明显抑菌圈, 即空白对照组的抑菌圈为药敏纸片的直径6 mm, CS的抑菌圈为10.01 ± 0.16 mm; GA-CS的抑菌圈为11.01 ± 0.53 mm; GA-CS-CN优于CS和GA-CS组, 其抑菌圈为12.02 ± 0.33 mm; GA-CS-CN/ITZ的抑菌圈明显大于其他组, 其数值为13.41 ± 0.41 mm。再次证明合成的GA-CS-CN聚合物具有更优的抗白色念珠菌疗效, 显著增强CS的抗菌效果。当包载ITZ之后, 其抑菌圈更大, 即其抗白色念珠菌效果更明显。该结果与前期结果保持一致, 再次证明GA-CS-CN/ITZ确有最优的抗白色念珠菌效果。
结晶紫染色法检测结果如图 5显示, GA-CS-CN/ITZ在生物膜初步形成的过程中开始抑制生物膜的形成。当GA-CS-CN/ITZ中的ITZ的质量浓度为0.25 μg·mL-1时, 可抑制约为40%的生物膜的形成。当质量浓度增大至16 μg·mL-1时, 可抑制65%的生物膜的形成, 即随着浓度的增大, 可抑制愈多生物膜的生成, 从而发挥抗白色念珠菌作用。以上结果说明, GA-CS-CN/ITZ可以在生物膜生成过程中开始抑制生物膜的形成和生长, 从而减弱白色念珠菌的毒力。
因AM只能透过活细胞, 而PI只能透过死细胞故而采用AM/PI荧光染料测定白色念珠菌细胞膜的完整性, 结果如图 6所示。根据活死细胞的荧光图像可见GA-CS-CN的杀菌和抑菌效果均优于CS和GA-CS; GA-CS-CN/ITZ组的活死细胞数量均减少, 可能是由于抑菌性能导致整体菌落数明显减少。GA-CS-CN/ITZ既抑制白色念珠菌的生长, 又破坏白色念珠菌细胞膜的完整性, 致使细胞死亡, 以达到杀菌目的。
将纳米粒与3T3细胞共同孵育24 h, 考查其对NIH-3T3细胞的细胞毒性。当GA-CS-CN的质量浓度为200 μg·mL-1时, 3T3细胞的存活率为85.79% (图 7A), 表明GA-CS-CN对3T3有较好的生物相容性。当GA-CS-CN/ITZ的质量浓度为200 μg·mL-1时, 3T3细胞的存活率仍在85%左右(图 7B), 表明载药纳米粒GA-CS-CN/ITZ依然保持较低的细胞毒性, 具有良好的生物相容性。
图 7C中的图片可以看出, 加入了H2O的阳性对照组上清液呈红色, 出现明显溶血现象, 此时溶血率计为100%, 而PBS组、GA-CS-CN组和GA-CS-CN/ITZ组均未出现明显溶血现象。同时, UV法扫描上清溶液的全波长, 发现阳性对照组在541 nm处有较强吸收峰, 其他组均吸收较弱。当质量浓度为500 μg·mL-1时, GA-CS-CN和GA-CS-CN/ITZ的溶血率分别仅为0.81%和1.24% (图 7D), 说明该纳米粒载药前后均具有良好的血液相容性, 不会引发溶血现象, 可以通过静脉注射的方式给药。
ITZ作为治疗真菌感染的临床一线用药, 具有广谱抗真菌活性, 但其水溶性差, 致使口服生物利用度不理想, 且临床剂型使用的增溶辅料存在一定肝肾毒性, ITZ的临床应用范围受到限制。因此, 开发新型伊曲康唑制剂改善其水溶性、进一步提高安全性具有重要临床意义。本研究合成了两亲性聚合物GA-CS-CN, 并负载ITZ制备得到GA-CS-CN/ITZ纳米粒, 对其进行表征及抗白色念珠菌作用研究。体外抗菌实验和抑菌机制结果均显示GA-CS-CN/ITZ具有最优的抗白色念珠菌效果, 可显著增强游离药物的抗真菌活性, 且可通过抑制生物膜的形成和破坏细胞膜完整性以达到抗白色念珠菌的作用。
作者贡献: 王曹甘泓和赵冰可负责完成实验研究、数据分析和论文撰写工作; 刘政参与材料合成与纳米粒制备工作; 张建楠和蔡靓羽负责论文选题、讨论撰写和经费资助; 邱立朋负责课题设计、实验思路指导、论文审阅及经费资助。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 无锡市中医药管理局科技项目(ZYKJ202101)
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2024年第59卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0312
  • 接收时间:2024-04-02
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2024-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-02
  • 修回日期:2024-08-01
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无锡市中医药管理局科技项目(ZYKJ202101)
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    1.江南大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 江苏 无锡 214122
    2.无锡市中医医院, 江苏 无锡 214071

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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