Article(id=1198683367081345914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1119, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1666022400000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-18, revisedDate=1668700800000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763717985172, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1683820800000, pubDateStr=2023-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763717985172, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763717985172, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763717985172, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628499750744699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704903781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137655840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1221, endPage=1231, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198683367664354204, articleId=1198683367081345914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress of targeted degradation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is still one of the significant threats to human life. In recent years, the continuous exploration of small molecule inhibitors represented by bedaquinoline has brought new vitality into the field of tuberculosis. However, small molecule inhibitors will inevitably occur acquired drug resistance during clinical medication. As a new pharmacological mechanism, targeted protein degradation (TPD) achieves efficacy by destroying rather than inhibiting protein targets. It might be an excellent strategy to develop anti-tuberculosis drugs based on the TPD concept to solve drug resistance. This article reviews the protein degradation pathways of Mtb, such as the Pup proteasome system and the ClpP-ClpC1 complex enzyme system. The future development of these strategies into TPD drugs was prospected and summarized.

, correspAuthors=Li-fang YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wei-jun XU, Li-fang YU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198683378208834021, articleId=1198683367081345914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=靶向降解结核分枝杆菌蛋白技术的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

结核分枝杆菌所引起的传染性疾病结核病仍然是当前对人类生命安全的重大威胁之一。近年来以贝达喹啉为代表的小分子抑制剂的不断探索为结核病领域注入新的活力。但小分子抑制剂在临床用药过程中, 不可避免地都会发生获得性耐药, 靶向蛋白降解(TPD) 作为一种新的药理学机制, 通过降解而不是抑制蛋白质靶点来实现药效, 利用TPD理念发展抗结核药物对于解决耐药性可能会是一个优秀的策略。本文综述了结核分枝杆菌自身的蛋白降解途径如Pup-蛋白酶体系统、ClpP-ClpC1复合酶系统等, 并对上述策略未来进一步发展成TPD药物进行了归纳与展望。

, correspAuthors=于丽芳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*于丽芳, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=MpRjUQVj6lhmW3zO7e8XmA==, magXml=QrvKG+y4suevS+6QlTWVPw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=RNq6am2QDJPP+xXpTjcn1Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=J1cmKoXiDClvZBvqW/jtQg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=徐蔚军, 于丽芳)}, authors=[Author(id=1198960129304523110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198960129526821244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, authorId=1198960129304523110, language=EN, stringName=Wei-jun XU, firstName=Wei-jun, middleName=null, lastName=XU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1198960129677816201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, authorId=1198960129304523110, language=CN, stringName=徐蔚军, firstName=蔚军, middleName=null, lastName=徐, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=华东师范大学化学与分子工程学院, 上海分子治疗与新药创制工程技术研究中心, 上海 200062, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960129166111063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960129178693978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, companyId=1198960129166111063, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960129195471195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, companyId=1198960129166111063, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华东师范大学化学与分子工程学院, 上海分子治疗与新药创制工程技术研究中心, 上海 200062)])]), Author(id=1198960129837199772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lfyu@sat.ecnu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198960130084663733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, authorId=1198960129837199772, language=EN, stringName=Li-fang YU, firstName=Li-fang, middleName=null, lastName=YU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1198960130185327044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, authorId=1198960129837199772, language=CN, stringName=于丽芳, firstName=丽芳, middleName=null, lastName=于, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=华东师范大学化学与分子工程学院, 上海分子治疗与新药创制工程技术研究中心, 上海 200062, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960129166111063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960129178693978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, companyId=1198960129166111063, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960129195471195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, companyId=1198960129166111063, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华东师范大学化学与分子工程学院, 上海分子治疗与新药创制工程技术研究中心, 上海 200062)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1198960130499899877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=Mycobacterium tuberculosis), Keyword(id=1198960130650894836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=drug resistance), Keyword(id=1198960130927718918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=targeted protein degradation), Keyword(id=1198960131091296787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=caseinolytic peptidase system), Keyword(id=1198960131183571483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=BacPROTAC), Keyword(id=1198960131296817703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=结核分枝杆菌), Keyword(id=1198960131456201272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=耐药), Keyword(id=1198960131628167755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=靶向蛋白降解), Keyword(id=1198960131812717147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=酪蛋白水解肽酶系统), Keyword(id=1198960131980489325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=BacPROTAC)], refs=[Reference(id=1198960135277212603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2020 [R]. Geneva: WHO, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960135407236038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1901814, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=382, issue=null, pageStart=893, pageEnd=902, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Conradie F, Diacon AH, Ngubane N, journalName=N Engl J Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Conradie F , Diacon AH , Ngubane N , et al . Treatment of highly drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382: 893-902., articleTitle=Treatment of highly drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960135507899348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1038/ng.2747, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=45, issue=null, pageStart=1183, pageEnd=1189, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=Farhat MR, Shapiro BJ, Kieser KJ, journalName=Nat Genet, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Farhat MR , Shapiro BJ , Kieser KJ , et al . Genomic analysis identifies targets of convergent positive selection in drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis[J]. Nat Genet, 2013, 45: 1183-1189., articleTitle=Genomic analysis identifies targets of convergent positive selection in drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960135600174048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2021 [R]. Geneva: WHO, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960135738586091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00470-9, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=22, issue=null, pageStart=496, pageEnd=506, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Ismail NA, Omar SV, Morltrie H, journalName=Lancet Infect Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Ismail NA , Omar SV , Morltrie H , et al . Assessment of epidemiological and genetic characteristics and clinical outcomes of resistance to bedaquiline in patients treated for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study[J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2022, 22: 496-506., articleTitle=Assessment of epidemiological and genetic characteristics and clinical outcomes of resistance to bedaquiline in patients treated for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960135876998135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa755, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=71, issue=null, pageStart=3252, pageEnd=3259, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Nguyen TVA, Anthony RM, Cao TTH, journalName=Clin Infect Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Nguyen TVA , Anthony RM , Cao TTH , et al . Delamanid resistance: update and clinical management[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2020, 71: 3252-3259., articleTitle=Delamanid resistance: update and clinical management, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960136027992073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1002/jcb.26124, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=118, issue=null, pageStart=4594, pageEnd=4606, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Singh A, Grover S, Singha S, journalName=J Cell Biochem, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Singh A , Grover S , Singha S , et al . Mechanistic principles behind molecular mechanism of rifampicin resistance in mutant RNA polymerase beta subunit of Mycobacterium tuberculosis[J]. J Cell Biochem, 2017, 118: 4594-4606., articleTitle=Mechanistic principles behind molecular mechanism of rifampicin resistance in mutant RNA polymerase beta subunit of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960136141238293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1128/AAC.42.10.2590, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=42, issue=null, pageStart=2590, pageEnd=2594, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Aubry-Damon HLN, Soussy CJ, Courvalin P, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Aubry-Damon HLN , Soussy CJ , Courvalin P . Characterization of mutations in the rpoB gene that confer rifampin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1998, 42: 2590-2594., articleTitle=Characterization of mutations in the rpoB gene that confer rifampin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960136271261726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1038/358591a0, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1992, volume=358, issue=null, pageStart=591, pageEnd=593, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Zhang Y, Heym B, Allen B, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Zhang Y , Heym B , Allen B , et al . The catalase-peroxidase gene and isoniazid resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis[J]. Nature, 1992, 358: 591-593., articleTitle=The catalase-peroxidase gene and isoniazid resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960136380313639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2016.09.004, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=45, issue=null, pageStart=474, pageEnd=492, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Unissa AN, Subbian S, Hanna LE, journalName=Infect Genet Evol, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Unissa AN , Subbian S , Hanna LE , et al . Overview on mechanisms of isoniazid action and resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis[J]. Infect Genet Evol, 2016, 45: 474-492., articleTitle=Overview on mechanisms of isoniazid action and resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960136539697207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.100120, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=45, issue=null, pageStart=529, pageEnd=564, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Zhang Y, journalName=Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Zhang Y . The magic bullets and tuberculosis drug targets[J]. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 2005, 45: 529-564., articleTitle=The magic bullets and tuberculosis drug targets, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960136782966856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01253.x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1993, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=1239, pageEnd=1246, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Finken M, Krischner P, Meier A, journalName=Mol Microbiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Finken M , Krischner P , Meier A , et al . Molecular basis of streptomycin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: alterations of the ribosomal protein S12 gene and point mutations within a functional 16S ribosomal RNA pseudoknot[J]. Mol Microbiol, 1993, 9: 1239-1246., articleTitle=Molecular basis of streptomycin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: alterations of the ribosomal protein S12 gene and point mutations within a functional 16S ribosomal RNA pseudoknot, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960136933961809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1128/AAC.00037-14, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=58, issue=null, pageStart=2979, pageEnd=2981, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Hartkoorn RC, Uplekar S, Cole ST, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Hartkoorn RC , Uplekar S , Cole ST . Cross-resistance between clofazimine and bedaquiline through upregulation of MmpL5 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2014, 58: 2979-2981., articleTitle=Cross-resistance between clofazimine and bedaquiline through upregulation of MmpL5 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960137059790939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00203, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=7, issue=null, pageStart=2050, pageEnd=2067, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Powell M, Blaskovich MAT, Hansford KA, journalName=ACS Infect Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Powell M , Blaskovich MAT , Hansford KA . Targeted protein degradation: the new frontier of antimicrobial discovery?[J]. ACS Infect Dis, 2021, 7: 2050-2067., articleTitle=Targeted protein degradation: the new frontier of antimicrobial discovery?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960137294671984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1039/D2CS00148A, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=null, pageStart=3487, pageEnd=3534, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Sosic I, Bricelj A, Steinebach C, journalName=Chem Soc Rev, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Sosic I , Bricelj A , Steinebach C . E3 ligase ligand chemistries: from building blocks to protein degraders[J]. Chem Soc Rev, 2022, 51: 3487-3534., articleTitle=E3 ligase ligand chemistries: from building blocks to protein degraders, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960137546330236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.11.012, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=1847, issue=null, pageStart=915, pageEnd=930, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Nishimura K, van Wijk KJ, journalName=Biochim Biophys Acta, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Nishimura K , van Wijk KJ . Organization, function and substrates of the essential Clp protease system in plastids[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2015, 1847: 915-930., articleTitle=Organization, function and substrates of the essential Clp protease system in plastids, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960137663770760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1038/s41392-022-00999-9, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=7, issue=null, pageStart=181, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=He M, Cao C, Ni Z, journalName=Signal Transduct Target Ther, refType=null, unstructuredReference= He M , Cao C , Ni Z , et al . PROTACs: great opportunities for academia and industry (an update from 2020 to 2021)[J]. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2022, 7: 181., articleTitle=PROTACs: great opportunities for academia and industry (an update from 2020 to 2021), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960137781211286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=18, issue=null, pageStart=36, pageEnd=39, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Wang H, Xie F, journalName=Clin Med J (临床药物治疗杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference= Wang H , Xie F . New anticancer drugs based on protein degradation targeting chimera technology-ARV-110 and ARV-471[J]. Clin Med J (临床药物治疗杂志), 2020, 18: 36-39., articleTitle=New anticancer drugs based on protein degradation targeting chimera technology-ARV-110 and ARV-471, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960137911234721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.09.009, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=25, issue=null, pageStart=67, pageEnd=77 e3, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Burslem GM, Smith BE, Lai AC, journalName=Cell Chem Biol, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Burslem GM , Smith BE , Lai AC , et al . The advantages of targeted protein degradation over inhibition: an RTK case study[J]. Cell Chem Biol, 2018, 25: 67-77 e3., articleTitle=The advantages of targeted protein degradation over inhibition: an RTK case study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960138129338545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1016/j.ddtec.2019.01.002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=31, issue=null, pageStart=15, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Pettersson M, Crews CM, journalName=Drug Discov Today Technol, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Pettersson M , Crews CM . Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) - past, present and future[J]. Drug Discov Today Technol, 2019, 31: 15-27., articleTitle=Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) - past, present and future, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960138250973375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1016/j.tips.2009.02.002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=30, issue=null, pageStart=228, pageEnd=233, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Conn PM, Janovick JA, journalName=Trends Pharmacol Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Conn PM , Janovick JA . Drug development and the cellular quality control system[J]. Trends Pharmacol Sci, 2009, 30: 228-233., articleTitle=Drug development and the cellular quality control system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960138397774030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1016/0014-5793(89)81441-3, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1989, volume=251, issue=null, pageStart=125, pageEnd=131, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Dahlmann B, Kopp F, Kuehn L, journalName=FEBS Lett, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Dahlmann B , Kopp F , Kuehn L , et al . The multicatalytic proteinase prosome is ubiquitous from eukaryotes to archaebacteria[J]. FEBS Lett, 1989, 251: 125-131., articleTitle=The multicatalytic proteinase prosome is ubiquitous from eukaryotes to archaebacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960138557157592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1074/jbc.M808032200, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=284, issue=null, pageStart=3069, pageEnd=3075, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Burns KE, Liu WT, Boshoff HIM, journalName=J Biol Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Burns KE , Liu WT , Boshoff HIM , et al . Proteasomal protein degradation in mycobacteria is dependent upon a prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein[J]. J Biol Chem, 2009, 284: 3069-3075., articleTitle=Proteasomal protein degradation in mycobacteria is dependent upon a prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960138653626596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2017.04.020, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=429, issue=null, pageStart=3486, pageEnd=3499, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Delley CL, Muller AU, Ziemski M, journalName=J Mol Biol, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Delley CL , Muller AU , Ziemski M , et al . Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein and its ligase/deligase enyzmes[J]. J Mol Biol, 2017, 429: 3486-3499., articleTitle=Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein and its ligase/deligase enyzmes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960138779455729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.3724/SP.J.1206.2011.00110, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=38, issue=null, pageStart=1091, pageEnd=1098, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Wang CJ, Lin J, Zhang JJ, journalName=Prog Biochem Biophys, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Wang CJ , Lin J , Zhang JJ . Progress in the study of prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup)-proteasome system[J]. Prog Biochem Biophys, 2012, 38: 1091-1098., articleTitle=Progress in the study of prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup)-proteasome system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960138959810815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1038/ncomms2009, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=3, issue=null, pageStart=1014, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Ozcelik D, Barandun J, Schmitz N, journalName=Nat Commun, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Ozcelik D , Barandun J , Schmitz N , et al . Structures of Pup ligase PafA and depupylase Dop from the prokaryotic ubiquitin-like modification pathway[J]. Nat Commun, 2012, 3: 1014., articleTitle=Structures of Pup ligase PafA and depupylase Dop from the prokaryotic ubiquitin-like modification pathway, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960139068862733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1021/ja4024012, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=135, issue=null, pageStart=6794, pageEnd=6797, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Barandun J, Delley CL, Ban N, journalName=J Am Chem Soc, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Barandun J , Delley CL , Ban N , et al . Crystal structure of the complex between prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein and its ligase PafA[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2013, 135: 6794-6797., articleTitle=Crystal structure of the complex between prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein and its ligase PafA, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960139198886171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1038/sj.emboj.7601405, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=25, issue=null, pageStart=5423, pageEnd=5432, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Pearce MJ, Arora P, Festa RA, journalName=EMBO J, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Pearce MJ , Arora P , Festa RA , et al . Identification of substrates of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteasome[J]. EMBO J, 2006, 25: 5423-5432., articleTitle=Identification of substrates of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteasome, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960139328909606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1038/nm765, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=8, issue=null, pageStart=1171, pageEnd=1174, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Sambandamurthy VK, Wang X, Chen B, journalName=Nat Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Sambandamurthy VK , Wang X , Chen B , et al . A pantothenate auxotroph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is highly attenuated and protects mice against tuberculosis[J]. Nat Med, 2002, 8: 1171-1174., articleTitle=A pantothenate auxotroph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is highly attenuated and protects mice against tuberculosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960139450544434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03900.x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=51, issue=null, pageStart=1003, pageEnd=1014, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Movahedzadeh F, Smith DA, Norman RA, journalName=Mol Microbiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Movahedzadeh F , Smith DA , Norman RA , et al . The Mycobacterium tuberculosis ino1 gene is essential for growth and virulence[J]. Mol Microbiol, 2004, 51: 1003-1014., articleTitle=The Mycobacterium tuberculosis ino1 gene is essential for growth and virulence, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960139567984957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0008589, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=5, issue=null, pageStart=e8589, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Festa RA, Mcallister F, Pearce MJ, journalName=PLoS One, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Festa RA , Mcallister F , Pearce MJ , et al . Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup) proteome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis[J]. PLoS One, 2010, 5: e8589., articleTitle=Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup) proteome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960139760922963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05137.x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=60, issue=null, pageStart=643, pageEnd=657, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Fol M, Chauhan A, Nair NK, journalName=Mol Microbiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Fol M , Chauhan A , Nair NK , et al . Modulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis proliferation by MtrA, an essential two-component response regulator[J]. Mol Microbiol, 2006, 60: 643-657., articleTitle=Modulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis proliferation by MtrA, an essential two-component response regulator, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960139882557790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1146/annurev-biochem-072711-164947, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=83, issue=null, pageStart=553, pageEnd=584, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Oldfield CJ, Dunker AK, journalName=Annu Rev Biochem, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Oldfield CJ , Dunker AK . Intrinsically disordered proteins and intrinsically disordered protein regions[J]. Annu Rev Biochem, 2014, 83: 553-584., articleTitle=Intrinsically disordered proteins and intrinsically disordered protein regions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960140054524268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1016/j.resmic.2009.08.006, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=160, issue=null, pageStart=618, pageEnd=628, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Kress W, Maglica Z, Weber-Ban E, journalName=Res Microbiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Kress W , Maglica Z , Weber-Ban E . Clp chaperone-proteases: structure and function[J]. Res Microbiol, 2009, 160: 618-628., articleTitle=Clp chaperone-proteases: structure and function, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960140125827448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32083462/, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Schmitz KR, Handy EL, Compton CL, journalName=ACS Chem Biol, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Schmitz KR , Handy EL , Compton CL , et al . Acyldepsipeptide antibiotics and a bioactive fragment thereof differentially perturb Mycobacterium tuberculosis ClpXP1P2 activity in vitro[J]. ACS Chem Biol, 2020, articleTitle=Acyldepsipeptide antibiotics and a bioactive fragment thereof differentially perturb Mycobacterium tuberculosis ClpXP1P2 activity in vitro, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960140281016715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1021/acschembio.8b00124, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=1413, pageEnd=1425, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Bhandari V, Wong KS, Zhou JL, journalName=ACS Chem Biol, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Bhandari V , Wong KS , Zhou JL , et al . The role of ClpP protease in bacterial pathogenesis and human diseases[J]. ACS Chem Biol, 2018, 13: 1413-1425., articleTitle=The role of ClpP protease in bacterial pathogenesis and human diseases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960140411040156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1038/nature20122, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=539, issue=null, pageStart=48, pageEnd=53, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Trentini DB, Suskiewicz MJ, Heuck A, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Trentini DB , Suskiewicz MJ , Heuck A , et al . Arginine phosphorylation marks proteins for degradation by a Clp protease[J]. Nature, 2016, 539: 48-53., articleTitle=Arginine phosphorylation marks proteins for degradation by a Clp protease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960140562035118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.009, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=185, issue=null, pageStart=2338, pageEnd=2353, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Morreale FE, Kleine S, Leodolter J, journalName=Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Morreale FE , Kleine S , Leodolter J , et al . BacPROTACs mediate targeted protein degradation in bacteria[J]. Cell, 2022, 185: 2338-2353., articleTitle=BacPROTACs mediate targeted protein degradation in bacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960140742390212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1021/ja992482o, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=121, issue=null, pageStart=11273, pageEnd=11276, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Renner MK, Shen YC, Cheng XC, journalName=J Am Chem Soc, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Renner MK , Shen YC , Cheng XC , et al . Cyclomarins A-C, new antiinflammatory cyclic peptides produced by a marine bacterium (Streptomyces sp.)[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 1999, 121: 11273-11276., articleTitle=Cyclomarins A-C, new antiinflammatory cyclic peptides produced by a marine bacterium (Streptomyces sp.), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960140977271258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1002/anie.201101740, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=50, issue=null, pageStart=5889, pageEnd=5891, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Schmitt EK, Riwanto M, Sambandamurthy V, journalName=Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Schmitt EK , Riwanto M , Sambandamurthy V , et al . The natural product cyclomarin kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis by targeting the ClpC1 subunit of the caseinolytic protease[J]. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 2011, 50: 5889-5891., articleTitle=The natural product cyclomarin kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis by targeting the ClpC1 subunit of the caseinolytic protease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960141082128874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1074/jbc.M113.493767, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=288, issue=null, pageStart=30883, pageEnd=30891, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Vasudevan D, Rao SP, Noble CG, journalName=J Biol Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Vasudevan D , Rao SP , Noble CG . Structural basis of mycobacterial inhibition by cyclomarin A[J]. J Biol Chem, 2013, 288: 30883-30891., articleTitle=Structural basis of mycobacterial inhibition by cyclomarin A, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960141212152314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.05.008, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=26, issue=null, pageStart=1169, pageEnd=1179.e4, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Maurer M, Linder D, Franke KB, journalName=Cell Chem Biol, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Maurer M , Linder D , Franke KB , et al . Toxic activation of an AAA+ protease by the antibacterial drug cyclomarin A[J]. Cell Chem Biol, 2019, 26: 1169-1179.e4., articleTitle=Toxic activation of an AAA+ protease by the antibacterial drug cyclomarin A, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960141350564359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=25, issue=null, pageStart=8894, pageEnd=8902, url=http://www.onacademic.com/detail/journal_1000042268417399_9539.html, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=42, authorNames=Kiefer A, Bader CD, Held J, journalName=Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Kiefer A , Bader CD , Held J , et al . Synthesis of new cyclomarin derivatives and their biological evaluation towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis and plasmodium falciparum[J]. Chemistry, 2019, 25: 8894-8902., articleTitle=Synthesis of new cyclomarin derivatives and their biological evaluation towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis and plasmodium falciparum, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960141451227667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=17, issue=null, pageStart=88, pageEnd=102, url=http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/c8/ob/c8ob02777c/c8ob02777c1.pdf, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Kiefer A, Kazmaier U, journalName=Org Biomol Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Kiefer A , Kazmaier U . Synthesis of modified beta-methoxyphenylalanines via diazonium chemistry and their incorporation in desoxycyclomarin analogues[J]. Org Biomol Chem, 2018, 17: 88-102., articleTitle=Synthesis of modified beta-methoxyphenylalanines via diazonium chemistry and their incorporation in desoxycyclomarin analogues, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960141585445411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Junk L, Schmiedel VM, Guha S, et al. BacPROTAC-induced degradation of ClpC1 as a new strategy against drug-resistant mycobacteria [DB/OL]. ChemRxiv. Cambridge: Cambridge Open Engage. 2022. DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-8hnrh., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960141694497327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00276, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=5, issue=null, pageStart=829, pageEnd=840, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=45, authorNames=Wolf NM, Lee H, Choules MP, journalName=ACS Infect Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Wolf NM , Lee H , Choules MP , et al . High-resolution structure of ClpC1-rufomycin and ligand binding studies provide a framework to design and optimize anti-tuberculosis leads[J]. ACS Infect Dis, 2019, 5: 829-840., articleTitle=High-resolution structure of ClpC1-rufomycin and ligand binding studies provide a framework to design and optimize anti-tuberculosis leads, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960141816132152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=63, issue=null, pageStart=e02204, pageEnd=e02218, url=http://doc.paperpass.com/foreign/rgArti20197696349.html, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=46, authorNames=Choules MP, Wolf NM, Lee H, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Choules MP , Wolf NM , Lee H , et al . Rufomycin targets ClpC1 proteolysis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. abscessus[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2019, 63: e02204-e02218., articleTitle=Rufomycin targets ClpC1 proteolysis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. abscessus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960141933572679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.01.014, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=21, issue=null, pageStart=509, pageEnd=518, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Gavrish E, Sit CS, Cao S, journalName=Chem Biol, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Gavrish E , Sit CS , Cao S , et al . Lassomycin, a ribosomally synthesized cyclic peptide, kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis by targeting the ATP-dependent protease ClpC1P1P2[J]. Chem Biol, 2014, 21: 509-518., articleTitle=Lassomycin, a ribosomally synthesized cyclic peptide, kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis by targeting the ATP-dependent protease ClpC1P1P2, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960142034235990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1021/ol5026603, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=16, issue=null, pageStart=6044, pageEnd=6047, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=48, authorNames=Gao W, Kim JY, Chen SN, journalName=Org Lett, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Gao W , Kim JY , Chen SN , et al . Discovery and characterization of the tuberculosis drug lead ecumicin[J]. Org Lett, 2014, 16: 6044-6047., articleTitle=Discovery and characterization of the tuberculosis drug lead ecumicin, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960142176842332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tayyab H, Ridzwan NFW, Mohamad SB. Ensemble-based virtual screening of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ClpC1 inhibitors [DB/OL]. Beilstein Arch, 2021, 202150. DOI: 10.3762/bxiv.2021.50.v1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960142357197425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1038/s41467-020-15516-1, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=1661, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=50, authorNames=Gopal P, Sarathy JP, Yee M, journalName=Nat Commun, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Gopal P , Sarathy JP , Yee M , et al . Pyrazinamide triggers degradation of its target aspartate decarboxylase[J]. Nat Commun, 2020, 11: 1661., articleTitle=Pyrazinamide triggers degradation of its target aspartate decarboxylase, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960142491415164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00641, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=57, issue=null, pageStart=5602, pageEnd=5608, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=51, authorNames=Abeywansha T, Chai Q, Zhang X, journalName=Biochemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Abeywansha T , Chai Q , Zhang X , et al . Accessibility from the cytoplasm is critical for ssrA tag-mediated degradation of integral membrane proteins by ClpXP protease[J]. Biochemistry, 2018, 57: 5602-5608., articleTitle=Accessibility from the cytoplasm is critical for ssrA tag-mediated degradation of integral membrane proteins by ClpXP protease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960142604661385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1007/s00253-020-10623-x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=104, issue=null, pageStart=5229, pageEnd=5241, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=52, authorNames=Fritze J, Zhang M, Luo Q, journalName=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Fritze J , Zhang M , Luo Q , et al . An overview of the bacterial SsrA system modulating intracellular protein levels and activities[J]. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2020, 104: 5229-5241., articleTitle=An overview of the bacterial SsrA system modulating intracellular protein levels and activities, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960142797599388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.3389/fmolb.2021.669762, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=8, issue=null, pageStart=669762, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=53, authorNames=Izert MA, Klimecka MM, Gorna MW, journalName=Front Mol Biosci, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Izert MA , Klimecka MM , Gorna MW . Applications of bacterial degrons and degraders - toward targeted protein degradation in bacteria[J]. Front Mol Biosci, 2021, 8: 669762., articleTitle=Applications of bacterial degrons and degraders - toward targeted protein degradation in bacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960142936011435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, doi=10.1039/C6NP00125D, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=34, issue=null, pageStart=815, pageEnd=831, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=54, authorNames=Malik IT, Brotz-Oesterhelt H, journalName=Nat Prod Rep, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Malik IT , Brotz-Oesterhelt H . Conformational control of the bacterial Clp protease by natural product antibiotics[J]. Nat Prod Rep, 2017, 34: 815-831, articleTitle=Conformational control of the bacterial Clp protease by natural product antibiotics, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960134836810636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, awardId=21778019, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(21778019), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960134979416987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, awardId=22107031, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(22107031), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960129166111063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960129178693978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, companyId=1198960129166111063, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960129195471195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, companyId=1198960129166111063, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华东师范大学化学与分子工程学院, 上海分子治疗与新药创制工程技术研究中心, 上海 200062)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960132282479243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=417RFW6A95O1a5k8pfJKeQ==, figureFileBig=Ht8Nrgb3lioe+tGXoTttlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960132433474207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Mechanism of protein degradation by Pup-proteasome , figureFileSmall=417RFW6A95O1a5k8pfJKeQ==, figureFileBig=Ht8Nrgb3lioe+tGXoTttlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960132622217907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=V8muS4lmGbRGzTg9wVimYg==, figureFileBig=UZ4cET0drAU9rYzQaduF7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960132789990079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= A: Protcolytic targeting chimera (PROTAC) structure diagram; B: ClpP precursor structure (left, PDB ID: 6VGN), ClpC precursor structure (right, PDB ID: 3J3S); C: ClpC hexamer (left) and ClpP1P2 tetramer (right); D: Concept map of action mechanism of ClpP-Clp ATPase complex enzyme , figureFileSmall=V8muS4lmGbRGzTg9wVimYg==, figureFileBig=UZ4cET0drAU9rYzQaduF7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960132982928085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=y1vOs1l9LRP+Hg2EQTeQGg==, figureFileBig=7WmxbYCDLfff8oG7ZF94ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960133188449003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= A: CymA binding pocket with ClpC1-NTD; B: CymA and ClpC1-NTD complex crystal (PDB ID: 3WDC), CymA is green, the key amino acid residues are cyan; C: Schematic diagram of the interaction between BacPROTAC-1 and ClpC1-NTD and structure of BacPROTAC-1; D: BacPROTAC-4; E: BacPROTAC-5 , figureFileSmall=y1vOs1l9LRP+Hg2EQTeQGg==, figureFileBig=7WmxbYCDLfff8oG7ZF94ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960133393969913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LFJdMLUeiv8gJwURgaOEFQ==, figureFileBig=EWyFbHDZ19avF+91imWsSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960133528187652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= A and B are ClpC1-NTD ligands screened from the natural product library; C: The molecular docking model of ClpC1-NTD with compound A (R1 is cyclohexyl group), the compound structure is green, key amino acid residues are gray; D: The molecular docking model of ClpC1-NTDwith compound B (type 1), the compound structure is green, key amino acid residues are indigo , figureFileSmall=LFJdMLUeiv8gJwURgaOEFQ==, figureFileBig=EWyFbHDZ19avF+91imWsSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960133712737047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. R1 R2 R3 R4 MIC/μmol·L-1 a
Isoniazid / / / / 0.9
1   / 0.1
2   / 0.1
3   / > 10
4   / 0.9
5   / 0.5
6   / 1.7
7   iPr / 0.4
8   Me / 0.9
9   H / 1.5
10 / 21.2  
11 / 1.7
12 iPr / 0.4
13 Me / 1.6
14 H / 0.5
15 / 2.3
16 / > 32
17 iPr / 1.8
18 Me / 3.4
19 / 2.6
20 / 3.2
21 H / 4.3
22     NO2   0.13
23 Br   0.25
24  N3   4.09
25     NH2   0.26
), ArticleFig(id=1198960133943423792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Antimicrobial activity (MIC) of CymA derivatives against H37Rv/Erdman strain. aCompounds 1-21 were tested for MIC using the H37Rv strain and compounds 22-25 were tested for MIC using the Erdman strain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. R1 R2 R3 R4 MIC/μmol·L-1 a
Isoniazid / / / / 0.9
1   / 0.1
2   / 0.1
3   / > 10
4   / 0.9
5   / 0.5
6   / 1.7
7   iPr / 0.4
8   Me / 0.9
9   H / 1.5
10 / 21.2  
11 / 1.7
12 iPr / 0.4
13 Me / 1.6
14 H / 0.5
15 / 2.3
16 / > 32
17 iPr / 1.8
18 Me / 3.4
19 / 2.6
20 / 3.2
21 H / 4.3
22     NO2   0.13
23 Br   0.25
24  N3   4.09
25     NH2   0.26
), ArticleFig(id=1198960134220247883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. R1 R2 R3 ClpC1-NTD KD/nmol·L-1 MIC Mtb H37Rv/μmol·L-1
26 Monomer H 1.2 0.42
27 Me 12.1 n.d.
28 Monomer H Me 4 3.13
29 Me 13.9 > 50
30 Monomer H Me A 4.6 n.d.
31 Me 26.1 6.25
32 Dimer H Me B 0.2   0.097
33 Me 0.9 3.13
34 Monomer H iPr 3.5 1.56
35 Me 14.6 6.25
36 Dimer H E iPr 0.4 0.37
37 Me 0.4   0.097
38 Dimer H C iPr 0.6   0.366
39 Dimer H Me D 0.4   0.097
40 Dimer H iPr 1.2   0.196
41 Me 1.8 n.d.
), ArticleFig(id=1198960134329299799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Structure-activity relationships of monomeric dCym derivatives and homo-BacPROTACs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. R1 R2 R3 ClpC1-NTD KD/nmol·L-1 MIC Mtb H37Rv/μmol·L-1
26 Monomer H 1.2 0.42
27 Me 12.1 n.d.
28 Monomer H Me 4 3.13
29 Me 13.9 > 50
30 Monomer H Me A 4.6 n.d.
31 Me 26.1 6.25
32 Dimer H Me B 0.2   0.097
33 Me 0.9 3.13
34 Monomer H iPr 3.5 1.56
35 Me 14.6 6.25
36 Dimer H E iPr 0.4 0.37
37 Me 0.4   0.097
38 Dimer H C iPr 0.6   0.366
39 Dimer H Me D 0.4   0.097
40 Dimer H iPr 1.2   0.196
41 Me 1.8 n.d.
), ArticleFig(id=1198960134429963106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 MIC/μmol·L-1
42 OH(23S) CH3(22R) NO2 CH3 0.01
43 OH(23S) CH3(22S) NO2 CH3 0.05
44 H CH3 NO2 CH3 1.0  
45 H NO2 H 0.58
46 H NO2 CH3 0.07
47 H H CH3 > 50
48 H NO2 CH3 1.0  
), ArticleFig(id=1198960134568375153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198683367081345914, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Antimicrobial activity (MIC) of RUFI derivatives against H37Rv strain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 MIC/μmol·L-1
42 OH(23S) CH3(22R) NO2 CH3 0.01
43 OH(23S) CH3(22S) NO2 CH3 0.05
44 H CH3 NO2 CH3 1.0  
45 H NO2 H 0.58
46 H NO2 CH3 0.07
47 H H CH3 > 50
48 H NO2 CH3 1.0  
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1761643429151, updatedTime=1761735768113, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=A, firstLetterEn=A, subjectCode=Life Sciences, subjectName=Life Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Life Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, picEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190369346338783397, language=CN, name=药学学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735768160, updatedTime=1761735768160, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190369346376532134, language=EN, name=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735768169, updatedTime=1761735768169, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1189982191388893191, websiteList=[Website(id=1189982271588340489, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761643482348, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643498101, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=药学学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982873114448678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643625763, updateTime=1761643625763, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873093477155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643625758, updateTime=1761643625758, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873135420201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625768, updateTime=1761643625768, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873085088546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643625756, updateTime=1761643625756, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873152197419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625772, updateTime=1761643625772, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873110254373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761643625762, updateTime=1761643625762, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873143808810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625770, updateTime=1761643625770, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873101865764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761643625760, updateTime=1761643625760, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873122837287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643625765, updateTime=1761643625765, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873127031592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643625766, updateTime=1761643625766, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1189982271655449355, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761643482364, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643514085, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982903015633534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643632892, updateTime=1761643632892, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902990467707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643632886, updateTime=1761643632886, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903036605057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632897, updateTime=1761643632897, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902982079098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643632884, updateTime=1761643632884, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903053382275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632901, updateTime=1761643632901, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903007244925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761643632890, updateTime=1761643632890, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903044993666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632899, updateTime=1761643632899, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902998856316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761643632888, updateTime=1761643632888, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903019827839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643632893, updateTime=1761643632893, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903028216448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643632895, updateTime=1761643632895, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=药学学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/aps, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, journalPhotoCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPhotoEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, journalFirstLetter=A, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1119, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1119, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1119, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1119, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
靶向降解结核分枝杆菌蛋白技术的研究进展
收藏切换
PDF下载
徐蔚军 , 于丽芳 *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(5): 1221-1231
收起
收藏切换
药学学报 | 综述 2023, 58(5): 1221-1231
靶向降解结核分枝杆菌蛋白技术的研究进展
全屏
徐蔚军, 于丽芳*
作者信息
  • 华东师范大学化学与分子工程学院, 上海分子治疗与新药创制工程技术研究中心, 上海 200062

通讯作者:

*于丽芳, E-mail:
Research progress of targeted degradation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins
Wei-jun XU, Li-fang YU*
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
出版时间: 2023-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1119
文章导航
收藏切换

结核分枝杆菌所引起的传染性疾病结核病仍然是当前对人类生命安全的重大威胁之一。近年来以贝达喹啉为代表的小分子抑制剂的不断探索为结核病领域注入新的活力。但小分子抑制剂在临床用药过程中, 不可避免地都会发生获得性耐药, 靶向蛋白降解(TPD) 作为一种新的药理学机制, 通过降解而不是抑制蛋白质靶点来实现药效, 利用TPD理念发展抗结核药物对于解决耐药性可能会是一个优秀的策略。本文综述了结核分枝杆菌自身的蛋白降解途径如Pup-蛋白酶体系统、ClpP-ClpC1复合酶系统等, 并对上述策略未来进一步发展成TPD药物进行了归纳与展望。

结核分枝杆菌  /  耐药  /  靶向蛋白降解  /  酪蛋白水解肽酶系统  /  BacPROTAC

Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is still one of the significant threats to human life. In recent years, the continuous exploration of small molecule inhibitors represented by bedaquinoline has brought new vitality into the field of tuberculosis. However, small molecule inhibitors will inevitably occur acquired drug resistance during clinical medication. As a new pharmacological mechanism, targeted protein degradation (TPD) achieves efficacy by destroying rather than inhibiting protein targets. It might be an excellent strategy to develop anti-tuberculosis drugs based on the TPD concept to solve drug resistance. This article reviews the protein degradation pathways of Mtb, such as the Pup proteasome system and the ClpP-ClpC1 complex enzyme system. The future development of these strategies into TPD drugs was prospected and summarized.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis  /  drug resistance  /  targeted protein degradation  /  caseinolytic peptidase system  /  BacPROTAC
徐蔚军, 于丽芳. 靶向降解结核分枝杆菌蛋白技术的研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1221 -1231 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1119
Wei-jun XU, Li-fang YU. Research progress of targeted degradation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1221 -1231 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1119
结核病(TB) 的防治仍然是全球重要的公共卫生问题。在冠状病毒COVID-19大流行之前, 结核病的病死率高于HIV/AIDS, 是单一传染性病原体导致的最致命的感染性疾病。耐多药和广泛耐药病例的不断涌现使得结核病的预防和诊治愈发困难。据世界卫生组织2021结核病报告显示, 从2015年到2019年, 全球广泛耐药及耐多药患者人数呈逐步上升趋势, 但受到新冠肺炎对病情诊断的影响, 2020年报道的人数出现小幅下降[1]。结核病的临床经典治疗方案是“四药(利福平、异烟肼、乙胺丁醇、吡嗪酰胺) 联用”6个月, 然而, 如果患者所感染的病原体对常用的一线抗结核药物不敏感, 会在治疗方案中引入二线抗结核药物, 治疗时间常常会超过两年, 患者的依从性也会显著下降。然而, 对于广泛耐药结核病患者的治愈率却不足22%。2020年的一项临床研究结果显示治疗失败或者不能耐受其他治疗方案的广泛耐药或耐多药的结核病患者(109人), 口服贝达喹啉、普托马尼和利奈唑胺3种药, 治疗时间缩短到6个月, 治愈率超过90%[2]。然而, 长期使用后的治疗效果仍令人担忧。
目前结核病耐药情况可分为两类: 一类是由于单核苷酸多态性导致的获得性耐药, 这也是小分子抑菌剂在临床用药一段时间后可能面临的问题; 另一类是细菌固有性耐药因素, 如外排泵作用、降低细胞壁对药物的渗透性等[3]。以2019年为例, 全球约有465 000例耐多药结核病病例, 在全部结核病病例中约11%患者同时对异烟肼耐药和对利福平不敏感[4]。结核病新药的耐药情况同样不容乐观, 2015年到2019年在南非一项对贝达喹啉耐药相关的流行病学横断面分析结果显示, 在实施含贝达喹啉的治疗方案2个月、6个月后, 痰片检测发现耐药率可达3.8% (76/2 023), 这一结果已高于预期设想[5]。2014年, 1名广泛耐药结核病患者在治疗方案中加入德拉马尼2个月后发现fbiAfgd1两个基因突变频率增加, 而这正与德拉马尼的表型耐药性的出现相吻合[6]。从耐药机制上看, 利福平通过与RNA聚合酶β亚基蛋白RpoB结合, 干扰新转录RNA的出口路径来抑制转录[7]。利福平耐药是由于其编码RpoB蛋白的基因突变, 其中65%~86%的突变位于526 (TCG→TTG) 或531 (TCG→TTG) 位密码子最为常见[8]。RpoB结合位点构象发生改变, 丧失与利福平结合能力。异烟肼作为一种前药并由结核分枝杆菌的KatG酶激活后抑制InhA从而抑制分枝菌酸的生物合成。同时还能与一些辅酶结合, 起到干扰脱氧核糖核酸和核糖核酸合成的作用。目前约80%的异烟肼耐药菌株携带katG基因突变或部分或完全缺失, 约70%的耐药菌株中发现Ser315Thr突变, 使异烟肼不能转换成活性形式导致耐药[9]。同时, InhA基因突变(Ser280Ala、Ser94Ala、Ile90Phe等) 可以阻止INH-NADH复合物的活化, 产生异烟肼耐药[10]。氨基糖苷类抗生素链霉素与小核糖体亚单位16S rRNA相互作用, 并干扰翻译校对, 从而抑制蛋白质的合成[11]。而编码核糖体S12蛋白rpsL基因中的一系列错译突变(Lys43Arg、Lys88Arg) 及编码16SrRNA的rrs基因突变(A513G) 从而导致耐药[12]。贝达喹啉可与ATP合酶寡聚体α和寡聚体С结合, 影响ATP合酶质子泵的活性, 阻断ATP的合成。但Hartkoorn等[13]发现结核分枝杆菌中编码MmpR5阻遏蛋白的Rv0678发生突变(Thr437Cys、Gly5Thr、Cys158Thr等), 将会促进MmpL5-Mmps5外排泵上调, 而对贝达喹啉形成耐药。
靶向蛋白降解策略(targeted protein degradation, TPD) 作为一种不同的药理学机制, 规避了常见的“占用驱动”模式, 利用细胞内天然存在的蛋白降解系统实现对疾病相关蛋白的特异、高效降解, 从而达到疾病治疗的目的。目前应用TPD策略已成功开发出多种蛋白降解工具, 在多种疾病领域取得了重要的研究进展。如: LYTAC技术通过参与阳离子非依赖性甘露糖6-磷酸受体, 利用自噬溶酶体途径实现细胞膜结合蛋白的靶向降解[14]; 与抗体偶联的Ab-PROTAC精准定位靶细胞内致病蛋白, 实现双重选择性[15]; 其中以利用真核细胞泛素-蛋白酶体系统的PROTAC发展最为迅速, 并以催化、可逆和快速的方式为生物学研究和疾病的治疗提供重要尝试[16]。PROTAC分子是双功能小分子, 能同时结合靶蛋白和E3泛素连接酶, 从而引起靶蛋白被泛素化, 并通过蛋白酶体识别降解。报道的PROTAC目标蛋白已达130多个[17], 包括目前被认为不可成药的蛋白靶点, PROTAC其独特的作用机制也对解决靶点的耐药问题提供了解决策略。经过20余年的发展, 越来越多的PROTAC分子进入了临床研究, 并获得了积极的初步研究结果, 主要集中于肿瘤治疗领域。辉瑞公司的ARV-471靶向雌激素受体(ER), 主要针对局部晚期或转移性ER阳性/HER2阴性乳腺癌[18], 其临床Ⅰ期的中期数据显示其可促进ER大幅降解并有望解决当前上市雌激素受体抑制剂所面临的耐药性; 靶向BTK的PROTAC分子进入了临床研究阶段(NX2127、NX-5948、BGB16673、HSK29116), Nurix公司的NX-2127可以迅速降解患者B细胞中的BTK, 在100 mg剂量下具有良好的安全性, 且可用于治疗对BTK-Cys481Ser耐药的难治性慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL) 患者。PROTAC技术的发展为耐药结核病领域打开了新的思路, 此外该技术具备的催化特性使得候选药物降低了小分子抑制剂与靶标结合所需要的暴露浓度, 具有潜在的低摩尔剂量活性[19], 有利于避免过量的使用药物加剧耐药。利用TPD构建的双功能分子嵌合体一端靶向目标蛋白分子(POI), 另一端指向与胞内蛋白降解机制相关的蛋白, 两端通过适宜长度的连接子相连[20]。利用该策略解决结核分枝杆菌耐药性的问题关键在于找到启动内源性蛋白质质量控制系统(protein quality control system, PQC) 的“钥匙”进而达到靶蛋白的降解[21]
蛋白酶体在真核细胞中普遍存在, 真核细胞利用其独有的泛素-蛋白降解机制为目标蛋白进行多泛素标签化, 进而被蛋白酶体识别并降解。20世纪80年代, Dahlmann等[22]通过电镜观测首次验证了原核细胞中蛋白酶体的存在, 但长期以来对于原核蛋白酶体的功能和作用机制了解甚少。原核类泛素蛋白(prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein, Pup) 是由Rv2111c基因编码的, 含64个氨基酸, 2008年在结核分枝杆菌中首次被发现[23]。Pup可以在辅助因子的帮助下标记多种目标蛋白, 即类泛素化修饰, 介导被标记的底物被蛋白酶体识别后降解[24, 25]。Pup在标记底物的过程中, 其C末端的Gln受到去酰胺酶(Dop) 的催化转化为Glu[26], 通过羧氨连接酶PafA作用, Glu被磷酸化并以共价结合的方式与底物蛋白上的Lys相连, 实现对底物蛋白的标记[27]。随后, 经Pup标记的底物蛋白通过与Mpa卷曲螺旋结构域对接而被招募到Mpa-蛋白酶体复合物, 并且Pup经历由无序到有序的转变, 形成一个扩展的螺旋(图 1)。在Mpa作用下, Pup的无序N末端区域展开, 并定向易位到蛋白酶体核心进行降解。在Mtb中, 目前已发现经Pup-蛋白酶体途径标记并降解的底物蛋白有FabD[28]、PanB[29]、Ino1[30]、Icl[31]、MtrA[32]等。游离状态下的Pup是一种无序蛋白, 在PafA的协助下, C端与蛋白酶体识别域结合时, 由无序状态转化为螺旋折叠, 而N端依然保持无序状态[33]。因此, Pup不仅可以作为蛋白酶体的识别信号, 还可以在标记底物的同时为其带上无序标签, 有利于底物分子的降解。然而遗憾的是, 目前尚未能找到合适的特异性靶向PafA的配体。
酪蛋白水解肽酶ClpP及其伴侣AAA+酶(与多种细胞活动相关的ATP酶) 会形成蛋白水解复合物而降解, 这是细菌中消除未折叠和聚集蛋白质的另一类内源性降解机制。ClpP是圆柱状的高度保守的区室化肽酶, 其单体可分为3个子域: N端环段、头部域和句柄域(图 2B, 左), 2个七聚体纵向堆叠形成一个筒状的十四聚体(图 2C, 右), 其内形成一个腔室, 空腔内含有14个丝氨酸肽酶活性位点, 每个位点都有一个保守的Ser-His-Asp催化序列[34, 35]。部分短肽可以通过狭窄的轴向孔进入其蛋白空腔水解, 然而, 为了对长多肽和蛋白质进行有效的蛋白水解, ClpP通常与ATPase伴侣(称为Clp ATPase) 形成复合物, 这些伴侣蛋白以ATP依赖性方式识别和展开特定底物, 并诱导蛋白酶的构象从封闭变为开放, 有利于将其穿入ClpP空腔进行降解(图 2D)。在结核分枝杆菌中, 由ATPase伴侣ClpC1和蛋白酶ClpP1P2组成的复合物正是承担这一机制的重要载体。结核分枝杆菌ClpC1是一种具有848个氨基酸的蛋白, 活性状态下其以六聚体的形式与ClpP2结合(图 2C, 左)。单个ClpC1单体由N端螺旋结构域(ClpC1-NTD)、两个核苷酸或ATP酶结合域D1和D2和一个插入D1的卷曲螺旋(M结构域), 其中D1环顶部的ClpC1-NTD作为受体识别域为外界底物提供对接位点(图 2B, 右)[36]
2016年, Trentini等[37]证实了磷酸化的精氨酸(PArg) 所标记的底物可被ClpC-ClpP蛋白酶复合体中ClpC-NTD识别, 进而导致其降解。精氨酸残基经常在对蛋白质折叠和组装至关重要的分子界面上观察到, 但磷酸化后精氨酸的净电荷倒置对蛋白质稳定性有很大影响。此外催化该反应的精氨酸激酶McsB与枯草芽孢杆菌的主要蛋白水解酶ClpP在基因层面进行转录共调节。利用表达ClpP蛋白酶的非活性突变体(可正常捕获蛋白) 来监测pArg蛋白质在体内的降解。通过定量MS分析在野生型细胞无降解活性的ClpP肽酶空腔内发现14个pArg蛋白, 但在ClpC敲除细胞中只有一个pArg底物, 且该底物蛋白CtsR被证明通过ClpX和ClpE去折叠酶靶向ClpP。这说明ClpC在引导pArg蛋白进行ClpP依赖性蛋白水解中起到重要作用: 能将pArg标记蛋白引导至ClpP进而产生依赖性蛋白水解。此外发现在酪蛋白PArg存在下形成一种瞬时ClpC-ClpP复合酶, 甚至比在衔接蛋白MecA存在下的程度更高; 相反, 未磷酸化酪蛋白不能促进ClpC-ClpP组装, 说明pArg修饰对于为ClpC的NTD招募底物和促进功能性ClpC-ClpP蛋白酶复合物的组装至关重要。
Morreale等[38]同样指出pArg标记不仅作为降解信号, 还介导ClpC1的高阶低聚物形成和激活。因此, 通过使用与ClpC1结合的配体(如PArg) 来募集蛋白水解复合物可以作为一种有前途的TPD策略来实现对结核分枝杆菌中靶蛋白的定向降解。为了验证这一想法, 该团队设计合成以pArg部分和一种高亲和力链霉亲和素单体蛋白(mSA) 配体—生物素构建的BacPROTAC-1, 并通过等温滴定量热法测量证实, 该复合物以高亲和力结合mSA和ClpC1-NTD (KD为3.9和2.8 μmol·L-1), 此外通过分析尺寸排阻色谱法验证了三元络合物的稳定形成。在此基础上, 研究人员在体外重组了耻垢分枝杆菌ClpC1-ClpP蛋白, 并观察到BacPROTAC-1以高度选择性和高效的方式诱导mSA底物降解, 表明以PArg作为靶向ClpC1-ClpP复合酶的BacPROTAC的策略是可行的。为了确认降解是由BacPROTAC-1特异性诱导的, 其通过在反应中继续添加单独的pArg或生物素, 发现在这些化合物存在的情况下, ClpC-ClpP复合酶并未继续降解底物, 这证实了BacPROTAC介导的三元复合物形成是降解所必需的。由于精氨酸磷酸胍基的化学不稳定性以及该片段对药物代谢方面的影响, PArg作为靶向ClpC1的配体仍需进行进一步结构优化。
除PArg外, 目前所发现的ClpC1配体均来源于天然产物, 其绝大部分均以大分子环肽的形式存在, 如cyclomarin A (CymA)、rufomycin (RUFI)、lassomycin、ecumicin等。CymA是从海洋链霉菌属中分离出的含有7个氨基酸的环肽[39], 除去Ala、Val等天然片段外均为天然氨基酸衍生物如: N-甲基亮氨酸、β-羟基色氨酸单元、δ-羟基亮氨酸片段(该片段在另一类抗结核天然活性成分依拉霉素中也可以看到)、β-甲氧基苯丙氨酸组分衍生物(该片段也存在许多天然活性成分之中) 及缬氨酸类似物。2011年Schmitt等[40]通过全细胞筛选实验发现CymA靶向ClpC1的氨基端识别域, 且具有抗结核作用。与ClpC1-NTD蛋白复合物共晶显示, δ-羟基亮氨酸片段的羰基和羟基与Lys85上氨基形成氢键作用力, Ala片段羰基与Phe80上氨基形成氢键, β-羟基色氨酸单元中的羟基可与主链Met1氮原子形成氢键。ClpC1-NTD蛋白的Phe2和Phe80之间形成一道疏水脊, CymA中的β-羟基色氨酸单元上的吲哚深入疏水口袋(图 3AB)[41]
Vasudevan等[41]猜想CymA结合使ClpC1被激活, 进而通道打开, 这可以让较大的蛋白质自由进入Clp机制的去折叠和蛋白水解核心。如果功能性或部分折叠的新生蛋白质被降解可能会导致细胞死亡。2019年, Maurer等[42]证实了这一观点, 通过构建金葡菌NMtb ClpC1嵌合体(将金葡菌ClpC1 (M1-L142) 的整个NTD替换为结核分枝杆菌ClpC1 (M1-Q146) 的NTD, 得到嵌合结构NMtb ClpC1)。发现CymA对NMtb ClpC1/ClpP活性有双重影响: ①使底物自主降解; ②阻断适配器蛋白(如MecA) 结合。CymA和MecA结合位点不同, 作者认为CymA诱导ClpC1-NTD与MecA结合位点改变。Mtb细胞不含MecA, 但含有N端适配器蛋白ClpS, CymA是否以与MecA和NMtb ClpC1类似的方式影响ClpC1与ClpS合作, 还需进一步探究。
基于CymA的结构优化主要集中于利用氨基酸替换及结构简化两方面(表 1)。Schmitt等[40]发现, 将δ-羟基亮氨酸中的羟基替换为苯基后, 活性大幅降低且与ClpC1蛋白的结合力变弱(3.10 ± 0.09 nmol·L-1 vs > 10 μmol·L-1)。这可能是R2位置的羟基作为氢键供体, 当被取代后该功能丧失。此外将R1位置的环氧环开环, 其结合力略有降低(3.10 ± 0.09 nmol·L-1 vs 12 ± 4 nmol·L-1)。Kiefer等[43]将工作集中于对R1、R2和R3三个取代基的结构简化: 缬氨酸类似物片段R3的简化对于化合物MIC影响不大(化合物6 vs 117 vs 128 vs 13), 该片段可用天然氨基酸缬氨酸替代来降低合成难度; R1片段采取iPr对于MIC有利, 这可能与色氨酸片段所指向的疏水口袋的大小有关; R2侧链在去掉甲基后, MIC值整体有略微下降(化合物15~21)。值得注意的是, 化合物14在将三个位置均做简化处理后其MIC并无明显变化, 因此上述三个片段均可进行氨基酸替换。R4片段指向溶剂区, 其修饰对于MIC值没有明显影响[44]。Morreale等[38]设计的BacPROTAC中ClpC1-NTD配体sCym-1将非天然氨基酸部分换成天然氨基酸, 同时Lys的氨基部分替换原始结构中的醇羟基, 在保留氢键作用力的同时简化了合成步骤。共晶结构(PDB: 7AA4) 显示sCym1除与Met1无氢键外, 保留了CymA与ClpC1-NTD的其他作用力。该化合物的KD值为0.81 ± 0.05 μmol·L-1, 与ClpC1蛋白结合力弱于非天然结构。在搭建BacPROTAC模型时, 由于Ala片段正处于Fhe2与Fhe80的疏水脊上, 且Ala甲基部分指向溶剂区并与周围氨基酸残基无明显作用力, 因而可作为连接链的连接位点。在体外实验中, 基于sCym-1的降解物与基于pArg的参照物对mSA模型蛋白降解效应相同, 表明CymA可作为构建BacPROTAC的新接头, 同时提示其余靶向ClpC1-NTD的配体也可用于发展该技术(图 3C)。为了进一步验证BacPROTAC在引入分枝杆菌后是否能诱导POI降解, 其将不含细菌同系物的人类蛋白质BRDT BD1编码入耻垢分枝杆菌细胞, 并构建靶向BRDT的小分子JQ1和sCym-1的BacPROTAC-3。通过对耻垢分枝杆菌细胞裂解物进行串联质谱分析, 对2 912种蛋白质进行检测和定量, 发现只有BRDTBD1在BacPROTAC-3治疗后显著减少, 这一结果表明将BacPROTAC方法应用于结核病领域的可行性。证明sCym-1可以成功地整合到不同的双功能降解物中后, 实验人员将该方法扩展到天然香豆素的一种轻微修饰衍生物dCymM, 基于dCymM的合成难度与结构特征, 在设计模块化双功能降解剂时一方面采取与sCym-1不同的连接位点, 另一方面考察了连接链的极性对降解剂的影响, 分别合成含水溶性连接链的BacPROTAC-4 (图 3D) 和含脂溶性连接链的BacPROTAC-5 (图 3E)。结果发现, 以dCymM为接头的降解物结合ClpC1NTD具有高亲和力(KD = 0.2 μmol·L-1) 并在低于其sCym-1类似物的浓度下诱导BRDTBD1降解, 而侧链极性对此无明显影响, 这表明天然产物的骨架保留对于与ClpC1-NTD的结合仍然有着一定的优势, 但综合其合成难度及BacPROTAC技术的可行性, 仍需对CymA类化合物进行结构改造探索。
除以目标蛋白为降解对象的BacPROTAC以外, Junk等[45]通过Click反应、烯烃复分解等构建二聚化的dCym, 从而产生招募和降解ClpC1的化合物(表 2)。该BacPROTACs有效降低了耻垢分枝杆菌(Msm) 中内源性ClpC1水平, 并在Msm和Mtb菌株中均显示出低微摩尔至纳摩尔范围内的最低抑制浓度。此外对野生型和多重耐药结核分枝杆菌都具有强大的杀菌活性, 并可杀死隐藏在THP-1巨噬细胞中的MtbH37Rv。根据CymA与ClpC1-NTD复合物共晶结构, 实验人员选择3, 6, 7位氨基酸作为合适的连接链连接位点设计合成一系列二聚化的dCym, 即homo-BacPROTAC。另外考虑到环肽的极性较大以及对细胞通透性较低, 在综合蛋白-配体间相互作用力后, 其设计合成一批6位氨基酸酰胺氮甲基化的BacPROTAC。实验结果显示, 二聚化的homo-BacPROTAC对ClpC1-NTD显示出优良的结合能力, 且连接链的长度对于结合的影响可被忽略, 但6位甲基的引入会导致部分配体与蛋白结合变弱。但不幸的是, 其对Caco-2细胞的预期渗透性均无法被检测到, 且化合物水溶性均较差并且作者推测这导致了后续PK实验中较低的生物利用度。
由于上述各种BacPROTAC对ClpC1-NTD的亲和力在纳摩尔范围内, 该团队评估了这些分子在无细胞降解试验中诱导其同源靶ClpC1的降解能力。实验发现: 化合物36 (UdSBI-0545) 能有效诱导清楚ClpC1-NTD底物, 半数最大降解浓度(DC50) 为7.6 μmol·L-1, 且最大降解效率(DMax) 达到81%。而化合物32 (UdSBI-4377) 的效果同样较为显著: DC50为7.7 μmol·L-1, DMax为79%。值得一提的是, 当3种Msm蛋白被其相应的Mtb同系物取代, 仍然可以观测到BacPROTAC-介导的ClpC1-NTD降解。此外, 在内源性ClpC1蛋白降解实验中, 共孵育24 h后, UdSBI-0545仍然以浓度依赖性方式诱导ClpC1的降解, 平均DC50为571 nmol·L-1, 平均Dmax为47.7%, 相较于无细胞模型, 数值呈较大程度下降, 这可能是由于二聚体BacPROTACs对细菌膜的较低渗透性、细菌的抗性机制以及ClpC1半衰期的改变或再合成速率等。
有趣的是, 除特殊的降解机制外, 化合物32 (UdSBI-4377) 在0.097 μmol·L-1时抑制该Mtb菌株的生长, 这低于其单体衍生物(3.13 μmol·L-1)。从单体到二聚体, 化合物对ClpC1-NTD的KD值提高了10倍, 而这些化合物对Mtb的MIC则提高了30倍。且与非致病性Msm相比, 各种BacPROTAC和对照化合物对Msm#607的MIC均高于Mtb H37Rv。此外, UdSBI-0545和UdSBI-4377对于Mtb#11291、Mtb#8673、Mtb ATCC 35825等对已知结核药物具有抗性的分离株均表现出一定的杀菌活性(MIC < 0.1 μmol·L-1)。
Rufomycin (RUFI) 是ClpC1的另一类配体, 是在放线菌的代谢产物中筛选得到, 具有优良的抗Mtb活性, ClpC1-NTD与RUFI的复合物共晶结构显示其与CymA作用于NTD结构域的相同位点[46]。二者结构均为大分子七元环肽, Choules等[47]对其进行了简单的化学修饰(表 3), R1、R2在形成闭环时所保留的羟基对于RUFI的MIC影响较大(化合物4243), 将R3位置的硝基去掉后其活性大幅降低(化合物47), 该位置是否可用其他吸电子基取代还有待进一步探究。通过共晶结构观测到R5位置的环氧乙烷在结合过程中, 其环氧环打开, 与Met之间形成C-S共价键, 稳定配体与靶蛋白的结合。
Gavrish等[48]通过原位培养并延长培养时间的方法, 从土壤微生物Lentzea kentuckyensis的发酵液中分离出化合物lassomycin, 对结核菌包括MDR与XDR菌株的MIC值是0.8~3.0 μg·mL-1。通过高通量筛选的方法, 研究人员从65 000种放线菌的萃取物中发现野村氏菌Nonomuraea sp. MJM5123能产生一种新的抗生素ecumicin[49]。上述两类天然产物均能结合到ClpC1-NTD识别域, 但与上述CymA与RUF1作用位点不同。
Tayyab等[50]利用天然产物化合物库筛选出10个ClpC1-NTD配体, 并利用通过复杂的MD模拟检查最有效化合物的稳定性, 同时使用SwissADME和pkCSM收集药代动力学特性。该项工作利用ClpC1-NTD与RUF1的共晶结构(PDB: 6CN8) 作为对照, 以结合能作为指标进行筛选发现: 配体NP132与ClpC1-NTD形成了一种强而稳定的复合物, 具有良好的药代动力学和毒理学特征。图 4A结构中羧基上的两个氧原子均与Lys85形成氢键作用力, 同时羟基与Leu88形成氢键, 在结合构象中环己烷部分伸向口袋外, 图 4B中R2位置氧原子与Leu88和Met1形成氢键, 而母核上的羰基氧与Lys85之间具有氢键作用力。但R1位置同样伸出构象外, 未来两类化合物的R1位置均有望作为TPD策略中与连接子相连的位点。
Pup-蛋白酶体系统中以Pup标签化目标蛋白并诱导蛋白酶体识别和降解; ClpP-ClpC1蛋白酶水解复合物以PArg作为底物识别的标记。二者一定程度上均应用标签化的理念。吡嗪酰胺是一种由结核分枝杆菌酰胺酶激活以释放其生物活性成分吡嗪酸(POA) 的前药, 早前认为通过POA与天冬氨酸脱羧酶PanD结合来中断辅酶A的生物合成。而最近Gopal等[51]指出吡嗪酸与PanD的结合会使得PanD的C端降解决定子(degron) 暴露和改变PanD复合体的多聚体状态, 其degron被ClpC1-ClpP复合酶识别并诱导PanD被降解。PanD和ClpC1的突变导致结核分枝杆菌中相同水平的PZA/POA抗性, 表明这两种蛋白质和POA之间存在相关联系。研究人员发现POA与PanD的结合加速了ClpC1-ClpP依赖的PanD降解。同时利用生物物理手段研究表明, POA在C端degron暴露后会形成更高阶的低聚物, 从而使PanD更易于被ClpC1-ClpP复合物识别和降解。因此, POA并没有抑制其靶标的生化活性, 而是诱导了PanD的降解。在结核分枝杆菌中, 另一经典标签SsrA依赖Clp-ClpCX蛋白酶复合物降解[52, 53]。其为含11个氨基酸的序列(AANDENYALAA), 在反式翻译过程中被tmRNA添加到多肽链的C端。该技术目前仍然依赖于基因工程生成融合蛋白, 应用该技术发展实体药物尚存在一定困难[52]
靶向蛋白降解为结核病领域注入了新的活力, 其独特的降解机制为细菌耐药性逐渐增加的现状带来了曙光[54]。利用结核分枝杆菌中Clp系统发展BacPROTAC药物的理念正在逐步得到践行, 其所引导的模块化支架理论上可靶向降解任何一个药物靶点。CHEMBL数据库中报告了针对70多种结核分枝杆菌蛋白质的90 000多种化合物, 将这些化合物与ClpC1-NTD配体进行模式化搭建有望加快抗结核药物的发现步伐。BacPROTAC药物不需要占据靶点的功能口袋, 仅需要与靶蛋白有稳定的结合力。未来可追溯之前与靶蛋白结合稳定但并未具有药物疗效的分子来搭建该模型, 或将有效缩短新药开发时间与降低研发难度。然而, 对BacPROTAC药物的探索目前仍然处于起步阶段, 该技术的发展仍然面临挑战: ①目前靶向ClpC1-NTD的配体仍然集中于天然产物大分子环肽, 其复杂结构一定程度上加大了BacPROTAC合成的困难[55]; ②如何高效地设计和连接靶蛋白和ClpC1-NTD配体也是一个重要问题, 同样这也是所有TPD药物所要探索的方向; ③对于结核分枝杆菌胞内相关蛋白降解的实际应用尚需进一步探究。
作者贡献: 徐蔚军负责文章的撰写及修改; 于丽芳提出文章的思路, 并进行撰写及修改指导。
利益冲突: 本文不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(21778019)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22107031)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2020 [R]. Geneva: WHO, 2020.
[2]
Conradie F , Diacon AH , Ngubane N , et al . Treatment of highly drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382: 893-902.
[3]
Farhat MR , Shapiro BJ , Kieser KJ , et al . Genomic analysis identifies targets of convergent positive selection in drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis[J]. Nat Genet, 2013, 45: 1183-1189.
[4]
World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2021 [R]. Geneva: WHO, 2021.
[5]
Ismail NA , Omar SV , Morltrie H , et al . Assessment of epidemiological and genetic characteristics and clinical outcomes of resistance to bedaquiline in patients treated for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study[J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2022, 22: 496-506.
[6]
Nguyen TVA , Anthony RM , Cao TTH , et al . Delamanid resistance: update and clinical management[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2020, 71: 3252-3259.
[7]
Singh A , Grover S , Singha S , et al . Mechanistic principles behind molecular mechanism of rifampicin resistance in mutant RNA polymerase beta subunit of Mycobacterium tuberculosis[J]. J Cell Biochem, 2017, 118: 4594-4606.
[8]
Aubry-Damon HLN , Soussy CJ , Courvalin P . Characterization of mutations in the rpoB gene that confer rifampin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1998, 42: 2590-2594.
[9]
Zhang Y , Heym B , Allen B , et al . The catalase-peroxidase gene and isoniazid resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis[J]. Nature, 1992, 358: 591-593.
[10]
Unissa AN , Subbian S , Hanna LE , et al . Overview on mechanisms of isoniazid action and resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis[J]. Infect Genet Evol, 2016, 45: 474-492.
[11]
Zhang Y . The magic bullets and tuberculosis drug targets[J]. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 2005, 45: 529-564.
[12]
Finken M , Krischner P , Meier A , et al . Molecular basis of streptomycin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: alterations of the ribosomal protein S12 gene and point mutations within a functional 16S ribosomal RNA pseudoknot[J]. Mol Microbiol, 1993, 9: 1239-1246.
[13]
Hartkoorn RC , Uplekar S , Cole ST . Cross-resistance between clofazimine and bedaquiline through upregulation of MmpL5 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2014, 58: 2979-2981.
[14]
Powell M , Blaskovich MAT , Hansford KA . Targeted protein degradation: the new frontier of antimicrobial discovery?[J]. ACS Infect Dis, 2021, 7: 2050-2067.
[15]
Sosic I , Bricelj A , Steinebach C . E3 ligase ligand chemistries: from building blocks to protein degraders[J]. Chem Soc Rev, 2022, 51: 3487-3534.
[16]
Nishimura K , van Wijk KJ . Organization, function and substrates of the essential Clp protease system in plastids[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2015, 1847: 915-930.
[17]
He M , Cao C , Ni Z , et al . PROTACs: great opportunities for academia and industry (an update from 2020 to 2021)[J]. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2022, 7: 181.
[18]
Wang H , Xie F . New anticancer drugs based on protein degradation targeting chimera technology-ARV-110 and ARV-471[J]. Clin Med J (临床药物治疗杂志), 2020, 18: 36-39.
[19]
Burslem GM , Smith BE , Lai AC , et al . The advantages of targeted protein degradation over inhibition: an RTK case study[J]. Cell Chem Biol, 2018, 25: 67-77 e3.
[20]
Pettersson M , Crews CM . Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) - past, present and future[J]. Drug Discov Today Technol, 2019, 31: 15-27.
[21]
Conn PM , Janovick JA . Drug development and the cellular quality control system[J]. Trends Pharmacol Sci, 2009, 30: 228-233.
[22]
Dahlmann B , Kopp F , Kuehn L , et al . The multicatalytic proteinase prosome is ubiquitous from eukaryotes to archaebacteria[J]. FEBS Lett, 1989, 251: 125-131.
[23]
Burns KE , Liu WT , Boshoff HIM , et al . Proteasomal protein degradation in mycobacteria is dependent upon a prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein[J]. J Biol Chem, 2009, 284: 3069-3075.
[24]
Delley CL , Muller AU , Ziemski M , et al . Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein and its ligase/deligase enyzmes[J]. J Mol Biol, 2017, 429: 3486-3499.
[25]
Wang CJ , Lin J , Zhang JJ . Progress in the study of prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup)-proteasome system[J]. Prog Biochem Biophys, 2012, 38: 1091-1098.
[26]
Ozcelik D , Barandun J , Schmitz N , et al . Structures of Pup ligase PafA and depupylase Dop from the prokaryotic ubiquitin-like modification pathway[J]. Nat Commun, 2012, 3: 1014.
[27]
Barandun J , Delley CL , Ban N , et al . Crystal structure of the complex between prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein and its ligase PafA[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2013, 135: 6794-6797.
[28]
Pearce MJ , Arora P , Festa RA , et al . Identification of substrates of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteasome[J]. EMBO J, 2006, 25: 5423-5432.
[29]
Sambandamurthy VK , Wang X , Chen B , et al . A pantothenate auxotroph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is highly attenuated and protects mice against tuberculosis[J]. Nat Med, 2002, 8: 1171-1174.
[30]
Movahedzadeh F , Smith DA , Norman RA , et al . The Mycobacterium tuberculosis ino1 gene is essential for growth and virulence[J]. Mol Microbiol, 2004, 51: 1003-1014.
[31]
Festa RA , Mcallister F , Pearce MJ , et al . Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup) proteome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis[J]. PLoS One, 2010, 5: e8589.
[32]
Fol M , Chauhan A , Nair NK , et al . Modulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis proliferation by MtrA, an essential two-component response regulator[J]. Mol Microbiol, 2006, 60: 643-657.
[33]
Oldfield CJ , Dunker AK . Intrinsically disordered proteins and intrinsically disordered protein regions[J]. Annu Rev Biochem, 2014, 83: 553-584.
[34]
Kress W , Maglica Z , Weber-Ban E . Clp chaperone-proteases: structure and function[J]. Res Microbiol, 2009, 160: 618-628.
[35]
Schmitz KR , Handy EL , Compton CL , et al . Acyldepsipeptide antibiotics and a bioactive fragment thereof differentially perturb Mycobacterium tuberculosis ClpXP1P2 activity in vitro[J]. ACS Chem Biol, 2020 http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32083462/
[36]
Bhandari V , Wong KS , Zhou JL , et al . The role of ClpP protease in bacterial pathogenesis and human diseases[J]. ACS Chem Biol, 2018, 13: 1413-1425.
[37]
Trentini DB , Suskiewicz MJ , Heuck A , et al . Arginine phosphorylation marks proteins for degradation by a Clp protease[J]. Nature, 2016, 539: 48-53.
[38]
Morreale FE , Kleine S , Leodolter J , et al . BacPROTACs mediate targeted protein degradation in bacteria[J]. Cell, 2022, 185: 2338-2353.
[39]
Renner MK , Shen YC , Cheng XC , et al . Cyclomarins A-C, new antiinflammatory cyclic peptides produced by a marine bacterium (Streptomyces sp.)[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 1999, 121: 11273-11276.
[40]
Schmitt EK , Riwanto M , Sambandamurthy V , et al . The natural product cyclomarin kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis by targeting the ClpC1 subunit of the caseinolytic protease[J]. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 2011, 50: 5889-5891.
[41]
Vasudevan D , Rao SP , Noble CG . Structural basis of mycobacterial inhibition by cyclomarin A[J]. J Biol Chem, 2013, 288: 30883-30891.
[42]
Maurer M , Linder D , Franke KB , et al . Toxic activation of an AAA+ protease by the antibacterial drug cyclomarin A[J]. Cell Chem Biol, 2019, 26: 1169-1179.e4.
[43]
Kiefer A , Bader CD , Held J , et al . Synthesis of new cyclomarin derivatives and their biological evaluation towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis and plasmodium falciparum[J]. Chemistry, 2019, 25: 8894-8902. http://www.onacademic.com/detail/journal_1000042268417399_9539.html
[44]
Kiefer A , Kazmaier U . Synthesis of modified beta-methoxyphenylalanines via diazonium chemistry and their incorporation in desoxycyclomarin analogues[J]. Org Biomol Chem, 2018, 17: 88-102. http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/c8/ob/c8ob02777c/c8ob02777c1.pdf
[45]
Junk L, Schmiedel VM, Guha S, et al. BacPROTAC-induced degradation of ClpC1 as a new strategy against drug-resistant mycobacteria [DB/OL]. ChemRxiv. Cambridge: Cambridge Open Engage. 2022. DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-8hnrh.
[46]
Wolf NM , Lee H , Choules MP , et al . High-resolution structure of ClpC1-rufomycin and ligand binding studies provide a framework to design and optimize anti-tuberculosis leads[J]. ACS Infect Dis, 2019, 5: 829-840.
[47]
Choules MP , Wolf NM , Lee H , et al . Rufomycin targets ClpC1 proteolysis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. abscessus[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2019, 63: e02204-e02218. http://doc.paperpass.com/foreign/rgArti20197696349.html
[48]
Gavrish E , Sit CS , Cao S , et al . Lassomycin, a ribosomally synthesized cyclic peptide, kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis by targeting the ATP-dependent protease ClpC1P1P2[J]. Chem Biol, 2014, 21: 509-518.
[49]
Gao W , Kim JY , Chen SN , et al . Discovery and characterization of the tuberculosis drug lead ecumicin[J]. Org Lett, 2014, 16: 6044-6047.
[50]
Tayyab H, Ridzwan NFW, Mohamad SB. Ensemble-based virtual screening of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ClpC1 inhibitors [DB/OL]. Beilstein Arch, 2021, 202150. DOI: 10.3762/bxiv.2021.50.v1.
[51]
Gopal P , Sarathy JP , Yee M , et al . Pyrazinamide triggers degradation of its target aspartate decarboxylase[J]. Nat Commun, 2020, 11: 1661.
[52]
Abeywansha T , Chai Q , Zhang X , et al . Accessibility from the cytoplasm is critical for ssrA tag-mediated degradation of integral membrane proteins by ClpXP protease[J]. Biochemistry, 2018, 57: 5602-5608.
[53]
Fritze J , Zhang M , Luo Q , et al . An overview of the bacterial SsrA system modulating intracellular protein levels and activities[J]. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2020, 104: 5229-5241.
[54]
Izert MA , Klimecka MM , Gorna MW . Applications of bacterial degrons and degraders - toward targeted protein degradation in bacteria[J]. Front Mol Biosci, 2021, 8: 669762.
[55]
Malik IT , Brotz-Oesterhelt H . Conformational control of the bacterial Clp protease by natural product antibiotics[J]. Nat Prod Rep, 2017, 34: 815-831
2023年第58卷第5期
PDF下载
179
55
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1119
  • 接收时间:2022-10-18
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-05-12
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2022-10-18
  • 修回日期:2022-11-18
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(21778019)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(22107031)
作者信息
    华东师范大学化学与分子工程学院, 上海分子治疗与新药创制工程技术研究中心, 上海 200062

通讯作者:

*于丽芳, E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1119
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏