Article(id=1198656354165555566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1195, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697990400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-23, revisedDate=1698681600000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711544791, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1702310400000, pubDateStr=2023-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711544791, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711544791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711544791, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656343151313891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='12', pageStart='3477', pageEnd='3726', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711542164, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711721609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198657095835943176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198657095840137481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3684, endPage=3690, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656354488517001, articleId=1198656354165555566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Design, synthesis and evaluation of phenoxyacetic acid-based PTP1B inhibitors, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B is a potential therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. Phosphotyrosine (pTyr) mimetics still dominate the currently available PTP1B inhibitors. The phenoxyacetic acid moiety was taken as a pTyr mimetic herein and phenoxyacetic acid-based compounds 2a-2g and 3a-3c were designed. Among them, compounds 2a-2g exhibited potent inhibition against PTP1B, and compound 2g showed an IC50 of 0.42 μmol·L-1 against PTP1B. Compound 2f exhibited pharmacological profiles similar to that of rosiglitazone, and could improve the insulin sensitivity and the serum total cholesterol level. The results suggest that PTP1B inhibitors might be effective in treating type 2 diabetes as well as associated metabolic syndromes.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-yan XIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jin-ying TIAN, Jun-zheng LIU, Shu-en ZHANG, Xiao-lin ZHANG, Fei YE, Zhi-yan XIAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656362076013367, articleId=1198656354165555566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=苯氧乙酸类PTP1B抑制剂的设计、合成及活性研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTP) 1B是治疗2型糖尿病的潜在靶点。已知的PTP1B抑制剂多数为磷酸酪氨酸(pTyr) 模拟物。本文以苯氧乙酸片段模拟pTyr, 设计合成了苯氧乙酸类化合物2a~2g3a~3c。其中, 化合物2a~2g对PTP1B具有显著的抑制活性, 化合物2g对PTP1B的IC50值达到0.42 μmol·L-1。化合物2f可提高胰岛素抵抗(IR) 小鼠的胰岛素敏感性, 并降低其血总胆固醇水平, 与胰岛素增敏剂罗格列酮的作用类似。上述研究结果提示PTP1B抑制剂可能对2型糖尿病及其并发症具有综合治疗作用。

, correspAuthors=肖志艳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*肖志艳, Tel/Fax: 86-10-63189228, E-mail:
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Org Lett, 2003, 5: 2453-2455., articleTitle=Mild method for Ullmann coupling reaction of amines and aryl halides, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960229720355478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, awardId=82000820, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(82000820), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960229867156132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, awardId=BZ0150, language=CN, fundingSource=北京新药机制与药理评价研究重点实验室(BZ0150), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960223047218140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960223051412446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, companyId=1198960223047218140, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960223059801054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, companyId=1198960223047218140, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 活性物质发现与适药化研究北京市重点实验室, 新药作用机制研究与药效评价北京市重点实验室, 中国医学科学院糖尿病研究中心, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960227069555083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VRPGkMApQ3BqYTFe0kJ3DQ==, figureFileBig=Cyx76zzxSPUx1MGJN4IXAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960227186995610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Small-molecule PTP1B inhibitors investigated in clinical trials , figureFileSmall=VRPGkMApQ3BqYTFe0kJ3DQ==, figureFileBig=Cyx76zzxSPUx1MGJN4IXAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960227329601959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6ByKa9FIz0hDV8rFRBtfZw==, figureFileBig=iVeq6o+In8N7JfK6LBR0jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960227438653868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Phenoxyacetic acid-based PTP1B inhibitors identified previously<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b9')" rid="b9">9</a>]</sup> , figureFileSmall=6ByKa9FIz0hDV8rFRBtfZw==, figureFileBig=iVeq6o+In8N7JfK6LBR0jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960227644174781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=GOxA6y3TsvMY7PlPUdHWZg==, figureFileBig=1+5QpjOsylW6J6qAv1zNmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960227824529869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, language=CN, label=Scheme 1, caption= Synthesis of compounds <strong>2a-2g</strong>. Reagents and conditions: a. Cu, K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, PhNO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, reflux or CuI, K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, DMSO, <i>L</i>-proline, N<sub>2</sub>, 90 ℃; b. BBr<sub>3</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>, -15 ℃ or NaI, (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>SiCl, CH<sub>3</sub>CN, N<sub>2</sub>; c. Methyl 2-hydroxy-3-substituted propanoate, Ph<sub>3</sub>P, diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD), benzene; d. ⅰ) KOH, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH, H<sub>2</sub>O, acetone; ⅱ) 5% aqueous HCl , figureFileSmall=GOxA6y3TsvMY7PlPUdHWZg==, figureFileBig=1+5QpjOsylW6J6qAv1zNmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228004884959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Mlf2EIKWXLCFhfui3w2eOQ==, figureFileBig=pIEuf/7e2NJHJFzaR2f4HQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228227183098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, language=CN, label=Scheme 2, caption= Synthesis of compounds <strong>3a-3c</strong>. Reagents and conditions: a. ⅰ) EtOH, reflux; ⅱ) NaBH<sub>4</sub>, r.t.; b. NBS, CCl<sub>4</sub>, <i>hv</i>, reflux; c. K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, DMF, r.t.; d. NaOH, H<sub>2</sub>O, r.t.; e. Methyl 2-hydroxy-3-phenyl propanoate, Ph<sub>3</sub>P, diethyl azodicarboxylate, benzene; f. 5% aqueous HCl , figureFileSmall=Mlf2EIKWXLCFhfui3w2eOQ==, figureFileBig=pIEuf/7e2NJHJFzaR2f4HQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228382372361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5Kb6qY3tILpK2wB5vVyhlw==, figureFileBig=aElyWg93UyTd+EjN8dwa9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228621447713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Interaction modes of compounds <strong>1a</strong> and <strong>2d</strong> revealed by molecular docking (PDB code: 1NNY). Docking with (A) compound <strong>1a</strong> and (B) compound <strong>2d</strong> , figureFileSmall=5Kb6qY3tILpK2wB5vVyhlw==, figureFileBig=aElyWg93UyTd+EjN8dwa9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228759859760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Pnly5bFVMBEzyNo3/ZvomQ==, figureFileBig=MqNgLykC67EpnHTAzB0MkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228873105982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Effects of compound <strong>2f</strong> in insulin-resistant (IR) obese mice. A: Glucose infusion rates (GIR) in hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp test; B: Changes of blood glucose in OGTT; C: AUC values in OGTT; D: Serum total cholesterol (TC) levels. Rosi: Rosiglitazone. (<i>n</i> = 8. <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Con; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> IR) , figureFileSmall=Pnly5bFVMBEzyNo3/ZvomQ==, figureFileBig=MqNgLykC67EpnHTAzB0MkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228961186380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Ar Inhibition (10-5 mol·L-1)/% IC50 (10-6 mol·L-1)
1a 98.4* 40.3
2a 99.9* 13.0
2b 50.4 5.88
2c 88.8 9.55
2d 81.8 1.28
2e 88.4 2.65
2f 100.7 1.17
2g 97.7 0.42
), ArticleFig(id=1198960229078626906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Inhibitory activity of compounds 2a-2g against PTP1B. *Inhibition was measured at 10-4 mol·L-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Ar Inhibition (10-5 mol·L-1)/% IC50 (10-6 mol·L-1)
1a 98.4* 40.3
2a 99.9* 13.0
2b 50.4 5.88
2c 88.8 9.55
2d 81.8 1.28
2e 88.4 2.65
2f 100.7 1.17
2g 97.7 0.42
), ArticleFig(id=1198960229242204771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. R′ Inhibition (10-4 mol·L-1)/% No. R′ Inhibition (10-4 mol·L-1)/%
1b F 111.8 3b CH3 58.7
3a H 26.0 3c OCH3 24.4
), ArticleFig(id=1198960229426754168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656354165555566, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Inhibitory activity of compounds 3a-3c against PTP1B

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. R′ Inhibition (10-4 mol·L-1)/% No. R′ Inhibition (10-4 mol·L-1)/%
1b F 111.8 3b CH3 58.7
3a H 26.0 3c OCH3 24.4
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苯氧乙酸类PTP1B抑制剂的设计、合成及活性研究
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田金英 , 刘军政 , 张书恩 , 张晓琳 , 叶菲 , 肖志艳 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(12): 3684-3690
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(12): 3684-3690
苯氧乙酸类PTP1B抑制剂的设计、合成及活性研究
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田金英, 刘军政, 张书恩, 张晓琳, 叶菲, 肖志艳*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 活性物质发现与适药化研究北京市重点实验室, 新药作用机制研究与药效评价北京市重点实验室, 中国医学科学院糖尿病研究中心, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*肖志艳, Tel/Fax: 86-10-63189228, E-mail:
Design, synthesis and evaluation of phenoxyacetic acid-based PTP1B inhibitors
Jin-ying TIAN, Jun-zheng LIU, Shu-en ZHANG, Xiao-lin ZHANG, Fei YE, Zhi-yan XIAO*
Affiliations
  • Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2023-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1195
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蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTP) 1B是治疗2型糖尿病的潜在靶点。已知的PTP1B抑制剂多数为磷酸酪氨酸(pTyr) 模拟物。本文以苯氧乙酸片段模拟pTyr, 设计合成了苯氧乙酸类化合物2a~2g3a~3c。其中, 化合物2a~2g对PTP1B具有显著的抑制活性, 化合物2g对PTP1B的IC50值达到0.42 μmol·L-1。化合物2f可提高胰岛素抵抗(IR) 小鼠的胰岛素敏感性, 并降低其血总胆固醇水平, 与胰岛素增敏剂罗格列酮的作用类似。上述研究结果提示PTP1B抑制剂可能对2型糖尿病及其并发症具有综合治疗作用。

PTP1B抑制剂  /  磷酸酪氨酸模拟物  /  苯氧乙酸类  /  胰岛素增敏剂

Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B is a potential therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. Phosphotyrosine (pTyr) mimetics still dominate the currently available PTP1B inhibitors. The phenoxyacetic acid moiety was taken as a pTyr mimetic herein and phenoxyacetic acid-based compounds 2a-2g and 3a-3c were designed. Among them, compounds 2a-2g exhibited potent inhibition against PTP1B, and compound 2g showed an IC50 of 0.42 μmol·L-1 against PTP1B. Compound 2f exhibited pharmacological profiles similar to that of rosiglitazone, and could improve the insulin sensitivity and the serum total cholesterol level. The results suggest that PTP1B inhibitors might be effective in treating type 2 diabetes as well as associated metabolic syndromes.

PTP1B inhibitor  /  pTyr mimetic  /  phenoxyacetic acid  /  insulin sensitizer
田金英, 刘军政, 张书恩, 张晓琳, 叶菲, 肖志艳. 苯氧乙酸类PTP1B抑制剂的设计、合成及活性研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (12) : 3684 -3690 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1195
Jin-ying TIAN, Jun-zheng LIU, Shu-en ZHANG, Xiao-lin ZHANG, Fei YE, Zhi-yan XIAO. Design, synthesis and evaluation of phenoxyacetic acid-based PTP1B inhibitors[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (12) : 3684 -3690 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1195
蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B (protein tyrosine phosphate 1B, PTP1B) 是胰岛素和瘦素信号转导中重要的负调控因子, 因此, PTP1B被认为是治疗2型糖尿病(T2DM) 的潜在靶点[1]。此外, 近年研究也表明, PTP1B在肿瘤[2]及神经系统疾病的发生发展中也起着重要作用[3]
由于PTP1B作为多种疾病治疗靶点的潜在可能性, 近20年, 发现活性显著、类药性良好的小分子PTP1B抑制剂成为药物化学研究工作中备受关注的领域。虽然已有不同结构类型的高活性PTP1B抑制剂见于文献[4]报道, 但迄今为止, 仅有3个小分子PTP1B抑制剂, 即ertiprotafib[5]、trodusquemine[6]和JTT-551[7]曾进入临床研究阶段(图 1), 目前尚无小分子PTP1B抑制剂应用于临床。
磷酸酪氨酸(pTyr) 是PTP1B去磷酸化作用的底物。已知的PTP1B抑制剂多数为针对PTP1B催化活性区设计的pTyr模拟物。由多肽-PTP1B复合物的晶体结构(PDB ID: 1PTV)[8]可知: pTyr与PTP1B的催化活性区(Cys215-Arg221) 结合, 其磷酸根不仅与Arg221形成静电相互作用, 还与Cys215、Ser216、Ala217、Gly220、Arg221等催化活性区的残基形成多重氢键相互作用。
目前, pTyr模拟物类小分子抑制剂仍是新型PTP1B抑制剂研究的主流。前期研究中[9], 采用基于药效团的骨架跃迁策略, 结合ertiprotafib与PTP1B的作用模式, 发现了多个结构类型的PTP1B抑制剂。其中, 化合物1a1b (图 2) 采用苯氧乙酸作为pTyr的模拟片段, 二者对PTP1B具有一定的抑制作用, 其IC50值分别为40.3和10.4 μmol·L-1。本文基于化合物1a1b, 分别设计合成了化合物2a~2g3a~3c, 初步研究了该类化合物对PTP1B抑制作用的构效关系。
如合成路线1所示, 化合物2a~2g以9H-咔唑(3) 为起始原料, 与芳基溴化物4经Ullmann反应得到芳甲醚5。化合物5脱除甲基得到酚类化合物6。进一步的Mitsunobu反应得到化合物7, 再经水解反应得到化合物2a~2g
化合物3a~3c以胡椒醛(8) 和4-甲基乙酰苯酚(9) 为原料合成得到(合成路线2)。胡椒醛(8) 与芳胺(10) 经还原胺化得到化合物11。4-甲基乙酰苯酚(9) 在N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺(N-bromosuccinimide, NBS) 作用下生成化合物12。化合物1112在碱性条件下反应生成化合物13, 后者水解得到化合物1414经Mitsunobu反应得到化合物15, 再经水解反应得到化合物3a~3c
文献[10]中对苯氧乙酸类PTP1B抑制剂的药效和代谢性质研究表明, 苯氧乙酸结构中手性中心的构型可能对该类抑制剂的体外PTP1B抑酶活性及代谢稳定性影响不明显。因此, 在化合物2a~2g的合成中, R为苯基或萘基时, 均既有与化合物1a维持相同构型的光活体, 也有外消旋体; 而化合物3a~3c则均为外消旋体。
采用人基因重组PTP1B酶测定了化合物2a~2g3a~3c的抑酶活性。如表 1所示, 化合物2a~2g均显示出较1a更强的PTP1B抑制作用。当Ar为取代苯基或联苯基时, PTP1B抑制活性显著增加(2a, 2b & 2f vs 1a); R为萘基较为苯基时, PTP1B抑制活性明显增强(2c vs 1a; 2d vs 2a; 2e vs 2b; 2g vs 2f)。当化合物1b中氟取代变换为H、CH3或OCH3时, 在10-4 mol·L-1浓度下, 抑制率均低于60% (表 2)。
化合物2d与化合物1a相对构型一致, 对二者进行了分子对接。如图 3所示, 化合物1a2d作用模式相似, 均作用于PTP1B的催化活性区, 二者结构中的羧基均与Arg221形成静电及氢键相互作用, 咔唑部分也均与Lys120形成了阳离子-π相互作用。1a中的苯环和2d中的萘环均伸入由Trp179、Asp181、Phe182、Gly220、Ala262及Thr263组成的疏水结合腔中。化合物2d抑酶活性的提高可能归因于萘环能更好地占据疏水腔, 具有更高的结合能。此外, 萘环提高了分子整体的疏水性和脂溶性, 有助于平衡分子的整体极性, 改善膜通透性。
在PTP1B抑制活性最好的3个化合物(2d2f2g) 中, 2f的R为苯基, 而2d2g的R均为萘基。芳环在CYP酶作用下, 可经由环氧化物的机制发生羟化反应。而π电子更丰富的萘环形成的环氧化物更容易与大分子发生亲核反应, 从而产生毒性 [11]。因此, 本研究选择化合物2f进行体内药效学评价。
PTP1B通过去磷酸化胰岛素受体或其底物上的酪氨酸残基负调控胰岛素信号转导, 进而引起胰岛素耐受。因此, PTP1B抑制剂是潜在的胰岛素增敏剂。由于目前尚无靶向PTP1B的药物上市, 本研究采用胰岛素增敏剂罗格列酮作为体内药效学评价的阳性对照药。
采用高脂高糖饲料喂养的C57BL/6j小鼠形成胰岛素抵抗(IR) 的动物模型。动物连续给药2周, 以罗格列酮为阳性对照药物, 评价化合物2f对IR小鼠的胰岛素反应性、血糖和血脂的影响(图 4)。除IR组和药物组外, 同时设采用正常饲料喂养的同批正常动物作为正常对照组(Con)。
正糖钳实验中稳态时葡萄糖的输注速率(GIR) 是公认的评价胰岛素抵抗的金指标[12]。在该实验中, 与IR组比较, 罗格列酮(Rosi) 组和化合物2f组的GIR水平分别提高了277.9%和106.9% (图 4A), 说明二者均具有明显增加IR小鼠胰岛素敏感性的作用。
在口服葡萄糖耐量(OGTT) 实验中, 与IR组比较, 化合物2f和罗格列酮均明显抑制动物葡萄糖负荷后的血糖峰值(图 4B), 并显著降低血糖-时间曲线下面积(AUC) (图 4C), 提示化合物2f与对饮食诱导的IR小鼠具有改善葡萄糖耐量的作用。该化合物可能与罗格列酮有类似作用, 对IR小鼠具有增加胰岛素敏感性的作用。
由于胰岛素抵抗常常合并血脂代谢紊乱, 进一步评价了化合物2f和罗格列酮对血总胆固醇(TC) 的影响。如图 4D所示, 与Con组比较, IR组小鼠血总胆固醇明显升高; 而与IR组小鼠比较, 2f和Rosi组的血总胆固醇明显降低, 提示二者在提高胰岛素敏感性的同时, 可改善血脂紊乱, 可能对2型糖尿病及其并发症具有综合治疗作用。
pTyr模拟物类小分子抑制剂仍是目前PTP1B抑制剂研究的主流。前期研究中, 采用苯氧乙酸作为pTyr的模拟片段, 发现了对PTP1B具有一定抑制作用的新化合物1a1b。本文对化合物1a1b进行了初步的构效关系研究, 设计合成了化合物2a~2g3a~3c。其中, 化合物2a~2g对PTP1B具有显著的抑制活性, 化合物2g抑制PTP1B的IC50值达到0.42 μmol·L-1。分子对接研究表明, 化合物2d1a均作用于PTP1B的催化活性区, 二者的作用模式相似, 化合物2d能更好地占据Trp179、Asp181、Phe182、Gly220、Ala262及Thr263组成的疏水腔。此外, 化合物2f与胰岛素增敏剂罗格列酮类似, 可提高胰岛素敏感性, 并降低血总胆固醇水平, 提示PTP1B抑制剂可能对2型糖尿病及其并发症具有综合治疗作用。
熔点用Fisher Scientific显微熔点仪测定, 温度未校正。核磁共振仪为Varian Mercury 300型, 内标为TMS。质谱仪为LC/MDC-MS串联质谱仪(Agilent, USA)。柱色谱分离用硅胶H或粗硅胶(200~300目)、薄层色谱用硅胶GF254均购自青岛海洋化工厂。实验所用试剂均为化学纯或分析纯。
9H-咔唑(2.51 g, 15 mmol) 和4-溴-1-甲氧基-2-甲基苯(18 mmol) 溶于20 mL硝基苯, 加入Cu粉(230 mg, 3.6 mmol) 和无水K2CO3 (2.76 g, 20 mmol), 搅拌下加热回流24 h, 过滤, 减压蒸馏, 除去绝大部分硝基苯, 乙醇重结晶, 得褐色固体, 收率79.3%。
将4-(9H-9-咔唑基)-2-甲基苯甲醚(5 mmol) 溶于10 mL乙腈中, 加入NaI (750 mg, 5 mmol) 和(CH3)3SiCl, 氮气流保护下加热回流24 h, 加入10 mL水, 以乙醚(10 mL×3) 萃取, 合并有机相, 以饱和Na2S2O3 (6 mL) 萃取, 有机相采用无水Na2SO4干燥, 蒸干后柱色谱分离, 得蜡状固体, 收率16.9%。
将4-(9H-9-咔唑基)-2-甲基苯酚(1 mmol) 和2-羟基-3-苯丙酸酯(180 mg, 1 mmol) 溶解在5 mL THF中, 顺次加入Ph3P (1 mmol) 和DEAD (1 mmol), 搅拌下加热回流14 h, 反应液蒸干后柱色谱分离, 得无色粘稠状物, 收率48.9%。
将2-[4-(9H-9-咔唑基)-2-甲基苯氧基]-3-苯丙酸甲酯(0.5 mmol) 溶解在10 mL乙醇中, 加入1 mL水和NaOH (40 mg, 1 mmol), 室温搅拌6 h。旋蒸除去乙醇, 加入8 mL水使之溶解, 用5%的稀盐酸调节pH至3~4, 过滤, 干燥, 柱色谱分离, 得白色粉末, 收率85.6%。
1H NMR (300 Hz, CD3COCD3) δ 8.18 (m, 2H), 7.47~7.03 (m, 14H), 5.11 (dd, 1H, J = 5.1, 8.1 Hz), 3.46~3.40 (dd, 1H, J = 5.1, 13.8 Hz), 3.37~3.30 (dd, 1H, J = 8.1, 13.8 Hz), 2.31 (s, 3H)。ESI-HR-MS m/z: calcd. for C28H24NO3 [M+H]+ 422.175 1, found 422.173 4。
采用类似方法合成了化合物2b~2g。不同之处在于: ①化合物2b~2e2g合成路线中的步骤a参照文献[13]方法, 采用NaI (0.1 equiv.), 无水K2CO3 (2.5 equiv.) 及L-脯氨酸(0.2 equiv.), 在DMSO中, 氮气保护, 90 ℃下搅拌36 h; ②化合物2b~2g合成路线中的步骤b采用冰盐浴下滴加BBr3的二氯甲烷溶液, 室温搅拌过夜; ③步骤c中, 化合物2b~2e2g采用室温搅拌30 min, 化合物2f采用超声反应3 h。
白色粉末, 收率: 98%。mp: 85~87 ℃。[α]$ {}_{\mathrm{D}}^{20} $ +20.8 (c 0.5, CHCl3)。1H NMR (300 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 8.18 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.42~7.20 (m, 13H), 4.90 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.36 (s, 6H)。ESI-HR-MS m/z: calcd. for C29H26NO3 [M+H]+ 436.190 72, found 436.189 5。
白色粉末, 收率: 70%。mp: 124~127 ℃。[α]$ {}_{\mathrm{D}}^{20} $ -27.8 (c 0.5, CHCl3)。1H NMR (300 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 8.12 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.85~7.78 (m, 3H), 7.65 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 7.44~7.13 (m, 12H), 5.07 (dd, J = 4.8, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (dd, J = 4.8, 14.1 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (dd, J = 9.3, 14.1 Hz, 1H)。ESI-HR-MS m/z: calcd. for C31H24NO3 [M+H]+ 458.175 07, found 458.173 6。
白色粉末, 收率: 32%。mp: 95~98 ℃。[α]$ {}_{\mathrm{D}}^{20} $ -30.2 (c 0.5, CHCl3)。1H NMR (300 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 8.16 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.91~7.88 (m, 3H), 7.65 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.52~7.44 (m, 2H), 7.39~7.20 (m, 8H), 7.07 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (dd, J = 4.2, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (dd, J = 4.2, 14.1 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (dd, J = 8.1, 14.1 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H)。ESI-HR-MS m/z: calcd. for C32H26NO3 [M+H]+ 472.190 72, found 472.189 1。
白色粉末, 收率: 35%。mp: 93~95 ℃。[α]$ {}_{\mathrm{D}}^{20} $ +8.4 (c 0.5, CHCl3)。1H NMR (300 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 8.17 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.91~7.86 (m, 4H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.49~7.20 (m, 10H), 5.04 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.39 (s, 6H)。ESI-HR-MS m/z: calcd. for C33H28NO3 [M+H]+ 486.206 37, found 486.205 1。
白色粉末, 收率: 65.3%。1H NMR (300 Hz, CD3COCD3) δ 8.22~7.02 (m, 21H), 5.50 (dd, J = 5.1, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.39~3.33 (dd, J = 5.1, 14.1 Hz, 1H), 3.31~3.24 (dd, J = 8.1, 14.1 Hz, 1H)。ESI-HR-MS m/z: calcd. for C33H25NO3 [M+Na]+ 506.172 3, found 506.171 0。
黄色粉末, 收率: 21%。mp: 185~187 ℃。1H NMR (300 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 8.21 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.91~7.85 (m, 6H), 7.69~7.60 (m, 5H), 7.48~7.39 (m, 6H), 7.28 (m, 2H), 7.06 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.18 (m, 1H), 3.50 (m, 2H)。ESI-HR-MS m/z: calcd. for C37H26NO3 [M-H]- 532.191 26, found 532.191 3。
将对乙酰氧基甲苯(1.05 g, 7 mmol) 溶于20 mL四氯化碳中, 加入NBS (1.37 g, 7.7 mmol), 光照下加热回流4 h, 过滤, 蒸除四氯化碳, 继续下一步反应。
将胡椒醛(1.50 g, 10 mmol) 和苯胺(930 mg, 10 mmol) 溶解在25 mL乙醇中, 加热回流5 h, 冷却至室温, 加入NaBH4 (370 mg, 10 mmol), 继续搅拌4 h。旋干乙醇, 加入20 mL水, 用乙醚(20 mL×3) 萃取, 合并有机相, 无水硫酸钠干燥, 过滤, 旋干乙醚, 95%乙醇重结晶。收率79%。
N-[(苯并[d][1,3]二氧代-5-基)甲基]苯胺(1.36 g, 6 mmol) 和1.8.1得到的对乙酰氧基苄溴混合在一起, 加入K2CO3 (993 mg, 7.2 mmol) 和20 mL DMF, 室温搅拌15 h, 加入20 mL水, 用乙醚(20 mL×3) 萃取合并有机相, 无水硫酸钠干燥, 柱色谱分离, 得淡黄色粘稠状物, 收率71%。
将[4-[(苯并[d][1,3]二氧代-5-基)甲基](苯基)氨基甲基]乙酸苯酯(1.50 g, 4 mmol) 和NaOH (160 mg, 4 mmol) 溶于20 mL水中, 室温搅拌5 h, 用稀盐酸调节pH值至3~4, 加入5 mL饱和NaHCO3溶液, 乙醚(20 mL×3) 萃取, 合并有机相, 无水硫酸钠干燥, 过滤, 旋干溶剂, 得白色固体, 收率91%。
将4-[(苯并[d][1,3]二氧代-5-基)甲基](苯基)氨基甲基]苯酚(666 mg, 2 mmol), 加入2-羟基-3-苯丙酸甲酯(360 mg, 2 mmol) 和三苯基膦(384 mg, 2 mmol), 滴入0.2 mL THF, 超声使之混匀, 滴加DEAD (524 mg, 2 mmol), 继续超声1 h。反应液经柱色谱分离, 得无色粘稠状物, 收率43%。
上述产物加入NaOH (40 mg, 1 mmol), 溶解在15 mL水中, 室温搅拌5 h。5%稀盐酸调节pH至3~4, 乙醚(10 mL×3) 萃取, 合并有机相, 无水硫酸钠干燥, 旋干溶剂, 得粗产品, 采用PE∶EA = 4∶1重结晶得白色晶体, 收率77.1%。1H NMR (300 Hz, CD3COCD3) δ 11.35 (br., 1H), 7.38~6.56 (m, 17H), 5.94 (s, 2H), 4.91 (dd, J = 4.8, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (s, 2H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 3.31~3.25 (dd, J = 4.8, 14.1 Hz, 1H), 3.24~3.17 (dd, J = 8.4, 14.1 Hz, 1H)。ESI-HR-MS m/z: calcd. for C30H28NO5 [M+H]+ 482.196 2, found 482.195 1。
采用类似方法合成了化合物3b3c
白色晶体, 收率: 67%。1H NMR (300 Hz, CD3COCD3) δ 11.40 (br., 1H), 7.35~6.62 (m, 16H), 5.93 (s, 2H), 4.90 (m, 1H), 4.52 (s, 2H), 4.49 (s, 2H), 3.31~3.16 (m, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H)。ESI-HR-MS m/z: calcd. for C31H30NO5 [M+H]+ 496.211 8, found 496.209 9。
白色晶体, 收率: 58.2%。1H NMR (300 Hz, CD3COCD3) δ 7.38~6.71 (m, 16H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 4.90 (dd, J = 4.2, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (s, 2H), 4.41 (s, 2H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.31~3.25 (dd, J = 4.2, 14.4 Hz, 1H), 3.24~3.16 (dd, J = 8.1, 14.4 Hz, 1H)。ESI-HR-MS m/z: calcd. for C31H30NO6 [M+H]+ 512.206 8, found 512.206 8。
采用Accelrys公司的Discovery Studio 2.1软件包完成分子模拟工作。由Diverse Conformation Generation模块产生分子构象, Conformation Method设置为“BEST”, 其他参数采用缺省值; 采用Dock ligands (LibDock) 程序进行分子对接, Input Receptor: 1NNY; Conformation Method设置为“NONE”; 其他参数采用缺省值。
采用对硝基苯酚磷酸酯(pNPP) 作为人基因重组PTP1B的底物。PTP1B催化的pNPP水解反应通过96孔板在pH值为7.0的100 µL反应体系下测定。化合物与酶在室温下预孵5 min, 加入含有50 mmol·L-1 HEPES、5 mmol·L-1 DTT、150 mmol·L-1 NaCl、2 mmol·L-1 EDTA以及2 mmol·L-1 pNPP的反应液。在30 ℃下孵育10 min, 加入50 μL 3 mol·L-1的氢氧化钠溶液终止酶反应。在405 nm处测出吸收OD值, 以未加酶的体系作为空白对照, 即可计算出测试样品对酶促水解的抑制作用的IC50值。
采用高脂高糖饲料喂养C57BL/6j小鼠, 形成胰岛素抵抗(IR) 小鼠模型。同时, 采用同批C57BL/6j小鼠以普通饲料喂养作为正常对照组(Con)。将模型动物随机分成3组, 分别为模型动物对照组(IR)、罗格列酮组和化合物组, 分别口服水、阳性对照药罗格列酮(15 mg·kg-1) 和化合物2f (25 mg·kg-1)。
连续给药7天后, 给动物口服葡萄糖2 g·kg-1, 观察动物葡萄糖负荷后0、30、60、120 min时血糖的变化, 并计算血糖-时间曲线下面积(AUC)。
连续给药21~24天后, 进行正糖钳实验。动物禁食4 h, 称重, 腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠麻醉, 固定于37 ℃恒温板, 手术分离颈静脉, 插管, 输入1 000 U·mL-1肝素抗凝后, 连接微量注射器(COLE PARMER, 789100C, 美国) 以恒速输注胰岛素60 pmol·kg-1·min-1, 连接微量蠕动泵(ISMATEC, 78001-00, 美国) 以可变速率输注10%葡萄糖溶液。手术分离颈动脉, 以备取血测定血糖水平。每隔10 min取血, 用血糖仪(BIOSEN 5030, 德国) 监测血糖水平。根据血糖水平调节葡萄糖输注速率, 使血糖稳定在95 ± 5 mg·dL-1范围内, 在血糖至少稳定30 min后, 连续测定3次葡萄糖输注速率, 取平均值作为动物的正糖钳实验中稳态时葡萄糖输注速率(GIR)。
连续给药16天后, 取血测定血胆固醇水平。
作者贡献: 田金英、张晓琳完成体外抑酶和体内药效评价以及数据分析; 刘军政、张书恩完成化合物合成、表征以及分子对接; 叶菲提供学术指导并审核论文; 肖志艳设计实验并撰写、审核论文。
利益冲突: 无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82000820)
  • 北京新药机制与药理评价研究重点实验室(BZ0150)
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2023年第58卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1195
  • 接收时间:2023-10-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-23
  • 修回日期:2023-10-31
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82000820)
北京新药机制与药理评价研究重点实验室(BZ0150)
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    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 活性物质发现与适药化研究北京市重点实验室, 新药作用机制研究与药效评价北京市重点实验室, 中国医学科学院糖尿病研究中心, 北京 100050

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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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