Article(id=1198656353708372739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1240, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698854400000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-02, revisedDate=1700150400000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711544682, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1702310400000, pubDateStr=2023-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711544682, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711544682, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711544682, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656343151313891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='12', pageStart='3477', pageEnd='3726', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711542164, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711721609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198657095835943176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198657095840137481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3655, endPage=3668, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656354010362647, articleId=1198656353708372739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Exploration of hapten-induced atopic dermatitis murine models for non-clinical pharmacodynamics study of drugs, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory dermatosis with a variety of clinical manifestations and difficult to cure. Currently, many AD drug candidates have entered the research and development pipeline. In order to provide technical specifications for the clinical development of AD drugs, the Center for Drug Evaluation of National Medical Products Administration released the "Technical Guidelines for Clinical Trials of Drugs for AD Treatment" (Draft for Comments) in November 2022. Non-clinical pharmacodynamics evaluation is an important research before the drug enters clinical trials. Oxazolone (OXA)- and 2, 4-dinitro-fluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced models are the most popular classical hapten-induced AD murine models, but variations of modeling are existing in the methods from different studies, including sensitization sites, haptens' dosages, the period of challenges, and the skin lesions severity evaluation as well. In this study, the investigation of OXA- and DNFB-induced AD murine models with various conditions of modeling was performed to compare the characteristics of hapten-induced AD murine models in the pathological process and severity according to the appearance of AD patients, and the guidance of pharmacodynamics evaluation of AD-therapeutic drugs in clinical trials as well, which may provide a proposal for AD treatment drug candidates in the non-clinical pharmacodynamics evaluation. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care & Welfare Committee of Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (approval No.: 00007782 and 00007784).

, correspAuthors=Ying GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hao SONG, Chun-zheng WANG, Fan-fan ZHOU, You WU, Ke TANG, Ying GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656356514362271, articleId=1198656353708372739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=探索用于非临床药效学研究的半抗原诱导小鼠特应性皮炎模型, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis, AD) 是一种慢性、复发性、炎症性皮肤病, 临床表现多样且难以治愈。目前多种治疗AD候选药物进入研发管线, 为AD药物临床开发提供技术规范, 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心于2022年11月发布了《AD治疗药物临床试验技术指导原则》 (征求意见稿)。非临床药效评价是受试药物进入临床试验前的重要研究内容, 噁唑酮(oxazolone, OXA) 和2, 4-二硝基氟苯(2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene, DNFB) 诱导的特应性皮炎小鼠模型是最常用的经典半抗原诱导AD小鼠模型, 但在已有报道中, 半抗原剂量、致敏部位、攻击次数和皮损严重程度评估方法都存在差异。本研究根据特应性皮炎患者病程和病理表现, 结合AD治疗药物临床试验药效学评价要点构建AD小鼠模型, 系统考察并比较不同构建方案(致敏部位、半抗原剂量和攻击次数等) 与皮损指标间的关系, 探索OXA和DNFB两种经典半抗原诱导AD小鼠的病变过程、模型强度和特点, 为治疗AD候选药物的非临床药效学研究提供方法学依据。所有动物实验均经过中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所实验动物管理与动物福利委员会批准(批准号: 00007782和00007784)。

, correspAuthors=郭颖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*郭颖, Tel: 86-10-63161716, E-mail:
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J Am Acad Dermatol, 2020, 83: 839-846., articleTitle=The validated investigator global assessment for atopic dermatitis (vIGA-AD): the development and reliability testing of a novel clinical outcome measurement instrument for the severity of atopic dermatitis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960229602919324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, doi=10.1111/ced.13565, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=43, issue=null, pageStart=798, pageEnd=805, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=Exp Dermatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ryu K, Yoou M, Seo Y, et al. Therapeutic effects of Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kitaib in a murine model of atopic dermatitis[J]. 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J Invest Dermatol, 2018, 138: 2295-2300.e1., articleTitle=Research techniques made simple: transepidermal water loss measurement as a research tool, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960230185927646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, doi=10.3390/jcm10020359, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=10, issue=null, pageStart=359, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=J Clin Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Montero Vilchez T, Segura Fernández Nogueras MV, Pérez Rodríguez I, et al. Skin barrier function in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis: transepidermal water loss and temperature as useful tools to assess disease severity[J]. 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J Dermatol Sci, 2012, 66: 37-43., articleTitle=Topically applied semaphorin 3A ointment inhibits scratching behavior and improves skin inflammation in NC/Nga mice with atopic dermatitis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960230609551364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, doi=10.1096/fj.13-229948, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=27, issue=null, pageStart=3549, pageEnd=3563, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=FASEB J, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu B, Escalera J, Balakrishna S, et al. TRPA1 controls inflammation and pruritogen responses in allergic contact dermatitis[J]. 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Br J Dermatol, 2004, 151: 335-345., articleTitle=Vital role of the itch-scratch response in development of spontaneous dermatitis in NC/Nga mice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960230869598236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=565, issue=null, pageStart=225, pageEnd=231, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=Eur J Pharmacol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yatsuzuka R, Inoue T, Jiang S, et al. Development of new atopic dermatitis models characterized by not only itching but also inflammatory skin in mice[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2007, 565: 225-231., articleTitle=Development of new atopic dermatitis models characterized by not only itching but also inflammatory skin in mice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960231020593193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=e104938, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=PLoS One, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kim H, Kim JR, Kang H, et al. 7, 8, 4'-Trihydroxyisoflavone attenuates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in NC/Nga mice[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9: e104938., articleTitle=7, 8, 4'-Trihydroxyisoflavone attenuates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in NC/Nga mice, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960224943047145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, awardId=2021-I2M-1-028, language=CN, fundingSource=中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-028), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960225052099063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, awardId=2022-I2M-1-014, language=CN, fundingSource=中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-1-014), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960225198899719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, awardId=82204472, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(82204472), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960225366671890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, awardId=BZ0150, language=CN, fundingSource=新药作用机制与药效评价北京市重点实验室(BZ0150), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960218613842762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960218622231371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, companyId=1198960218613842762, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960218643202892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, companyId=1198960218613842762, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 新药作用机制与药效评价北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960222866866406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=P26tYdg3nuhCWSXkb265hA==, figureFileBig=ObyVvi5GgpKnmmfOwNczQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960222967529722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Different doses of DNFB-induced dorsal skin atopic dermatitis of BALB/c mice. A: Schematic diagram of DNFB-induced AD murine model; B: The photos of mice scratching challenged with DNFB; C: Morphology photos of the dorsal skin of the mice induced by different doses of DNFB. The photos were taken by camera (left) and dermatoscope (right) on day 1, and day 8 to day 14; D: Dorsal skin severity score curves (solid symbols with solid line) and body weight curves (hollow symbols with dashed line) of different groups. The results of the statistical analysis on day 14 were shown at the right side of the line chart. The scores of each DNFB dose group were significantly different from those of the solvent group from day 5 onwards (including day 5). <i>n</i> = 10 (solvent group, 0.05% DNFB group, 0.1% DNFB group, and 0.2% DNFB group), <i>n</i> = 9 (0.4% DNFB group), mean ± SD. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. DNFB: 2, 4-Dinitrofluorobenzene , figureFileSmall=P26tYdg3nuhCWSXkb265hA==, figureFileBig=ObyVvi5GgpKnmmfOwNczQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960223160467724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fucJ9udufZYMbAAwrX9xuA==, figureFileBig=OTkieIgMUm+uEenJ5OrAZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960223269519642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Histopathology of dorsal AD-like lesional skin in mice induced by different doses of DNFB. A: H & E staining tissue of dorsal AD-like lesional skin in mice induced by different doses of DNFB. The H & E staining skin tissues (scale bar, 500 μm) were shown on the left panel, and the magnified images (scale bar, 100 μm) annotated by black dashed rectangle were shown on the right. The EPI and DM were marked with yellow solid lines, and the corresponding thicknesses of the marked positions were denoted below the H & E staining; B: TB staining tissue of dorsal AD-like lesional skin in mice induced by different doses of DNFB. The TB staining skin tissues (scale bar, 500 μm) were shown on the left panel, and the magnified images (scale bar, 200 μm) annotated by black dashed rectangle were shown on the right. The EPI, DM, and ST were respectively marked on the right side of magnified image. The dermal mastocytes were annotated by black arrows, and corresponding mastocytes count was denoted below the TB staining. The images of H & E and TB stained tissues from one representative mouse in each group. H & E: Hematoxylin and eosin; EPI: Epidermis; DM: Dermis; TB: Toluidine blue; ST: Subcutaneous tissue , figureFileSmall=fucJ9udufZYMbAAwrX9xuA==, figureFileBig=OTkieIgMUm+uEenJ5OrAZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960223370182952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sdFbaMU0dNRc3qCgB7yL/w==, figureFileBig=V/g2HDGC0JzxoKnSfJ8uHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960223512789304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= DNFB-induced dorsal skin AD of BALB/c mice with different sensitization locations. A: Schematic diagram of DNFB-induced AD murine model; B: Morphology photos of the dorsal skin of AD mice (left) and dermatoscope (right) before DNFB treatment and on the day after each challenge; C-E: Dorsal skin severity score curves (C), dorsal skin TEWL curves (D), and body weight curves (E) of the AD mice induced by DNFB with sensitization on dorsum (<i>n</i> = 12) or on venter (<i>n</i> = 8), mean ± SD. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. TEWL: Transepidermal water loss , figureFileSmall=sdFbaMU0dNRc3qCgB7yL/w==, figureFileBig=V/g2HDGC0JzxoKnSfJ8uHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960223688950094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dSm1BzydXX0Ku+xuO3yTZA==, figureFileBig=T5tE//60rHG9EK1jZwStcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960223818973530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= OXA-induced AD of BALB/c mice with sensitization on different location. A: Schematic diagram of OXA-induced AD murine model; B: The photos of mice scratching challenged with OXA under different sensitization methods; C: ΔEar thickness curves (solid symbols with solid line) and body weight curves (hollow symbols with dashed line) of OXA-induced AD mice with sensitization either on right ear (<i>n</i> = 10) or on dorsum (<i>n</i> = 10). The results of the statistical analysis on day 26 were shown at the right side of the line chart. The Δear thickness of ear sensitization group was more serious than that of dorsum sensitization group from day 8 onwards (including day 8); D: The ear swelling of OXA-induced AD mice with sensitization on different location. Symbols represent individual mice; bars represent mean ± SD; E: H & E staining of the AD-like lesional ear skin in OXA-induced mice with sensitization on different location, and a normal mouse was used as control. The H & E staining ear tissues (scale bar, 200 μm) were shown on the left panel, and the magnified images (scale bar, 100 μm) annotated by black dashed rectangle were shown on the right. The EPI and DM were marked with yellow solid lines, and the corresponding thicknesses of the marked positions were denoted below the H & E staining; F: TB staining of the AD-like lesional ear skin in OXA-induced mice with sensitization on different location, and a normal mouse was used as control. The TB staining ear tissues (scale bar, 200 μm) were shown on the left panel, and the magnified images (scale bar, 100 μm) annotated by black dashed rectangle were shown on the right. The EPI, DM, ST and CT were respectively marked on the right side of magnified image. The dermal mastocytes were annotated by black arrows, and corresponding mastocytes count was denoted below the TB staining. The images of H & E and TB stained tissues from one representative mouse in each group. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01. OXA: Oxazolone; CT: Cartilage tissues , figureFileSmall=dSm1BzydXX0Ku+xuO3yTZA==, figureFileBig=T5tE//60rHG9EK1jZwStcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960223953191279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mDEzjCzhqqjxKxobdcBlMg==, figureFileBig=ycUpBxgZtTe7YxsdxTF5VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960224062243203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Long term OXA-induced AD of BALB/c mice. A: Schematic diagram of AD murine model induced with OXA long-term treatment; B: ΔEar thickness curves (solid symbols with solid line) and body weight curves (hollow symbols with dashed line) of AD mice induced with OXA long-term treatment. <i>n</i> = 11, mean ± SD; C: H & E staining of the AD-like lesional ear skin, and a normal mouse was used as control. The H & E staining ear tissues (scale bar, 200 μm) were shown on the left panel, and the magnified images (scale bar, 100 μm) annotated by black dashed rectangle were shown on the right. The EPI and DM were marked with yellow solid lines, and the corresponding thicknesses of the marked positions were denoted below the H & E staining; D: TB staining of the AD-like lesional ear skin, and a normal mouse was used as control. The TB staining ear tissues (scale bar, 200 μm) were shown on the left panel, and the magnified images (scale bar, 100 μm) annotated by black dashed rectangle were shown on the right. The EPI, DM, ST, and CT were respectively marked on the right side of magnified image. The dermal mastocytes were annotated by black arrows, and corresponding mastocytes count was denoted below the TB staining. The images of H & E and TB stained tissues from one representative mouse in each group , figureFileSmall=mDEzjCzhqqjxKxobdcBlMg==, figureFileBig=ycUpBxgZtTe7YxsdxTF5VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960224179683729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Category The sign in lesion skin of AD mice The sign scored by AD patient scoring instruments
EASI[24] SCORAD[25] IGA[26-28]
1 Edema
Papulation
2 Erythema
3 Excoriation
Oozing
Crust
4 Lichenification
Dryness
), ArticleFig(id=1198960224364233124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The categories of signs in dorsal lesion skin of AD mice. According to all AD symptoms of patients listed in three clinical AD scoring instruments, EASI, SCORAD (objective part), and IGA, combined with the categories of signs of hapten-induced AD murine models in previous studies[16-23], 8 signs in lesion skin of the AD mice are grouped into 4 scoring categories which is used to quantify the severity of dorsal lesions skin of AD mice. ○ indicates the signs existing in the clinical AD scoring instruments. AD: Atopic dermatitis; EASI: Eczema area and severity index; SCORAD: Scoring atopic dermatitis index; IGA: Investigator's global assessment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Category The sign in lesion skin of AD mice The sign scored by AD patient scoring instruments
EASI[24] SCORAD[25] IGA[26-28]
1 Edema
Papulation
2 Erythema
3 Excoriation
Oozing
Crust
4 Lichenification
Dryness
), ArticleFig(id=1198960224519422390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Hapten Sensitization Challenge Experimental test Stages of AD
Site Dosage Site Dosage Interval Time
OXA Ear 2%, 10 μL Ear 0.2%, 10 μL Once every other day 10 ▪ Ear thickness ▪ Ear swelling ▪ Scratching ▪ Histopathology More like subacute stage
Dorsum 4%, 50 μL Once every other day 10 Acute
Dorsum 4%, 50 μL Once every three days 17 Chronic
DNFB Dorsum 0.3%, 50 μL Dorsum 0.05% or 0.1%, 50 μL Once every three days 3 ▪ Dermatoscopy ▪ Dermatitis score ▪ TEWL ▪ Scratching ▪ Histopathology The skin heals faster than the lesions caused by DNFB
Dorsum 0.2%, 50 μL Acute stage, the skin healing is as fast as the skin damage by DNFB
Dorsum 0.4%, 50 μL Acute
Venter 0.4%, 50 μL Acute
), ArticleFig(id=1198960224662028749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656353708372739, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Summary of OXA- and DNFB-induced AD murine models with various modeling conditions in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Hapten Sensitization Challenge Experimental test Stages of AD
Site Dosage Site Dosage Interval Time
OXA Ear 2%, 10 μL Ear 0.2%, 10 μL Once every other day 10 ▪ Ear thickness ▪ Ear swelling ▪ Scratching ▪ Histopathology More like subacute stage
Dorsum 4%, 50 μL Once every other day 10 Acute
Dorsum 4%, 50 μL Once every three days 17 Chronic
DNFB Dorsum 0.3%, 50 μL Dorsum 0.05% or 0.1%, 50 μL Once every three days 3 ▪ Dermatoscopy ▪ Dermatitis score ▪ TEWL ▪ Scratching ▪ Histopathology The skin heals faster than the lesions caused by DNFB
Dorsum 0.2%, 50 μL Acute stage, the skin healing is as fast as the skin damage by DNFB
Dorsum 0.4%, 50 μL Acute
Venter 0.4%, 50 μL Acute
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探索用于非临床药效学研究的半抗原诱导小鼠特应性皮炎模型
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宋昊 , 王淳正 , 周凡凡 , 吴悠 , 唐克 , 郭颖 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(12): 3655-3668
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(12): 3655-3668
探索用于非临床药效学研究的半抗原诱导小鼠特应性皮炎模型
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宋昊, 王淳正, 周凡凡, 吴悠, 唐克, 郭颖*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 新药作用机制与药效评价北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

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*郭颖, Tel: 86-10-63161716, E-mail:
Exploration of hapten-induced atopic dermatitis murine models for non-clinical pharmacodynamics study of drugs
Hao SONG, Chun-zheng WANG, Fan-fan ZHOU, You WU, Ke TANG, Ying GUO*
Affiliations
  • Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2023-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1240
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特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis, AD) 是一种慢性、复发性、炎症性皮肤病, 临床表现多样且难以治愈。目前多种治疗AD候选药物进入研发管线, 为AD药物临床开发提供技术规范, 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心于2022年11月发布了《AD治疗药物临床试验技术指导原则》 (征求意见稿)。非临床药效评价是受试药物进入临床试验前的重要研究内容, 噁唑酮(oxazolone, OXA) 和2, 4-二硝基氟苯(2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene, DNFB) 诱导的特应性皮炎小鼠模型是最常用的经典半抗原诱导AD小鼠模型, 但在已有报道中, 半抗原剂量、致敏部位、攻击次数和皮损严重程度评估方法都存在差异。本研究根据特应性皮炎患者病程和病理表现, 结合AD治疗药物临床试验药效学评价要点构建AD小鼠模型, 系统考察并比较不同构建方案(致敏部位、半抗原剂量和攻击次数等) 与皮损指标间的关系, 探索OXA和DNFB两种经典半抗原诱导AD小鼠的病变过程、模型强度和特点, 为治疗AD候选药物的非临床药效学研究提供方法学依据。所有动物实验均经过中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所实验动物管理与动物福利委员会批准(批准号: 00007782和00007784)。

特应性皮炎  /  非临床药效学研究  /  小鼠模型  /  半抗原  /  噁唑酮  /  2, 4-二硝基氟苯

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory dermatosis with a variety of clinical manifestations and difficult to cure. Currently, many AD drug candidates have entered the research and development pipeline. In order to provide technical specifications for the clinical development of AD drugs, the Center for Drug Evaluation of National Medical Products Administration released the "Technical Guidelines for Clinical Trials of Drugs for AD Treatment" (Draft for Comments) in November 2022. Non-clinical pharmacodynamics evaluation is an important research before the drug enters clinical trials. Oxazolone (OXA)- and 2, 4-dinitro-fluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced models are the most popular classical hapten-induced AD murine models, but variations of modeling are existing in the methods from different studies, including sensitization sites, haptens' dosages, the period of challenges, and the skin lesions severity evaluation as well. In this study, the investigation of OXA- and DNFB-induced AD murine models with various conditions of modeling was performed to compare the characteristics of hapten-induced AD murine models in the pathological process and severity according to the appearance of AD patients, and the guidance of pharmacodynamics evaluation of AD-therapeutic drugs in clinical trials as well, which may provide a proposal for AD treatment drug candidates in the non-clinical pharmacodynamics evaluation. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care & Welfare Committee of Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (approval No.: 00007782 and 00007784).

atopic dermatitis  /  non-clinical pharmacodynamics study  /  murine model  /  hapten  /  oxazolone  /  2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene
宋昊, 王淳正, 周凡凡, 吴悠, 唐克, 郭颖. 探索用于非临床药效学研究的半抗原诱导小鼠特应性皮炎模型. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (12) : 3655 -3668 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1240
Hao SONG, Chun-zheng WANG, Fan-fan ZHOU, You WU, Ke TANG, Ying GUO. Exploration of hapten-induced atopic dermatitis murine models for non-clinical pharmacodynamics study of drugs[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (12) : 3655 -3668 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1240
特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis, AD) 是一种慢性、复发性、炎症性皮肤病, 初发常在婴幼儿期, 一些患者病情可延续至成年[1-3]。AD发病机制复杂, 遗传、免疫异常、皮肤屏障功能障碍和皮肤菌群紊乱等因素都与AD发病相关[2, 3]。近10年, 我国AD患病率增长迅速, 成人发病率达6.13%[4]。AD临床表现呈多样化, 以皮肤干燥、慢性湿疹样皮损和瘙痒为基本特征, 严重影响患者生活质量; 部分AD患者伴有过敏性疾病, 如过敏性哮喘、过敏性鼻结膜炎等[1]。AD临床诊断无统一标准, 欧美国家多采用Hanifin & Rajka标准和Williams标准, 其中皮肤瘙痒是重要指标。我国于2020年发布了《中国特应性皮炎诊疗指南》[1], 该指南结合我国AD临床现状推荐张氏标准用于青少年/成人AD诊断, 姚氏标准用于诊断AD儿童患者[1]。同样, 对AD的治疗也无统一方案, 临床一般采用外用类固醇药物, 同时辅以抗组胺药物或免疫抑制剂等[5], 近年上市的度普利尤单抗和Janus激酶(Janus kinase, JAK) 抑制剂在治疗成人中重度AD时也显示了较好疗效[5, 6]
由于AD患者人数多且难以治愈, 治疗AD新药研发热度持续升温, 许多候选药物进入研发管线[5], 在我国开展的AD新药临床试验项目也迅速增加, 其中以靶向白介素(interleukin, IL)-4、IL-13和IL-31受体的人源化中和抗体、JAK抑制剂和调节皮肤微生物候选药物最为突出[5]。为规范和指导AD治疗药物的临床科学开发, 提供可参考的技术规范, 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心于2022年11月发布《AD治疗药物临床试验技术指导原则》 (征求意见稿)[7] (简称《指导原则》)。该指导原则提出AD治疗药物临床试验的主要目的是“确证研究药物减轻皮损严重程度, 缩小皮损面积, 以及缓解症状尤其是瘙痒, 减少病情复发, 提高患者生活质量”[7], 建议采用Hanifin & Rajka标准和Williams标准作为患者入组诊断标准, 建议结合AD损伤程度、病灶位置、疾病范围、症状及对生活质量的影响等多维度综合评估AD严重程度[7]; 针对AD局部皮损程度评估, 《指导原则》建议采用研究者整体评分(investigator's global assessment, IGA)、湿疹面积及严重程度指数(eczema area and severity index, EASI) 和特应性皮炎评分(scoring atopic dermatitis index, SCORAD) 的客观部分; 此外, 《指导原则》明确指出瘙痒仅作为入组诊断标准之一, 而不将改善瘙痒纳入主要疗效终点(除以改善瘙痒症状作为目标的药物外)[7]
药物进入临床试验前需要对受试药物的有效性进行充分的非临床药效评价, 动物模型是药物非临床药效评价的重要研究内容, 其结果可提示受试药物对拟定适应症的有效性、使用剂量和给药途径等, 是判断受试药物能否进入临床的重要数据依据[8]。用于药物非临床药效评价的动物模型应为经典且公认的动物模型, 能反映疾病的病理和生理过程, 发病机制和损伤程度应与临床相似, 且药效评价指标不仅需要与临床指标相关性好, 而且应可以被明确判断[8]。由于AD发病机制复杂, 并且患者在疾病不同阶段的表型异质性都导致临床症状差异, 因此现有任何一种AD动物模型都不能完全反映AD患者临床症状[9, 10]。目前已报道的AD动物模型超过20种[11], 可分为表皮致敏诱导AD动物模型、转基因动物模型、自发AD动物模型(如Nc/Nga小鼠模型[12]), 以及用细胞因子诱导AD样动物模型等, 其中半抗原诱导的AD小鼠模型是最常用的模型[11, 13]
半抗原诱导的AD小鼠模型属于表皮致敏诱导AD动物模型[11], 所使用的半抗原分子量一般小于500道尔顿, 其本身无致敏效应, 但可以与蛋白或多肽氨基酸侧链亲核基团(如赖氨酸、半胱氨酸和组氨酸) 共价结合而产生致敏性[14], 最常用的半抗原是噁唑酮(oxazolone, OXA)、2, 4-二硝基氟苯(2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene, DNFB) 和2, 4-二硝基氯苯(2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene, DNCB)[9, 11, 13, 15]。小鼠首次接触半抗原可诱发过敏性接触性皮炎, 多次长期接触半抗原则导致小鼠皮肤炎症从以T辅助细胞(T helper cell, Th) 1型反应为主的迟发型超敏反应转变为与AD患者相似的Th2型炎症反应, 主要表现为真皮处肥大细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞及Th2细胞因子(如IL-4和IL-13等) 浸润, 血清免疫球蛋白E水平升高, 表皮增生并伴随皮肤屏障蛋白(丝聚蛋白、兜甲蛋白和内披蛋白等) 表达下降等[11, 15]。半抗原诱导AD小鼠模型的病灶主要有耳部和背部, 建模过程包括致敏(sensitization) 和攻击(challenge) 两个环节, 小鼠耳部造模一般使用OXA作为刺激剂, 观察指标包括炎症表现、耳厚度、耳肿胀度、真皮和表皮厚度以及炎症细胞浸润等; DNFB常用于背部造模, 观察指标包括皮损程度、经皮失水(transepidermal water loss, TEWL)、真皮和表皮厚度以及炎症细胞浸润等。
虽然OXA和DNFB诱导模型是最常用的半抗原诱导AD小鼠模型, 但在已有报道中, 不同研究使用的半抗原剂量、致敏部位、攻击次数和皮损严重程度评估方法都存在差异, 最终导致模型间差异大[9, 11, 13]。为深刻理解OXA和DNFB诱导AD小鼠建模时采用不同条件和方案所得到的模型区别, 本文使用不同剂量半抗原、不同致敏方案和诱导时长, 结合AD患者病程和病理表现以及《AD治疗药物临床试验技术指导原则》 (征求意见稿) 药效学评价要点, 系统考察和比较不同构建方案(半抗原剂量、致敏部位和攻击次数等) 与评价指标间的关系, 探索OXA和DNFB两种经典半抗原诱导AD小鼠的病变过程、模型强度和特点, 为治疗AD候选药物的非临床研究提供方法学依据。
实验动物  雄性SPF级BALB/c小鼠, 6~8周龄, 购自北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司, 许可证编号SCXK (京) 2019-0008。所有动物实验均经过中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所实验动物管理与动物福利委员会批准(批准号: 00007782和00007784)。实验动物于中国医学科学院药物研究所SPF级动物房饲养, 12 h明暗循环, 自由进食饮水。
实验试剂  DNFB (货号D1529, 批号BCCC6534)、多聚甲醛(货号P6148, 批号MKCM9942) (Sigma-Aldrich公司); OXA (上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司, 货号E904804, 批号C14660016); 丙酮和橄榄油(北京禾秀诚生物科技有限公司); 异氟烷(深圳瑞沃德生命科技有限公司)。
实验仪器  数显外径千分尺高精度测厚仪(得力集团有限公司); DermLite DL4手持式皮肤镜(美国DermLite公司); 多探头皮肤测试系统MPA2和Tewameter TM Hex经皮水分流失测试探头(德国Courage & Khazaka公司); 直径8 mm皮肤活检环钻(北京禾秀诚生物科技有限公司); R520移动式小动物麻醉机(深圳瑞沃德生命科技有限公司); BS124S电子分析天平(德国Sartorius公司)。
不同剂量DNFB诱导AD小鼠背部皮损模型  小鼠按体重随机分为5组: 其中溶剂对照组、0.05% DNFB组、0.1% DNFB组和0.2% DNFB组, 每组10只动物; 0.4% DNFB组为9只动物。第0天, 小鼠气体麻醉后, 对背部中央2 cm × 3 cm区域脱毛; 在第1和4天, 溶剂对照组小鼠背部涂抹50 μL丙酮-橄榄油溶液(3∶1, v/v), 其他各组别小鼠背部分别涂抹50 μL 0.3% DNFB的丙酮-橄榄油溶液进行致敏; 在第7、10和13天, 模型组小鼠分别涂抹50 μL 0.05%、0.1%、0.2%和0.4% DNFB的丙酮-橄榄油溶液进行攻击, 溶剂对照组小鼠涂抹等体积丙酮-橄榄油溶液。每日称重小鼠并对背部进行拍照和皮肤镜检拍照; 第13天末次攻击后观察小鼠抓挠行为; 次日(第14天) 处死取材。
不同致敏位置的DNFB诱导AD小鼠背部皮损模型  小鼠按体重随机分为两组: 背部致敏组(12只) 和腹部致敏组(8只)。第0天, 小鼠气体麻醉后, 背部致敏组和腹部致敏组分别在背部和腹部中央区域脱毛, 面积为2 cm × 3 cm; 第1和4天, 分别对两组小鼠的背部和腹部涂抹50 μL 0.3% DNFB的丙酮-橄榄油溶液进行致敏; 第6天, 对腹部致敏组小鼠的背部中央区域脱毛2 cm × 3 cm; 第7、10和13天, 分别在两组小鼠背部涂抹50 μL 0.4% DNFB的丙酮-橄榄油溶液进行攻击。每日称重小鼠并在背部脱毛后次日及每次攻击后次日(第8、11和14天) 对背部进行拍照、皮肤镜检拍照和经皮失水检测; 第13天末次攻击后观察小鼠抓挠行为; 次日(第14天) 处死取材。
不同致敏位置的OXA诱导AD小鼠耳部皮损模型  小鼠按体重随机分为两组: 背部致敏组和耳部致敏组, 每组10只动物。第0天, 背部致敏组小鼠于背部中央2 cm × 3 cm区域脱毛。第1天, 背部致敏组小鼠背部涂抹50 μL 4% OXA的丙酮-橄榄油溶液进行致敏, 耳部致敏组小鼠右耳涂抹10 μL 2% OXA的丙酮-橄榄油溶液进行致敏; 从第7天开始攻击, 每只小鼠右耳涂抹10 μL 0.2% OXA的丙酮-橄榄油溶液, 每2天攻击1次, 共10次; 每日称重小鼠、测量耳厚度并计算耳厚度差(耳厚度差=右耳厚度-左耳厚度); 第25天末次攻击后观察记录抓挠行为; 次日(第26天) 处死取材, 剪下左右耳廓, 用直径8 mm环钻在左右耳相同位置取耳片, 称重并计算耳肿胀度(耳肿胀度=右耳片重量-左耳片重量)。
OXA长期攻击诱导AD小鼠耳部皮损模型  11只小鼠于第0天在背部中央2 cm × 3 cm区域脱毛。第1天, 背部涂抹50 μL 4% OXA的丙酮-橄榄油溶液进行致敏; 从第7天开始攻击, 右耳涂抹10 μL 0.2% OXA的丙酮-橄榄油溶液, 每3天攻击1次, 共17次; 每日称重小鼠、测量左右耳厚度并计算耳厚度差; 第55天末次攻击后观察记录抓挠行为; 次日(第56天) 处死取材, 在左右耳相同位置取直径8 mm耳片, 称重并计算耳肿胀度。
皮损严重程度量表评分  采用皮损严重程度评分量表(表 1)[16-28], 将水肿(edema)、丘疹(papulation)、红斑(erythema)、表皮剥脱(excoriation)、渗出(oozing)、结痂(crust)、苔藓化(lichenification) 和干燥(dryness) 等8个症状归纳为4项指标对小鼠背部皮损严重程度进行评分。每项指标以0~3分进行记分。0分表示无症状, 未观察到该项中的任何症状; 1分表示轻度, 可明确观察到该项中1个症状, 但程度轻微; 2分表示中度, 该项中1个或多个症状明显可见; 3分表示重度, 该项中1个或多个症状严重。将4项指标的评分相加得到该样本的总评分, 即单样本总评分范围为0~12分。
组织病理学检查  取小鼠背部皮损皮肤组织及耳部皮损组织于4%多聚甲醛中固定24 h, 石蜡包埋, 过病变区域纵切片, 切片厚度为5 μm, 进行苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, H & E) 染色和甲苯胺蓝(toluidine blue, TB) 染色, 切片全景白光扫描。使用ImageJ软件测量表皮和真皮厚度, 经验丰富实验员计数真皮肥大细胞数目。
统计学分析  使用SPSS软件进行统计学分析并用GraphPad Prism软件绘图。所有数据采用均值±标准差(mean ± SD) 表示, 两组间数据采用student's t检验分析, 多组间数据采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)。
动物模型强度应体现疾病的严重程度, 采用恰当强度的动物模型可更好地模拟相应严重程度的临床患者, 便于后续有针对性地开展药效学评价。在已报道的DNFB诱导AD小鼠背部皮损模型中大多只使用了单剂量DNFB进行攻击, 但不同研究中使用DNFB剂量存在差异, 最终导致在不同报道中的AD小鼠背部皮损差异大, 可比性较低[16-18, 20-23, 29]。本研究首先根据《指导原则》要点[7], 使用不同剂量DNFB构建AD小鼠背部皮损模型, 比较小鼠背部皮损的发展过程及严重程度差异, 探索模型与AD患者病程的相似性及与皮损程度相关的DNFB适宜剂量。
本研究分别采用0.05%、0.1%、0.2%和0.4%的50 μL DNFB攻击小鼠背部相同区域皮肤(图 1A), 每日称重、观察小鼠行为、拍照背部皮肤并皮肤镜检记录。结果显示, 每次攻击后各DNFB剂量组小鼠均出现明显抓挠行为(图 1B), 该抓挠行为体现了《指导原则》中建议使用的Hanifin & Rajka标准和Williams标准中皮肤瘙痒症状[7]。小鼠背部皮肤照片及皮肤镜检结果显示(图 1C), 与溶剂对照组相比, 各DNFB剂量组小鼠在第1次攻击后次日(即第8天) 皮肤均出现明显红斑、水肿及鳞屑; 0.2%和0.4% DNFB组的鳞屑症状相较于低浓度组更严重, 且出现明显表皮剥脱和血痂。随DNFB攻击次数的增加, 0.05%和0.1% DNFB组小鼠的皮损严重程度未见加重, 且部分小鼠的皮损皮肤逐渐复原并出现毛发生长; 0.2%和0.4% DNFB组小鼠背部皮肤红斑和水肿持续存在, 后期观察到大块鳞屑脱落, 另外, 0.4% DNFB组还表现为表皮剥脱持续加重。
《指导原则》建议使用EASI、IGA和SCORAD的客观部分评估AD患者局部皮损程度[7]。EASI、IGA和SCORAD作为患者皮损评分依据既有共性又各有侧重, 这3个量表都评估了红斑、水肿和丘疹, 而对干燥、渗出、结痂、表皮剥脱和苔藓化症状等5个指标各有侧重[24, 25, 28]。本研究全面考虑3个量表中所涉及的8个临床症状, 确定AD小鼠皮损部位的相应8个表现, 结合并参考半抗原诱导AD小鼠模型报道[16-18, 20, 21, 23], 将8种表现归纳为4项评分类别用作量化AD小鼠皮损严重程度的量表(表 1)。本研究根据表 1对每只小鼠每日的皮肤镜照片进行评分, 结果显示(图 1D), 各DNFB剂量组在第1次攻击后次日(第8天) 皮损评分较溶剂组显著升高; 0.4% DNFB组评分均值自第8天始终高于其他组别, 且观察后期皮损评分保持在7~9分; 0.2% DNFB组自第8天至实验结束评分保持稳定; 而0.05%和0.1% DNFB组的评分在第8天达峰值, 然后逐渐降低(0.05% DNFB组评分8天vs 14天, P < 0.001; 0.1% DNFB组评分8天vs 14天, P < 0.05)。此外, 所有组别小鼠体重无显著性差异(图 1D)。上述评分结果与对小鼠皮损主观观察结果一致(图 1C), 提示: ①采用表 1可量化DNFB致小鼠背部皮损严重程度; ②采用0.2% DNFB间隔2天攻击, 连续3次, 攻击部位产生皮损, 且DNFB诱导皮损与小鼠皮肤自我恢复达到相对平衡状态; 采用0.4% DNFB攻击, 皮损强于皮肤组织恢复; 当DNFB浓度低于0.2%时, 小鼠皮肤恢复强于DNFB引起的局部皮损。
虽然临床对AD患者皮损皮肤无明确组织学诊断标准, 但患者皮损部位的病理表现通常是医生诊疗的重要依据。AD患者皮损组织常见的病理表现包括表皮增生、海绵样水肿、角化过度或角化不全、炎性细胞在真皮、表皮或全层皮肤浸润、血管外单核细胞及肥大细胞浸润等组织学特征[30-32]。本研究病理检测不同剂量DNFB组小鼠末次攻击后次日的皮损组织, H & E和TB染色结果显示, 各DNFB剂量组小鼠皮肤均出现表皮和真皮厚度增加、细胞间隙增大, 海绵样水肿(图 2A), 肥大细胞浸润增多(图 2B), 0.2%和0.4% DNFB组还出现角化不全(图 2A), 上述病理特征与AD患者临床常见组织病理学表现相符[31, 32]。病理结果还显示, 小鼠皮损部位病变随DNFB剂量升高而加重(图 2), 与0.05%和0.1% DNFB组相比, 0.2%和0.4% DNFB组小鼠皮损组织的皮肤增厚和肥大细胞浸润更严重; 0.1%、0.2%和0.4% DNFB组观察到细胞桥粒破坏, 且破坏程度随DNFB剂量增加而加重, 该趋势与相应的小鼠皮损主观观察结果(图 1C) 及严重程度评分(图 1D) 一致。
上述结果提示, 用DNFB作为半抗原诱导小鼠背部皮损的病变过程与特应性皮炎的病程、疾病表现和组织病变特征相似, 可用作AD药物药效学评价模型; 不同剂量DNFB诱导的模型小鼠病变严重程度不同, 因此采用不同病变强度模型评价受试物质时, 其药效学结果提示了受试物质对不同严重程度的特应性皮炎的预期药效; 表 1中4类8个指标可量化AD小鼠皮损和病理改变, 可用于受试物质治疗AD药效的连续量化评价, 表征受试物质对AD病程及治疗终点的药效。
DNFB诱导AD小鼠背部皮损模型包括致敏和攻击两个环节, 按照致敏与攻击部位异同可分为原位致敏(致敏与攻击部位相同) 和异位致敏(致敏与攻击部位不同), 两种方案都常被使用[17, 20, 23, 29], 但鲜有研究对两种方式进行比较。非临床药效学动物模型应尽可能体现与适应症相似的疾病过程, 而AD患者通常难以确定接触过敏原的确切时间和位置(即致敏环节), 在诊疗指南中也未以患者接触过敏原位置差异对AD患者进行分类, 即在临床诊断和治疗时不区分患者是原位致敏或是异位致敏, 但在非临床研究中不同造模方式可能会导致模型在疾病发生、病程发展及疾病严重程度出现差异, 最终影响受试药物的药效评价。本研究针对上述问题, 比较原位和异位致敏对AD小鼠皮损的发生、发展及检测终点的异同, 为选择与AD临床特征高相关性的半抗原诱导AD小鼠模型致敏方案提供依据。本研究分别采用原位(背部) 致敏和异位(腹部) 致敏两种方案, 以等量DNFB在第1天和第4天两次致敏小鼠, 然后再以相同方案3次攻击背部皮肤(图 3A), 每日称重、观察小鼠行为、记录背部皮损变化, 检测TEWL。TEWL是单位时间内固定面积下的皮肤经表皮水分流失量, 反映了皮肤完整性及紧密程度。AD临床患者皮损处皮肤屏障功能异常, 表现为高TEWL值, 同时TEWL也是AD小鼠常见皮损检测指标[33, 34]
皮肤镜检结果显示(图 3B), 在第1次攻击后次日(第8天) 背部致敏组小鼠较腹部致敏组小鼠的背部皮损严重, 前者出现明显水肿、大量红斑及鳞屑, 部分小鼠表皮剥脱, 皮损评分5.17 ± 0.94分, 经皮失水严重(130.93 ± 8.62 g·m-2·h-1); 腹部致敏组小鼠背部皮肤仅出现轻微水肿症状, 个别小鼠皮肤出现少量红斑, 皮损评分1.75 ± 0.71分, TEWL值为19.38 ± 4.46 g·m-2·h-1。在第2次攻击后次日(第11天), 两组小鼠背部皮损均加重, 且腹部致敏组背部皮损严重程度与背部致敏组相近(图 3B), 此后直至实验结束, 两组小鼠背部攻击部位皮损程度相当(图 3B)。对AD病变严重程度的客观评分也体现了两种致敏方案的AD小鼠病变过程和结果的异同, 如前所述, 首次攻击后次日(第8天), 背部致敏组小鼠的皮损评分和经皮失水程度显著高于腹部致敏组, 而腹部致敏组TEWL值在第1次攻击前后无显著变化(图 3CD); 在第11天(第2次攻击次日) 和第14天(第3次攻击次日), 背部致敏组与腹部致敏组评分均上调, 且两组评分间无显著性差异, 第14天两组皮损评分别为7.17 ± 1.11和8.75 ± 0.71分(图 3C), TEWL值分别为98.67 ± 9.14和96.39 ± 12.83 g·m-2·h-1 (图 3D), 上述客观评分与主观观察结果一致, 再次提示使用表 1对小鼠皮损严重程度评分可实现量化与AD临床症状关联的疾病严重程度。同时, 每次攻击后两组小鼠均出现抓挠行为(图略), 体现了临床瘙痒症状[7]; 两组小鼠在观察期内体重无显著性差异(图 3E)。上述结果提示: ①使用DNFB作为半抗原, 以原位(背部) 致敏和异位(腹部) 致敏方式, 均可成功诱导AD小鼠模型; ②两种致敏方案在攻击后的病变过程存在差异, 但在建模后期皮损程度相当; ③在开展药效学评价时, 可考虑用不同致敏方式造模, 综合评价受试物质药效。
除小鼠背部皮损外, 半抗原诱导小鼠耳部损伤模型也是经典的AD动物模型, OXA是最常用的半抗原。当采用OXA建模时, 文献中也常使用两种致敏方式, 即原位(耳部) 致敏和异位(背部或腹部) 致敏, 而攻击一般为致敏后第6天开始(即第7天), 每两天攻击1次, 连续攻击10次。为明确不同致敏部位对模型的影响, 本研究考察采用不同致敏方案OXA诱导AD小鼠耳损伤模型病变过程和皮损差异。
实验第1天以OXA作为半抗原分别采用原位(右耳部) 和异位(背部) 两种致敏方式致敏, 然后从第7天开始用相同剂量OXA攻击右耳, 每两天攻击1次, 连续10次(图 4A)。每日观察小鼠行为、称重、测量每只小鼠左右耳厚度并计算耳厚度差; 在末次攻击后次日(第26天) 处死小鼠, 环钻敲取左右耳片并称重, 计算左右耳片重量差作为AD小鼠建模终点皮损部位的肿胀度, 采用H & E及TB染色右耳组织切片进行病理学检测。结果显示, 每次OXA攻击后, 两组小鼠均出现右后爪抓挠右耳行为(图 4B), 该行为与瘙痒作为临床重要诊断指标相对应[7]; 从第1次攻击后次日(即第8天) 开始直至实验结束, 两组小鼠右耳均呈现肿胀, 耳部致敏组和背部致敏组小鼠的右耳肿胀程度分别在第5次攻击后次日(第16天) 和第6次攻击后次日(第18天) 达峰值, 其后, 每组小鼠左右耳厚度差均值保持稳定, 但耳部致敏组耳厚度差在观察期内始终显著大于背部致敏组(图 4C)。在第26天处死动物, 环钻取等面积小鼠耳片并称重, 计算小鼠耳肿胀度, 结果同样显示耳部致敏组小鼠耳肿胀度(34.9 ± 7.0 mg) 显著高于背部致敏组(26.5 ± 6.5 mg) (图 4D), 与处死日小鼠耳厚度差结果一致(0.620 ± 0.112 mm vs 0.486 ± 0.096 mm, P < 0.05)。此外, 耳部致敏组和背部致敏组间小鼠体重在实验全程均无显著性差异(图 4C)。
耳部皮损组织病理学检测结果显示, 与正常小鼠相比, 耳部致敏和背部致敏鼠耳组织均出现表皮和真皮厚度增加、肥大细胞浸润及真皮内水肿(图 4EF), 上述特征与DNFB诱导AD小鼠背部皮损组织病理学特征相似, 也反映了与AD患者皮损类似的病理特征[31, 32]。比较耳部致敏和背部致敏病理结果发现, 耳部致敏小鼠耳部病变更严重, 表现为角化过度, 表皮出现网状嵴样结构, 皮肤全层存在弥漫性炎细胞浸润, 表皮增生及肥大细胞浸润情况比背部致敏组更严重, 提示OXA不同致敏方式诱导的AD小鼠耳部皮损严重程度及组织病变程度不同, 耳部致敏方式造模的小鼠耳部皮损严重程度强于背部致敏, 且有向AD亚急性/慢性阶段发展的趋势。因此, 在评价受试物质治疗AD的药效学时, 使用攻击次数相同而致敏方式不同的建模方案时, 两种方案获得的模型动物病变发展进程不同, 实验终点时AD发展阶段也不同, 所体现的患者人群是有区别的。
按疾病进程和发展阶段可将AD患者分为急性期、亚急性期和慢性期, 各阶段有其相应的病理特点。图 4结果显示, 当使用OXA背部致敏, 7天后每两天攻击鼠右耳1次, 连续攻击10次, 第26天鼠右耳病理结果更接近AD急性期的病理特点(图 4E)。以此为基础, 本研究通过增加攻击次数, 加大攻击间隔, 考察OXA长期攻击致小鼠耳损伤模型的特点。
本研究采用OXA背部致敏, 从第7天开始攻击右耳, 每3天攻击1次, 共17次, 每日观察小鼠行为、称重、测量耳厚度并在末次攻击次日(第56天) 处死动物, 称重耳片并进行组织病理学检查(图 5A)。小鼠耳部抓挠行为从第7天至实验结束始终存在(图片略), 符合AD临床主要诊断标准[7]。此外, 本实验采用的攻击间隔虽然长于相同致敏方式攻击10次的OXA诱导小鼠耳损伤模型(图 4A), 但耳厚度差变化趋势与OXA每2天攻击1次小鼠耳损伤模型相似, 即OXA第6次攻击后次日(即第23天) 达峰(图 5B), 此后小鼠耳厚度差无显著改变(23天vs 53天, P > 0.05); 末次攻击后次日(即第56天) 的耳厚度差为0.490 ± 0.080 mm (图 5B), 肿胀度为31.2 ± 5.1 mg, 均略高于每2天攻击1次且连续攻击10次的OXA背部致敏小鼠耳厚度差(0.486 ± 0.096 mm) 和耳肿胀程度(26.5 ± 6.5 mg) (图 4CD)。此外, 在本模型末次攻击后次日, 模型小鼠右耳触感较OXA异位致敏攻击10次模型小鼠右耳更粗糙和坚硬, 且观察到多只小鼠右耳出现明显结痂, 表现为亚急性或慢性症状。
病理结果也显示(图 5CD), 鼠耳表皮显著增厚, 出现角化不全、棘层细胞增生、皮肤全层弥漫性炎细胞浸润、局部表皮坏死(图 5C) 和肥大细胞浸润增多等病理特点(图 5D)。结合鼠耳厚度和病理学结果, 延长建模时间对鼠耳厚度差的影响不显著, 即攻击6次后, 左右耳厚度差不再随攻击次数增加而增加, 皮损部位水肿不再加重, 但皮损部位出现了AD慢性期病理变化, 提示在考察物质对AD慢性期患者药效时, 可考虑采用间隔3天的长期OXA攻击鼠耳的AD小鼠模型。
药物非临床试验药效评价是新药开发重要环节, 其结果为药物进入临床提供有效性支持, 并为临床试验起始剂量和优化临床试验方案提供依据[8]。动物体内药效实验是在整体水平对受试物的有效性进行评价, 是重要的非临床试验内容, 所使用的动物模型应尽可能与临床患者的发病机制和症状表现相似, 且观察指标需明确并与临床相关性好[8]。本研究对最常用的以DNFB和OXA作为半抗原诱导的小鼠AD模型的不同建模方案进行了比较, 通过评价多个皮损指标, 明确了不同建模方案的AD小鼠病变过程、模型强度和特点, 结果汇总于表 2, 该结果对选择用于AD治疗药物的非临床药效评价模型有提示作用。需要指出的是, 本研究使用的实验动物为6~8周龄的BALB/c小鼠, 建议在实际开展研究时, 即便使用相同品系和周龄的动物也应进行预实验以确认实验条件。
为量化AD小鼠皮损严重程度, 本研究参照《AD治疗药物临床试验技术指导原则》 (征求意见稿) 的内容并广泛参考已报道动物模型研究方法学[7, 16-23], 将EASI、IGA和SCORAD (客观部分) 所有8个症状归纳为4项(表 1), 用于不同剂量DNFB和不同致敏方式建模的DNFB诱导小鼠背部皮损的量化评价。结果显示, 对小鼠背部皮损客观评分结果与主观观察结果一致, 提示表 1评分方法可量化AD小鼠模型皮损严重程度, 可作为AD非临床体内药效学评估参考, 提高AD动物模型与临床评价的相关性。然而, 需要注意AD患者严重程度评分量表采用不同皮损部位严重程度和面积因素综合加权量化评分, 而AD动物模型是针对指定区域的皮损评分, 故表 1评分方法不能反映不同皮损部位及皮损面积的综合评分。同时, 为减少因观察角度、光线亮度及评分人主观因素对评分结果的影响, 本研究建议使用皮肤镜对小鼠皮损区拍照记录, 再由两位或两位以上经验丰富评分者采用双盲法评分, 以提高皮损严重程度评分的客观性。
瘙痒是所有AD患者的典型症状[2, 3, 6, 30]。《指导原则》建议使用的Hanifin & Rajka标准及Williams标准都将瘙痒作为主要诊断指标[7]。本研究结果显示, 小鼠在被DNFB或OXA攻击后均观察到明显瘙痒抓挠行为。《指导原则》还明确指出除以缓解瘙痒为主要治疗目的的受试药物外, 不建议将改善瘙痒作为主要疗效终点[7]。已报道的文献[16, 20, 21, 23, 35-38]中, 普遍采用摄像机记录AD小鼠在末次攻击后固定时间段内的抓挠影像, 计数此时间段内小鼠抓挠次数以表征瘙痒严重程度; 而本研究发现环境因素(如噪声、温度和垫料高度等) 会导致小鼠行为变化, 难以准确定量抓挠次数, 并且由于动物个体差异, 组内小鼠间抓挠次数差别较大, 提示抓挠指标在AD非临床药效学评价中作为主要评价指标的可行性较低。
AD被分为急性、亚急性和慢性阶段[1]。急性皮损主要表现为皮肤肿胀发红、渗出及剧烈瘙痒; 亚急性和慢性皮损主要表现为皮肤出现裂纹、鳞屑、肥厚及苔藓样变等[1, 2]。在AD非临床药效学研究中, 尤其是采用经典DNFB和OXA半抗原诱导AD小鼠皮损模型中鲜有针对模型强度和细化疾病模型表征对应临床病程阶段的报道。本研究结果显示, 采用0.2% DNFB致背部皮损与皮肤自我恢复达相对平衡; 而采用0.4% DNFB可持续诱导并加重背部皮损, 表现为急性期样严重水肿、红斑、结痂和瘙痒, 提示0.4% DNFB可作为AD小鼠急性期皮损模型攻击剂量。
AD患者致敏位置在治疗时通常不被区分, 但在非临床药效学研究中可能会因不同致敏方案导致模型动物的疾病发展和严重程度差异影响受试物质的药效学评价结果。本研究考察了原位致敏和异位致敏对DNFB和OXA诱导小鼠背部和耳部皮损模型的影响。结果显示, 虽然原位(背部) 致敏和异位(腹部) 致敏方式在DNFB诱导背部皮损造模过程中皮损严重程度有显著差异, 但在末次攻击后次日背部皮损严重程度相当, 均呈急性期AD样皮损病变, 故本研究建议对受试物质评价时可综合两种不同致敏方式的DNFB诱导AD小鼠模型; 对于OXA诱导小鼠耳损伤模型, 相较于异位背部致敏, 原位耳部致敏表现为更严重的耳肿胀, 组织病理学提示OXA背部致敏组小鼠耳组织表现为急性期AD病变, 而OXA耳部致敏组小鼠的耳部病变有向AD亚急性/慢性阶段发展的趋势, 故在选用OXA诱导小鼠耳损伤模型时也应考虑不同致敏方式下的模型差异。
长期或频繁接触过敏原可能是导致AD患者持续或反复发病的重要原因, 本研究除以常用的10次OXA攻击建模外, 还通过延长攻击间隔、增加攻击次数至17次以探索OXA长期反复攻击对AD小鼠耳部组织的影响, 结果显示, 相较于OXA诱导26天AD小鼠模型, OXA诱导56天的小鼠耳部病变表现为亚急性或慢性AD症状, 提示在评价受试物质药效时, 可针对性地选择不同病程阶段的AD小鼠模型, 或采用多种模拟不同病程阶段的AD小鼠模型以细化受试药物对不同AD阶段患者的预期药效, 为后续临床试验设计提供更多数据支持。
DNFB和OXA诱导AD小鼠模型的造模部位差异使得两种模型在观察皮损严重程度、指标检测和量化评分等方面各具特点[9-11, 13], DNFB诱导AD小鼠模型以背部为病灶部位, 背部皮损面积相对大且症状更明显, 易于皮肤镜检记录和量化皮损严重程度, 还可实现皮损区TEWL检测; 而对于OXA诱导AD小鼠耳损伤模型, 虽然鼠耳难以皮肤镜检和TEWL检测, 但可持续测量左右耳厚度, 计算耳厚度差, 更客观地表征组织水肿程度, 具有快速、易操作、易定量和价格优势。
由于AD的复杂性及患者表型异质性, 目前尚无AD小鼠模型可以完全模拟或表征AD临床症状[9, 10]。DNFB和OXA诱导的AD小鼠模型是经典常用AD动物模型, 但也仅能反映部分临床特征, 主要包括皮肤屏障功能受损、皮肤组织增生、皮肤全层炎症细胞浸润、神经源性皮肤炎症和瘙痒抓挠等, 此类模型对类固醇、钙调磷酸酶抑制剂、靶向IL-4/IL-13中和抗体等药物有较好的应答, 但模型动物Th2炎症反应相关细胞因子(如IL-4、IL-5、IL-13和IL-9等) 及趋化因子配体(chemokine C-C motif ligand, CCL) (如CCL11和CCL26等) 的表达与AD临床患者Th2炎症反应特征差别较大[9, 10, 39, 40]。因此, 开展体内药效评价时应综合考虑受试物的靶点和AD动物模型特点选择恰当模型。同时, 在开展AD体内药效学评价时, 可使用类固醇或IL-4/IL-13抗体等AD治疗药物作为阳性对照药以用于确证模型正确性和受试物药效强度。
综上所述, 本研究基于AD病程和临床表现, 结合《AD治疗药物临床试验技术指导原则》 (征求意见稿) 对药效学评价的相关建议, 采用不同致敏位置、攻击剂量和诱导时长, 探索使用不同构建方案的OXA和DNFB两种经典半抗原诱导AD小鼠模型的特点、强度和病变过程, 并实现量化皮损严重程度, 为治疗AD候选药物的非临床药效学研究提供方法学依据。
作者贡献: 宋昊、王淳正、周凡凡、吴悠和唐克负责完成实验; 宋昊和王淳正负责数据分析和文章撰写; 郭颖负责课题设计、指导和论文审阅。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-028)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-1-014)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82204472)
  • 新药作用机制与药效评价北京市重点实验室(BZ0150)
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2023年第58卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1240
  • 接收时间:2023-11-02
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-02
  • 修回日期:2023-11-17
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中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-028)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-1-014)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82204472)
新药作用机制与药效评价北京市重点实验室(BZ0150)
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    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 新药作用机制与药效评价北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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