Article(id=1198656349128196162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1193, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697990400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-23, revisedDate=1698768000000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711543590, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1702310400000, pubDateStr=2023-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711543590, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711543590, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711543590, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656343151313891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='12', pageStart='3477', pageEnd='3726', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711542164, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711721609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198657095835943176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198657095840137481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3477, endPage=3489, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656349442768974, articleId=1198656349128196162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Global progress in peptide radiopharmaceutical research and China's opportunities, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Radiopharmaceutical is an essential component of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, as well as a key component of precision medicine. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently approved the marketing of several peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals, sparking a global trend of research in this area and propelling nuclear medicine into the precision theranostic era. This has created a new wave of technological competition in the field of nuclear medicine. It is the responsibility of Chinese scientists in the radiopharmaceutical field to capitalize on this opportunity, leverage the momentum, and strengthen their independent innovation capability in order to stay ahead in the future global nuclear science and technology competition. This review provides an overview of the remarkable progress made in the research, development, and translation of global peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals. It examines the advantages of peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals and outlines the current hot targets and progress in drug development in this field. Additionally, it proposes six opportunities for China to overtake others in the field of peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals and achieve technological self-reliance, based on interdisciplinary collaboration and independent innovation. Lastly, the future prospect of peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals is discussed.

, correspAuthors=Kuan HU, Rui WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xue-yao CHEN, Bo-yang ZHANG, Kuan HU, Rui WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656352198426822, articleId=1198656349128196162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=全球多肽核药研究进展与我国的机遇, columnId=1190335349206389552, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专家论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

核药是核医学的灵魂, 是分子影像和精准医学的重要基石之一。核药为重大疾病的早期诊断和治疗提供了物质基础。近年来, 美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA) 批准了多个多肽核药上市, 开启了全球多肽核药研究的热潮, 核医学正式迈入了精准诊疗一体化时代。围绕核医疗领域的新一轮科技竞争正在全球蔓延。抓住机遇, 乘势而为, 提高核药自主创新能力, 确保在未来全球核科技竞争中掌握主动权, 是我国核药领域科学家肩负的历史使命。本文首先概述了全球多肽核药的研发和转化方面取得的瞩目成果, 分析了多肽核药的显著优势, 总结了当前全球多肽核药研发的热门靶点及药物研发进展。其次, 从学科交叉和源头创新的角度出发, 提出了我国在多肽核药领域走内涵式发展道路, 实现科技自立自强存在的六大机遇。最后, 对多肽核药的未来发展进行了展望。

, correspAuthors=胡宽, 王锐, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*胡宽, Tel: 13381066782, E-mail: ;
王锐, E-mail:
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<i>α</i>v<i>β</i>6, <i>α</i>v<i>β</i>5, and others) , figureFileSmall=afwfo/vwp8iH7o+Sq2Al8A==, figureFileBig=+AZXDL7XACXC3+TxMWwdfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228956996446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656349128196162, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Radionuclide Half-life[25] Application Type of radiation Production method
18F 110 min PET β Cyclotron
68Ga 67.71 min PET β Cyclotron/
Generator
86Y 14.74 h PET β Cyclotron
89Zr 78.41 h PET β Cyclotron
99mTc 6.01 h SPECT γ Cyclotron
203Pb 51.92 h SPECT γ Cyclotron
67Ga 3.2 days PET; therapy β; auger Cyclotron
64Cu 12.7 h PET; therapy β Cyclotron
67Cu 61.83 h SPECT; therapy β Accelerator
111In 2.81 days SPECT; therapy β Cyclotron
123I 13.22 h SPECT; therapy β Cyclotron
131I 8.03 days SPECT; therapy β Reactor
153Sm 46.28 h SPECT; therapy β; γ Reactor
177Lu 6.65 days SPECT; therapy β Reactor
186Re 3.72 days SPECT; therapy β; γ Reactor
188Re 17.0 h SPECT; therapy β; γ Generator
212Pb 10.6 h Therapy α; β Generator
212Bi 60 min Therapy α; β Generator
90Y 2.67 days Therapy β Reactor
223Ra 11.4 days Therapy α Generator
211At 7 h Therapy α Cyclotron
225Ac 10 days Therapy α Reactor
), ArticleFig(id=1198960229103797105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656349128196162, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Radionuclide properties

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Radionuclide Half-life[25] Application Type of radiation Production method
18F 110 min PET β Cyclotron
68Ga 67.71 min PET β Cyclotron/
Generator
86Y 14.74 h PET β Cyclotron
89Zr 78.41 h PET β Cyclotron
99mTc 6.01 h SPECT γ Cyclotron
203Pb 51.92 h SPECT γ Cyclotron
67Ga 3.2 days PET; therapy β; auger Cyclotron
64Cu 12.7 h PET; therapy β Cyclotron
67Cu 61.83 h SPECT; therapy β Accelerator
111In 2.81 days SPECT; therapy β Cyclotron
123I 13.22 h SPECT; therapy β Cyclotron
131I 8.03 days SPECT; therapy β Reactor
153Sm 46.28 h SPECT; therapy β; γ Reactor
177Lu 6.65 days SPECT; therapy β Reactor
186Re 3.72 days SPECT; therapy β; γ Reactor
188Re 17.0 h SPECT; therapy β; γ Generator
212Pb 10.6 h Therapy α; β Generator
212Bi 60 min Therapy α; β Generator
90Y 2.67 days Therapy β Reactor
223Ra 11.4 days Therapy α Generator
211At 7 h Therapy α Cyclotron
225Ac 10 days Therapy α Reactor
), ArticleFig(id=1198960229258986365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656349128196162, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Agent Target Indication Development phase
68Ga-DOTATATE Somatostatin receptor Neuroendocrine tumor Commercially available (2016.01)
177Lu-DOTATATE Somatostatin receptor Neuroendocrine tumor Commercially available (2018.01)
64Cu-DOTATATE Somatostatin receptor Neuroendocrine tumor Commercially available (2020.09)
68Ga-PSMA-11 PSMA Prostate cancer Commercially available (2020.12)
18F-DCFPyL PSMA Prostate cancer Commercially available (2021.05)
177Lu-PSMA-617 PSMA Prostate cancer Commercially available (2022.03)
18F-rhPSMA-7.3 PSMA Prostate cancer Commercially available (2023.05)
18F-AlF-NOTA-octreotide Somatostatin receptor Neuroendocrine tumor Phase II/III
99mTc-3PRGD2 Integrin Lung, esophageal, breast cancer Phase III
18F-Fuciclatide Integrin GBM, kidney neoplasm Phase II
18F-RGD-K5 Integrin Head and neck cancer Phase II
68Ga-NOTA-BBN-RGD Integrin Breast, prostate cancer Phase I
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Peptide radiopharmaceuticals on the market or in development

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Agent Target Indication Development phase
68Ga-DOTATATE Somatostatin receptor Neuroendocrine tumor Commercially available (2016.01)
177Lu-DOTATATE Somatostatin receptor Neuroendocrine tumor Commercially available (2018.01)
64Cu-DOTATATE Somatostatin receptor Neuroendocrine tumor Commercially available (2020.09)
68Ga-PSMA-11 PSMA Prostate cancer Commercially available (2020.12)
18F-DCFPyL PSMA Prostate cancer Commercially available (2021.05)
177Lu-PSMA-617 PSMA Prostate cancer Commercially available (2022.03)
18F-rhPSMA-7.3 PSMA Prostate cancer Commercially available (2023.05)
18F-AlF-NOTA-octreotide Somatostatin receptor Neuroendocrine tumor Phase II/III
99mTc-3PRGD2 Integrin Lung, esophageal, breast cancer Phase III
18F-Fuciclatide Integrin GBM, kidney neoplasm Phase II
18F-RGD-K5 Integrin Head and neck cancer Phase II
68Ga-NOTA-BBN-RGD Integrin Breast, prostate cancer Phase I
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全球多肽核药研究进展与我国的机遇
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陈雪瑶 , 张伯阳 , 胡宽 * , 王锐 *
药学学报 | 专家论坛 2023,58(12): 3477-3489
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药学学报 | 专家论坛 2023, 58(12): 3477-3489
全球多肽核药研究进展与我国的机遇
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陈雪瑶, 张伯阳, 胡宽* , 王锐*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*胡宽, Tel: 13381066782, E-mail: ;
王锐, E-mail:
Global progress in peptide radiopharmaceutical research and China's opportunities
Xue-yao CHEN, Bo-yang ZHANG, Kuan HU* , Rui WANG*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2023-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1193
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核药是核医学的灵魂, 是分子影像和精准医学的重要基石之一。核药为重大疾病的早期诊断和治疗提供了物质基础。近年来, 美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA) 批准了多个多肽核药上市, 开启了全球多肽核药研究的热潮, 核医学正式迈入了精准诊疗一体化时代。围绕核医疗领域的新一轮科技竞争正在全球蔓延。抓住机遇, 乘势而为, 提高核药自主创新能力, 确保在未来全球核科技竞争中掌握主动权, 是我国核药领域科学家肩负的历史使命。本文首先概述了全球多肽核药的研发和转化方面取得的瞩目成果, 分析了多肽核药的显著优势, 总结了当前全球多肽核药研发的热门靶点及药物研发进展。其次, 从学科交叉和源头创新的角度出发, 提出了我国在多肽核药领域走内涵式发展道路, 实现科技自立自强存在的六大机遇。最后, 对多肽核药的未来发展进行了展望。

核药  /  多肽靶向配体  /  多肽核药  /  医用同位素  /  核医学成像  /  诊疗一体化

Radiopharmaceutical is an essential component of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, as well as a key component of precision medicine. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently approved the marketing of several peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals, sparking a global trend of research in this area and propelling nuclear medicine into the precision theranostic era. This has created a new wave of technological competition in the field of nuclear medicine. It is the responsibility of Chinese scientists in the radiopharmaceutical field to capitalize on this opportunity, leverage the momentum, and strengthen their independent innovation capability in order to stay ahead in the future global nuclear science and technology competition. This review provides an overview of the remarkable progress made in the research, development, and translation of global peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals. It examines the advantages of peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals and outlines the current hot targets and progress in drug development in this field. Additionally, it proposes six opportunities for China to overtake others in the field of peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals and achieve technological self-reliance, based on interdisciplinary collaboration and independent innovation. Lastly, the future prospect of peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals is discussed.

radiopharmaceutical  /  peptide targeting ligand  /  peptide radiopharmaceutical  /  medical isotope  /  nuclear imaging  /  theranostics
陈雪瑶, 张伯阳, 胡宽, 王锐. 全球多肽核药研究进展与我国的机遇. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (12) : 3477 -3489 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1193
Xue-yao CHEN, Bo-yang ZHANG, Kuan HU, Rui WANG. Global progress in peptide radiopharmaceutical research and China's opportunities[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (12) : 3477 -3489 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1193
在全球范围内, 人类恶性肿瘤疾病的发病率仍在上升。2020年全球有大约1 930万新发癌症病例和1 000万癌症死亡病例。随着人口的不断增长和人口老龄化加剧, 预计到2040年, 全球新增癌症病例将达到2 840万例, 增长47%[1]。在癌症的临床诊疗方案中, 核医疗一直发挥着举足轻重的作用。早在1951年, 第一例核素类药物Na131I获得了美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA) 批准用于治疗甲状腺疾病[2], 开启了放射性同位素用于疾病诊治的时代。过去半个多世纪以来, 随着生物医学和药学的飞速发展, 核医疗科技的发展也取得了举世瞩目的成就。如果把1898年玛丽·居里发现放射性元素钋当作核医疗的历史起点, 纵观核医疗历经的双甲子历程, 核医疗的发展可以大致划分为3个历史阶段。
第一阶段(20世纪初~20世纪中叶): 发现新核素和认识原子核物理本质的时代。从天然放射性核素到人工放射性核素的发现; 从电子、中子等的发现到原子核结构的确立; 20世纪上半叶的伟大物理学发现, 奠定了核医学的根基。
第二阶段(20世纪中叶~20世纪末): 发明核医疗设备及其应用的时代。20世纪下半叶, 随着信息化技术革命的到来, 以电子元器件为基础的大型医疗设备的发明成为了可能。医用直线加速器、单光子断层成像扫描仪(single photon emission computed tomography, SPECT)、正电子发射断层成像扫描仪(positron emission tomography, PET) 等应运而生, 让核医疗从此走进医院, 服务于数以亿计的患者。
第三阶段(21世纪至今): 精准诊疗核药时代。21世纪以来, 随着“人类基因组计划”完成, 以人为核心的生物学时代宣告来临。就核医疗而言, 拉动其发展的“三驾马车”—核素、设备、新药, 以新药的基础最为薄弱。然而, 这一现象正在发生根本性改变。以颠覆性生物学技术, 如基因编辑、合成生物学、人工进化技术、人工智能等的临床应用为支撑, 正在驱动新药的快速发展。一系列新的概念如: 分子影像、精准诊疗、诊疗一体化、多肽受体核素治疗、靶向α核素治疗等, 进入人们视野, 其核心都离不开放射性药物作为支柱[3]。可以断言, 核医疗的21世纪上半叶将是以分子靶标为基础的精准诊疗核药的时代。从图 1所示核药的发展历程可以看出, 随着177Lu-DOTATATE和177Lu-PSMA-617的上市, 以核药为灵魂的精准核医学诊疗时代全面到来。
核素偶联药物(核药) 是一类分子结构中包含放射性同位素的特殊药品, 其主要用于医学诊断和治疗。经典的核药分子由4部分构成: 靶向配体、连接子、核素和螯合体[4]。作为一类精准的靶向药物, 核药的核心是靶向配体。根据配体类型的不同, 划分为小分子核素偶联药物(small-molecule radionuclide, SMRC)、抗体核素偶联药物(antibody radionuclide conjugates, ARC)[5]和多肽核素偶联药物(peptide radionuclide conjugates, PRC)[6]等。根据功能划分, 核药又可分为诊断性核药和治疗性核药[7]。诊断性核药主要包括单光子药物和正电子药物。如图 2所示, 单光子药物主要用于单光子发射计算机断层显像[8, 9], 正电子药物主要用于正电子发射断层扫描显像[10], 它们都是在分子水平上研究核药在人体内的功能和代谢过程, 以实现快速、实时成像。治疗性核药是一类通过核素衰变释放的放射能进行治疗的药物。靶向核素治疗、核素配体疗法及核素内照射疗法等名词, 都是针对这一类疗法的不同称谓。核素治疗的原理是通过向体内注射一定治疗剂量的核药, 药物在与靶细胞结合后, 放射性核素释放α粒子、β粒子、γ射线及俄歇电子, 直接或者间接诱导DNA单链或双链断裂, 以实现杀灭肿瘤细胞[11-13], 如图 2所示。近年来, 基于治疗性核药的靶向疗法, 在肿瘤精准放疗领域取得了良好的效果, 从而引起了广泛的关注。截至今日, FDA已批准了多款治疗性核药上市[14]。如131I-美妥昔单抗被用于治疗原发性肝癌[15]; 177Lu-PSMA-617被用于转移性去势抵抗前列腺癌患者[16]
多肽核药是利用多肽分子作为靶向配体, 将放射性同位素标记在多肽上, 以实现对肿瘤组织或疾病靶标的特异性结合, 从而达到精准诊疗的目的[14]。多肽核药的发展可以追溯到20世纪90年代, 一些生物化学和药学家开始关注到内源性多肽类分子在体内具有肿瘤特异性的特点, 进而产生了将放射性同位素标记在这些多肽分子上实现更精准的肿瘤成像和治疗的想法。开创性的工作就包括Krenning等[17]使用生长抑素的放射性碘化类似物对内分泌肿瘤进行医学成像和定位。此后, 他们进一步开展了使用生长抑素类似物进行靶向放射性核素治疗的研究。经过20多年的不断改进和优化, 2018年FDA正式批准了诺华177Lu-DOTATATE上市[18] (图 3), 这一衍生自生长抑素的多肽核药分子开启了核药诊疗一体化的新纪元。除了基于内源性多肽分子进行改造获得核药靶向配体, 通过合成药物化学或者高通量筛选发现新配体也获得了巨大成功, 从而进一步丰富了核药发现的路径。
随着人口老龄化问题日益突出, 全球医药市场的供需关系也发生了根本性变化。多肽核药领域主要出现了两种新的趋势。趋势一: 市场对于治疗性多肽核药的需求与日俱增。根据发表在《自然综述临床肿瘤学》期刊上的数据预测, 从2013~2026年, 全球治疗性核药市场复合年均增长率为39.1%, 而诊断性核药的增长率仅为7%。预计在2026年, 治疗性核药将占据50%的核药市场份额[12]。此外, 随着全球癌症、糖尿病、自身免疫疾病等慢性疾病的患病率增加, 多肽核药能提供更加具有针对性的治疗方法而备受期待。趋势二: 诊疗一体化核药成为发展潮流[19]。诊疗一体化作为核医学的显著临床优势, 为个体化治疗提供了可能。当前, 核医学诊疗一体化已写进了多种肿瘤的临床指南, 其实践流程可以概括为: 先诊-后治-再诊[20]。诊断不仅用于患者筛选, 还可以用于剂量指导和预后监测, 从而实现诊断和治疗的深度融合。诊疗一体化的运用, 不仅有利于帮助患者制定合理有效的治疗方案, 还可以通过治疗方案的优化, 提高患者生存质量[21]
如前所述, 目前常用的核药靶向载体包括小分子、抗体和多肽。尽管基于小分子和抗体的核药占FDA批准的核药的80%以上, 但是这些药物主要用于疾病的显像。核素治疗药物追求在肿瘤中的高摄取、长滞留、低背景。然而, 小分子通常特异性不足, 瘤内的滞留时间较短, 作为治疗核素药物载体存在明显的缺陷。相比于小分子, 抗体的特异性、瘤内滞留时间和绝对摄取量有了显著的改善。但是, 抗体分子量大(通常 > 30 kDa), 导致大部分进入体内的抗体滞留于网状内皮细胞和肝脏细胞, 只有有限的抗体能与靶标蛋白结合, 因此, 基于抗体的治疗性核药的长期安全性就成了不容忽视的问题[22]。近年来, 随着对药物多肽分子的研究不断深入, 大量数据表明, 多肽是一类理想的核素药物靶向分子, 其优势主要表现为: ①分子量适中, 对靶标蛋白具有较高亲和力(亚纳摩尔级别) 和专一性, 耐药性发生率低; ②免疫原性低, 组织穿透能力强[23]; ③药物代谢性质优异, 血液清除快, 肾-膀代谢占主导; ④合成修饰简单, 成本优势明显[24]。目前, 围绕多肽靶向配体进行核药开发, 已经成为全球核药行业的潮流和共识。以诺华和基因泰克为例, 2023年相继与多肽平台公司PeptiDream合作, 以获得后者的高价值靶向多肽配体进行核药开发。此外, 据统计, 目前在ClinicalTrials.gov网站上注册的核药临床研究中, 多肽核药占据了50%以上, 图 3展示了部分处于临床试验中的代表性多肽核药分子的结构。
医用同位素是核医疗的能源和粮食。国际放射防护委员会(ICRP) 发布的放射性核素集合, 列出了1 252种放射性核素[25]。其中一些存在于自然界中; 另一些是从核反应中获得。截至目前, 全世界已经报道了超过100种医用核素, 其中30余种核素已经用于疾病的诊断和治疗研究, 常用的诊断和治疗的核素见表 1[25]。用于核医学成像的核素主要包括单光子发射和正电子发射核素。单光子核素释放γ射线并通过SPECT设备进行成像[9, 26, 27]。正电子核素在衰变的过程中, 释放的一个正电子与附近的一个电子碰撞后发生湮灭, 向相反方向同时发射一对γ射线; γ射线被PET设备捕获从而进行显像[10]。目前, 诊断用的核素主要是99mTc, 它占据核医学诊断用药的80%以上[28]。其他还有111In、51Cr、67Ga、75Se等。正电子发射核素有11C、13N、15O、18F、68Ga、64Cu和89Zr等[29], 近年来, 已有多种18F、68Ga和64Cu药物上市(表 2)[30-42]
治疗型核素通过释放α粒子、β粒子或俄歇电子, 直接或者间接导致DNA链断裂, 诱导细胞凋亡, 从而杀死肿瘤细胞[43]。根据经典的辐射生物学理论, 用于靶向治疗的核素需要满足以下参数: 核素释放能量低于40 keV; 粒子路径长度(50~80 μm) 和线性能量转移高(约100 keV·μm-1); 光子与电子的发射比不应超过2 units; 理想的半衰期在30 min~10天; 且毒性低[44]131I是最常见的β-发射体, 也是最早用于临床的治疗型核素, 它具有在分化的甲状腺细胞中特异性富集的性质[44]。随着金属核素-螯合化学的成熟, 90Y、177Lu和188Re的应用得到了推广, 目前已有两种177Lu药物获得了FDA的批准上市[45] (表 2)。此外, α核素具有极高的传能线密度和较短的辐射半径, 可以将其辐射的范围局限在几个细胞内, 适用于高度特异性的靶向治疗, 并提高治疗的安全性[46]225Ac、223Ra、212Th和221At等是常用于治疗的α核素(表 1)。
靶向分子和核素的合理配对是核药研发成功的关键因素之一。从表 1可以看出, 同位素物理半衰期的跨度很大, 从几十分钟到数天。如果根据核素的物理半衰期和药物分子的生物半衰期进行计算得出匹配系数, 理论上匹配系数越接近于1, 成药的概率就会越大。从生物半衰期可调性和标记的便捷性进行考量, 多肽分子相比于小分子和抗体, 优势显著。基于成熟的多肽编辑技术, 可实现多肽生物半衰期从数十分钟到数天的精准调控, 从而理论上任何核素都可以与多肽进行配对。
如何在有限的时间内, 高效地将核素标记到药物分子中以获得较高的比活度是核药可临床规模化应用的关键。多肽具有良好的合成和标记条件耐受性及修饰的便捷性, 使得基于多肽的标记化学具有显著的临床优势。目前, 成熟的多肽标记方法主要有两类: 18F等卤素的标记和金属核素的标记。放射性卤素标记多肽是通过形成碳-卤键, 将核素共价偶联到多肽分子中。常用的卤素核素包括125I、131I、18F和211At等[47]18F是应用最广泛的正电子核素, 目前已有多种氟负离子经过亲核取代反应与多肽形成共价键的方法被报道[48]。此外, 通过经典假肢基化学进行放射氟化和通过点击化学进行放射性氟化标记的方法也进入了临床阶段[49]。金属核素标记需要首先在多肽的非关键位点偶联合适的螯合体, 然后将金属核素标记到螯合体[50]。基于金属螯合的标记方法操作简单[51], 在拥有四类放射性药物使用许可证的医院可以得到快速的应用。多样性的多肽同位素标记方法为其面向不同疾病、不同功能需求的应用提供了可能[52]。如为了实现疾病的快速诊断, 可以使用18F和68Ga等半衰期较短的同位素; 而需要开展核素治疗时, 则可以使用225Ac, 搭配111In作为伴随诊断[53]。这种基于同种分子不同核素的诊疗一体化, 是多肽作为核药载体的优势的集中体现。
根据辐射生物学原理, 核素治疗的关键是癌症细胞DNA损伤诱导的细胞凋亡。如何让辐射能尽可能多地作用于DNA局部, 实现辐射生物学效应的最大化, 是核素治疗药物开发的关键技术难点[21]。以细胞膜表面受体为靶标的核药, 如果能够通过受体介导内化的过程进入细胞内部, 则可以大大提高核素的瘤内作用时间, 使DNA接受的累积辐射剂量值增加。前期大量研究表明, 一些多肽分子与受体结合, 可以触发细胞膜形成囊泡, 将多肽分子成功带入细胞内部[54]。以177Lu-DOTATATE为例, 研究表明: 药物经由静脉注射, 随后在肿瘤部位发生浓聚。高于70%的177Lu-DOTATATE结合SSTR2高表达的神经内分泌肿瘤细胞而发生内吞, 并在细胞内释放辐射能, 最终诱导DNA断裂引起细胞死亡[55]。尽管小分子和抗体也发现了具有受体介导内吞的机制[56], 但是其效率远不及多肽, 且小分子被细胞外排较快, 难以实现胞内的长滞留。
认识多肽核药发展规律, 梳理多肽核药研究前沿, 有助于全面客观看待当前围绕多肽核药的研究热潮, 有益于理性辩证地开展多肽核药研究, 激浊扬清, 走内涵式发展道路。当前, 围绕多肽核药创制的3个方面: 靶标、分子和机制, 呈现出来一系列新的趋势。下面, 以4个靶标蛋白为例, 介绍多肽核药开发成功的案例。通过对经典案例的分析, 促进对多肽核药的优势的理解, 认识多肽核药的研发特点, 启迪多肽核药的创新。
神经内分泌肿瘤是一种具有高表达生长抑素受体的癌症, 起源于神经内分泌系统的特异性细胞。这些细胞兼具神经细胞和内分泌细胞的特征[42]。生长抑素(somatostatin, SST) 是一种含有14或28个氨基酸的二硫键环肽, 它广泛分布在人类中枢神经系统和外周组织。SST具有广泛的生物作用, 包括调节神经传递和分泌, 抑制生长激素、促甲状腺激素、胃肠道激素、胰腺酶和神经肽的释放[57, 58]。此外, SST还抑制正常细胞和肿瘤细胞的增殖[59]。它强大和广泛的抗分泌特性使其成为重要的药物靶标。但是, SST在体内容易被降解, 直接将SST用于体内治疗效果不佳[60]。为解决这一问题, 科学家相继开发了SST的类似物octreotide (奥曲肽)、lanreotide (兰瑞肽) 和vapreotide (伐普肽) 等[61]。研究人员进而基于SST的类似物研制了SPECT和PET诊断试剂, 用于相关肿瘤的成像[62, 63], 目前, 68Ga/64Cu-DOTATATE已获得FDA批准上市(图 3)。治疗方面, FDA批准了177Lu-DOTATATE用于神经内分泌肿瘤的临床治疗[64]。截至当前, 68Ga-DOTATATE和177Lu-DOTATATE搭配的诊疗方案, 已经成为晚期神经内分泌肿瘤患者末期诊治的一种有效的手段[65]。如图 4A所示, 这是一项用 225Ac-DOTATATE治疗神经内分泌肿瘤, 治疗前后使用68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT成像的长期研究, 结果表明即使是对之前的177Lu-DOTATATE治疗难治的患者,225Ac-DOTATATE都显示出了良好的前景[66]
前列腺癌是一种男性常见的实体恶性肿瘤, 也是导致男性死亡的主要原因之一[67]。PSMA (prostate-specific membrane antigen) 是一种II型跨膜糖蛋白, 由750个氨基酸组成。在前列腺恶性肿瘤上皮细胞中, PSMA的表达是正常前列腺细胞的100~1 000倍, 因此成为前列腺癌诊断和治疗的理想靶点[68]。目前已有多种PSMA靶向核药分子获得FDA批准, 其核心靶向分子是基于谷氨酸-脲基结构的类肽结构[69], 该分子骨架由来自乔治敦大学的Kozikowski等[70]于2001年首次报道。经过19年不间断的努力, 基于该分子的两款诊断药物, 68Ga-PSMA-11和18F-DCFPyL[71] (图 3, 表 2) 获得了FDA批准上市用于前列腺癌的诊断, 以评估肿瘤PSMA的表达和转移情况。此外, 基于该骨架的治疗型核药也取得了突破。2022年, FDA已经批准了诺华公司旗下的177Lu-PSMA-617, 用于显像指导PSMA阳性转移性去势抵抗性前列腺癌(mCRPC) 患者的治疗。如图 4B所示, mCRPC患者接受了177Lu-PSMA-617治疗, 系列68Ga-PSMA-617 PET/CT成像显示患者的病灶数量明显减少[72]。基于一项177Lu-PSMA-617治疗PSMA阳性mCRPC的III期研究, 177Lu-PSMA-617能够显著提高mCRPC患者的生存期。
整合素(integrin) 是一类细胞表面受体, 由αβ两个亚基组成。每个αβ组合都有自己的结合特异性和信号特性[73]。整合素在细胞生长、增殖、迁移、信号传导及细胞因子的激活和释放方面发挥重要调节作用, 对细胞增殖和迁移、凋亡、组织修复以及对炎症、感染和血管生成等过程至关重要。整合素不仅可以通过感知胞外环境的刺激向细胞传递信号, 还能感应调控其与胞外环境相互作用的胞内信号[74, 75]。在整合素家族的24个成员中, αvβ3在上皮细胞和成熟的内皮细胞中的表达水平相对较低, 但在活化的肿瘤新生血管内皮细胞和某些肿瘤细胞中高度表达[76, 77]。因此, αvβ3成为开发抗血管生成药物和诊断分子成像探针的绝佳靶点[78]。通过结构生物学解析发现, 与整合素受体结合的配体都具有一个或多个精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸(RGD) 三肽序列[79]。随后, 在2001年, 来自慕尼黑工业大学的Haubner等[80]使用18F标记了携带一个半乳糖的环状RGD分子, 实现了对黑色素瘤的PET显像, 自此开启了基于整合素的核医学显像的时代。此后, 基于RGD多肽的核素分子拓展到了多种整合素亚型的显像, 如α5β1和αvβ6, 其适应症也囊括肺癌、食管癌、胰腺癌等多种肿瘤[81, 82]。目前, 使用18F、99mTc等放射性核素标记的RGD多肽[83], 如18F-fluciclatide、18F-RGD-K5、68Ga-NOTA-BBN-RGD等药物已经进入到临床试验阶段[39, 84]。需要特别指出的是, 来自北京大学的王凡教授团队[85]研发的新型特异性肿瘤显像剂99mTc-3PRGD2是用于核医学显像诊断的1类新药, 是国际上第一个用于SPECT显像诊断的广谱肿瘤显像剂, 也是我国首个自主创新研制的用于核医学显像诊断的一类新药。
FAPα是一种II型跨膜糖蛋白, 含有760个氨基酸。在90%的肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(epithelioma cancell-associated fibroblast, CAFs) 中, FAPα表达水平高度增加。FAP被认为是肿瘤靶向同位素治疗的热门靶点, 并被称为“下一个十亿美元的核治疗学目标”[86]。基于3BP公司开发的靶向FAPα的多肽FAP-2286, 研究者获得了68Ga-FAP-2286, 该药物在多种实体瘤的原发及转移灶中具有较高的摄取和阳性病灶检出率[87]。与18F-FDG相比, 68Ga-FAP-2286 PET/CT在部分肿瘤中显示出更清晰的肿瘤轮廓和更多的转移灶, 对肿瘤的初始分期及治疗后再分期具有较高的诊断效能[88]。相较于FAP小分子显像剂68Ga-FAPI-46, 68Ga-FAP-2286在多种肿瘤原发及转移灶中的显像剂摄取高于68Ga-FAPI-46, 甚至显示出更多病灶诊出, 并且具有更加持久的肿瘤滞留时间。治疗方面, Baum等[89]报道了使用177Lu-FAP-2286进行肽靶向放射性核素治疗的人类首次研究结果, 如图 4C所示。
靶向多肽配体是精准多肽核药的灵魂。聚焦新靶点, 开发新多肽核药, 需要从多肽精准编辑技术和高通量筛选两方面着手, 发现和创造高价值配体。基于传统的多肽修饰策略改造多肽, 如D-氨基酸替换、非天然氨基酸插入、N端修饰、钉书化、大环肽、PEG修饰、脂质修饰等, 如图 5A所示[90], 虽然在过去取得了诸多成功, 但是上述方法在创新性和效率方面存在不足。此外, 传统策略中多肽靶向分子主要来源于天然多肽的类似物或改性产物, 未来, 面向新靶标蛋白的多肽配体筛选将是多肽核药创制面临的共同挑战。发展靶向多肽高通量筛选技术, 将为上述难题提供有效的解决方案。目前, 全球已有多种高通量筛选技术被报道用于多肽配体分子的发现, 如DNA编码化合物库、噬菌体展示、RNA展示和One-Bead-One-Compound (OBOC) 等, 如图 5B所示[91]
噬菌体展示是一种体外筛选技术, 来自英国的Gregory P. Winter爵士团队等[92]建立了基于双环肽的噬菌体编码组合化学库来筛选配体, 该技术分享了2018年的诺贝尔化学奖。由Winter爵士等创立了双环肽公司Bicycle, 该公司利用噬菌体展示技术筛选双环肽用于多肽偶联药物, 在过去两年该公司逐渐开展了基于双环肽的核药业务。来自东京大学的Hiroaki Suga教授是目前RNA展示技术领域的核心人物, 他在使用基于RNA的酶或核酶将非天然氨基酸结合到tRNA中取得了重大进展, 并创立了称为“Flexizyme”的技术。Suga教授的研究可以将各种非天然氨基酸结合到表达的肽中, 自发产生形成大环肽的分子。在此基础上, Suga教授团队使用寡核苷酸展示和定向进化创建了RaPID系统, 这是一个生产和选择数十亿大环肽作为蛋白质靶标的高亲和力多肽的平台[93]。由Suga教授创立的多肽药公司PeptiDream是目前全球最具有代表性的多肽平台公司。近年来, 该公司利用独有的PDPS技术, 深度布局多肽医用同位素药物领域。
OBOC是使用大量的树脂, 每一个树脂上都包含一个独特的、随机的多肽序列形成了OBOC库[94]。早期DNA编码化合物库在固相载体中构建, 使用的是OBOC进行库的建立, 称为OBOC-DELs[95]。之后通过高通量筛选的方式得到亲和力强的多肽配体。多肽在药物研发中地位不断上升, 特别是在核医学领域, 它能挑战传统小分子药物难以达到的目标。随着多肽合成化学和修饰手段的不断更新, 以及筛选技术的不断发展, 将会有更多结构新颖、活性更好的多肽配体与放射性核素结合。
由于核素的物理半衰期有限, 每一次核素药物的合成都是与时间的赛跑。理想的放射性核素标记方法必须同时满足以下条件: 反应条件温和、反应速率快、选择性高及后处理容易。现在已知的一些多肽标记方法在临床应用中存在诸多不足。以18F为例, 基于NOTA-Al18F的标记方法需要的反应温度大于100 ℃, 这会导致部分多肽的变性[96, 97]。此外, 在多肽的某些位点引入较大的假肢基团进行标记将带来多肽亲和力的改变。
点击化学具有快速高效、高选择性、生物正交反应等特点, 在放射性化学合成和预靶向放射性药物策略中具有重要的价值。早在10年前, 点击化学就已经广泛应用于同位素标记领域。如典型的铜催化叠氮与炔烃环加成反应[Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, CuAAC]、叠氮-烷烃的环化加成反应(strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition, SPAAC)、逆电子Diels-Alder反应和其他类型的生物正交点击连接对放射性药物的合成和发展产生了重大影响[98, 99]。2022年, 点击化学荣膺了诺贝尔化学奖, 随后美国著名的放射性药物专家Jason S. Lewis[100]团队在《新英格兰医学期刊》发表了述评文章, 指出尽管化学发现到医学应用的道路是漫长的, 但是点击化学的医学应用已经在路上。未来, 开发并优化与临床契合的点击化学, 并将其与多肽的优势结合起来, 解决传统标记方法的不足, 将是今后一段时间内需要重点研究的内容。
人工智能技术已广泛应用于药物开发的各个环节, 如药物靶标的识别与验证、计算机辅助药物设计、老药新用、生物医学信息的汇总与分析、决策优化以及招募患者进行临床试验等[101]。人工智能强大的能力避免了传统药物开发方法中出现的效率低下和不确定性的弊端, 同时将过程中的偏见和人为干预降至最低。近年来, 人工智能技术在活性多肽药物筛选领域崭露头角。2022年, Cell上报道了华盛顿大学科学家David Baker教授团队[102]的研究成果, 他们利用AI技术平台精准地从头设计出能够穿过细胞膜的大环多肽分子, 开辟了设计全新口服药物的新途径。另外, 来自中国的团队, 报道了利用深度学习预测多级多肽-蛋白质相互作用[103]。他们开发了一个用于多级肽-蛋白质相互作用预测的深度学习框架CAMP。CAMP可以成功捕获肽和蛋白质之间的二元相互作用, 并识别参与相互作用的肽沿线的结合残基。CAMP可以作为预测肽-蛋白质相互作用和鉴定肽中重要结合残基的有用工具, 从而为医用同位素药物的优化提供指导[103]。当前, 人工智能技术的发展日新月异, 未来利用AI技术指导靶向多肽的筛选, 最终提升核药体内性能的方案将成为现实。
使用螯合体与金属核素配位合成放射性药物, 操作便捷, 可推广性强。近年来, FDA批准了多款基于金属螯合标记的核素药物上市, 如68Ga-PSMA-11和177Lu-PSMA-617。图 6展示了目前常用的螯合体的结构。但是, 对于α核素, 以225Ac为例, 一个核素原子的级联衰变会产生4个能量在5.8~8.4 MeV之间的α粒子[104, 105]。每一次衰变产生的子体核素具有较高的反冲核动能, 易于从螯合体上脱落, 导致非特异性辐射损伤正常组织。为解决α核素的子体核素脱落问题, 迫切需要开发下一代多能金属核素螯合体。未来, 整合合成化学、固体化学、计算化学、无机金属化学和药物化学等多个学科, 通过跨学科知识的融合, 开发出广谱、安全、高效的螯合体, 是α核素药物大规模应用需要解决的关键难题之一。
开发新靶标核药是核药创制永恒的主题。当前, 多肽核药的靶标呈现百花齐放的局面。如图 7所示, 以肿瘤微环境为例, 大量位于肿瘤细胞表面、肿瘤血管内皮细胞表面及肿瘤相关成纤维细胞表面的受体被纳入了多肽核药开发的范畴。核药靶标的适应症也呈现出从单一到广谱的变化。如广为熟知的SSTR2和PSMA[106] (表 2)。近年来, 一系列新的药物靶标被寄予厚望, 如FAP和CXCR4等, 这些靶标蛋白的显著特点就是在多种癌症中高表达, 有望成为广谱的抗癌靶标。然而, 目前对于核药靶标的理论尚存在一些认识盲点。当下普遍盛行的做法是从靶向药物和抗体偶联药物的热门靶标中寻找合适的核药靶标。需要清醒地认识到, 核药与普药在作用机制上完全不同, 从普药靶点理论中学习经验, 并逐步建立起一套符合核药发展需求的靶标理论, 形成化-中-生-核并列的药物开发体系, 是核药可持续发展必须要经历的阶段。
针对新靶标, 研创新分子核药, 是核药化学家的首要任务。分析过去半个世纪以来多肽核药靶向分子的发现模式, 可以将其来源划分为两类: 天然来源和人工创造。20世纪, 大量内源性功能多肽分子被发现并被阐明机制, 为核药开发提供了理想的先导化合物。如DOTATATE就是在生长抑素多肽的基础上, 经过优化改造而来。随着药物合成化学的进步, 以内源性配体的发现模式显然不能很好兼顾效率和成功率, 基于人工筛选的靶肽发现模式逐渐成为主流[107]。当前, 基于任意靶标的高通量筛选获得纳摩尔级别的靶向多肽已成为现实。但是, 基于体外蛋白水平的高通量筛选的缺点也逐渐显现, 其面临的挑战之一就是体外筛选的高亲和力分子经常在体内测试中成药性不佳。未来, 需要开发跨尺度筛选体系, 如构建直接在细胞水平或者动物水平进行筛选的高通量体系, 克服目前体外-体内评价不一致性的鸿沟。
目前, 全球核医学市场正处于迅猛发展阶段, 预计到2030年市场规模将达到数十亿美元。随着人口老龄化进程的加速和癌症发病率的上升, 对核医学的需求也日益增加。全球制药企业的参与和产品布局, 以及政策的推动, 使得全球多肽核药的研发备受关注。多肽核药在肿瘤诊疗一体化中具有巨大优势, 有望推动癌症诊断和治疗技术的快速发展, 为人类早日战胜癌症作出贡献。
需要清醒地认识到, 我国多肽核药研究领域也面临着诸多挑战。相较于欧美国家, 我国核医学领域起步较晚, 核医学人均支出低, 市场渗透率也较低。当前, 我国核药研发在一定程度上出现了“买”、“跟”、“仿”、“改”等原创不足、研发收益率低下的现象。为了提高我国核药领域的国际竞争力, 需要从根本上提升核药的原创能力。必须强调由药物导向转变为患者导向, 围绕疾病提供更科学合理的研发策略和整体设计, 以使患者能够更早更快地获得有效治疗。其次, 核药研发的创新路径相对不足, 需要加强新技术和原创成果知识的应用, 以促进成果的转化。实现核药领域科技自立自强, 就要深刻理解制约核药高质量发展的关键因素, 摸索出一条内涵式的发展道路。围绕核素、靶向分子、靶标和机制, 从束缚创新力释放的关键环节着手, 培育核药领域产生一批具有核心竞争力的关键技术和产品。需要关注分子源头创新, 开发更多新型的诊疗一体化靶向多肽核药, 以满足多肽核药的临床需求。在核素方面, 需要着重解决α核素的生产和供应问题。在核药靶标方面, 需要突破传统靶标理论, 通过拓展核药靶标空间, 将核药从“治疗”延伸到“调控”。此外, 应该关注核药辐射生物学效应, 阐述核素辐射调控基因型和表型的规律以及重塑微环境的分子机制。
研究者相信, 在国家有利政策的引导下, 在核药行业科技工作者潜心钻研、攻坚克难的不懈努力下, 我国核药领域将在未来10年迎来一批在国际上具有核心竞争力的产品, 为我国实现高质量发展、健康中国的远景目标贡献应有的力量。
作者贡献: 陈雪瑶、胡宽撰写论文初稿; 张伯阳绘制论文中相关图片; 王锐、胡宽指导论文撰写, 修改论文并定稿。
利益冲突: 本文无相关利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82372002)
  • 中国医学科学院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(2022-RC350-04)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2021-I2M-1-026)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2021-I2M-3-001)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2022-I2M-2-002-2)
  • 北京市科技新星创新新星项目
  • 北京市自然科学基金-昌平创新联合基金项目(L234044)
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2023年第58卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1193
  • 接收时间:2023-10-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-23
  • 修回日期:2023-11-01
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(82372002)
中国医学科学院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(2022-RC350-04)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2021-I2M-1-026)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2021-I2M-3-001)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2022-I2M-2-002-2)
北京市科技新星创新新星项目
北京市自然科学基金-昌平创新联合基金项目(L234044)
作者信息
    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*胡宽, Tel: 13381066782, E-mail: ;
王锐, E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1193
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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