Article(id=1198656348197060638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0905, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690214400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-25, revisedDate=1695312000000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711543368, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1702310400000, pubDateStr=2023-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711543368, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711543368, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711543368, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656343151313891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='12', pageStart='3477', pageEnd='3726', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711542164, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711721609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198657095835943176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198657095840137481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3669, endPage=3673, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656348465496102, articleId=1198656348197060638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Improvement effect of diterpene ginkgolides on acute tMCAO rats and chronic tMCAO rats, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the cognitive effects of diterpene ginkgolides (DG), transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO)-induced rats were established. tMCAO-rats induced by suture method were divided into sham operation group, solvent control group, NBP group, DG group. The animal experiments in the present study were performed in accordance with the Ethical Guidelines of the Laboratory Animal Welfare Ethical Committee of Peking Union Medical College (00000646, 00000635). The effects of DG on tMCAO rats were evaluated by neurological severity score, cerebral infarction volume measurement, step-down and Morris water maze test. In the acute tMCAO rat model, 100 mg·kg-1 DG improved the neural score and infarction volume. In the chronic tMCAO rat model, DG 100 mg·kg-1 significantly improved the survival rate of tMCAO-induced rats. The Morris water maze results showed 100 mg·kg-1 DG decreased the latency of tMCAO-induced rats to find the platform, while the effect was weaker than the NBP. However, DG 30 mg·kg-1 did not show a significant effect. In conclusion, DG exerted a therapeutic effect on transient middle cerebral artery occlusion.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-liang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ling WANG, Shao-feng XU, Nan FENG, Wei-ping WANG, Jie CAI, Xiao-liang WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656350063526004, articleId=1198656348197060638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=银杏二萜内酯对急性tMCAO大鼠及慢性tMCAO大鼠的改善作用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文研究银杏二萜内酯(diterpene ginkgolides, DG) 对短暂性大脑中动脉阻塞(transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, tMCAO) 术后SD大鼠学习记忆的影响。利用线栓法造成大鼠tMCAO, 主要分为假手术组、溶剂对照组、丁苯酞(NBP) 组、DG组。本研究中的动物实验按照北京协和医学院福利伦理审查委员会的伦理指导方针进行(00000646、00000635)。利用神经行为学评分、脑梗塞体积测定、跳台和Morris水迷宫实验评价DG对tMCAO大鼠的改善作用。在急性tMCAO大鼠模型中: 100 mg·kg-1 DG能显著改善急性tMCAO模型的神经评分和梗死面积。在慢性tMCAO大鼠模型中, 100 mg·kg-1 DG组在生存率上比模型组有所提高, 水迷宫学习期结果提示, 与模型组比, 100 mg·kg-1 DG组具有改善的趋势, 但弱于100 mg·kg-1 NBP组; 30 mg·kg-1 DG给药组与模型组相比, 无明显改善作用。综上所述, DG对急性tMCAO和慢性tMCAO均具有一定的治疗作用。

, correspAuthors=王晓良, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王晓良, Tel: 86-10-63165330, E-mail:
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A: Neurological score; B: TTC staining; C: Cerebral infarct volume. NBP: <i>n</i>-Butylphthalide. <i>n</i> = 17-19, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> model group , figureFileSmall=/kfRT4ff0UpajkySMlMT+A==, figureFileBig=BGrarMLVZuxRfNIJ4xzl/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960221117838125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656348197060638, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HxEk1AlWLMtyZN6h6+Jcmw==, figureFileBig=zmTmgQcotcHLlzVr8++WxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960221264638781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656348197060638, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Protective effect of DG on chronic tMCAO rats. A: Survival period of chronic tMCAO rats; B: Weight of chronic tMCAO rats. <i>n</i> = 15-20, mean ± SEM. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> sham group , figureFileSmall=HxEk1AlWLMtyZN6h6+Jcmw==, figureFileBig=zmTmgQcotcHLlzVr8++WxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960221398856524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656348197060638, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Y7v+e3oFR9t9lXefVg0CDQ==, figureFileBig=mmmWrT/wD77KPBW8gxoarw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960221495325523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656348197060638, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Protective effect of DG on cognition of chronic tMCAO rats (step-down test). A: Latency; B: Number of errors. <i>n</i> = 15-20, mean ± SEM , figureFileSmall=Y7v+e3oFR9t9lXefVg0CDQ==, figureFileBig=mmmWrT/wD77KPBW8gxoarw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960221621154652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656348197060638, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hJR8jKhmTRLQsHthDEmN8g==, figureFileBig=cFu7y+K97gh+9FiKwt7tSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960221746983781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656348197060638, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Protective effect of DG on cognition of chronic tMCAO rats (Morris water maze). <i>n</i> = 15-20, mean ± SEM. <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> sham group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> model group , figureFileSmall=hJR8jKhmTRLQsHthDEmN8g==, figureFileBig=cFu7y+K97gh+9FiKwt7tSQ==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, 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银杏二萜内酯对急性tMCAO大鼠及慢性tMCAO大鼠的改善作用
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王玲 , 徐少锋 , 冯楠 , 王伟平 , 蔡杰 , 王晓良 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(12): 3669-3673
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(12): 3669-3673
银杏二萜内酯对急性tMCAO大鼠及慢性tMCAO大鼠的改善作用
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王玲, 徐少锋, 冯楠, 王伟平, 蔡杰, 王晓良*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 作用机制研究与药效评价北京市重点实验室 (BZ0150), 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*王晓良, Tel: 86-10-63165330, E-mail:
Improvement effect of diterpene ginkgolides on acute tMCAO rats and chronic tMCAO rats
Ling WANG, Shao-feng XU, Nan FENG, Wei-ping WANG, Jie CAI, Xiao-liang WANG*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study (BZ0150), Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2023-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0905
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本文研究银杏二萜内酯(diterpene ginkgolides, DG) 对短暂性大脑中动脉阻塞(transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, tMCAO) 术后SD大鼠学习记忆的影响。利用线栓法造成大鼠tMCAO, 主要分为假手术组、溶剂对照组、丁苯酞(NBP) 组、DG组。本研究中的动物实验按照北京协和医学院福利伦理审查委员会的伦理指导方针进行(00000646、00000635)。利用神经行为学评分、脑梗塞体积测定、跳台和Morris水迷宫实验评价DG对tMCAO大鼠的改善作用。在急性tMCAO大鼠模型中: 100 mg·kg-1 DG能显著改善急性tMCAO模型的神经评分和梗死面积。在慢性tMCAO大鼠模型中, 100 mg·kg-1 DG组在生存率上比模型组有所提高, 水迷宫学习期结果提示, 与模型组比, 100 mg·kg-1 DG组具有改善的趋势, 但弱于100 mg·kg-1 NBP组; 30 mg·kg-1 DG给药组与模型组相比, 无明显改善作用。综上所述, DG对急性tMCAO和慢性tMCAO均具有一定的治疗作用。

短暂性大脑中动脉阻塞  /  银杏二萜内酯  /  学习记忆  /  血管性痴呆  /  脑保护

To study the cognitive effects of diterpene ginkgolides (DG), transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO)-induced rats were established. tMCAO-rats induced by suture method were divided into sham operation group, solvent control group, NBP group, DG group. The animal experiments in the present study were performed in accordance with the Ethical Guidelines of the Laboratory Animal Welfare Ethical Committee of Peking Union Medical College (00000646, 00000635). The effects of DG on tMCAO rats were evaluated by neurological severity score, cerebral infarction volume measurement, step-down and Morris water maze test. In the acute tMCAO rat model, 100 mg·kg-1 DG improved the neural score and infarction volume. In the chronic tMCAO rat model, DG 100 mg·kg-1 significantly improved the survival rate of tMCAO-induced rats. The Morris water maze results showed 100 mg·kg-1 DG decreased the latency of tMCAO-induced rats to find the platform, while the effect was weaker than the NBP. However, DG 30 mg·kg-1 did not show a significant effect. In conclusion, DG exerted a therapeutic effect on transient middle cerebral artery occlusion.

transient middle cerebral artery occlusion  /  diterpene ginkgolides  /  learning and memory  /  vascular dementia  /  cerebral protection
王玲, 徐少锋, 冯楠, 王伟平, 蔡杰, 王晓良. 银杏二萜内酯对急性tMCAO大鼠及慢性tMCAO大鼠的改善作用. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (12) : 3669 -3673 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0905
Ling WANG, Shao-feng XU, Nan FENG, Wei-ping WANG, Jie CAI, Xiao-liang WANG. Improvement effect of diterpene ginkgolides on acute tMCAO rats and chronic tMCAO rats[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (12) : 3669 -3673 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0905
脑卒中是我国成人致死、致残的首要原因, 年龄是脑卒中发生的重要因素, 好发于65岁以上的老年人[1]。随着人口老龄化的日益加剧, 我国脑卒中患病率逐年增加, 随之而来的恢复期治疗意义重大。脑卒中主要分为缺血性和出血性脑卒中, 其中缺血性脑卒中占68%。缺血性脑卒中主要是由脑实质血流不足引起的, 主要致病因素是颅内动脉血栓形成、栓塞及脑内血管的低灌注等[2, 3]。缺血性脑卒中的治疗手段主要有改善脑血流、他汀类药物和神经保护药物等。神经保护剂在治疗缺血性脑卒中有很好的前景, 研究发现其能阻断缺血造成的脑组织损伤一系列的细胞生化和代谢[4, 5]
银杏二萜内酯葡胺注射液是临床上常用于治疗脑卒中的神经保护剂[6], 主要通过抑制血小板的活化因子发挥作用[7]。由于银杏二萜内酯(diterpene ginkgolides, DG) 的使用时间较短, 相关的报道数量有限, 特别是对急性脑缺血后的恢复期的作用, 对脑功能的影响需要提供更多的数据支持临床应用。本研究考察DG对急性短暂性大脑中动脉阻塞(transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, tMCAO) 大鼠及慢性tMCAO大鼠恢复期的改善作用, 为其临床应用提供数据支持。
试剂和药品    银杏二萜内酯原料药(DG), 批号: 200302, 白色粉末, 难溶于水, 纯度为99%, 由江苏康缘药业股份有限公司提供, 吐温80研磨成混悬液。丁苯酞(NBP), 中国食品药品检定研究院标准品(每支200 mg), 将其用橄榄油溶解配置成20 mg·mL-1浓度。
实验动物及手术[8, 9]
急性tMCAO模型的建立    SD大鼠, 雄性, 220~240 g。大鼠用气体麻醉机麻醉(1.5%~2.5%异氟烷), 体温维持在(37 ± 0.5) ℃, 仰卧位固定于手术台上, 进行线栓法大脑中动脉阻断缺血手术。动物随机分为4组, 溶剂对照组、NBP 200 mg·kg-1组、DG 30 mg·kg-1组和DG 100 mg·kg-1组, 每组动物17~19只。缺血手术后5 min内完成给药, 大鼠缺血2 h, 再灌24 h后取材。
慢性tMCAO模型的建立    SD大鼠, 雄性, 220~240 g。大鼠适应性饲养3天, 于术前8~12 h禁食, 不禁水。动物异氟烷气体麻醉后行线栓法大脑中动脉阻断缺血手术, 缺血后20~30 min (动物清醒状态) 口服灌胃相应药物, 缺血手术后120 min进行大脑中动脉再灌注手术, 动物术后24 h分笼标记。动物随机分为5组: 假手术组、溶剂对照组、NBP口服100 mg·kg-1组、DG 30 mg·kg-1和100 mg·kg-1组, 每组动物15~20只。口服给药, 每天给药1次, 连续给药28天, 动物于术后1、7、14、21、28天记录体重及行为学变化, 动物于术后18天进行跳台实验, 术后21~25天进行水迷宫学习期测试, 术后26天后进行水迷宫探索测试, 术后28天处死。
脑梗塞体积测定和神经行为学评分[10, 11]
脑梗塞体积的测定    大鼠缺血2 h, 再灌24 h后, 即刻断头取脑, 去除嗅球、小脑和低位脑干, 将其冠状切成6片(每片2 mm), 迅速置于5 mL含有1.5 mL 4% TTC及0.1 mL K2HPO4的溶液中染色(37 ℃, 避光) 20~30 min, 其间每隔5 min翻动一次。经TTC染色后, 正常组织深染呈红色, 梗塞组织呈白色。将每组脑片排列整齐, 拍照保存。应用图像分析系统软件(Photoshop软件) 处理并统计, 求算每片的梗塞面积, 并最终叠加换算成梗塞体积。为消除脑水肿的影响, 梗塞体积百分率以下列公式计算:
半脑梗塞体积(%) =手术侧半球梗塞部分的体积÷手术侧半球的体积×100%
全脑梗塞体积(%) =手术侧半球梗塞部分的体积÷全脑的体积×100%
神经行为学评分    于缺血后2 h, 再灌24 h后, 进行动物的行为学评分, 提鼠尾离开地面约1尺, 观察两前肢状况; 将大鼠置于水平地面, 推动其双肩, 观察两侧抵抗力有无差异; 大鼠置于地面, 观察其行走情况。采用四级评分法(0~4分), 分数越高, 说明其神经行为损伤越严重。①行为完全正常为0分; ②提起鼠尾离开地面, 手术对侧前肢内旋、内收者, 为1分; ③大鼠至地面, 用手挤压两侧检查其抗力, 手术对侧抗力下降者, 为2分; ④大鼠至地面, 观察其行走, 围绕手术对侧转圈者, 为3分; ⑤损伤极其严重, 已无法自主活动者, 为4分。
学习记忆行为学评价[12, 13]
跳台实验    跳台实验装置为一个长方形反射箱, 用黑色塑料板分隔成5间。第一天将大鼠放入跳台内自由活动2 min, 然后接通36 V交流电, 适应性训练3 min; 第二天记录大鼠第一次跳下平台的时间, 即潜伏期以及在5 min内跳下的错误次数。
Morris水迷宫实验    Morris水迷宫实验装置直径120 cm, 水深40 cm, 实验时平台位置固定不变, 低于水面2~3 cm。1~5天为定位航行实验, 记录大鼠90 s内找到平台的潜伏期, 并让其在平台上停留30 s。若大鼠90 s内未找到平台, 则将其放到安全平台上停留30 s, 潜伏期记为90 s。
统计学方法    实验结果以mean ± SEM表示。水迷宫实验的潜伏期采用two-way ANOVA with post hoc LSD进行比较, 其余通过one-way ANOVA with post hoc LSD进行比较。P < 0.05认为有显著性差异。
在急性tMCAO大鼠模型中, 本研究首先利用神经评分对DG的作用进行评价, DG在一定程度能改善tMCAO神经评分, 与阳性药NBP相当, 表明DG对急性tMCAO大鼠有一定的改善作用(图 1A)。进一步对急性tMCAO大鼠的脑梗塞体积进行测定, 与神经评分结果一致, DG 100 mg·kg-1能显著改善急性tMCAO大鼠的脑梗死体积(图 1BC)。以上研究表明, DG对急性tMCAO大鼠有一定的治疗作用。
本研究又建立了慢性tMCAO大鼠模型, 评价DG的保护作用。生存实验结果显示, 模型组在平均生存天数(P < 0.01)、体重变化(P < 0.05, P < 0.001) 与假手术组具有显著性差异; 100 mg·kg-1 DG组对平均生存天数有一定的改善趋势, 但弱于100 mg·kg-1 NBP组, 对体重无基本影响(图 2)。以上结果表明, 100 mg·kg-1 DG对tMCAO大鼠的生存期具有一定的改善作用。
跳台实验于tMCAO术后18天进行, 结果显示在潜伏期方面各给药组与模型组比较均无明显差异; 在错误次数方面, 与假手术组相比, 模型组大鼠有升高的趋势, 而NBP组和DG小剂量组有一定的改善作用(图 3)。
水迷宫实验于tMCAO术后21天进行, 结果显示, 模型组大鼠与假手术组在水迷宫学习训练期有明显的统计学差异, 表明tMCAO能明显引起大鼠学习记忆障碍; NBP和DG (100 mg·kg-1) 能明显地改善tMCAO大鼠的学习记忆障碍, 有统计学差异(图 4)。以上数据表明提示, 100 mg·kg-1 DG具有一定的改善作用。
缺血性脑卒中是由于脑血管阻塞、血流减少导致氧及其他营养物质缺乏引起脑组织应激反应和炎性损伤等, 长期发展会引起学习记忆的障碍[13, 14]。研究发现神经保护剂在脑缺血后期可改善神经元功能, 是治疗缺血性脑卒中的一种有前景的选择。然而, 很多神经保护剂在临床阶段的疗效并不显著, 临床可选择的药物较少[15, 16]。因此, 寻找新的药物或者上市药物的新适应症迫在眉睫。银杏作为传统中药, 广泛应用于心脑血管疾病的治疗。研究发现, 银杏可通过抗氧化、抗炎和保护神经元等起到增加脑血流量和改善脑缺血作用[17, 18]
银杏二萜内酯葡胺注射液是治疗缺血性脑疾病的第5类新药, 研究表明银杏二萜内酯葡胺注射液可有效改善缺血再灌注大鼠的脑损伤, 但长期给药的临床前数据较少。因此, 本研究采用tMCAO线栓法制备局灶性脑缺血大鼠模型以评价银杏二萜内酯对脑缺血的改善作用。
在本研究中, 急性tMCAO实验结果表明, 100 mg·kg-1 DG能显著改善tMCAO大鼠的损伤, 主要表现在能一定程度改善神经评分和显著缩小患侧的脑梗塞体积。在慢性tMCAO大鼠实验中, 100 mg·kg-1 DG组在生存率上比模型组有所提高; 在平均生存天数、跳台实验错误次数结果中, 与模型组比具有改善的趋势。在水迷宫实验中, DG大剂量给药组(100 mg·kg-1) 作用与NBP相近, 与模型组比较有显著改善作用。30 mg·kg-1 DG给药组与模型组比较无明显改善作用。DG在急性脑缺血后恢复期具有改善学习记忆能力, 恢复脑功能, 除了抗血小板和活血化瘀以外, 与其扩张血管和抗氧化作用有关。综上所述, DG对急性tMCAO和慢性tMCAO均具有一定的治疗作用。
作者贡献: 王玲负责部分实验设计、数据分析和撰写论文; 徐少锋和蔡杰负责动物实验; 冯楠和王伟平负责数据分析; 王晓良负责指导实验设计和论文的修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 新药作用机制研究与药效评价北京市重点实验室(BZ0150)
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2023年第58卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0905
  • 接收时间:2023-07-25
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-25
  • 修回日期:2023-09-22
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新药作用机制研究与药效评价北京市重点实验室(BZ0150)
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    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 作用机制研究与药效评价北京市重点实验室 (BZ0150), 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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