Article(id=1198656346108298239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1201, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698249600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-26, revisedDate=1699286400000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711542870, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1702310400000, pubDateStr=2023-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711542870, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711542870, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711542870, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656343151313891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='12', pageStart='3477', pageEnd='3726', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711542164, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711721609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198657095835943176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198657095840137481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656343151313891, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3628, endPage=3636, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656346364149764, articleId=1198656346108298239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Neuroprotective and mechanistic study of GJ-4 on okadaic acid-induced memory impairment in mice, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

GJ-4 is crocin enrichments extracted from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis, and our previous studies have shown that GJ-4 significantly improved learning and memory impairment induced by Aβ in mice. Herein, a memory deficit model was developed by injecting okadaic acid (OA) into the lateral ventricle of mice, and the neuroprotection and underlying mechanism of GJ-4 on neuronal injury caused by Tau hyperphosphorylation were investigated. The Animal Care & Welfare Committee, Institute of Materia Medica, CAMS & PUMC has approved all procedures (No.00000318). GJ-4 at different doses was intragastric administration to mice for 16 days. Step-down test and Morris water maze test showed that GJ-4 could significantly improve OA-induced memory impairment in mice, and reduced the loss of Nissl bodies in the hippocampus of mice. GJ-4 could also decrease the phosphorylation level of Tau protein at Ser396, Thr231 and Ser404 via increasing protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity and inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) activity. Besides, further researches indicated that GJ-4 could inhibit the level of oxidative stress in the brain of OA mice, reduce neuronal apoptosis and inhibit the neuroinflammation mediated by activation of astrocytes in the hippocampus of mice, and eventually achieve its effects in improving learning and memory impairment in mice. According to these findings, we anticipated that GJ-4 might be a potential therapeutic drug for Alzheimer's disease.

, correspAuthors=Dan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yang YANG, Chan-juan SHENG, Cai-xia ZANG, Jun-mei SHANG, Xiu-qi BAO, Dan ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656349224665157, articleId=1198656346108298239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=GJ-4对冈田酸诱发小鼠学习记忆障碍的神经保护作用和机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

GJ-4是从中药栀子中提取出的藏红花色素类活性成分, 前期研究发现GJ-4对Aβ诱发的小鼠学习记忆障碍具有明显的改善作用。本实验采用小鼠侧脑室注射冈田酸(okadaic acid, OA) 建立记忆损伤模型(实验中所有操作均获得中国医学科学院北京协和医学院实验动物伦理委员会的批准, 批准号: 00000318), 探讨GJ-4对Tau蛋白过度磷酸化引起神经元病变的改善作用及其机制。小鼠OA侧脑室注射后, 连续16天灌胃给予GJ-4。结果显示, GJ-4可显著改善OA诱发的小鼠学习记忆障碍, 同时减少小鼠海马区神经元尼氏小体的丢失。GJ-4可提高蛋白磷酸酶2A (protein phosphatase 2A, PP2A) 活性并抑制糖原合成酶激酶-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β, GSK-3β) 表达, 进而降低Tau蛋白Ser396、Thr231和Ser404位点的磷酸化水平。进一步研究发现, GJ-4还可降低OA小鼠脑内氧化应激水平和海马星形胶质细胞活化介导的神经炎症而抑制神经元凋亡, 最终发挥改善小鼠学习记忆障碍的作用。以上研究表明, GJ-4具有开发成为治疗阿尔茨海默症新药的良好前景。

, correspAuthors=张丹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张丹, Tel: 86-10-63165178, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者.

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Mice were microinjected with OA on day 1 and administered with GJ-4/donepezil on day 3 for 16 days, and sacrificed on day 19. Mice were tested by step-down test on day 10 and Morris water maze test for 8 days from 11<sup>th</sup> to 18<sup>th</sup> day. OA: Okadaic acid , figureFileSmall=U5yBpi4LqEYw50zYwGOITA==, figureFileBig=HZW/KNDCX/rOPMKKy8kYjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228709528108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656346108298239, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=IMs3TUy5tUX/pjxLSNQhhQ==, figureFileBig=OLiem0lWai6/9bz8pE3kDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228814385722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656346108298239, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= GJ-4 improved learning and memory deficits in OA-injected Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice. A: Latency of step-down test; B: Number of errors of step-down test; C: Representative paths to find the platform in Morris water maze test; D: Latency of mice to find the platform in Morris water maze test; E: Latency of mice to cross the platform in Morris water maze test; F: Number of platform crossing in Morris water maze test. <i>n</i> = 20, mean ± SEM. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> sham operated mice; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> OA-injected mice , figureFileSmall=IMs3TUy5tUX/pjxLSNQhhQ==, figureFileBig=OLiem0lWai6/9bz8pE3kDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228910854723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656346108298239, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PWaq2ZEzb+p2/+96lBPWTg==, figureFileBig=AltybjG1s8vBz1n0Oe8ZHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229053461078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656346108298239, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= GJ-4 attenuated neuronal injury induced by OA injection in mice. A, B: Nissl staining in CA1 (A) and CA3 (B) of hippocampus (40×); C, D: Statistical analysis of Nissl staining in the hippocampus of CA1 (C) and CA3 (D) in mice. <i>n</i> = 4, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> sham operated mice; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> OA-injected mice. GJ-4: 100 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup> , figureFileSmall=PWaq2ZEzb+p2/+96lBPWTg==, figureFileBig=AltybjG1s8vBz1n0Oe8ZHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229254787685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656346108298239, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EzOAZq5jJEPN/2dNzHhMIA==, figureFileBig=iyosSDDMin2p4vR5HeP41A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229389005425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656346108298239, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effects of GJ-4 on the phosphorylation of Tau, PP2A and GSK-3<i>β</i> in the hippocampus of OA-injected mice. A: Representative images of p-Tau (Thr231), p-Tau (Ser396), p-Tau (Ser404) and Tau in hippocampus; B-D: Statistical analysis of p-Tau (Thr231, B), p-Tau (Ser396, C), p-Tau (Ser404, D) expression; E: Representative images of p-PP2A (Tyr307) and PP2A in hippocampus; F: Statistical analysis of p-PP2A (Tyr307) expression; G: Representative images of p-GSK-3<i>β</i> (Ser9) and GSK-3<i>β</i> in hippocampus; H: Statistical analysis of p-GSK-3<i>β</i> (Ser9) expression. <i>n</i> = 4, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> sham operated mice; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> OA-injected mice. GJ-4: 100 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>. PP2A: Protein phosphatase 2A; GSK-3<i>β</i>: Glycogen synthase kinase-3<i>β</i> , figureFileSmall=EzOAZq5jJEPN/2dNzHhMIA==, figureFileBig=iyosSDDMin2p4vR5HeP41A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229565166211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656346108298239, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FeXXQNkuU5eHdvlnzOgAEQ==, figureFileBig=f9KJ1CkwPUq35Ay+pe2fLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229724549782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656346108298239, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= GJ-4 attenuated oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus of OA-injected mice. A: The content of MDA; B: The content of GSH; C: The activity of T-SOD. <i>n</i> = 12, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> sham operated mice; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> OA-injected mice. GJ-4: 100 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>. MDA: Malondialdehyde; GSH: Glutathione; SOD: Superoxide dismutase , figureFileSmall=FeXXQNkuU5eHdvlnzOgAEQ==, figureFileBig=f9KJ1CkwPUq35Ay+pe2fLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229833601697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656346108298239, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Wi1igFkSXxAA24xP8T/9Sg==, figureFileBig=uyjNb8Vs6G6W/eTt02lazw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229946847918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656346108298239, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Effects of GJ-4 on caspase 3 and caspase 9 mRNA expression and cleaved-caspase 3 protein expression in the hippocampus of mice. A: Caspase 3 mRNA expression; B: Caspase 9 mRNA expression; C: Representative images of cleaved-caspase 3 in hippocampus; D: Statistical analysis of cleaved-caspase 3 expression. <i>n</i> = 4, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> sham operated mice; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> OA-injected mice. GJ-4: 100 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup> , figureFileSmall=Wi1igFkSXxAA24xP8T/9Sg==, figureFileBig=uyjNb8Vs6G6W/eTt02lazw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960230047511233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656346108298239, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qp4EuM7grTgyl5wh0M4SWw==, figureFileBig=qgp/DnLPbYG9SA85vtcG0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960230173340366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656346108298239, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= GJ-4 suppressed neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of OA-injected mice. A, B: Representative images of GFAP positive cells in CA1 (A) and CA3 (B) of hippocampus (40×); C, D: Statistical analysis of GFAP positive cells [CA1 (C) and CA3 (D)]; E-H: GFAP (E), IL-6 (F), IL-10 (G), and COX-2 (H) mRNA expression; I: Representative images of iNOS in hippocampus; J: Statistical analysis of iNOS expression. <i>n</i> = 4, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> sham operated mice; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> OA-injected mice. GJ-4: 100 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup> , figureFileSmall=qp4EuM7grTgyl5wh0M4SWw==, figureFileBig=qgp/DnLPbYG9SA85vtcG0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960230294975201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656346108298239, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Primer sequence
GFAP Forward 5′-TCCTGGAACAGCAAAACAAG -3′
Reverse 5′-CAGCCTCAGGTTGGTTCAT-3′
IL-6 Forward 5′-CTGCAAGAGACTTCCATCCAG-3′
Reverse 5′-AGTGGTATAGACAGGTCTGTTGG-3′
IL-10 Forward 5′-GAATTCCCTGGGAGAGAAGC-3
Reverse 5′-TTCTCACAGGGGAGAAATCG-3′
COX-2 Forward 5′-GAAGTGGGGGTTTAGGATCATC-3
Reverse 5′-CCTTTCACTTTCGGATAACCA-3
Caspase 9 Forward 5′-AGCCAGATGCTGTCCCATAC-3′
Reverse 5′-CAGGAGACAAAACCTGGGAA-3′
Caspase 3 Forward 5′-CCACTCCCAGTCATTCCTTTAGTG-3′
Reverse 5′-ATGGACAACAACGAAACCTCCGTG-3′
GAPDH Forward 5′-TTCCCGTTCAGCTCTGGG-3′
Reverse 5′-CCCTGCATCCACTGGTGC-3′
), ArticleFig(id=1198960230504690420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656346108298239, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experiment related primer sequences[8]. GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; IL: Interleukin; COX2: Cyclooxygenase-2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Primer sequence
GFAP Forward 5′-TCCTGGAACAGCAAAACAAG -3′
Reverse 5′-CAGCCTCAGGTTGGTTCAT-3′
IL-6 Forward 5′-CTGCAAGAGACTTCCATCCAG-3′
Reverse 5′-AGTGGTATAGACAGGTCTGTTGG-3′
IL-10 Forward 5′-GAATTCCCTGGGAGAGAAGC-3
Reverse 5′-TTCTCACAGGGGAGAAATCG-3′
COX-2 Forward 5′-GAAGTGGGGGTTTAGGATCATC-3
Reverse 5′-CCTTTCACTTTCGGATAACCA-3
Caspase 9 Forward 5′-AGCCAGATGCTGTCCCATAC-3′
Reverse 5′-CAGGAGACAAAACCTGGGAA-3′
Caspase 3 Forward 5′-CCACTCCCAGTCATTCCTTTAGTG-3′
Reverse 5′-ATGGACAACAACGAAACCTCCGTG-3′
GAPDH Forward 5′-TTCCCGTTCAGCTCTGGG-3′
Reverse 5′-CCCTGCATCCACTGGTGC-3′
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GJ-4对冈田酸诱发小鼠学习记忆障碍的神经保护作用和机制研究
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杨杨 # , 盛婵娟 # , 臧彩霞 , 尚俊美 , 鲍秀琦 , 张丹 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(12): 3628-3636
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(12): 3628-3636
GJ-4对冈田酸诱发小鼠学习记忆障碍的神经保护作用和机制研究
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杨杨#, 盛婵娟#, 臧彩霞, 尚俊美, 鲍秀琦, 张丹*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*张丹, Tel: 86-10-63165178, E-mail:
Neuroprotective and mechanistic study of GJ-4 on okadaic acid-induced memory impairment in mice
Yang YANG, Chan-juan SHENG, Cai-xia ZANG, Jun-mei SHANG, Xiu-qi BAO, Dan ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2023-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1201
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GJ-4是从中药栀子中提取出的藏红花色素类活性成分, 前期研究发现GJ-4对Aβ诱发的小鼠学习记忆障碍具有明显的改善作用。本实验采用小鼠侧脑室注射冈田酸(okadaic acid, OA) 建立记忆损伤模型(实验中所有操作均获得中国医学科学院北京协和医学院实验动物伦理委员会的批准, 批准号: 00000318), 探讨GJ-4对Tau蛋白过度磷酸化引起神经元病变的改善作用及其机制。小鼠OA侧脑室注射后, 连续16天灌胃给予GJ-4。结果显示, GJ-4可显著改善OA诱发的小鼠学习记忆障碍, 同时减少小鼠海马区神经元尼氏小体的丢失。GJ-4可提高蛋白磷酸酶2A (protein phosphatase 2A, PP2A) 活性并抑制糖原合成酶激酶-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β, GSK-3β) 表达, 进而降低Tau蛋白Ser396、Thr231和Ser404位点的磷酸化水平。进一步研究发现, GJ-4还可降低OA小鼠脑内氧化应激水平和海马星形胶质细胞活化介导的神经炎症而抑制神经元凋亡, 最终发挥改善小鼠学习记忆障碍的作用。以上研究表明, GJ-4具有开发成为治疗阿尔茨海默症新药的良好前景。

阿尔茨海默症  /  GJ-4  /  Tau蛋白  /  冈田酸  /  神经炎症

GJ-4 is crocin enrichments extracted from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis, and our previous studies have shown that GJ-4 significantly improved learning and memory impairment induced by Aβ in mice. Herein, a memory deficit model was developed by injecting okadaic acid (OA) into the lateral ventricle of mice, and the neuroprotection and underlying mechanism of GJ-4 on neuronal injury caused by Tau hyperphosphorylation were investigated. The Animal Care & Welfare Committee, Institute of Materia Medica, CAMS & PUMC has approved all procedures (No.00000318). GJ-4 at different doses was intragastric administration to mice for 16 days. Step-down test and Morris water maze test showed that GJ-4 could significantly improve OA-induced memory impairment in mice, and reduced the loss of Nissl bodies in the hippocampus of mice. GJ-4 could also decrease the phosphorylation level of Tau protein at Ser396, Thr231 and Ser404 via increasing protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity and inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) activity. Besides, further researches indicated that GJ-4 could inhibit the level of oxidative stress in the brain of OA mice, reduce neuronal apoptosis and inhibit the neuroinflammation mediated by activation of astrocytes in the hippocampus of mice, and eventually achieve its effects in improving learning and memory impairment in mice. According to these findings, we anticipated that GJ-4 might be a potential therapeutic drug for Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer disease  /  GJ-4  /  Tau protein  /  okadaic acid  /  neuroinflammation
杨杨, 盛婵娟, 臧彩霞, 尚俊美, 鲍秀琦, 张丹. GJ-4对冈田酸诱发小鼠学习记忆障碍的神经保护作用和机制研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (12) : 3628 -3636 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1201
Yang YANG, Chan-juan SHENG, Cai-xia ZANG, Jun-mei SHANG, Xiu-qi BAO, Dan ZHANG. Neuroprotective and mechanistic study of GJ-4 on okadaic acid-induced memory impairment in mice[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (12) : 3628 -3636 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1201
阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer's disease, AD) 是一种与年龄相关的慢性中枢神经系统退行性疾病, 临床上主要表现为记忆障碍、认知功能障碍以及人格和行为等的改变。AD的主要神经病理特征是β-淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid, Aβ) 聚集沉积形成的老年斑(senile plaques, SPs) 和异常磷酸化的Tau蛋白形成的神经元纤维缠结(neurofibrillary tangles, NFTs)[1]。AD发病机制较为复杂, 与遗传和环境因素密切相关, 如Aβ异常沉积、Tau蛋白过度磷酸化、氧化应激、神经炎症等均可促进AD的发生发展[2]。其中Tau蛋白过度磷酸化在AD发病中的作用受到密切关注, Tau蛋白富集在神经元的轴突中, 是参与微管组装和维持微管正常功能的重要物质[3]。在AD患者脑中, 可见Tau蛋白异常磷酸化而形成的NFTs, 其正常功能丧失而造成认知功能缺陷, 且NFTs与痴呆程度呈正相关[4]。研究发现, Tau蛋白的异常磷酸化早于痴呆症状的出现, 且在AD发展的中后期Tau蛋白的减少能够减弱Aβ对神经元的毒性损伤[5]。因此, Tau蛋白的异常磷酸化在AD的发生发展中发挥非常重要的作用。
目前, 临床上治疗AD的药物种类和数量都较少, 主要是乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂、谷氨酸受体拮抗剂和一些抗炎制剂, 这些药物都只针对某一特定靶点, 且只能改善某些临床症状, 不能阻止疾病退行性的发展进程, 且存在较严重的不良反应, 临床上对于AD的治疗一直没有有效的手段。因此, 基于多靶点作用的药物研发或许成为AD药物研发的一种新途径。GJ-4是从栀子中提取出来的藏红花色素类活性成分, 前期研究结果显示GJ-4可通过抑制神经炎症而改善Aβ所致的小鼠学习记忆障碍[6]。而GJ-4能否抑制Tau蛋白异常磷酸化的作用尚不明确, 本实验采用小鼠侧脑室一次性注射冈田酸(okadaic acid, OA) 来建立AD模型, 旨在探究GJ-4对AD小鼠学习记忆障碍的改善作用, 并对相关机制进行探讨。
GJ-4的提取  中药栀子由亳州市坤源医药有限公司提供, 将风干的栀子果实用60%乙醇加热回流3次。然后将粗提取物悬浮在H2O中, 并通过大孔树脂用乙醇∶H2O (0∶100-30∶70-50∶50-70∶30-95∶5) 梯度洗脱。70%乙醇洗脱部分通过HPLC-DAD在440 nm处鉴定为藏红花色素类活性成分。在减压下蒸发水提取物以进行冷冻干燥, 得到GJ-4粉末, 其指纹图谱见图 1[7]
实验动物  SPF级雄性ICR小鼠, 体重20~22 g, 购自北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司, 合格证号: SCXK (京) 2019-0008。于室温24~25 ℃、50%~60%相对湿度下屏障级动物房饲养, 保持12 h昼夜节律, 实验过程中动物自由进食进水。实验中所有操作均获得中国医学科学院北京协和医学院实验动物伦理委员会的批准(批准号: 00000318)。
小鼠侧脑室注射OA模型的建立、分组及给药  小鼠腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠(50 mg·kg-1, Sigma-Aldrich公司, 11715-100G) 麻醉, 固定于脑立体定位仪上, 剔除头部皮毛, 切开小鼠头部皮肤, 暴露前囟和人字中缝, 以前囟为坐标原点, 在相对坐标为前囟后2 mm、中线左侧2 mm处用颅钻打孔, 以不伤及脑膜为宜, 用微量注射器在硬脑膜下2 mm处注射OA (Sigma-Aldrich公司, 07760-50UG) 2 μL (每只75 ng), 在2 min内注射完, 停针5 min, 以1 mm·min-1的速度缓慢拔出注射针, 缝合切口[8]。假手术组于相对坐标为前囟后2 mm、中线左侧2 mm, 硬脑膜下2 mm处注射2 μL含10% DMSO的生理盐水, 方法同OA模型组。手术后24 h, 待小鼠意识恢复, 将小鼠随机分为假手术组、OA模型组、GJ-4组(12.5、25、50、100 mg·kg-1)、多奈哌齐组(5 mg·kg-1, 卫材药业有限公司), 每组20只。各给药组小鼠灌胃给予相应剂量的GJ-4及多奈哌齐, 假手术组和OA模型组小鼠灌胃给予相应剂量的0.5% 羧甲基纤维素钠(sodium carboxymethylcellulose, CMC-Na), 每天1次, 连续给药16天。
小鼠学习记忆能力测试
跳台实验  小鼠给予GJ-4第7天进行跳台学习训练, 即给药2 h后将小鼠放入跳台仪内, 自由活动2 min熟悉隔间内环境, 然后接通电源通以36 V交流电, 小鼠受刺激后跳到平台上躲避, 在平台上稳定不动5 min, 学会躲避刺激。24 h后于给药后2 h, 将小鼠按照前一天的方向和角度放到安全平台上, 然后通电, 记录各组小鼠第一次跳下安全平台的时间, 记为潜伏期, 以及5 min内小鼠跳下平台的次数, 记为错误次数。若小鼠停留在安全平台的时间超过5 min, 其潜伏期以5 min计算。
Morris水迷宫实验  小鼠给予GJ-4第9天通过Morris水迷宫实验进一步检测小鼠学习记忆和空间定位能力。前7天为定位航行实验, 将小鼠面朝池壁随机从一个象限中间位置轻轻放入水中, 避免应激和小鼠头部浸入水中, 同时记录小鼠90 s内找到安全平台的潜伏期, 并让其在平台上停留30 s, 然后取出用毛巾擦干放回笼中。若小鼠在90 s内未找到安全平台, 则将其引导到安全平台上并停留30 s, 潜伏期记为90 s。第2天按逆时针放入下一个象限中间, 依次进行。第8天进行空间探索实验, 撤去安全平台, 随机选择一个邻位象限将小鼠头朝池壁放入水中, 记录小鼠90 s内的游泳轨迹、首次穿越目标的时间和穿越目标的次数, 进行统计分析。实验流程图如图 2所示。
尼氏染色及免疫组织化学染色  末次行为学实验结束24 h后, 小鼠脑进行灌流固定, 固定完成后, 进行石蜡切片的制备、切片、贴片、烤片及脱蜡。蒸馏水冲洗后, 将脑片置于1%甲苯胺蓝60 ℃恒温染色40 min, 用蒸馏水洗净后分别置于浓度梯度为70%、80%、95%及100%乙醇中脱水, 再用二甲苯透明, 后用中性树胶封片。用正置显微镜(日本Nikon公司) 观察海马尼氏小体并拍照, 采用Image-pro plus统计尼氏小体数量。
组织切片滴加一定比例稀释的胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP) 一抗(Abcam公司, ab7260), 切片平放于湿盒内4 ℃孵育过夜。PBST漂洗3次后, 加入辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase, HRP) 标记的兔二抗(武汉爱博泰克生物有限公司, AS014) 室温孵育50 min。PBST漂洗后加入新鲜配制的DAB显色液, 显微镜下观察以控制显色时间, 颜色为棕黄色时用蒸馏水冲洗切片终止显色。然后用苏木精染液复染细胞核, 在70%、80%、95%及100%浓度梯度的乙醇中脱水, 再用二甲苯透明, 中性树胶封片。用正置显微镜观察海马并拍照, 利用Image-pro plus统计GFAP阳性细胞数量。
小鼠海马和皮层组织生化测定  末次行为学后, 取小鼠大脑, 匀浆, 制备组织匀浆液, 分别用丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD) 检测试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所) 测定小鼠海马和皮层中MDA、GSH的含量和SOD的活性。所有操作均按照试剂盒的说明进行。
实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)  用TransZol Up Plus RNA Kit试剂盒(北京全式金生物技术有限公司, ER501-01-V2) 提取小鼠海马组织中的RNA, 再将其逆转录成cDNA, 用TransStart Tip Green qPCR Super Mix试剂盒(北京全式金生物技术有限公司, AQ141-01) 对GFAP、白介素(interleukin, IL)-6、IL-10、环氧合酶-2 (cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2)、caspase 3、caspase 9和GAPDH基因的特异性引物扩增, 进行qPCR转录分析。以上引物由上海生工生物工程股份有限公司合成, 序列如表 1[8]所示。qPCR操作如下: 引物3 000 r·min-1离心5 min, 加入RNase-free water, 震荡混匀得到100 μmol·L-1的引物。使用前将100 μmol·L-1引物用RNase-free water稀释至10 μmol·L-1。取八联排管, 每孔按照说明书上的量, 依次加入上游引物、下游引物、2× TransStart Tip Green qPCR SuperMix、Passive Reference Dye (50×)、模板和RNase-free water, 混匀放置于ABI Prism 7900 (ABI公司) 中采用三步法进行反应测定。利用Ct值来计算求出2-△△Ct值对数据进行分析。
蛋白免疫印迹实验(Western blot)  按RIPA裂解液(1×, 上海生工生物工程股份有限公司, C500005)∶蛋白磷酸酶抑制剂(100×, 北京索莱宝科技有限公司, P1260)∶蛋白酶抑制剂(50×, TargetMol公司, C0001) = 97∶1∶2的比例配制组织裂解液, 按1 μL组织裂解液裂解1 mg组织的比例, 在冰浴条件下研磨裂解小鼠海马组织。然后进行Western blot, 用10%的十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE) 分离蛋白质, 再将蛋白质转移到0.45 μm聚偏二氟乙烯膜(PVDF, Millipore公司, IPVH00010) 上。加入p-Tau (Ser396、Thr231、Ser404) (武汉爱博泰克生物有限公司, AP0163、AP0053、AP1378)、Tau (Cell Signaling Technology公司, 43894)、蛋白磷酸酶2A (protein phosphatase 2A, PP2A, Cell Signaling Technology公司, 43894)、p-PP2A (Tyr307, Becton, Dickinson and Company, 610555)、糖原合成酶激酶-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β, GSK-3β, 武汉爱博泰克生物有限公司, A2081)、p-GSK-3β (武汉爱博泰克生物有限公司, AP0039)、cleaved-caspase 3 (Cell Signaling Technology公司, 43894)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS, Abcam公司, ab178945) 一抗4 ℃过夜孵育。然后与相应的HRP偶联二抗室温孵育2 h。洗净后滴加发光液使用LAS4000化学发光系统(GE公司) 进行检测, 用Gel-Pro软件分析条带灰度。
统计学分析  实验结果用SPSS19.0进行统计分析。行为学实验数据以均值±标准误(mean ± SEM) 表示, 其余实验数据均以均值±标准差($ \bar{x} $ ± s) 表示。不同组间的差异比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA), 然后用LSD-SNK检验。以P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
本实验于GJ-4给药第7天开始进行跳台学习和测试, 结果显示模型组小鼠与假手术组小鼠相比跳下平台的潜伏期显著缩短, 错误次数显著增加, 给予GJ-4 50和100 mg·kg-1治疗后小鼠跳下平台的潜伏期明显延长, 错误次数显著减少, 且具有一定的剂量效应关系(图 3AB)。
于GJ-4给药第9~15天进行Morris水迷宫的定位航行实验, 第16天进行Morris水迷宫空间探索实验。结果显示, 在定位航行实验中, 随着训练时间的延长, 模型组小鼠与假手术组小鼠相比找到平台的潜伏期逐渐延长, 第7天时游泳轨迹明显延长, 学习记忆出现障碍; 给予GJ-4治疗后小鼠找到平台的时间缩短, 学习记忆能力增强(图 3CD)。在第8天空间探索实验中, 模型组小鼠首次穿越平台的时间显著延长, 穿越平台的次数显著减少, GJ-4各剂量组小鼠找到平台的潜伏期和穿越平台的次数分别呈剂量依赖性地缩短和提高, 50和100 mg·kg-1 GJ-4组小鼠学习记忆能力显著提高, 给予阳性药多奈哌齐后小鼠找到平台的潜伏期也显著缩短且穿越目标象限的次数显著提高(图 3EF)。
尼氏体是神经元中合成多种结构蛋白、神经递质等重要生命物质的场所。本实验采用尼氏染色的方法, 观察小鼠海马中尼氏体的形态及数目, 以评价GJ-4对小鼠海马神经元的保护作用。结果显示, 侧脑室注射OA后小鼠海马CA1和CA3区尼氏体大量丢失, 尼氏小体变小, 正常形态被破坏(图 4AB), CA1和CA3区阳性细胞面积均显著降低(图 4CD)。连续16天给予GJ-4 100 mg·kg-1后, 小鼠海马CA1和CA3区尼氏体丢失明显减少, 形态部分恢复(图 4AB), 阳性细胞的面积也显著增加(图 4CD), 提示GJ-4能够减少OA所导致的小鼠海马神经元损伤。
本实验通过Western blot检测小鼠海马中Tau蛋白磷酸化水平, 发现侧脑室注射OA后AD模型组小鼠海马Tau蛋白Ser396、Thr231、Ser404位点磷酸化水平与假手术组相比均显著增加, 100 mg·kg-1 GJ-4可显著抑制Tau蛋白以上3个位点的磷酸化(图 5A~D)。OA是PP2A活性的强抑制剂[9, 10], 因此本研究检测小鼠海马PP2A Tyr307位点的磷酸化水平来反映PP2A的活性。结果表明, OA模型组小鼠海马p-PP2A (Tyr307) 表达量较假手术组小鼠显著增加, 提示PP2A活性被抑制。100 mg·kg-1 GJ-4给药可显著抑制p-PP2A (Tyr307) 表达, 逆转OA引起的PP2A活性的抑制作用(图 5EF)。GSK-3β的激活可促进Tau蛋白的释放和磷酸化, 加剧Tau蛋白的神经毒性作用[11]。Western blot结果显示, 模型组小鼠海马GSK-3β Ser9磷酸化水平明显降低, 给予GJ-4 100 mg·kg-1治疗后, GSK-3β该位点的磷酸化水平显著提高, 即GJ-4可抑制GSK-3β的激活(图 5GH)。以上结果表明, GJ-4可通过激活PP2A和抑制GSK-3β而降低Tau蛋白的磷酸化水平。
侧脑室注射OA可诱发小鼠脑内过度氧化应激反应, 脂质过氧化反应中降解产物MDA的含量、体内抗氧化剂和自由基清除剂GSH的含量及抗氧化酶SOD的活性可反映机体氧化应激水平[12, 13], 故本实验通过测定上述指标观察侧脑室注射OA诱导的AD小鼠皮层和海马内氧化应激水平。研究发现, OA模型组小鼠皮层和海马中MDA的含量明显升高, GSH的含量和T-SOD的活性显著降低, 灌胃给药GJ-4 100 mg·kg-1后, 小鼠大脑皮层中MDA的含量明显降低, GSH的含量有增加的趋势, 但无统计学差异, T-SOD的活性明显升高; GJ-4也显著抑制了OA引起的小鼠海马内MDA的含量升高, 明显提高GSH的含量及T-SOD的活性(图 6)。上述结果提示, GJ-4可抑制OA所诱导的小鼠皮层和海马内氧化应激反应。
本实验采用qPCR检测小鼠海马中caspase 3和caspase 9 mRNA的表达水平, 并通过Western blot检测小鼠海马cleaved-caspase 3的表达量以评价caspase 3的活化程度, 以此来评估小鼠海马内神经元凋亡情况。侧脑室注射OA后模型组小鼠海马内caspase 3和caspase 9 mRNA的表达量显著增加, GJ-4可抑制caspase 3 mRNA的表达, caspase 9 mRNA的表达也在一定程度上被GJ-4抑制, 但无统计学差异(图 7AB)。OA模型组小鼠海马中cleaved-caspase 3的表达也明显提高, 100 mg·kg-1 GJ-4能明显抑制cleaved-caspase 3的表达, 提示caspase 3的活性被GJ-4抑制(图 7CD)。
GFAP是星形胶质细胞活化标志物, 中枢神经系统中星形胶质细胞的过度激活可介导神经炎症的发生, 促进促炎因子IL-6、IL-10的释放以及炎症蛋白COX-2、iNOS的表达, 有研究表明GFAP可作为AD的潜在生物标志物[14]。采用免疫组化的方法研究小鼠海马内星形胶质细胞活化情况, 发现OA致使小鼠海马CA1和CA3区GFAP的表达显著增加, 提示星形胶质细胞被激活, GJ-4可有效抑制星形胶质细胞的激活, 表现为GFAP阳性细胞数目显著减少, 纤维丝状物的减少(图 8A~D)。qPCR结果表明, 模型组小鼠GFAP mRNA的表达显著升高, 100 mg·kg-1 GJ-4可抑制GFAP mRNA的表达(图 8E), 模型组小鼠海马中IL-6、IL-10、COX-2 mRNA的表达均升高, 100 mg·kg-1 GJ-4能显著抑制IL-10和COX-2的表达, 对IL-6的表达也有抑制作用, 但无统计学差异(图 8F~H)。对小鼠海马iNOS表达检测结果显示, OA模型小鼠iNOS的表达明显升高, 100 mg·kg-1 GJ-4可明显抑制iNOS的表达(图 8IJ)。以上结果表明, GJ-4可抑制OA诱导的AD小鼠海马内由星形胶质细胞活化介导的神经炎症。
AD是一种与年龄密切相关的神经退行性疾病[15]。Tau蛋白病理学假说是目前比较公认的AD发病机制之一[16]。Tau蛋白的过度磷酸化直接导致Tau蛋白聚集成配对螺旋样纤维(paired helical filaments, PHFs)。PHFs是NFTs的主要成分, 使微管解体, 诱导神经元死亡, 从而导致AD的发生[17]。Tau蛋白的磷酸化与磷酸酯酶有关, 研究发现PP2A可使Tau蛋白多个异常苏氨酸和丝氨酸磷酸化位点去磷酸化, 并可使PHFs解体而恢复Tau蛋白的正常功能[18, 19]。OA是一种单羧酸聚醚类毒素, 对PP2A和PP1有较强的选择性抑制作用[20]。PP2A失活或活性降低是引起Tau蛋白过度磷酸化的主要原因, OA还能激活GSK-3β, 加剧Tau蛋白过度磷酸化[21, 22]。因此, 本实验采用侧脑室注射OA诱发AD小鼠模型来评价GJ-4的神经保护作用。跳台和Morris水迷宫实验结果显示OA可导致小鼠学习记忆障碍, 这与之前的报道结果[8]一致。GJ-4能明显延长AD小鼠跳台实验的潜伏期, 降低错误次数, 并显著缩短AD小鼠在水迷宫实验中找到平台的时间以及增加穿越目标的次数, 提示GJ-4可改善其学习记忆障碍。尼氏染色发现, GJ-4可减少尼氏小体的丢失, 保护神经元, 减轻OA引起的神经元损伤。OA刺激可提高Tau蛋白Thr231、Ser396和Ser404位点磷酸化水平, 并提高PP2A Tyr307位点的磷酸化水平, OA还可激活GSK-3β, 而GJ-4通过提高PP2A并抑制GSK-3β的活性进而降低Tau蛋白的磷酸化水平。以上实验结果表明, GJ-4对Tau蛋白过度磷酸化引起的小鼠学习记忆障碍有一定的治疗作用。
越来越多的证据表明, 氧化应激在AD的进展中起着至关重要的作用[23]。研究发现, OA能够诱发氧化还原失衡并促进自由基生成, 造成神经元受损进而导致学习记忆障碍[24]。MDA是细胞膜上脂质过氧化反应的最重要的产物之一, 具有细胞毒性, 可引起神经元死亡[25, 26]。在本研究中, 侧脑室注射OA后小鼠皮层和海马MDA水平显著升高, GJ-4治疗可逆转这种增加, 这与GJ-4对神经元损伤的保护作用是一致的。为抵抗氧化应激的损伤, 细胞生成一系列抗氧化剂, 如SOD、过氧化氢酶和GSH等防止自由基引起的损伤[27]。本实验发现GJ-4能够显著提高T-SOD的活性, 增加GSH的含量, 这表明GJ-4抑制OA引起的小鼠海马和皮层的过度氧化应激可能是其发挥神经保护作用的重要机制之一。
神经元凋亡是AD的发病机制之一[28]。Caspase家族介导的凋亡途径在细胞功能障碍和神经元凋亡过程中起主导作用, caspase 3和caspase 9是细胞凋亡过程中主要的启动子, 在AD患者脑中均出现caspase 3和caspase 9的激活[29, 30]。研究发现, 侧脑室注射OA能显著提高大鼠脑中caspase 3和caspase 9的表达[31]。在本研究中, 侧脑室注射OA后小鼠海马区cleaved-caspase 3表达显著增加, caspase 3和caspase 9 mRNA表达水平均显著增加, 结果与上述报道一致。GJ-4能降低cleaved-caspase 3的表达, 抑制其活化并能下调caspase 3和caspase 9 mRNA的表达。以上结果表明, GJ-4改善侧脑室注射OA小鼠学习记忆的障碍的机制可能与其抑制神经元凋亡有关。
神经炎症被认为是AD神经退行性病变过程中的关键因素[32]。胶质细胞是神经系统中除神经元外的第二大类细胞, 发挥连接支持、参与修复、分配营养和吞噬的作用, 与学习记忆能力密切相关[33]。研究发现, 大鼠侧脑室注射OA可引起炎性细胞因子的表达增加、亚硝酸盐总量的变化和iNOS的高表达[34]。此外, OA诱导的神经炎症和氧化应激主要与星形胶质细胞激活有关, GFAP是星形胶质细胞异常激活的标志物[35]。在本实验中, 小鼠侧脑室注射OA后出现明显的神经炎症反应, GJ-4可抑制炎症因子IL-6、IL-10的释放, 减少炎性蛋白iNOS和COX-2的表达, 同时能够显著降低GFAP的表达, 即抑制星形胶质细胞的过度活化。GJ-4抑制GFAP的作用可能与其抑制神经炎症和氧化应激均有关系, 表明抗神经炎症也是GJ-4治疗AD的重要机制。
综上所述, GJ-4对小鼠侧脑室注射OA引起的学习记忆障碍有明显的改善作用, 并可通过提高PP2A酶活性, 抑制GSK-3β的激活而降低Tau蛋白的过度磷酸化。同时, GJ-4还可抑制氧化应激、神经元凋亡和神经炎症的发生。总之, GJ-4可通过多种机制和多途径改善AD小鼠的学习记忆障碍, 具有开发成治疗AD新药的良好前景。
作者贡献: 杨杨负责药效学实验及论文撰写; 盛婵娟进行机制研究及数据分析; 臧彩霞、尚俊美参与药效学实验; 鲍秀琦、张丹负责实验设计及论文修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明本文无任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82204369)
  • 北京市自然科学基金资助项目(7232260)
  • 中国医学科学院医学科学创新基金资助项目(2022-I2M-2-001)
  • 中国医学科学院医学科学创新基金资助项目(2021-I2M-1-028)
  • 中国医学科学院医学科学创新基金资助项目(2021-012M-028)
  • 中国医学科学院中央高校基本科研业务资助项目(3332022046)
  • 遵义医科大学基础药理教育部重点实验室资助课题(JZ-2023-11)
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2023年第58卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1201
  • 接收时间:2023-10-26
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-26
  • 修回日期:2023-11-07
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82204369)
北京市自然科学基金资助项目(7232260)
中国医学科学院医学科学创新基金资助项目(2022-I2M-2-001)
中国医学科学院医学科学创新基金资助项目(2021-I2M-1-028)
中国医学科学院医学科学创新基金资助项目(2021-012M-028)
中国医学科学院中央高校基本科研业务资助项目(3332022046)
遵义医科大学基础药理教育部重点实验室资助课题(JZ-2023-11)
作者信息
    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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