Article(id=1198656293302010577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0982, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1692547200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-21, revisedDate=1695744000000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711530280, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1699718400000, pubDateStr=2023-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711530280, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711530280, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711530280, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656283525087620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3476', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711527949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711688683, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3216, endPage=3221, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656294451249917, articleId=1198656293302010577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Comparison and improvement of palatability for multisourced oral azithromycin suspension, columnId=1198656285311861125, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Pharmaceutical Taste-Masking and Assessment Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Azithromycin dry suspension is one of the most commonly used drugs in pediatric clinic, but its taste masking has been difficult to achieve. 5 representative products of azithromycin dry suspension were chose to compare their tastes both using electronic tongue and human sensory evaluation methods, and there existed the differences of bitterness, later bitterness, graininess, and adhesion among these products. Raman micro-imaging was used to determine the difference in taste mainly due to different prescription ingredients and manufacturing techniques. Through mixing the dry suspensions with alkaline mixing solvent, the bad taste of each product was masked after evenly dispersing in the solvent, and their tastes were all close to the taste of the solvent. In the future, it is planned to investigate the stability and bioavailability of the solvent preparations, and then to give the medication suggestion of solvent preparation after ensuring their efficacy.

, correspAuthors=Bao-ming NING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shu-ye QI, Yi ZHENG, Min HUANG, Min YANG, Hui-dan TU, Shang-chen YAO, Bao-ming NING), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656296535819228, articleId=1198656293302010577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=阿奇霉素干混悬剂适口性比较与改善, columnId=1198656285597073800, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 药品口感研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

阿奇霉素干混悬剂是儿科临床最常用的药物之一, 但其不良口感掩蔽一直难以实现。选取5款具有代表性的已上市的阿奇霉素干混悬剂产品, 联合采用人尝法和电子舌这2种体内外口感评价方法, 确定现有产品间存在苦味、回苦味、砂砾感、黏附性等口感差异; 采用显微拉曼成像技术, 确定上述口感差异来源于不同处方辅料和制备工艺; 将各家产品与碱性混合溶媒临时调配, 在确保药液均匀性前提下, 确定各家产品的不良口感均被掩蔽, 且统一调整为溶媒本身的适口味道, 实现了该制剂的掩味目的。后期拟开展溶媒临配后制剂稳定性和生物利用度考察, 在保证药效的前提下给出临床掩味建议。

, correspAuthors=宁保明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*宁保明, Tel: 86-10-53851532, E-mail:
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A: HR; B: KH; C: OY; D: PL; E: SY; F: Suspension type preparation solvent premix; G: Cherry type preparation solvent premix; H: Suspension and cherry type formulation solvent mixture , figureFileSmall=qOFYhx1FsyTP8KR6v/TBtQ==, figureFileBig=I7sL05JT9k8MrvcSa2aNDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960241225334850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656293302010577, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Taste index Description of subjective feelings Scoring range
Bitterness, graininess or adhesion Unbearable taste 1-3
Tolerable taste 4-6
Acceptable taste 7-9
Satisfied taste 10
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Evaluation standard of taste of azithromycin dry suspension products from different manufacturers by human sensory evaluation

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Taste index Description of subjective feelings Scoring range
Bitterness, graininess or adhesion Unbearable taste 1-3
Tolerable taste 4-6
Acceptable taste 7-9
Satisfied taste 10
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Taste index Score
OY HR KH PL SY
Bitterness 4.7 6.6 6.8 7.5 8.9
Graininess 5.6 6.5 6.2 4.9 8.0
Adhesion 7.3 7.6 7.3 5.7 8.3
Total 17.6 20.7 20.3 18.1 25.2
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Taste results of azithromycin dry suspension from different manufacturers (OY, HR, KH, PL, SY) by human sensory evaluation

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Taste index Score
OY HR KH PL SY
Bitterness 4.7 6.6 6.8 7.5 8.9
Graininess 5.6 6.5 6.2 4.9 8.0
Adhesion 7.3 7.6 7.3 5.7 8.3
Total 17.6 20.7 20.3 18.1 25.2
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Flavoring solvent Extemporaneous preparations of different manufacturers
OY HR KH PL SY
Water 2 100.81 1 766.77 2 636.85 2 643.98 1 216.65
Alkaline mixing solvent 547.60 503.97 581.75 561.77 413.16
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Distances of principle component analysis between extemporaneous preparations and their flavoring solvents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Flavoring solvent Extemporaneous preparations of different manufacturers
OY HR KH PL SY
Water 2 100.81 1 766.77 2 636.85 2 643.98 1 216.65
Alkaline mixing solvent 547.60 503.97 581.75 561.77 413.16
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Manufacturer Agent RSD of sample concentration/% (n = 10)
0 d 7 d 14 d
HR Flavoring agents/suspension agents(1∶1) 2.87 1.80 2.28
KH 1.73 1.58 2.45
OY 0.90 1.90 1.97
PL 1.16 2.57 2.77
SY 3.91 2.14 4.13
), ArticleFig(id=1198960242286493874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656293302010577, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

Determination of content uniformity of azithromycin dry suspensions

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Manufacturer Agent RSD of sample concentration/% (n = 10)
0 d 7 d 14 d
HR Flavoring agents/suspension agents(1∶1) 2.87 1.80 2.28
KH 1.73 1.58 2.45
OY 0.90 1.90 1.97
PL 1.16 2.57 2.77
SY 3.91 2.14 4.13
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阿奇霉素干混悬剂适口性比较与改善
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戚淑叶 1 , 郑义 2 , 黄旻 3 , 杨敏 3 , 涂慧丹 1 , 姚尚辰 1 , 宁保明 1, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 药品口感研究 2023,58(11): 3216-3221
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 药品口感研究 2023, 58(11): 3216-3221
阿奇霉素干混悬剂适口性比较与改善
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戚淑叶1, 郑义2, 黄旻3, 杨敏3, 涂慧丹1, 姚尚辰1, 宁保明1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
  • 2.石家庄四药有限公司, 河北 石家庄 050000
  • 3.浙江贝灵生物医药有限公司, 浙江 杭州 311203

通讯作者:

*宁保明, Tel: 86-10-53851532, E-mail:
Comparison and improvement of palatability for multisourced oral azithromycin suspension
Shu-ye QI1, Yi ZHENG2, Min HUANG3, Min YANG3, Hui-dan TU1, Shang-chen YAO1, Bao-ming NING1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
  • 2. Shijiazhuang No.4 Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050000, China
  • 3. Zhejiang Belling Biological Medicine Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311203, China
出版时间: 2023-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0982
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阿奇霉素干混悬剂是儿科临床最常用的药物之一, 但其不良口感掩蔽一直难以实现。选取5款具有代表性的已上市的阿奇霉素干混悬剂产品, 联合采用人尝法和电子舌这2种体内外口感评价方法, 确定现有产品间存在苦味、回苦味、砂砾感、黏附性等口感差异; 采用显微拉曼成像技术, 确定上述口感差异来源于不同处方辅料和制备工艺; 将各家产品与碱性混合溶媒临时调配, 在确保药液均匀性前提下, 确定各家产品的不良口感均被掩蔽, 且统一调整为溶媒本身的适口味道, 实现了该制剂的掩味目的。后期拟开展溶媒临配后制剂稳定性和生物利用度考察, 在保证药效的前提下给出临床掩味建议。

阿奇霉素  /  干混悬剂  /  溶媒  /  临时调配  /  适口性

Azithromycin dry suspension is one of the most commonly used drugs in pediatric clinic, but its taste masking has been difficult to achieve. 5 representative products of azithromycin dry suspension were chose to compare their tastes both using electronic tongue and human sensory evaluation methods, and there existed the differences of bitterness, later bitterness, graininess, and adhesion among these products. Raman micro-imaging was used to determine the difference in taste mainly due to different prescription ingredients and manufacturing techniques. Through mixing the dry suspensions with alkaline mixing solvent, the bad taste of each product was masked after evenly dispersing in the solvent, and their tastes were all close to the taste of the solvent. In the future, it is planned to investigate the stability and bioavailability of the solvent preparations, and then to give the medication suggestion of solvent preparation after ensuring their efficacy.

azithromycin  /  dry suspension  /  solvent  /  extemporaneous preparation  /  palatability
戚淑叶, 郑义, 黄旻, 杨敏, 涂慧丹, 姚尚辰, 宁保明. 阿奇霉素干混悬剂适口性比较与改善. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3216 -3221 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0982
Shu-ye QI, Yi ZHENG, Min HUANG, Min YANG, Hui-dan TU, Shang-chen YAO, Bao-ming NING. Comparison and improvement of palatability for multisourced oral azithromycin suspension[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3216 -3221 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0982
阿奇霉素是一种在红霉素化学基础结构上修饰得到的十五元环大环内酯类抗生素[1], 由于用药安全系数高[2], 阿奇霉素被世界卫生组织列为最安全的药物之一, 并于2021年加入其第8份儿童基本药物示范清单[3], 广泛用于儿科临床[4]。在大环内酯类抗生素中, 阿奇霉素是我国目前剂型最全、临床应用最多的品种[5]
阿奇霉素味苦, 几乎不溶于水, 但在唾液中微溶, 会将药物内容物暴露在舌头的味蕾中并感到苦味以及绵长的后苦味, 易引起患者恶心、呕吐等不良反应, 导致患者服药困难[6]。因此, 有效掩盖阿奇霉素的苦味是一大挑战。
阿奇霉素干混悬剂, 广泛用于儿童扁桃体炎或肺炎[4, 7, 8], 截至2023年6月已有33个批准文号、28家生产单位[9]。该制剂在服用时一般用温水冲服, 适合吞咽困难的儿童[6, 10], 但同时也导致药物在服用时与口腔充分接触, 容易暴露阿奇霉素药物本身的苦味和回苦味, 对其提出了更高的适口性要求; 另外, 该制剂药物在水中以颗粒形式分散, 不同生产工艺和处方下药物颗粒的粒度大小和沉降速率存在不同, 导致不同厂家的产品在口服时表现为砂砾感等口感差异, 且进一步影响分剂量的准确性。由于该制剂不同厂家处方、工艺信息无法完整获取, 本文借助显微拉曼成像技术来直观分析产品间工艺或处方差异, 以辅助分析不同产品间适口性差异来源。
此外, 阿奇霉素干混悬剂现有规格(每袋0.1 g) 有时无法满足临床需求[11], 需要分剂量用药, 而干混悬剂临时调配后的分布均一性与分剂量准确性直接相关。为满足儿童口服制剂分剂量这一个体化用药需求, 欧美国家建立了临时调配制剂的相关标准和管理体系[12-15], 建议口服溶媒可作为一种常用的临时调配口服液, 其能够将口服固体制剂液体化, 且保证药物均匀分散、不易发生沉降以提高分剂量准确性; 溶媒中甜味剂等掩味辅料的加入, 能够提高药物适口性。国外生产和应用的溶媒通常为预混的溶液或干粉, 配方固定, 质量稳定, 适用于多种药物的调配[15]; 国内也成功研制和生产了混悬型和樱桃型2种制剂溶媒预混物(以下简称混悬溶媒和樱桃溶媒), 并已在中国药品审评中心以药用辅料备案, 填补了国内市场的空缺。
本研究选取5款具有代表性的阿奇霉素干混悬剂产品进行适口性评价研究, 在口感对比分析基础上, 尝试使用溶媒临时调配的方式改善口感, 以探索上市后产品掩味思路。
样品  阿奇霉素干混悬剂(规格: 0.1 g) 样品分别来自HR、OY、KH、PL、SY这五家生产单位。阿奇霉素原料药为河北国龙制药有限公司230107009批样品。
调配用溶媒由浙江贝灵生物医药有限公司提供, 其中, 混悬溶媒由黄原胶、微晶纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、卡拉胶、一水柠檬酸、羟苯甲酯等成分组成; 果味溶媒由黄原胶、甘油、山梨醇溶液、一水柠檬酸、柠檬酸钠、羟苯甲酯等成分组成。由于混悬溶媒具有高黏度, 能将难溶性药物均匀混悬分散在溶液体系中, 而樱桃溶媒具有樱桃口味, 是一款具有矫味功能的溶媒, 因此参考美国临配经验将两种溶媒按1:1混合后调配, 以期达到药物均匀分散的同时达到矫味效果。另外, 由于阿奇霉素干混悬剂在酸性条件下易发生降解, 通过不同pH试验条件比较, 确定将pH 4.3的溶媒先用氢氧化钠调节pH至9.0, 然后按1∶1混合得到碱性混合溶媒用以临时调配阿奇霉素干混悬剂样品。
待测液制备方法: 按常规服药方法, 取阿奇霉素原料药0.1 g和不同厂家制剂各1袋溶于100 mL温水(40 ℃) 中, 充分混匀, 获得待测液组合0——HR-0、OY-0、KH-0、PL-0、SY-0和原料药(YL); 稀释上述溶液10倍, 获得待测液组合1——HR-1、OY-1、KH-1、PL-1、SY-1和溶剂水。取不同厂家制剂各1袋溶于100 mL碱性混合溶媒中, 充分混匀, 获得待测液组合2——HR-2、OY-2、KH-2、PL-2、SY-2; 稀释上述溶液10倍, 获得待测液组合3——HR-3、OY-3、KH-3、PL-3、SY-3和稀释10倍后的碱性混合溶媒(RM)。
电子舌评价  使用Astree II V5 (法国Alpha MOS) 电子舌进行测试, 采用第6套传感器系统, 包括AHS、PKS、CTS、NMS、CPS、ANS、SCS共7根传感器, 选择银/氯化银作为参比电极。将待测液组合0、1、3分别置于仪器配套样品杯(25 mL) 中进行测试。仪器测试方法按照ASTREE标准操作规程进行每个样品完整测试[16], 包括传感器活化、校准、诊断、样品测试。样品采用一位三清洗, 样品采集时间为120 s, 每个样品在实验时重复7次, 取末3次最后20 s平均值作为样品信号强度。
人尝法评价  选取味觉正常的成人志愿者20名, 在试验前1 h内不服用碳酸饮料、含咖啡因的饮料, 不服用柚子、酸橙、巧克力等有刺激味道的水果与食物。评测期间严禁讨论[17, 18]
将待测液组合0随机标号, 然后志愿者将待测液含入口中, 从舌尖至舌根充分感受其味道维持20 s, 吐出后漱口5次, 待口中完全没有苦味之后1~2 min才能测试下一样品。在志愿者充分感受样品口感后, 按表 1记录苦味、砂砾感、黏附度的得分。按照以上方法测试2轮, 第一轮结束后志愿者休息1 h后测试第二轮, 两轮平均值作为测试结果。整体口感评分值为苦味、砂砾感、黏附度3项得分值的加和, 分值越高、口感越好。
本文成人感官味觉评价实验属于研究性质的临床试验, 已按照药物临床试验质量管理规范的伦理要求, 经所有受试者知情同意。
显微拉曼成像  使用赛默飞拉曼成像显微镜(型号DXRxi) 进行不同厂家制剂的显微成像。取少量药粉平铺于载玻片上, 并用盖玻片轻压至表面平整, 固定于设备载物台上进行测试。设备采用532 nm激发光, 激光功率、曝光时间、扫描次数和扫描步长分别为9.3 mW、0.125 00 s (8 Hz)、10次和8.0 μm。系统控制和数据采集使用赛默飞OMNICxi软件进行。由于制剂中不同组分在各自工艺下按一定方式混合, 成像图中各采集点下拉曼信号存在叠加, 因此按照与辅料标准谱相似度达50%以上来定义不同组分的成像颜色。
均匀性测试  使用安捷伦高效液相色谱(型号1260) 进行阿奇霉素含量测定。取阿奇霉素干混悬剂一定量至碱性混合溶媒中, 混匀制备成5 mg·mL-1储备液; 将配置好的储备液在25 ℃下按0天静置0.5 h、7天、14天, 分别在液体上中下三个部位各取3、3、4个点, 每点处精密量取一定体积的储备液并用乙腈稀释至1 mg·mL-1供试液, 按照中国药典二部(2020版) 含量检测方法进行检测。将上述10个点检测的含量值计算相对标准偏差(RSD), 当RSD ≤ 5%时, 认为供试液均匀。
数据分析  电子舌数据采用仪器自带的Alpha Soft和专业软件Unscrambler X联合分析; 拉曼成像数据采用仪器自带的OMNICxi软件进行分析; 含量数据采用仪器自带的OpenLab CDS软件进行分析。其中, 电子舌数据最常用的多元统计方法为主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)。该方法是将Astree II V5采集的7根传感器数据作为7个变量, 然后通过线性变换以降维选出2、3个重要的组合变量以尽可能多地反映原来所有变量的信息, 一般要求被选定组合变量(即主成分) 的累计贡献率不小于90%, 且贡献率越高越能反映实际情况; 而被选定组合变量的得分值即为样品在新变量体系下的坐标值, 由此作图得到主成分分布图, 图中样品分布点之间的距离越远则表示两者间口感差异越大, 反之亦然。
图 1可知, 第一主成分(PC1) 与第二主成分(PC2) 的贡献率之和达到了99%, 能较好地反映样品的实际情况。图 1中原料样品(YL) 与制剂样品(KH-0、HR-0、SY-0、OY-0、PL-0) 间分布距离均较远, 表现为制剂成品与原料药之间的滋味存在较大差异, 且这种差异大于制剂产品之间的口感差异, 提示上述厂家对阿奇霉素的适口性均进行了调整。
表 2口尝结果分析可知, 不同厂家的制剂在苦味、砂砾感、黏附度上均有一定差异。其中, SY和PL在苦味和后苦味上均较弱, 人尝感受可接受、评分较高; HR和KH苦感居中; 而OY的苦味较为明显, 主观感受仅处于可忍受的水平; PL的砂砾感和黏附度较强, 会在一定程度上影响口感。
对于整体口尝感受而言, 评分由高至低依次为SY > HR > KH > PL > OY; 一般而言, 苦味和后苦味产生的不良感受大于砂砾感和黏附度的负面影响, 因此阿奇霉素干混悬剂的良好适口性主要体现在苦度低、回苦时间短、且基本满足砂砾感少、黏附度低等要求。
图 2所示, HR、KH与SY的工艺、以及蔗糖和黄原胶等辅料的使用均较为接近, 且区别于OY、PL; 根据上述3家产品的适口性亦优于其他两家, 提示它们的工艺和处方具有较好的掩味作用。
具体来看, 不同厂家阿奇霉素药物颗粒的粒径以PL粒径最大, 其余产品间没有显著性差异。药物颗粒的粒径大小一般与制备工艺密切相关[19], PL的阿奇霉素干混悬颗粒很可能是由包衣微丸和矫味辅料组合而成[20], 粒径通常达100 μm以上, 在水或口腔环境下体现为产品的砂砾感最强。另外, 干混悬剂的黏附度很可能与增稠剂、助悬剂等辅料含量有关, 从图 2可知, 非阿奇霉素和蔗糖成分的辅料含量PL > OY > KH > SY > HR, 与口尝法中的黏附度评分负向排序结果基本一致。
图 3中, 第一主成分(PC1) 和第二主成分(PC2) 的贡献率之和接近100%, 表明电子舌可以很好地评估水或碱性混合溶媒作为两种掩味剂对阿奇霉素干混悬剂临时调配的掩味效果, “掩味剂”与“掩味剂+制剂”之间的距离越小, 则该掩味剂对制剂的掩味效率越高。
图 3表 3可知, 经过水或溶媒调配后的制剂样品与水或溶媒之间的距离存在整体差异, 表现为用溶媒临配的制剂与溶媒本身距离均较短、且不同产品间距离彼此接近, 即阿奇霉素干混悬剂在溶媒中的掩味效率整体高于水、且临配后药液口感接近溶媒本身。由于溶媒本身带有甜味、果香味, 无苦味、涩味等不良味道, 提示该溶媒产品可辅助改善上市后该产品的临床服用适口性, 以提高用药依从性。
针对不同厂家的产品, 无论使用水还是溶媒调配, SY产品与掩味剂的距离均最近, 掩味效率最高, 提示该产品在冲服时具有较好的适口性, 这与人尝结果一致。
表 4可知, 所有厂家的制剂在碱性混合溶媒调配后RSD均小于5%, 说明调配后药液分散均匀、药粉不易发生沉降, 提示上述适口性评价取样具有代表性, 临配方法也有助于该混悬制剂的分剂量准确性。
图 4所示, 不同厂家的制剂在碱性混合溶媒调配后呈粉色糖浆状; 散发清新的樱桃果香; 口尝后均为溶媒的清甜味, 基本感受不到阿奇霉素药物的苦味、后苦味、砂砾感, 与图 3的电子舌分析结果一致, 比较符合儿童对产品外观性状的喜好。
由于不同溶媒产品在酸碱性、风味、溶解性等方面存在差异, 因此在选择合适的溶媒产品时, 应注意不同药物本身理化性质的差异。本文中阿奇霉素为碱性药物, 在酸性环境下容易发生降解, 因此选用pH 9.0的碱性混合溶媒。当对药物本身性质认识不充分、对溶媒临配了解不深入时, 可参考美国处方集中别嘌醇、盐酸可乐定等制剂的临时调配方案[21, 22]
此外, 在进行溶媒调配时, 除了要关注混合后药液当下的均匀性外, 还需重新考察药液的稳定性和生物利用度, 应保证在使用期限内药物活性成分在体内的释放和吸收不受到溶媒的干扰。关于稳定性测试, 计划开展5 ℃和25 ℃下0、7、14、30、60、90天的临配药液的阿奇霉素保留率和含量均匀性测量; 关于生物利用度测试, 目前对临配药液考察案例较少, 计划尝试体外溶出或仿生消化道系统实验来模拟分析人体口腔和肠胃道对临配前后药物释放、吸收的差异情况。在确保溶媒临配药液均一、稳定、生物利用度合适前提下, 建议临床服用阿奇霉素干混悬剂时采用溶媒临时调配的方式以达到良好的适口性。
作者贡献: 戚淑叶负责实验研究、分析数据和文章撰写; 郑义、杨敏、涂慧丹负责实验研究; 黄旻、姚尚辰负责思路指导; 宁保明负责思路指导和对文章的知识性内容进行审阅。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明没有利益冲突。
  • 国家药品监督管理局化学药品质量研究与评价重点实验室课题(2023HYZX15)
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2023年第58卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0982
  • 接收时间:2023-08-21
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-21
  • 修回日期:2023-09-27
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国家药品监督管理局化学药品质量研究与评价重点实验室课题(2023HYZX15)
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    1.中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
    2.石家庄四药有限公司, 河北 石家庄 050000
    3.浙江贝灵生物医药有限公司, 浙江 杭州 311203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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