Article(id=1198656292748362426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0331, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1679241600000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-20, revisedDate=1683302400000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711530147, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1699718400000, pubDateStr=2023-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711530147, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711530147, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711530147, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656283525087620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3476', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711527949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711688683, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3339, endPage=3348, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656294191203044, articleId=1198656292748362426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Isoliquiritigenin alleviates energy metabolism imbalance in type 2 diabetic mice, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a flavonoid compound isolated from licorice. It possesses excellent antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the alleviatory effect of ISL on energy metabolism imbalance caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were used in in vivo experiments. The high-fat-high-glucose diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin was applied to establish T2DM animal model. All animal experiments were performed in accordance with the Institutional Guidelines of Laboratory Animal Administration issued by the Committee of Ethics at Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. HepG2 cells were used in in vitro experiments. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were used to examine the protein and mRNA levels of mitochondrial function-related targets. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in HepG2 cells were measured by the flow cytometry. Additionally, the molecular docking of ISL and key target proteins was analyzed. It was found that ISL significantly inhibited the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex Ⅰ and increased the protein levels of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in the livers of mice and HepG2 cells. It also obviously decreased the ROS levels and increased the MMP levels in cultured HepG2 cells. In addition, ISL promoted mitochondrial biogenesis by activating proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) and enhanced mitophagy by upregulating Parkin. It also improved mitochondrial fusion by increasing the mRNA and protein levels of mitofusin 2 (MFN2). In conclusion, ISL alleviates energy metabolism imbalance caused by T2DM through suppression of excessive mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, and fusion.

, correspAuthors=Ping HE, Ying LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-wen DING, Xiao-xue YANG, Zi-yi CHEN, Dou-dou WANG, Ping HE, Ying LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656295810204556, articleId=1198656292748362426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=异甘草素缓解2型糖尿病小鼠能量代谢紊乱分子机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

异甘草素(isoliquiritigenin, ISL) 是从甘草中分离得到的类黄酮化合物, 具有良好的抗氧化、降血糖活性, 本文旨在探究ISL缓解2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) 引起的能量代谢紊乱的分子机制。体内实验以8周龄C57BL/6J雄性小鼠为实验动物, 采用高脂高糖饮食饲养合并腹腔注射链脲佐菌素的方法构建T2DM动物模型, 实验操作和动物福利均遵循北京中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会规定; 体外实验以人肝癌细胞HepG2为实验细胞系。采用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) 和实时荧光定量PCR法(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RT-qPCR) 检测线粒体功能相关靶点的蛋白和mRNA水平; 采用流式细胞术检测线粒体活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 和线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential, MMP) 水平; 利用分子对接对ISL和部分靶点的相互作用进行验证。结果表明, ISL可显著抑制小鼠肝脏和HepG2细胞中线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ的活性, 并提高解偶联蛋白2 (uncoupling protein 2, UCP2) 的水平; ISL还可显著降低ROS水平, 并提高MMP水平。此外, ISL可通过激活过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活子1α (proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α, PGC-1α) 促进线粒体生物发生; 通过上调Parkin的转录和蛋白水平促进线粒体自噬; 通过提高线粒体融合素2 (mitofusin 2, MFN2) 的转录和蛋白水平促进线粒体融合。综上, ISL可抑制T2DM小鼠肝脏线粒体过度氧化磷酸化, 并通过促进线粒体生物发生、自噬和融合来缓解T2DM引起的能量代谢紊乱。

, correspAuthors=何平, 刘颖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*何平, E-mail: ;
刘颖, Tel: 86-10-53912163, E-mail:
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Nat Commun, 2022, 13: 1582., articleTitle=Clueless/CLUH regulates mitochondrial fission by promoting recruitment of DRP1 to mitochondria, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960248246596162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292748362426, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960248263373383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292748362426, companyId=1198960248246596162, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960248275956297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292748362426, companyId=1198960248246596162, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京中医药大学生命科学学院, 北京 102488)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960253409783882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292748362426, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mpezWbMv3CRILLhbQK3dHQ==, figureFileBig=LnmbYR3Aa7KOw2xoUvuCjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960253548195924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292748362426, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) inhibits mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the livers of mice and HepG2 cells. A-E: Relative activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex Ⅰ-Ⅴ; F: Protein levels of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2). <i>n</i> = 6 (<i>in vivo</i> experiments) or <i>n</i> = 3 (<i>in vitro</i> experiments), <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> CTRL-vehicle (<i>in vivo</i> experiments) or CTRL group (<i>in vitro</i> experiments); <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> T2DM-vehicle , figureFileSmall=mpezWbMv3CRILLhbQK3dHQ==, figureFileBig=LnmbYR3Aa7KOw2xoUvuCjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960253762105448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292748362426, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=9h4ODd6+G5H0Nk7e1pIUFQ==, figureFileBig=SefGddRh08Vf4rOiwG0txQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960253921489009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292748362426, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= ISL reduces mitochondrial ROS (A) levels and increases MMP (B) levels in HepG2 cells. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> CTRL group. ROS: Reactive oxygen species; MMP: Mitochondrial membrane potential , figureFileSmall=9h4ODd6+G5H0Nk7e1pIUFQ==, figureFileBig=SefGddRh08Vf4rOiwG0txQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960254093455486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292748362426, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vy+aZxGiPr0C/l2VWZ7vag==, figureFileBig=q3X21DResy76VYrBj6czNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960254231867531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292748362426, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= ISL promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, and fusion. A: Relative mtDNA levels; B: Relative mRNA levels of <i>PGC-1α</i>; C: Protein levels of PGC-1<i>α</i>; D: Relative mRNA levels of mitochondrial biogenesis genes (<i>SIRT1</i>, <i>TFAM</i>, and <i>NRF1</i>); E: Relative mRNA levels of mitophagy genes (<i>PINK1</i> and Parkin); F: Protein levels of Parkin; G: Relative mRNA levels of mitochondrial fusion genes (<i>MFN1</i> and <i>MFN2</i>); H: Protein levels of MFN1 and MFN2; I: Relative mRNA levels of mitochondrial fission genes (<i>DRP1</i>, <i>FIS1</i> and <i>MFF</i>). <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup> <i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> CTRL group , figureFileSmall=vy+aZxGiPr0C/l2VWZ7vag==, figureFileBig=q3X21DResy76VYrBj6czNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960254378668183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292748362426, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Q4TQw6bom4p8TDDCSBUqCQ==, figureFileBig=vB90TcikrLu3vE73gCgyAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960254579994797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292748362426, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Molecular docking of ISL with Parkin and MFN2. A: Three-dimensional structure diagram of ISL and Parkin protein molecule docking (PDB ID: 5c9v); B: Two-dimensional structure diagram of ISL and Parkin protein molecule docking; C: Three-dimensional structure diagram of ISL and MFN2 protein molecule docking (PDB ID: 6jfm); D: Two-dimensional structure diagram of ISL and MFN2 protein molecule docking , figureFileSmall=Q4TQw6bom4p8TDDCSBUqCQ==, figureFileBig=vB90TcikrLu3vE73gCgyAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960254730989755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292748362426, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Sequence
PGC-1α F: 5'-CCAAACCAACAACTTTATCTCTTCC-3'
R: 5'-CACACTTAAGGTGCGTTCAATAGTC-3'
SIRT1 F: 5'-TAGCCTTGTCAGATAAGGAAGGA-3'
R: 5'-ACAGCTTCACAGTCAACTTTGT-3'
TFAM F: 5'-CATCTGTCTTGGCAAGTTGTCC-3'
R: 5'-CCACTCCGCCCTATAAGCATC-3'
NRF1 F: 5'-AGGAACACGGAGTGACCCAA-3'
R: 5'-TATGCTCGGTGTAAGTAGCCA-3'
PINK1 F: 5'-GCTTGGGACCTCTCTTGGAT-3'
R: 5'-CGAAGCCATCTTGAACACAA-3'
Parkin F: 5'-GTCCAGCAAAGCATCGTTCA-3'
R: 5'-CAACGATGGAAGGATGCTGG-3'
MFN1 F: 5'-GTTGCCGGGTGATAGTTGGA-3'
R: 5'-TGCCACCTTCATGTGTCTCC-3'
MFN2 F: 5'-CAGGTGTAAGGGACGATTGG-3'
R: 5'-CAAATGGGATGAAGCACTGA-3'
DRP1 F: 5'-GAATGACCAAGGTGCCTGTAG-3'
R: 5'-AGCTAGGGTTCTGCGACCAT-3'
FIS1 F: 5'-TGGTGCGGAGCAAGTACAAT-3'
R: 5'-TGCCCACGAGTCCATCTTTC-3'
MFF F: 5'-TCTCAGCCAACCACCTCTGA-3'
R: 5'-TGAGAGCCACTTTTGTCCCC-3'
), ArticleFig(id=1198960254944899281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292748362426, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The primers using for RT-qPCR analyses. PGC-1α: Proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α; SIRT1: Sirtuin 1; TFAM: Mitochondrial transcription factor A; NRF1: Nuclear respiratory factor 1; PINK1: Phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1; MFN1: Mitofusin 1; DRP1: Dynamin-related protein 1; FIS1: Mitochondrial fission protein 1; MFF: Mitochondrial fission factor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Sequence
PGC-1α F: 5'-CCAAACCAACAACTTTATCTCTTCC-3'
R: 5'-CACACTTAAGGTGCGTTCAATAGTC-3'
SIRT1 F: 5'-TAGCCTTGTCAGATAAGGAAGGA-3'
R: 5'-ACAGCTTCACAGTCAACTTTGT-3'
TFAM F: 5'-CATCTGTCTTGGCAAGTTGTCC-3'
R: 5'-CCACTCCGCCCTATAAGCATC-3'
NRF1 F: 5'-AGGAACACGGAGTGACCCAA-3'
R: 5'-TATGCTCGGTGTAAGTAGCCA-3'
PINK1 F: 5'-GCTTGGGACCTCTCTTGGAT-3'
R: 5'-CGAAGCCATCTTGAACACAA-3'
Parkin F: 5'-GTCCAGCAAAGCATCGTTCA-3'
R: 5'-CAACGATGGAAGGATGCTGG-3'
MFN1 F: 5'-GTTGCCGGGTGATAGTTGGA-3'
R: 5'-TGCCACCTTCATGTGTCTCC-3'
MFN2 F: 5'-CAGGTGTAAGGGACGATTGG-3'
R: 5'-CAAATGGGATGAAGCACTGA-3'
DRP1 F: 5'-GAATGACCAAGGTGCCTGTAG-3'
R: 5'-AGCTAGGGTTCTGCGACCAT-3'
FIS1 F: 5'-TGGTGCGGAGCAAGTACAAT-3'
R: 5'-TGCCCACGAGTCCATCTTTC-3'
MFF F: 5'-TCTCAGCCAACCACCTCTGA-3'
R: 5'-TGAGAGCCACTTTTGTCCCC-3'
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异甘草素缓解2型糖尿病小鼠能量代谢紊乱分子机制研究
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丁文文 , 杨晓雪 , 陈姿伊 , 汪逗逗 , 何平 * , 刘颖 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(11): 3339-3348
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(11): 3339-3348
异甘草素缓解2型糖尿病小鼠能量代谢紊乱分子机制研究
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丁文文, 杨晓雪, 陈姿伊, 汪逗逗, 何平* , 刘颖*
作者信息
  • 北京中医药大学生命科学学院, 北京 102488

通讯作者:

*何平, E-mail: ;
刘颖, Tel: 86-10-53912163, E-mail:
Isoliquiritigenin alleviates energy metabolism imbalance in type 2 diabetic mice
Wen-wen DING, Xiao-xue YANG, Zi-yi CHEN, Dou-dou WANG, Ping HE* , Ying LIU*
Affiliations
  • School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
出版时间: 2023-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0331
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异甘草素(isoliquiritigenin, ISL) 是从甘草中分离得到的类黄酮化合物, 具有良好的抗氧化、降血糖活性, 本文旨在探究ISL缓解2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) 引起的能量代谢紊乱的分子机制。体内实验以8周龄C57BL/6J雄性小鼠为实验动物, 采用高脂高糖饮食饲养合并腹腔注射链脲佐菌素的方法构建T2DM动物模型, 实验操作和动物福利均遵循北京中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会规定; 体外实验以人肝癌细胞HepG2为实验细胞系。采用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) 和实时荧光定量PCR法(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RT-qPCR) 检测线粒体功能相关靶点的蛋白和mRNA水平; 采用流式细胞术检测线粒体活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 和线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential, MMP) 水平; 利用分子对接对ISL和部分靶点的相互作用进行验证。结果表明, ISL可显著抑制小鼠肝脏和HepG2细胞中线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ的活性, 并提高解偶联蛋白2 (uncoupling protein 2, UCP2) 的水平; ISL还可显著降低ROS水平, 并提高MMP水平。此外, ISL可通过激活过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活子1α (proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α, PGC-1α) 促进线粒体生物发生; 通过上调Parkin的转录和蛋白水平促进线粒体自噬; 通过提高线粒体融合素2 (mitofusin 2, MFN2) 的转录和蛋白水平促进线粒体融合。综上, ISL可抑制T2DM小鼠肝脏线粒体过度氧化磷酸化, 并通过促进线粒体生物发生、自噬和融合来缓解T2DM引起的能量代谢紊乱。

异甘草素  /  2型糖尿病  /  线粒体氧化磷酸化  /  线粒体生物发生  /  线粒体自噬  /  线粒体动态

Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a flavonoid compound isolated from licorice. It possesses excellent antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the alleviatory effect of ISL on energy metabolism imbalance caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were used in in vivo experiments. The high-fat-high-glucose diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin was applied to establish T2DM animal model. All animal experiments were performed in accordance with the Institutional Guidelines of Laboratory Animal Administration issued by the Committee of Ethics at Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. HepG2 cells were used in in vitro experiments. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were used to examine the protein and mRNA levels of mitochondrial function-related targets. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in HepG2 cells were measured by the flow cytometry. Additionally, the molecular docking of ISL and key target proteins was analyzed. It was found that ISL significantly inhibited the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex Ⅰ and increased the protein levels of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in the livers of mice and HepG2 cells. It also obviously decreased the ROS levels and increased the MMP levels in cultured HepG2 cells. In addition, ISL promoted mitochondrial biogenesis by activating proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) and enhanced mitophagy by upregulating Parkin. It also improved mitochondrial fusion by increasing the mRNA and protein levels of mitofusin 2 (MFN2). In conclusion, ISL alleviates energy metabolism imbalance caused by T2DM through suppression of excessive mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, and fusion.

isoliquiritigenin  /  type 2 diabetes mellitus  /  mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation  /  mitochondrial biogenesis  /  mitophagy  /  mitochondrial dynamics
丁文文, 杨晓雪, 陈姿伊, 汪逗逗, 何平, 刘颖. 异甘草素缓解2型糖尿病小鼠能量代谢紊乱分子机制研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3339 -3348 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0331
Wen-wen DING, Xiao-xue YANG, Zi-yi CHEN, Dou-dou WANG, Ping HE, Ying LIU. Isoliquiritigenin alleviates energy metabolism imbalance in type 2 diabetic mice[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3339 -3348 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0331
糖尿病是全球突出的公共健康问题, 常伴随有视网膜病变[1]、足溃疡[2]、心肌功能障碍[3]和肾功能衰竭[4]等并发症, 严重危害人类健康。2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) 约占糖尿病总人数的90%[5], 是最主要的糖尿病类型。据国际糖尿病联盟统计, 截至2021年全球成年糖尿病患者人数已达5.37亿, 预计2045年将增长至7亿[6]。我国是全球糖尿病患病率增长最快的国家之一, 也是糖尿病患者最多的国家, 2021年我国糖尿病患者已达1.4亿, 发病情况日益严峻, 国民对糖尿病药品的临床需求极大[7]
甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.; Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat.; Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) 是我国最常用的大宗药材之一, 其药用历史已有两千余年, 具有补脾益气、祛痰止咳、清热解毒、缓急止痛、调和诸药的功效[8]。异甘草素(isoliquiritigenin, ISL) 是从甘草中分离得到的类黄酮化合物, 具有良好的抗氧化[9]和抗炎[10]活性。课题组[11]前期报道了ISL对高糖高脂饮食诱导的T2DM小鼠血糖和血脂的改善效果, 研究同时发现ISL能够显著降低T2DM小鼠肝脏和HepG2细胞的ATP水平, 提示ISL在一定程度上可以改善T2DM引发的异常能量代谢。然而, 目前关于ISL调控线粒体功能的研究报道相对较少, 且多从抑制氧化应激和促进线粒体凋亡角度出发, 主要集中于神经保护[12, 13]、肝保护[14]和抗肿瘤[15, 16]等方面, 对于ISL缓解T2DM引起的能量代谢紊乱还缺乏相关研究。
线粒体在耦合细胞外营养水平变化和细胞内能量代谢中发挥了重要作用, 胰岛素抵抗和T2DM的发展会引起线粒体呼吸链和脂肪酸β氧化功能受损, 导致活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 过度产生, 线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential, MMP) 下降, 引发恶性循环, 并最终导致线粒体功能障碍[17]。近年来, 已有多项研究表明, 在肥胖条件下, 胰岛素敏感细胞的ATP合成过度活跃[18, 19]。线粒体的主要功能是产生ATP[20], 这一过程需要线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ~Ⅴ[21]以及解偶联蛋白2 (uncoupling protein 2, UCP2) 的协调[22]。线粒体呼吸链复合物可通过氧化磷酸化产生ATP, 以驱动各种生化过程[21]。UCP2则可通过消除穿过线粒体内膜的质子梯度将呼吸链与ATP合成解耦[22], 从而导致ATP合成减少。因此, 线粒体呼吸链复合物和UCP2是研究T2DM引发的ATP过度合成的重要靶点。此外, 在T2DM发展过程中还可观察到线粒体形态改变[23], 线粒体生物发生和融合减少[24, 25], 裂变增加[26], 自噬受损[27]等现象。在线粒体生物发生过程中, 过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活子1α (proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α, PGC-1α) 是关键转录因子, 其可被沉默信息调节因子2相关酶1 (sirtuin 1, SIRT1) 脱乙酰化激活[28, 29], 进而激活核呼吸因子1 (nuclear respiratory factor 1, NRF1), 上调线粒体转录因子A (mitochondrial transcription factor A, TFAM), 从而刺激线粒体基因组(mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) 的复制和表达[30]。在线粒体自噬过程中, PTEN诱导激酶1 (phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1, PINK1) 和泛素连接酶Parkin是两个重要靶点, 可通过自噬机制选择性清除受损或功能失调的线粒体, 从而维持线粒体稳态[31]。在线粒体融合/裂变过程中几种与动力相关的GTP酶发挥了核心作用, 其中线粒体融合素1 (mitofusin 1, MFN1) 和MFN2可促进线粒体外膜融合[32], 线粒体动力相关蛋白1 (dynamin-related protein 1, DRP1) 则介导线粒体外膜裂变以响应特定的细胞信号[33], 目前已确定的线粒体外膜DRP1受体和募集因子包括线粒体分裂蛋白1 (mitochondrial fission protein 1, FIS1) 和线粒体裂变因子(mitochondrial fission factor, MFF) 等[34]。线粒体功能取决于其质量控制[24], 而线粒体质量控制是通过融合、裂变、自噬和线粒体生物发生的动态相互作用来完成的[35]。综上, 本论文将从调控线粒体氧化磷酸化、生物发生、自噬及线粒体动态等方面开展相关研究, 解析ISL缓解T2DM引起的能量代谢紊乱的分子机制。
实验动物与实验细胞系   SPF级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠, 购自斯贝福(北京) 生物技术有限公司, 实验动物生产许可证号: SCXK (京) 2019-0010。将小鼠饲养于北京中医药大学屏障环境动物室(20~24 ℃, 50%~70%相对湿度, 12 h/12 h光暗循环), 实验方案经北京中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准(编号: BUCM-2022021503-1134)。人肝癌细胞HepG2购自北京协和医学院细胞资源中心。
实验药品和试剂盒   ISL (批号: B21525, 纯度≥ 98%) 和阳性药二甲双胍(metformin, MET, 批号: S30880, 纯度≥ 98%) 均购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司; 链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin, STZ, 批号: BN30130, 纯度≥ 98%) 购自北京百瑞极生物科技有限公司; DMEM高糖培养基和0.25% trypsin-EDTA胰酶为美国Gibco公司产品; 胎牛血清和青霉素链霉素双抗为美国Corning公司产品; 线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ~Ⅴ ELISA试剂盒、线粒体UCP2 ELISA试剂盒、PGC-1α ELISA试剂盒、MFN2 ELISA试剂盒及Parkin蛋白(PP) ELISA试剂盒均购自上海酶联生物科技有限公司; MFN1检测试剂盒购自武汉云克隆科技股份有限公司; 一站式DNA/RNA提取试剂盒购自生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司; NovoStart® SYBR qPCR SuperMix Plus和NovoScript® Plus All-in-one 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis SuperMix (gDNA Purge) 购于苏州近岸蛋白质科技股份有限公司; ROS检测试剂盒购自江苏凯基生物技术股份有限公司; MMP检测试剂盒(JC-10) 购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
实验仪器   EPOCH酶标仪(美国Biotek Epoch公司); QuantStudioTM 6 Flex qPCR仪(美国Applied Biosystems公司); Centrifuge 5424 R低温高速离心机(德国Eppendorf公司); CytoFLEX流式细胞仪(美国Beckman Coulter公司)。
T2DM小鼠模型构建及分组给药    C57BL/6J小鼠适应性饲养1周, 其后随机分为高脂高糖饲料(high-fat-high-glucose diet, HFD) 喂养组和普通饲料(normal fat diet, NFD) 喂养组。喂养3周后, 对于HFD组小鼠, 连续5天在其禁食12 h后腹腔注射STZ 30 mg·kg-1; 对于NFD组小鼠, 则注射等体积柠檬酸盐缓冲液(pH为4.5)。检测HFD组小鼠空腹血糖水平, 连续3次≥ 11.1 mmol·L-1即为造模成功的T2DM小鼠。将NFD小鼠和T2DM小鼠随机分为6组, 每组6只, 每3天腹腔注射给药1次, 持续3周。分组及给药情况如下, 空白组(CTRL-vehicle): NFD组小鼠+安慰剂(0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠的磷酸盐缓冲液); 空白给药组(CTRL-ISL-H): NFD组小鼠+ISL (20 mg·kg-1); 模型组(T2DM-vehicle): T2DM小鼠+安慰剂; 低剂量给药组(T2DM-ISL-L): T2DM小鼠+ISL (10 mg·kg-1); 高剂量给药组(T2DM-ISL-H): T2DM小鼠+ISL (20 mg·kg-1); 阳性药组(T2DM-MET): T2DM小鼠+MET (200 mg·kg-1)。给药结束后处死小鼠, 收集肝脏, 保存于-80 ℃备用。
细胞培养   HepG2细胞培养采用DMEM高糖培养基添加10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素链霉素双抗, 37 ℃、5% CO2。将细胞以3.5×105个/孔的密度接种于6孔板, 当细胞融合率达到80%时给药ISL (0、5、10、20、40 μmol·L-1) 和MET (1、2、5、10 mmol·L-1), 孵育24 h后用于后续实验。
RT-qPCR检测   收集细胞样品, 采用一站式DNA/RNA提取试剂盒提取细胞总RNA, 逆转录为cDNA。以β-actin作为内参基因, 进行RT-qPCR分析, 检测线粒体生物发生相关基因PGC-1αSIRT1TFAMNRF1, 线粒体自噬相关基因PINK1、Parkin; 线粒体融合相关基因MFN1MFN2以及线粒体裂变相关基因DRP1MFFFIS1的转录水平, 各基因引物序列见表 1, 反应程序为: 95 ℃ 1 min, 95 ℃ 20 s、60 ℃ 1 min, 共40个循环。
ELISA检测   细胞样品: 收集各组细胞, 用PBS (pH 7.4) 重悬, 调整每毫升细胞数至1×106个, 反复冻融, 离心20 min (2 500 r·min-1), 收集上清, 按照各ELISA试剂盒说明书操作, 测定线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ~Ⅴ的活性和UCP2、PGC-1α、Parkin、MFN1、MFN2的蛋白含量。肝脏样品: 取小鼠肝脏, 称重, 按比例加入PBS (pH 7.4), 充分匀浆, 离心20 min (2 500 r·min-1), 收集上清, 按照各ELISA试剂盒说明书操作, 测定线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ~Ⅴ的活性和UCP2蛋白含量。
ROS检测   当6孔板中细胞融合率达到80%时, 弃去旧培养基, 以无血清DMEM培养基清洗3次, 每孔加入10 μmol·L-1 DCFH-DA, 37 ℃孵育20 min, 以无血清DMEM培养基清洗细胞3次, 加入ISL (5、10、20、40 μmol·L-1) 和MET (10 mmol·L-1) 处理2 h, 并设置空白对照, 采用流式细胞仪检测细胞ROS水平。
MMP检测   当6孔板细胞融合率达到80%时, 给药ISL (5、10、20、40 μmol·L-1) 和MET (10 mmol·L-1), 并设置空白对照, 孵育2 h后收集细胞, 加入JC-10染色工作液, 37 ℃孵育20 min, 以JC-10染色缓冲液洗涤3次后采用流式细胞仪检测。
分子对接   采用Discovery Studio 2019软件进行分子对接验证, 通过分子与蛋白质之间的相互作用分析, 鉴定Parkin和MFN2蛋白与ISL之间的结合能力, 从RCSB PDB (https://www.rcsb.org/) 数据库获取所需蛋白质的三维结构。
统计学分析   采用IBM SPSS Statistic 26.0统计分析软件, 以单因素方差分析(ANOVA) 进行统计分析, 以平均数±标准差(x ± s) 表示全部数据。
小鼠肝脏和HepG2细胞中线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ~Ⅴ的活性及UCP2的蛋白水平如图 1所示。与空白组相比, 模型组小鼠肝脏线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ的活性显著提高; 与模型组相比, ISL治疗可显著抑制线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ的活性(图 1A), 阳性药MET则可显著抑制线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ的活性(图 1ACE)。体外结果与体内相似, ISL表现出对HepG2细胞中线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ活性的显著抑制效果(图 1A), 并在高浓度水平(40 μmol·L-1) 可抑制线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅱ和Ⅳ (图 1BD) 的活性; 阳性药MET则可显著抑制线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ的活性(图 1ACE)。以上结果表明, ISL可通过抑制线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ的活性抑制线粒体氧化磷酸化, 从而减少ATP的合成, 与本课题组前期研究中观察到的ATP合成下降的现象相吻合[11]。UCP2的体内检测结果显示, 与模型组相比, ISL治疗可显著提高小鼠肝脏UCP2的水平, 阳性药MET也表现出相似的效果; 体外检测结果显示20 μmol·L-1及以上浓度的ISL可显著提高UCP2的水平, 表明ISL可通过上调UCP2抑制ATP的合成(图 1F)。
HepG2细胞中ROS检测结果如图 2A所示: ISL (5、10、20、40 μmol·L-1) 给药后, ROS水平分别降低30.20% ± 4.245%、25.30% ± 5.909%、23.18% ± 7.463%及24.35% ± 7.891% (P < 0.01), 10 mmol·L-1 MET给药后, ROS水平降低15.74% ± 7.467% (P < 0.05), 表明ISL和阳性药MET均可显著降低HepG2细胞ROS水平, 减轻细胞的氧化应激。线粒体膜电位较高时, JC-10形成聚合物, 产生红色荧光, 以四象限左上区域(Q1-UL) 细胞数百分比表示MMP水平, 检测结果如图 2B所示: ISL (5、10、20、40 μmol·L-1) 给药后, MMP水平分别提高2.267% ± 1.451 0%、4.543% ± 0.414 8%、4.307% ± 0.663 8%及4.430% ± 1.169 0% (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), 而10 mmol·L-1 MET给药后, MMP水平降低2.380% ± 1.091 0% (P < 0.05), 结果表明ISL可显著提高HepG2细胞MMP水平, 具有一定的线粒体保护作用。
线粒体总量的检测结果如图 3A所示: ISL可剂量依赖性地提高HepG2细胞中mtDNA的水平, 且在20 μmol·L-1及以上浓度达到显著性差异(图 3A), 表明ISL可提高HepG2细胞的线粒体总量。线粒体生物发生相关靶点的检测结果如图 3B~D所示: ISL处理可显著提高PGC-1α的mRNA和蛋白水平, 还可显著提高SIRT1TFAM的mRNA水平, 但对NRF1无显著性影响, 阳性药MET表现出相似的效果, 以上结果表明ISL可促进线粒体生物发生。
线粒体自噬相关靶点的检测结果如图 3EF所示: ISL和阳性药MET均可显著上调PINK1和Parkin的mRNA水平及Parkin的蛋白水平, 表明ISL可促进线粒体自噬。
线粒体融合相关靶点的检测结果如图 3GH所示: 20 μmol·L-1及以上浓度的ISL可显著提高MFN1的mRNA水平, 但对MFN1的蛋白水平无显著性影响; 1~10 μmol·L-1 ISL可显著提高MFN2的转录水平, 2~5 μmol·L-1 ISL可显著提高MFN2的蛋白水平, 可见ISL对MFN2的上调作用在低剂量下即达到饱和。线粒体裂变相关靶点的检测结果如图 3I所示: 低剂量ISL (5、10 μmol·L-1) 和阳性药MET均可显著抑制DRP1的mRNA水平, 但ISL对FIS1MFF的转录水平无显著影响。以上结果表明, ISL可通过提高MFN2的转录和蛋白水平促进线粒体融合, 并通过下调DRP1的转录水平对线粒体裂变产生一定影响, 从而调控线粒体动态。
根据上述线粒体自噬及融合相关靶点ELISA实验结果(图 3FH), 本研究选择了Parkin及MFN2两个关键蛋白, 通过分子对接进一步验证ISL与其相互作用, 结果如图 4所示: ISL可与Parkin蛋白的ALA206、ASN190和SER223氨基酸残基形成氢键相互作用, 与PRO189氨基酸残基形成疏水相互作用, 与GLU207形成静电相互作用(图 4AB); ISL可与MFN2蛋白的LYS30、HIS31氨基酸残基形成氢键相互作用, 和TYR752氨基酸残基形成疏水相互作用, 和LYS38氨基酸残基形成静电相互作用(图 4CD)。分子对接结果表明: Parkin和MFN2是ISL的潜在靶蛋白。
本论文以8周龄C57BL/6J雄性小鼠为实验动物, 采用高糖高脂饮食饲养合并腹腔注射STZ的方法构建T2DM模型, 并以HepG2细胞为实验细胞系, 探究ISL缓解T2DM引起的能量代谢紊乱的分子机制。研究结果表明, ISL可通过抑制线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ的活性, 提高UCP2的水平, 抑制线粒体过度氧化磷酸化, 从而降低T2DM小鼠肝脏ATP的合成, 并通过促进线粒体生物发生、自噬和融合而改善T2DM引起的线粒体功能障碍, 同时表现出对ROS生成的抑制和MMP水平的提高效果。
近年来, T2DM已成为世界上增长最快的代谢性疾病之一[36]。能量代谢紊乱是T2DM患者的主要症状之一, 线粒体作为细胞的“能量工厂”, 对细胞能量稳态的维持发挥着至关重要的作用[37]。越来越多的证据表明, T2DM的发生发展与线粒体功能障碍密切相关[38, 39]。本课题组在前期研究中发现ISL可显著降低T2DM小鼠肝脏和HepG2细胞中的ATP水平[11], 提示ISL具有一定的调控能量代谢的潜力。已有多项研究表明, 2型糖尿病的一线药物MET可通过抑制线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ的活性而降低T2DM小鼠中ATP的合成, 从而改善T2DM引起的能量代谢紊乱[40, 41]。因此, 本论文也开展了线粒体呼吸链复合物的活性检测, 并发现ISL表现出与阳性药MET类似的效果, 可显著抑制T2DM小鼠肝脏和HepG2细胞中线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ的活性(图 1A), 同时可显著提高线粒体UCP2的水平(图 1F), 从而抑制了线粒体过度氧化磷酸化, 改善了T2DM小鼠异常能量代谢。
当葡萄糖水平持续升高时, 线粒体会增强ROS的产生, 并因此诱导氧化应激和组织损伤[42], 本论文发现ISL处理可显著抑制HepG2细胞中ROS生成(图 2A), 从而抑制T2DM引起的氧化应激。由于线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ是ROS产生的主要位点[43], 同时UCP2过表达可降低ROS的产生[44], 因此ISL对线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ的抑制作用以及对UCP2的促进作用均可导致ROS生成的降低。MMP是质子动力(线粒体电化学跨膜势) 的主要组成部分, 其在线粒体生物能量学、代谢和信号功能中发挥关键作用, MMP的耗散是线粒体功能障碍的标志[45], 本论文研究结果表明ISL可显著提高MMP水平(图 2B), 对线粒体具有一定的保护作用。由于过量的ROS会破坏线粒体膜, 改变膜的通透性, 使得膜内外离子浓度差减小, 从而导致线粒体膜电位降低[46]。因此, 本论文中ROS的降低和MMP的升高结果相吻合。
在T2DM发生发展过程中, 可见明显的线粒体生物发生[24]、自噬[27]及动态改变[47]。PGC-1α是一种共转录调节因子, 其通过激活不同的转录因子来诱导线粒体生物发生[48, 49], 本论文研究发现ISL可显著提高HepG2细胞中PGC-1α的转录(图 3B) 和蛋白水平(图 3C), 同时提高其上游SIRT1以及其下游TFAM的mRNA水平(图 3D), 从而促进线粒体生物发生。据报道, T2DM患者的氧化应激增加会造成线粒体自噬异常, 从而损害线粒体功能, 并导致胰岛素抵抗和β细胞衰竭[50]。PINK1积聚在功能失调的线粒体外膜上, 同时募集Parkin并激活其E3泛素连接酶活性, 共同介导线粒体自噬[51]。本论文研究表明, ISL可显著提高PINK1和Parkin的转录水平(图 3E) 及Parkin的蛋白水平(图 3F), 从而促进线粒体自噬。此外, 暴露于过量的营养环境(如T2DM) 会导致线粒体动态改变[24], MFN1和MFN2是线粒体融合必需的GTP酶[52], DRP1是驱动线粒体裂变的主调节因子[53]。本论文研究发现, ISL可通过提高MFN2的转录和蛋白水平(图 3GH) 促进线粒体融合, 通过下调DRP1的转录水平(图 3I) 在一定程度上抑制线粒体裂变。综上所述, 本论文证明了ISL可缓解T2DM引起的线粒体功能障碍, 有助于T2DM的改善和治疗, 为开发靶向线粒体功能障碍治疗T2DM的小分子制剂提供了参考。
作者贡献: 丁文文完成了实验并撰写了论文; 刘颖和何平构思设计了实验方案并修改了论文; 杨晓雪、陈姿伊和汪逗逗协助相关实验操作, 并参与了实验数据的分析; 所有作者均阅读并参与修改了本论文。
利益冲突: 本文作者均没有利益冲突。
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2023年第58卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0331
  • 接收时间:2023-03-20
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-20
  • 修回日期:2023-05-06
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    北京中医药大学生命科学学院, 北京 102488

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*何平, E-mail: ;
刘颖, Tel: 86-10-53912163, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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