Article(id=1198656292517671289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0329, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1679068800000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-18, revisedDate=1683820800000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711530093, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1699718400000, pubDateStr=2023-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711530093, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711530093, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711530093, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656283525087620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3476', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711527949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711688683, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3296, endPage=3310, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656293322977695, articleId=1198656292517671289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances and applications of quantitative systems pharmacology modeling and virtual clinical trials in modern drug development, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) modeling is an emerging computational medicine approach with growing applications and significance in modern drug development. QSP models are generally formulated based on multiscale disease mechanisms and drug-target interactions, which makes them capable of integrating multimodal data from the preclinical and clinical space. This also enables them to generate quantitative characterization of the dynamic disease progression as well as high-throughput predictions of drug-induced efficacy and toxicity signals. Therefore, QSP modeling and model-based virtual clinical trials have been widely implemented to guide drug development, in scenarios such as target identification and assessment, clinical trial design, evaluation of combination therapy and biomarkers, and personalized medicine. In US and Europe, QSP modeling has been developing rapidly in the past 10 years and is now an integral part of the model-informed drug development paradigm; however, in China it is still a nascent field. Here we will present a comprehensive review of the recent advancements of QSP and its impact in modern drug development through a number of case studies. This review will provide guidance for the future drug development efforts and the growth of QSP practice in China.
, correspAuthors=Chen ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chen ZHAO, Gai-ling LI, Ya-ning WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656294740652511, articleId=1198656292517671289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=新药研发中的定量系统药理学(QSP)模型与虚拟临床试验: 发展及前沿应用, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
基于定量系统药理学(quantitative systems pharmacology, QSP)模型的药物转化研究是国际上新兴的前沿药物研发范式。通过构建覆盖多个生理尺度中疾病关联机制及药物-靶点相互作用的数学模型, QSP可系统性整合多模态的临床前和临床层面数据, 并从机制角度动态描述疾病发生发展过程及定量预测药物干预后产生的药效和不良反应。因此, QSP模型模拟和其衍生的虚拟临床试验分析已被用于指导新靶点和新治疗策略的发现与评估、临床试验方案设计、生物标志物筛选和个体化治疗等, 其可在多个层面高效提升药物的临床转化成功率。QSP的理念在欧美发达国家的新药研发产业已经历十余年的发展和实际应用, 并已逐渐成为现代模型引导药物研发模式中的重要部分, 而其在国内仍处于起步初期。本文将全面介绍QSP这一前沿方向的内涵与进展及其在全球创新药研发中的实际应用案例, 为推动我国QSP领域的发展以及原创新药的研发提供重要参考与指导。
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1, 2, *, address=1. School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
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1, 2, *, address=1.南京医科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210000
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3, address=3. Certara Inc, Shanghai 200000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1198960247990743594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, authorId=1198960247747473935, language=CN, stringName=李改玲, firstName=改玲, middleName=null, lastName=李, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
3, address=3.科盛达 (上海) 医药咨询有限公司, 上海 200000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960246925390252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960246929584557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, companyId=1198960246925390252, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. Certara Inc, Shanghai 200000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960246942167472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, companyId=1198960246925390252, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.科盛达 (上海) 医药咨询有限公司, 上海 200000)])]), Author(id=1198960248133349945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198960248334676559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, authorId=1198960248133349945, language=EN, stringName=Ya-ning WANG, firstName=Ya-ning, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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4, address=4.武汉朗来科技发展有限公司, 湖北 武汉 430000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960247067996606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960247080579522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, companyId=1198960247067996606, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4. Createrna Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960247101551042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, companyId=1198960247067996606, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.武汉朗来科技发展有限公司, 湖北 武汉 430000)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1198960248909296256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=quantitative systems pharmacology), Keyword(id=1198960249081262741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=virtual clinical trial), Keyword(id=1198960249215480485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=mechanistic modeling and simulation), Keyword(id=1198960249383252659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=model-informed drug development), Keyword(id=1198960249559413449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=translational medicine), Keyword(id=1198960249714602714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=定量系统药理学), Keyword(id=1198960249836237542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=虚拟临床试验), Keyword(id=1198960249957872371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=机制建模与模拟), Keyword(id=1198960250121450242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=模型引导的药物研发), Keyword(id=1198960250251473682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=转化医学)], refs=[Reference(id=1198960253413978186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, doi=10.1038/d41573-019-00074-z, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=18, issue=null, pageStart=495, pageEnd=496, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Dowden H, Munro J, journalName=Nat Rev Drug Discov, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
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| QSP survey paper | Scope of survey | Major conclusion |
Nijsen et al., 2018, CPT: PSP | Surveyed 20+ leading pharma companies in the IQ Consortium regarding application of QSP in R&D | ① More than 80% of surveyed companies have started to use QSP modeling in R&D since 2015 or earlier, and 87% of companies consider QSP to play an "important/very important" role in R&D; ② Most companies report that they develop both medium-sized fit-for-purpose QSP models and large-scale QSP disease platform models; development times of QSP models are typically 3-12 months, with disease platform models being more demanding in terms of complexity and time spent. |
Ermakov et al., 2019, CPT: PSP | Surveyed 100+ modelers in leading pharma companies regarding the use of modeling tools and software | ① 2/3 of respondents are QSP modelers; a significant portion of surveyed companies indicate that their QSP teams include 5-10 or 10+ personnels; ② Top 3 QSP Modeling Software: MATLAB, R, NONMEM; ③ Types of QSP Models: primarily ODE-based (95%), followed by statistical (44%), stochastic (29%), PDE (19%) and ABM (14%). |
Bai et al., 2021, AAPS J | US FDA held a QSP symposium with ~20 leading pharma companies, in which representatives from 8 companies presented R&D case studies of QSP | ① The eight cases presented covered many major disease areas and multiple drug modalities: in five cases the role of QSP was rated "Good", in another two cases the role of QSP was rated "Excellent" which means QSP significantly facilitated their clinical development; ② Current application scenarios of QSP spanned various key stages from pre-clinical to clinical to post-market evaluation; from the regulatory standpoint, the QSP model building protocols and the methods of virtual patient generation as well as virtual clinical trials need further standardization. |
Chan et al., 2022, J PKPD | Surveyed 88 QSP modelers from 20+ leading pharma companies regarding the current practices of QSP in drug development | ① Over 1/3 of respondents indicate that they primarily develop complex disease platform models; virtual patients/virtual clinical trials are the most common analyses for QSP models used in clinical stage; ② Multimodal preclinical and clinical data are often used during the formulation of QSP models, but the use of RWE and multi-omics data is uncommon; ③ O ver 50% of respondents indicate that their departments or companies never publish QSP models or never publish the complete model with data. |
Lemaire et al., 2022, Clin Pharmacol Ther | Surveyed 130+ scientists from leading pharma companies regarding the impact of using QSP in immuno-oncology drug development | ① Approximately 46% of respondents are QSP modelers, 33% are clinical pharmacologists (non-QSP), and the remainder includes clinicians, statisticians, pharmacologists, etc; ② Top 5 drug development questions addressed by QSP: dose/regimen design, combination strategy evaluation, clinical trial simulation and design, biomarker assessment, patient stratification; ③ Top 3 challenges of QSP modeling: collection-analysis-sharing of experimental data, relatively long time required for model building, no uniform standards for model validation and evaluation of model predictive performance. |
), ArticleFig(id=1198960251375547272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656292517671289, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=
Summary of recent industry surveys regarding QSP in drug development. ODE: Ordinary differential equation; PDE: Partial differential equations; ABM: Agent-based model; RWE: Real world evidence
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| QSP survey paper | Scope of survey | Major conclusion |
Nijsen et al., 2018, CPT: PSP | Surveyed 20+ leading pharma companies in the IQ Consortium regarding application of QSP in R&D | ① More than 80% of surveyed companies have started to use QSP modeling in R&D since 2015 or earlier, and 87% of companies consider QSP to play an "important/very important" role in R&D; ② Most companies report that they develop both medium-sized fit-for-purpose QSP models and large-scale QSP disease platform models; development times of QSP models are typically 3-12 months, with disease platform models being more demanding in terms of complexity and time spent. |
Ermakov et al., 2019, CPT: PSP | Surveyed 100+ modelers in leading pharma companies regarding the use of modeling tools and software | ① 2/3 of respondents are QSP modelers; a significant portion of surveyed companies indicate that their QSP teams include 5-10 or 10+ personnels; ② Top 3 QSP Modeling Software: MATLAB, R, NONMEM; ③ Types of QSP Models: primarily ODE-based (95%), followed by statistical (44%), stochastic (29%), PDE (19%) and ABM (14%). |
Bai et al., 2021, AAPS J | US FDA held a QSP symposium with ~20 leading pharma companies, in which representatives from 8 companies presented R&D case studies of QSP | ① The eight cases presented covered many major disease areas and multiple drug modalities: in five cases the role of QSP was rated "Good", in another two cases the role of QSP was rated "Excellent" which means QSP significantly facilitated their clinical development; ② Current application scenarios of QSP spanned various key stages from pre-clinical to clinical to post-market evaluation; from the regulatory standpoint, the QSP model building protocols and the methods of virtual patient generation as well as virtual clinical trials need further standardization. |
Chan et al., 2022, J PKPD | Surveyed 88 QSP modelers from 20+ leading pharma companies regarding the current practices of QSP in drug development | ① Over 1/3 of respondents indicate that they primarily develop complex disease platform models; virtual patients/virtual clinical trials are the most common analyses for QSP models used in clinical stage; ② Multimodal preclinical and clinical data are often used during the formulation of QSP models, but the use of RWE and multi-omics data is uncommon; ③ O ver 50% of respondents indicate that their departments or companies never publish QSP models or never publish the complete model with data. |
Lemaire et al., 2022, Clin Pharmacol Ther | Surveyed 130+ scientists from leading pharma companies regarding the impact of using QSP in immuno-oncology drug development | ① Approximately 46% of respondents are QSP modelers, 33% are clinical pharmacologists (non-QSP), and the remainder includes clinicians, statisticians, pharmacologists, etc; ② Top 5 drug development questions addressed by QSP: dose/regimen design, combination strategy evaluation, clinical trial simulation and design, biomarker assessment, patient stratification; ③ Top 3 challenges of QSP modeling: collection-analysis-sharing of experimental data, relatively long time required for model building, no uniform standards for model validation and evaluation of model predictive performance. |
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