Article(id=1198656291615895856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1693411200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-31, revisedDate=1698595200000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711529878, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1699718400000, pubDateStr=2023-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711529878, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711529878, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711529878, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656283525087620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3476', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711527949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711688683, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3185, endPage=3190, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656291997577551, articleId=1198656291615895856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances in taste masking technology based on preparation technology, columnId=1198656285311861125, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Pharmaceutical Taste-Masking and Assessment Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Good medicine tastes bitter, but it is often difficult to swallow because the drug is bitter and astringent, so that the compliance of patients with medication is poor. However, the use of taste masking technology can better improve this situation. Appropriate and effective taste masking technology can improve the drug compliance of patients, especially children, it can also improve the curative effect and the clinical value of drugs. Herein, we summarize the latest research progress of taste masking technology, and summarize the traditional taste masking technology from the aspects of action mechanisms and application scopes. Finally, the novel and efficient taste masking technologies were presented.

, correspAuthors=Chun-meng SUN, Jia-sheng TU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lei ZHAO, Xiang-an-ni KONG, Chang LI, Chun-meng SUN, Jia-sheng TU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656292576391547, articleId=1198656291615895856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于制剂工艺的掩味技术研究进展, columnId=1198656285597073800, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 药品口感研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

良药苦口, 但往往因为药物苦涩而难以下咽, 使得患者用药顺应性差, 而掩味技术的运用可以较好改善这一情况。合适有效的掩味技术能够改善患者尤其是儿童的用药顺应性, 提高疗效, 提高药物的临床价值。本文对掩味技术研究最新进展进行概括, 从作用机制和应用范围等方面对传统掩味技术进行分类汇总, 同时介绍了新型高效掩味技术。

, correspAuthors=孙春萌, 涂家生, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*孙春萌, Tel: 86-25-83271305, E-mail: ;
涂家生, E-mail:
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API: Active pharmaceutical ingredient; TAS2Rs: Type 2 bitter taste receptor , figureFileSmall=WLtcNs74dILfpC9cT1Y/ow==, figureFileBig=aEOwqRHuQTQErOXqVuGs2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960235902763512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656291615895856, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Taste masking technology Advantages and limitation Dosage form Drug characteristics
Flavoring agent Advantages: more selectivity, simple and convenient, low cost
Limitations: limited taste masking effect, if excessive intake will affect health
Solid preparations and liquid preparations Low bitter and water insoluble
Film coating Advantages: reduce incompatibility of drugs, protect against moisture and light, improve appearance for easy identification
Limitations: affect the rate of drug release, high requirements for preparation technology
Solid preparations such as granules and tablets Low volatility and insensitive to moisture and heat
Cyclodextrin
complexation
Advantages: simple prescription, rapid drug release, improve drug solubility
Limitations: not successful for water soluble drugs
Solid preparations and liquid preparations Low-dose and suitable structure for cyclodextrin
Ion exchange resin complexation Advantages: slow and controlled release drug delivery, improve the drug stability, reassemble the drug and apply it to various dosage forms
Limitations: low drug loading, ineffective to low pH drugs, delayed onset
Oral disintegrating tablets, oral dissolving films, chewing tablets, suspensions, etc Dissociable
Microencapsulation Advantages: improve drug stability, simple preparation, liquid drugs can be prepared into solid dosage forms
Limitations: low entrapment efficiency, high production cost and high residual risk of organic solvents
Solid preparations and liquid preparations Solid and liquid
), ArticleFig(id=1198960236049564164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656291615895856, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Overview of traditional taste masking technologies based on preparation technology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Taste masking technology Advantages and limitation Dosage form Drug characteristics
Flavoring agent Advantages: more selectivity, simple and convenient, low cost
Limitations: limited taste masking effect, if excessive intake will affect health
Solid preparations and liquid preparations Low bitter and water insoluble
Film coating Advantages: reduce incompatibility of drugs, protect against moisture and light, improve appearance for easy identification
Limitations: affect the rate of drug release, high requirements for preparation technology
Solid preparations such as granules and tablets Low volatility and insensitive to moisture and heat
Cyclodextrin
complexation
Advantages: simple prescription, rapid drug release, improve drug solubility
Limitations: not successful for water soluble drugs
Solid preparations and liquid preparations Low-dose and suitable structure for cyclodextrin
Ion exchange resin complexation Advantages: slow and controlled release drug delivery, improve the drug stability, reassemble the drug and apply it to various dosage forms
Limitations: low drug loading, ineffective to low pH drugs, delayed onset
Oral disintegrating tablets, oral dissolving films, chewing tablets, suspensions, etc Dissociable
Microencapsulation Advantages: improve drug stability, simple preparation, liquid drugs can be prepared into solid dosage forms
Limitations: low entrapment efficiency, high production cost and high residual risk of organic solvents
Solid preparations and liquid preparations Solid and liquid
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基于制剂工艺的掩味技术研究进展
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赵磊 1 , 孔祥安妮 2 , 李畅 3 , 孙春萌 2, * , 涂家生 2, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 药品口感研究 2023,58(11): 3185-3190
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 药品口感研究 2023, 58(11): 3185-3190
基于制剂工艺的掩味技术研究进展
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赵磊1, 孔祥安妮2, 李畅3, 孙春萌2, * , 涂家生2, *
作者信息
  • 1.国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心, 北京 100022
  • 2.国家药品监督管理局药物制剂及辅料研究与评价重点实验室, 中国药科大学药学院药剂系, 江苏 南京 210009
  • 3.天津医科大学药学院药剂学系, 天津 300041

通讯作者:

*孙春萌, Tel: 86-25-83271305, E-mail: ;
涂家生, E-mail:
Advances in taste masking technology based on preparation technology
Lei ZHAO1, Xiang-an-ni KONG2, Chang LI3, Chun-meng SUN2, * , Jia-sheng TU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Center for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing 100022, China
  • 2. NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
  • 3. Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300041, China
出版时间: 2023-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1016
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良药苦口, 但往往因为药物苦涩而难以下咽, 使得患者用药顺应性差, 而掩味技术的运用可以较好改善这一情况。合适有效的掩味技术能够改善患者尤其是儿童的用药顺应性, 提高疗效, 提高药物的临床价值。本文对掩味技术研究最新进展进行概括, 从作用机制和应用范围等方面对传统掩味技术进行分类汇总, 同时介绍了新型高效掩味技术。

掩味技术  /  药用辅料  /  掩味原理  /  儿童制剂

Good medicine tastes bitter, but it is often difficult to swallow because the drug is bitter and astringent, so that the compliance of patients with medication is poor. However, the use of taste masking technology can better improve this situation. Appropriate and effective taste masking technology can improve the drug compliance of patients, especially children, it can also improve the curative effect and the clinical value of drugs. Herein, we summarize the latest research progress of taste masking technology, and summarize the traditional taste masking technology from the aspects of action mechanisms and application scopes. Finally, the novel and efficient taste masking technologies were presented.

taste masking technology  /  pharmaceutical excipients  /  taste masking principle  /  pediatric medicine
赵磊, 孔祥安妮, 李畅, 孙春萌, 涂家生. 基于制剂工艺的掩味技术研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3185 -3190 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1016
Lei ZHAO, Xiang-an-ni KONG, Chang LI, Chun-meng SUN, Jia-sheng TU. Advances in taste masking technology based on preparation technology[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3185 -3190 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1016
口服给药是大多数药物的首选给药途径, 由于它用药简便、成本低廉、剂量准确[1]等优点成为临床用量较大的药物制剂。但是很多药物在口服过程中或服药后立即表现出苦味, 大多数患者尤其是儿童和老年人用药顺应性差[2, 3]。据调查结果显示, 超过50%的患者没有按照处方服药, 制药业每年因此损失约300亿美元[4], 而适口性差和药物苦味是其主要原因。因为苦味会导致患者产生服药抵抗, 导致治疗的中断, 从而失去药物的最佳疗效[5]
因此, 掩味技术已成为处方开发的重要组成部分, 在产品开发阶段采用掩味技术, 可以促进公司在短时间内推销药物, 并确保患者服药积极性。本文通过对掩味原理进行剖析, 基于苦味产生机制总结药物掩味技术, 并对不同掩味技术的应用情况进行了简要介绍。
味觉的形成主要基于味蕾, 味蕾是一种上皮分化的特殊器官, 在舌头表面和边缘大量分布, 在口腔和咽部黏膜表面部分分散。它由味觉细胞组成, 能够表达苦味受体(type 2 bitter taste receptor, TAS2Rs), 从而对各种味道进行识别[6]。当苦味物质进入口腔经过舌表面时, 可溶性物质与味蕾直接接触, 激活TAS2Rs, 引起味觉细胞周围环绕的感觉神经末梢兴奋, 形成神经冲动, 最终将神经冲动传入味觉中枢并经神经中枢整合, 产生苦味感知[7]
掩味技术的重点在于利用各种方法干预味觉形成的各个环节。针对味觉产生的过程, 药物掩味技术如图 1[8]所示。从活性药物成分(active pharmaceutical ingredient, API) 角度来说, 首先可以对API进行修饰, 例如成盐、改变晶型或制成前药, 从而减少药物的溶解。其次是在API周围建立分子屏障, 例如将离子交换树脂或环糊精类物质与API络合, 阻止API释放后与味蕾接触, 达到掩味目的。从味觉产生过程来说, 可以通过加入甜味剂、芳香剂等矫味剂降低感知到的API苦味进行掩味。从神经冲动传导的过程来说, 可以通过麻痹味蕾和味觉阻断进行掩味。苦味阻滞剂主要包括苦味受体拮抗剂和苦味信号传导抑制剂。最后, 从制剂的角度出发, 可以通过聚合物包衣、微囊和脂质包衣形成制剂或API的物理屏障, 阻止API释放从而掩味[9, 10]表 1从适用药物及剂型以及各项掩味技术的优缺点等方面总结了上述基于制剂工艺的掩技术概况。
药物苦味的产生主要源于药物在口腔的唾液中溶解并且与味蕾上的TAS2Rs相互作用。因此, 药物的掩味可以从降低API的溶解度出发, 减少API和TAS2Rs的结合概率, 达到掩味效果。例如, 将药物制成口腔中不溶解的制剂如悬浮剂; 改变成盐、改变晶型的方法使得API保持不溶解的状态; 使用在唾液中溶解度较低的前药, 减少API溶解。
布洛芬[11]、利福平[12]和丁螺环酮[13]存在着多种晶型, 对应有着不同的溶解度。在红霉素、麦迪霉素和麦白霉素等大环内酯类药物中加入鞣酸作为掩蔽剂, 可以与药物迅速形成难溶性鞣酸盐, 对大环内酯类抗生素的苦味有着较好的掩味效果[14]。长春胺和曲马多可以与糖精钠、糖精钾形成糖精盐, 降低药物的苦味。当需要使用该方法降低儿童制剂中药物的溶解度时, 需要考虑所加入成盐剂对于儿童群体的安全性以及不同晶型药物的生物利用度。
如果药物拥有pH依赖性的溶解度, 可以通过加入pH调节剂使得药物保持不电离的状态, 从而限制药物在制剂载体中的溶解度, 减少溶解度, 掩蔽药物苦味。在盐酸丙哌维林混悬剂中加入碳酸氢钾可以使其脱盐成为游离丙哌维林, 减少溶解从而使机体感受到药物的苦味变少。在阿奇霉素干混悬剂中加入pH调节剂无水磷酸三钠也能够降低阿奇霉素的溶解度和苦味。考虑到儿童对于药用辅料的耐受性与成人存在差异, 在调节pH时应当使用合适的辅料, 并调节适当浓度。
前药设计是掩盖不良味道药物特性目的的方法之一, 如水或脂质膜中的低溶解性、低靶向性、化学不稳定性、不良味道、局部给药后的刺激或疼痛、毒性。对乙酰氨基酚是一种止痛药, 其苦味产生是由于其结构上的羟基与苦味受体相互作用。Hejaz等[15]通过计算机辅助设计了三种对乙酰氨基酚前药, 经预测新添加的连接剂可以阻断羟基与苦味受体的作用会起到掩味的作用。Chatale等[16]通过合成前药美洛昔康特戊酸酯来实现苦味官能团的化学修饰。依据大鼠的单瓶实验评估了口感改善情况。结果表明, 与美洛昔康相比, 美洛昔康特戊酸酯的适口性显著提高。
矫味剂系指药物中用以改善或屏蔽药物不良气味和味道的辅料, 在难以入口的活性药物成分中加入矫味剂是最简易常用、最优先考虑的掩味技术, 一般包括甜味剂、芳香剂、增稠剂和味蕾麻痹剂四类。矫味剂实现掩味的策略是进行神经中枢味觉信号整合的干扰, 不同甜味剂在感官上的甜度强度分布时间不同。以生物碱、苷类、抗生素、抗组胺类药物苦味较大, 较多使用甜味剂和芳香剂来掩盖。Zhao等[17]以安赛蜜和糖精两种矫味剂成盐, 能有效掩盖川芎嗪的苦味, 解决了活性药物成分味苦和生物利用度低所带来的挑战。Ogbonna等[18]为了开发适口的儿童口服液, 利用糖精钠和阿斯巴甜两种甜味剂进行矫味, 相较于原始的糖浆剂, 对苦味掩盖效果更好, 稳定性更高。与原始处方中利用45%蔗糖掩味不同, Zhu等[19]采用三氯蔗糖和桔子香精两种矫味剂, 显著提高了板蓝根口服液的用药顺应性。
简单的加入矫味剂/甜味剂掩味作用有限, 不足以掩盖部分药物的其他不良味道, 过度使用甜味剂对健康的不利影响也日益增加。为此, 联合国粮食及农业组织与世界卫生组织食物添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA) 共同建立了添加剂成分每日最大摄入量的规定, 此外美国FDA“批准药品的非活性成分列表”可供生产者查询某一辅料在不同给药途径下的最大添加比例, 这些规定可以为矫味剂的用量选择提供一定的理论支撑。同时, 矫味剂的选取也依赖于适应症, 对于治疗某些特殊疾病的制剂, 如治疗糖尿病的制剂矫味时不能使用蔗糖, 可由木糖醇、山梨醇、麦芽糖醇、甜菊糖苷等甜味剂, 如健胃药中不得添加矫味剂等。
包衣是最简单直接且常用的掩味技术, 依赖物理掩味原理, 减少口腔对苦味的感知。聚合物包衣材料在唾液pH (6.97~7.40) 下可形成不溶性屏障, 稳定性高, 具有较低的剂量倾泻风险。对于儿童药物, 安全性为首要考量[20]。美国FDA“非活性物质数据库(inactive ingredient database)”指出, 纤维素类聚合物如乙基纤维素、羟丙甲纤维素以及不同类型、等级的甲基丙烯酸共聚物的口服毒性低[21], 常被用于包衣掩味。
盐酸普萘洛尔具有苦咸味, 儿童用药顺应性较差, Sun等[22]用Eudragit E100对复方穿心莲颗粒进行包衣, 制备的掩味混悬颗粒在水中分散均匀, 口感良好, 适合儿童患者服用。儿童用药中, 抗生素是一类重要的使用频率极高的药物, 其中罗红霉素应用较为普遍。Cao[23]研制的罗红霉素口腔崩解片, 通过包衣技术, 不仅掩盖了罗红霉素的苦味, 药物的溶出率也并未发生影响。Nishiyama等[24]利用乙基纤维素和羟丙甲纤维素制备拉呋替丁的掩味层包衣颗粒, 随着羟丙甲纤维素含量的增加, 掩味颗粒溶出延迟时间缩短, 在模拟口腔pH环境中, 药物并无释放, 证明其具有良好的掩味性能。
通过包衣材料进行掩味, 是目前直接且有效的掩味方式, 如何选择合适的材料进行包衣, 实现口腔中的掩味, 并能在胃里进行速释, 是当前研究的重点。很多研究结果如膜控包衣已证明聚合物材料包衣掩味的可行性[25]
近年来, 热熔融出(hot-melt extrusion, HME) 技术已被用来制备多种药物剂型和药物释放系统。HME技术通过在熔体挤出机中混合和熔化药物、聚合物以及其他辅料, 然后用一个或多个旋转螺杆迫使其通过模具以获得所需产品。HME技术应用于药物的掩味用途是很有利的, 与其他可用常规技术相比, HME技术是一个连续的操作流程, 不耗时, 易于放大, 而且API在主流挤压工艺中的暴露时间相当短, 适用于对湿度敏感的API, 可以提高API稳定性[26]。Kanikanti等[27]研制了用于恩诺沙星、普多沙星、马博沙星等苦味药物的膨化制品, 其直径≤0.5 mm, 其目的是减少苦味API在口腔中释放。挤压过程是使用双螺杆挤出机在室温下进行的, 这不会导致热成型材料完全熔化。温和造粒后的挤出物被加工成合适的药物形式, 如片剂、糊剂、混悬剂或胶囊。
湿法制粒技术是将药物粉末与黏合剂混合, 靠黏合剂的桥架或黏结作用使粉末聚结在一起而制备颗粒的方法。其中黏合剂为湿法制粒技术的关键影响因素之一, 不同黏合剂制备的颗粒表面粗糙度、孔隙率以及体外溶出效果均有所不同。而蒸汽制粒技术是一种新型湿法制粒技术, 以水蒸气作为黏合剂。蒸汽冷凝后, 在药物粉末颗粒上形成热薄膜, 将苦味API包封其中, 减少苦味API与味蕾的接触, 达到掩味的目的[28]。Albertini等[29]评估了三种不同的黏合剂(水、聚维酮、水蒸气) 的制备对乙酰氨基酚颗粒的掩味效果。体外溶出研究表明, 与水和聚维酮相比, 采用水蒸气制备的颗粒体外释药速度更缓慢。此外, 6名志愿者的味觉测试也证实了蒸汽制粒具有显著的掩味效果。
微囊是一种具有聚合物材料外壳的微型包裹体: 聚合物材料作为囊材将液体或固体药物包裹形成微小胶囊。因为只有药物溶解才能产生味觉, 故利用聚合物材料对苦味API进行包裹, 可以降低其在唾液中的溶解度, 从而掩盖味道[30], 原理与药物包衣相似。微球则是药物溶解或分散在聚合物材料中, 形成微小球状实体, 通过减缓药物的释放达到掩味效果。常用制备方法包括喷雾干燥法、喷雾凝结法、流化床法、液中干燥法等。常用的聚合物材料包括聚丙烯酸树脂类合成高分子材料; 纤维素衍生物等半合成高分子材料; 明胶、海藻酸盐、壳聚糖等天然高分子材料[31]。Bao等[32]以聚丙烯酸树脂Ⅳ为囊材, 采用液中干燥法制备氧氟沙星掩味微囊。体外试验显示, 该微囊在模拟口腔环境(pH值为7.0) 介质中释放极其缓慢既可掩味又能实现持续释药。
阿奇霉素(azithromycin, AZM) 为第二代大环内酯类抗生素, 常用于治疗各种病原体引起的儿童及成人呼吸道感染, 并被多个国家作为肺炎支原体感染的首选药物。然而, AZM苦味突出, 患者用药顺应性差, 且口服给药容易出现腹痛、恶心、呕吐等胃肠道反应, 导致用药效果不佳。Zhao等[33]采用乳化交联法制备阿奇霉素羧甲基壳聚糖微球, 考察了其体外释药性能和掩味能力, 实验结果表明制得的微球载药量和包封率较高, 药物体外释放稳定, 掩味效果较好。
采用脂质材料包裹在药物周围制成固体脂质微粒, 可建立掩味的物理屏障。与聚合物包衣相比, 脂质屏障的优势在于其制备过程无需溶剂蒸发, 只需将脂质熔融包裹药物, 且该过程无水的参与, 可应用于水敏感的药物, 也降低了微生物污染的风险[28]。二甲双胍的金属味可以通过制备脂质小丸进行掩盖[10]。但是需要注意的是, 疏水材料的脂质材料会对药物的溶出造成一定的影响, 使用该方法掩味时要提前对生物利用度进行综合评估。
纳米复合物是由有机聚合物和无机材料组成的纳米杂化材料。二氧化硅、膨润土、氧化铝、氧化锆等无机材料可与有机聚合物纳米杂化。纳米杂化形成的基本机制是无机成分和有机成分之间形成氢键或强离子键[34]
由无机黏土材料膨润土组成的纳米复合物被制备出来用于西地那非(sildenafil, SDN) 的味道掩盖[35]。膨润土的主要成分是蒙脱石(montmorillonite, MMT), 表面显负电荷, 阳离子物质穿插在层内用于平衡过多的负电荷。膨润土的这一特性使得阳离子药物SDN以强离子键合的方式包裹在蒙脱土的层状空间中, 从而制备出SDN-MMT纳米复合物。用碱性聚合物聚乙烯缩醛二乙氨基乙酸酯(polyvinylacetal diethylaminoacetate, AEA) 包覆SDN-MMT, 以提高药物的释放速率。AEA包被的SDN-MMT纳米复合物延缓药物在口腔中的释放, 且具有掩味作用[36]。Oh等[37]通过将阿立哌唑(aripiprazole, APZ) 与MMT杂化, 制备了APZ-MMT纳米复合物, 通过AEA对其进行包裹掩盖了阿立哌唑的不良味道, 提高了药物溶解性, 促进药物释放。
目前, 用于掩味的辅料选择存在局限性, 供儿童配方的辅料选择更为狭窄, 采用常规的掩味辅料和剂型很难满足儿童患者的临床需求。近年来, 用于味觉掩蔽制剂的新型药物加工技术如雨后春笋般兴起, 如3D打印技术可以根据患者的口味特征和个人喜好进行定制, 正因如此, 我们也需要设计更好的辅料来跟进这些现代工艺。
Scoutaris等[38]已经对3D打印在儿科制剂中的使用进行研究, 用吲哚美辛、醋酸羟丙甲纤维素琥珀酸酯和聚乙二醇的混合物热熔挤出细丝, 增材制造成Starmix® “糖果状”, 体内味觉掩蔽评价显示, 其对药物苦味掩蔽性极佳, 更受儿童欢迎。Boniatti的团队[39]将Kollidon VA 64和表面活性剂混合, 直接粉末挤出, 制备吡喹酮的无定形固体分散体3D打印片剂, 体外适口性实验表明, 该技术掩味性能良好, 无需额外添加掩味赋形剂。苯海拉明味苦, 普通掩蔽技术效果不佳, Tabriz等[40]将苯海拉明、甜味剂三氯蔗糖和草莓香精混合, 挤出长丝, 通过熔融沉积技术制备3D打印水果味咀嚼片, 甜味剂和草莓香精的协同作用完全掩盖原料药苦味并实现速释。
药物的不良味道普遍存在, 涉及抗菌药、心血管药、抗肿瘤药、解热镇痛药、神经系统药物等多个用药领域, 严重影响着儿童、老年患者以及其他特殊用药人群如吞咽困难者、精神病患者等的用药顺应性, 进而影响到药物疗效。尤其是儿童用药时, 相比于成人, 儿童对药物的不良味道更加敏感和抗拒, 因此, 如何掩盖药物的不良味道是儿童制剂开发和研究的重心。掩味技术在提高患者的用药顺应性方面起着非常重要的作用。随着掩味技术的不断发展, 越来越多的新型掩味技术与思路应用到了药物苦味掩蔽的过程中, 这与辅料行业的进步也息息相关, 辅料在药物制剂中虽作为惰性成分不具有直接治疗作用, 但可以辅助制剂工艺, 保障或提高药物的安全性和患者用药顺应性, 方便药品的识别。但辅料特性与工艺特点会对掩味作用的发挥产生影响, 因此需科学合理地与特定辅料及工艺有机结合起来。本文论述了基于制剂工艺的几种传统掩味技术以及基于新型材料的创新掩味技术和应用实例, 相信随着新技术和新剂型地不断深入研究, 越来越多的新型的掩味技术将会应用到口服制剂尤其是儿童制剂的研发和生产中。
作者贡献: 赵磊和孔祥安妮负责文献查阅和写作; 李畅参与资料调研; 孙春萌和涂家生负责论文指导与修改。
利益冲突: 本文作者声明无任何利益冲突。
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2023年第58卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1016
  • 接收时间:2023-08-31
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-31
  • 修回日期:2023-10-30
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    1.国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心, 北京 100022
    2.国家药品监督管理局药物制剂及辅料研究与评价重点实验室, 中国药科大学药学院药剂系, 江苏 南京 210009
    3.天津医科大学药学院药剂学系, 天津 300041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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