Article(id=1198656291192271122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1413, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1671638400000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-22, revisedDate=1682438400000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711529777, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1699718400000, pubDateStr=2023-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711529777, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711529777, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711529777, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656283525087620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3476', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711527949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711688683, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3151, endPage=3159, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656292802883979, articleId=1198656291192271122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Application progress of electronic tongue on taste evaluation for drug products, columnId=1198656285311861125, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Pharmaceutical Taste-Masking and Assessment Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The taste of oral dosage forms has become a critical factor affecting the drug compliance and adherence to the treatment, and clinical application of the drug product may seriously restricted due to its bad taste. On the basis of the statement for the basic principle and specific performance of existing instruments, the application progress of electronic tongue on drug taste evaluation is addressed in detail. In view of its objective, fatigue-free, less harmful and accurate advantages, electronic tongue has been widely and meaningfully applied in the aspects of bitterness masking, and quality assessment and assurance of drug products. In addition, the reasons limiting the popularization of electronic tongue are mentioned in the paper, and some suggestions might be useful to enlarge the further application in the future.

, correspAuthors=Bao-ming NING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shu-ye QI, Li-hua GENG, Yue ZHAO, Chen WANG, Li ZHU, Shang-chen YAO, Bao-ming NING), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656294568686029, articleId=1198656291192271122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=电子舌在药品口感评价中的应用进展, columnId=1198656285597073800, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 药品口感研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

口感是影响口服制剂顺应性的关键因素, 不良口感严重限制了药物的临床应用甚至影响疗效。本文在介绍电子舌基本原理、现有仪器及特点的基础上, 重点讨论了电子舌在药品口感评价中的应用价值。与人尝法、动物试验等传统方法相比, 电子舌法更客观、抗疲劳、安全性好; 与溶出法相比, 信息更丰富也更接近真实味觉的指标, 在药物苦味掩蔽、质量评价与控制等方面, 均获得了广泛且有意义的应用。另外, 本文还对电子舌应用面临的挑战进行了思考, 为电子舌的深入应用提出了建议。

, correspAuthors=宁保明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*宁保明, Tel: 86-10-53851532, E-mail:
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电子舌在药品口感评价中的应用进展
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戚淑叶 1 , 耿利华 2 , 赵悦 2 , 王晨 1 , 朱俐 1 , 姚尚辰 1 , 宁保明 1, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 药品口感研究 2023,58(11): 3151-3159
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 药品口感研究 2023, 58(11): 3151-3159
电子舌在药品口感评价中的应用进展
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戚淑叶1, 耿利华2, 赵悦2, 王晨1, 朱俐1, 姚尚辰1, 宁保明1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
  • 2.北京盈盛恒泰科技有限责任公司, 北京 100055

通讯作者:

*宁保明, Tel: 86-10-53851532, E-mail:
Application progress of electronic tongue on taste evaluation for drug products
Shu-ye QI1, Li-hua GENG2, Yue ZHAO2, Chen WANG1, Li ZHU1, Shang-chen YAO1, Bao-ming NING1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
  • 2. Ensoul Technology Ltd., Beijing 100055, China
出版时间: 2023-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1413
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口感是影响口服制剂顺应性的关键因素, 不良口感严重限制了药物的临床应用甚至影响疗效。本文在介绍电子舌基本原理、现有仪器及特点的基础上, 重点讨论了电子舌在药品口感评价中的应用价值。与人尝法、动物试验等传统方法相比, 电子舌法更客观、抗疲劳、安全性好; 与溶出法相比, 信息更丰富也更接近真实味觉的指标, 在药物苦味掩蔽、质量评价与控制等方面, 均获得了广泛且有意义的应用。另外, 本文还对电子舌应用面临的挑战进行了思考, 为电子舌的深入应用提出了建议。

电子舌  /  药品  /  口感  /  掩味  /  质量评价

The taste of oral dosage forms has become a critical factor affecting the drug compliance and adherence to the treatment, and clinical application of the drug product may seriously restricted due to its bad taste. On the basis of the statement for the basic principle and specific performance of existing instruments, the application progress of electronic tongue on drug taste evaluation is addressed in detail. In view of its objective, fatigue-free, less harmful and accurate advantages, electronic tongue has been widely and meaningfully applied in the aspects of bitterness masking, and quality assessment and assurance of drug products. In addition, the reasons limiting the popularization of electronic tongue are mentioned in the paper, and some suggestions might be useful to enlarge the further application in the future.

electronic tongue  /  drug product  /  taste  /  taste masking  /  quality assessment
戚淑叶, 耿利华, 赵悦, 王晨, 朱俐, 姚尚辰, 宁保明. 电子舌在药品口感评价中的应用进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3151 -3159 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1413
Shu-ye QI, Li-hua GENG, Yue ZHAO, Chen WANG, Li ZHU, Shang-chen YAO, Bao-ming NING. Application progress of electronic tongue on taste evaluation for drug products[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3151 -3159 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1413
口感是人类咀嚼和吞咽食物时结合口腔触觉、舌面味觉和鼻息嗅觉的综合感觉, 包括硬度、黏性、弹性、附着性、味道、气味等。其中, 味觉感受即味道, 味道基本决定了食物口感的好坏。
药品口味不佳是影响儿童服药依从性的最重要因素。“良药苦口”, 但不良口感也会导致服药不及时、剂量不足, 甚至拒绝治疗的情况, 不仅影响药物的预期疗效或维持治疗效果, 也带来了安全隐患。由于儿童的生理、心理发育不成熟, 儿科用药适口情况具有更强的临床意义, 逐渐成为该类药品临床评价的重要内容。事实上, 口感并非儿童用药所特有的评价内容, 所有通过口服途径给药的制剂均应考虑其口感问题, 特别是用于慢性疾病长期治疗的药品。
口服制剂的口感评价已日益受到药品监管部门的重视。2007年, 世界卫生组织(WHO) 发起“量身定制儿童药物”全球运动, 提出“口味适宜”是儿童药设计原则之一; 并于2012年发布了儿科药物制剂处方研发要点[1], 再次强调药物可接受性和适口性是要素之一。随后主要经济体相继出台了儿童药设计原则[2-5], 关注药物适口性对剂量可接受性和给药方案依从性的重要影响, 但均未给出适口性评价的具体方案和流程。北京儿童医院率先依托“十三五”国家重大新药创制专项课题, 开展了人体试验、电子舌等适口性体内外评价方法应用研究, 为我国药品口感评价的开展奠定了基础。2022年, 我国发布“儿童用药口感设计与评价的技术指导原则”[6], 指出“良好口感”就是没有特殊味道、无味道或具有普遍可接受的味道; 易于吞咽、口腔残留感受持续时间短, 且不会引起明显不适。药品味道的评价已成为口感评价的核心。
电子舌, 又名味觉分析仪, 是始于20世纪末的一项体外分析的仿生学技术, 其在某种程度上可以直接测量或评价样品味道, 消除人的感官评价主观差异, 提高味道数据的传承和比较, 减少口腔评价对身体损伤的风险, 在21世纪初广泛用于酒类、调味品、饮品等滋味品质的评价与比较, 也常与电子鼻联用实现茶类、乳制品等风味研究, 是食品领域产品开发、质量评价普遍使用的技术手段。但对于药品口服制剂而言, 临床用药可及性是产品开发首要的考虑因素, 在我国长期以来口感这一评价维度常被忽略, 导致电子舌在药品领域的应用受到很大限制。随着近些年儿童用药的高质量发展, 口服给药作为首选给药方式, 其给药舒适性越来越被重视, 口感也成为儿科药研发必不可少的一个考虑要素, 有必要详细讨论电子舌这一技术在药品适口性评价方面的应用价值、检测原理以及现有实例, 为口服制剂口感的标准化评价提供参考。
对药品味道的评价, 传统的方法一般采用感官、化学、生物等三类方法。
① 感官评价(sensory evaluation), 是利用人体感觉器官检验产品感官特性的学科[7], 是一种最直接、最能反映人体本身对药品真实口感的评价方法, 可以为药品研发人员提供改进感官属性的方向。但以人舌感受为基础的口感评价, 存在主观性强、重复性差、易疲劳、且不易量化描述等问题; 特别对于新分子实体、或具有潜在风险的药物, 其味道不能直接在人体上进行测试, 应首先开展系统、完善的体外口感评价或动物试验, 再选用成人受试者进行尝味评价, 但由于儿童的味蕾更丰富、味觉更灵敏, 成人尝味结果也不完全等效于儿童患者[8]。因此, 亟需建立一种更安全、客观的评价方法模拟或替代人尝结果。
② 化学评价(chemical evaluation), 主要采用溶出度试验, 通过对口服制剂中特定组分随时间的释放行为的定量分析, 评价药品的潜在口感。这种方法属于依据化学成分的定量分析推演可能的口感, 但由于具体化学成分有时不能直接数字化表征味道体系、化学成分之间的相互作用对口感本身存在影响, 这种把某种成分完全等同于味道的方式, 往往忽视了人体感官的差异性, 也不能完全模拟口腔的生理结构和环境, 更无法反映味觉受体细胞和呈味物质之间的协同和抑制效应等独特相互作用。
③ 生物评价(biological evaluation), 主要有短暂摄取与双瓶喜好试验、长鼻扩展反射试验等[9], 在很大程度上丰富了制剂口感的评价体系, 但这些方法的试验设计和控制条件往往比较复杂, 试验结果与人尝法的吻合度需要验证, 且实验周期长、成本高、操作流程复杂, 大范围推广仍存在相当的难度。
随着社会的进步和科技的发展, 许多先进的仪器逐步改进并填补了上述评价方法的不足, 其中最具有代表性的是一种味觉指纹分析技术(gustation fingerprint analytical technique, GFAT)——电子舌。电子舌是模拟人舌而产生的仿生技术, 将化学评价中涉及的化学成分与人舌尝味感受相关联, 结合味值转换算法, 在某种程度上可以替代人舌感官评价, 兼有人尝法直观和理化分析客观的双重优势, 容易操作、分析快速、无风险、免疲劳, 在药品口感评价中具有广阔的应用前景[10]。截至2020年3月, 儿童用药的味道评价中约90%采用了电子舌[11]
电子舌的检测目标是味道, 味道是一种重要的感官体验, 支配着口腔服用产品的接受程度[12]
在生物学上, 人体的味觉感知是基于味蕾上味觉受体细胞, 与呈味物质的直接接触, 以特定传导机制感受特定味道, 然后与神经纤维突触连接传导味觉信号至大脑处理中心, 经大脑判断和识别产生不同的味感。味感分为5种基本味道, 即酸、甜、苦、咸、鲜, 意味着人的味觉感受可以用5个指标及其组合进行综合度量, 这也是味觉测量的理论基础。但上述5种基本味道的信号传导机制存在差异[13], 例如咸和酸的刺激要通过特殊化学门控通道; 甜味一般涉及受体、G-蛋白和第二信使系统; 而苦味和鲜味, 由于物质结构不同可能存在多种传导机制[14], 这就要求用于味觉检测的传感器应对呈味物质具有良好的选择性[15]
电子舌的构建初衷是在某种程度上替代人舌对待测样品的已有味觉进行味觉指标定性和定量测量, 希望将呈味物质在人舌的味觉感受通过传感器测量转换成具体的数字化结果, 实现味觉评价。早期的电子舌受限于呈味物质特异性响应传感器的发展, 通常依赖对传感器阵列交互感应信号的有效分析和人工赋值的合理应用开展味觉评价。随着味觉传感器技术的发展, 开发出了针对具体味觉指标检测的味觉传感器, 有效降低了早期电子舌数据分析难度, 让各味觉指标客观地直接量化检测成为可能。现有电子舌的构造一般由味觉传感器阵列、信号采集系统、味觉转换系统三部分组成(图 1)[16]
在实际药物检测过程中, 首先需要明确检测药物的哪些味觉指标, 了解目标味觉指标产生的物质基础, 选择对目标呈味物质有良好响应的传感器; 其次按适用传感器性能确定样品的检测浓度, 尽量与实际服药方法保持一致; 然后待传感器初始状态校准后测量样品溶液, 输出电势差或极化电流等电信号来定性或定量表征味觉差异或味觉指标值。其中, 不同样品溶液对应的目标味觉指标值需要通过标准的感官评价方法获得。
目前中国应用的电子舌大部分来自日本INSENT公司和法国Alpha MOS公司, 其余来自以浙江工商大学为代表的科研团队开发的国产电子舌。不同厂家的电子舌检测原理和测量优势存在差异, 具体表述如下。
① INSENT电子舌。该电子舌是基于特异性选择的味觉传感器开发与应用而发展的味觉检测仪器, 核心原理是基于电化学分析中的电位法进行检测。其工作电极则是在银-氯化银(Ag-AgCl) 玻璃电极表面覆盖双层生物脂质膜, 这种人工脂质膜由不同结构和配比的特殊成分修饰, 使得不同脂质膜具有不同的电荷性、疏水性和吸附性等, 实现对特定呈味物质的特异选择性响应——膜电势变化。而上述电势差可通过能斯特(Nernst) 方程建立电势差与对数离子浓度的线性关系, 这与人类对味觉刺激强度反应的韦伯-费希纳定律类似, 以此为理论基础建立设备内置的味值转换算法, 实现味觉指标值的直接输出。
基于上述思路, INSENT配备酸、甜、苦、咸、鲜、涩味专属传感器, 其中苦味传感器还分为酸性苦味、碱性苦味、盐酸盐类苦味3种类型。由于大多数苦味物质的呈味基团具有疏水性, 要求苦味传感器与溶液界面疏水性良好, 以促进苦味物质成功吸附。其中, 盐酸盐类苦味传感器(BT0) 的开发就是基于优化膜表面的疏水性, 增强该类苦味物质不能水化的碳氢链部分逸出水溶液的能力, 提高检测灵敏度, 可用于评价浓度低至0.01 mg·mL-1的样品溶液[17]。专属传感器的研制和应用, 虽对某些特定味觉物质的测量带来了便捷性和直观性, 但考虑到药物不良味觉成分复杂、多样, 对不同药物检测的方法可行性需根据实际情况考察。
由于上述电子舌使用类脂材料作为修饰剂构建其味觉传感器, 不同呈味物质的荷电性质、离子强度等特性, 均会影响传感器界面的电势变化, 因此, 为避免出现不必要的电势信号及漂移, 在配制待测样品的溶液时, 一般配备有同唾液味道相近的人工唾液(30 mmol·L-1氯化钾溶液+ 0.3 mmol·L-1酒石酸溶液) 作为基准溶液对传感器进行基点校准, 同时为了保证味觉结果值的可追溯性, 配备了专用的苦味及其他味觉参数的标准校准溶液。一般情况下, 样品稀释采用水或低浓度的乙醇(< 10%) 或人工唾液进行制备, 对于水难溶的样品检测存在样品制备的困难。
此外, 该设备可以检测样品的苦味回味、涩味回味及鲜味回味, 反映了呈味物质在舌面残留的味道。在制药领域, 上述指标可以评估药物苦味在口腔内的残余程度, 具有重要的现实意义。
② Alpha MOS电子舌。该电子舌也是基于电位法进行检测, 工作电极由7根化学修饰场效应晶体管覆盖不同脂质膜构建而成, 选择性吸附液体中呈味物质, 吸附平衡后的电势值即为输出信号。
基于不同味道呈味机制的复杂性, Alpha MOS提供酸、咸、鲜专属传感器和具有交叉选择性的综合传感器, 配置Alpha soft软件进行不同目标的多维度数据分析。其测试过程核心是建立定性判断或定量预测的分析模型, 模型中提供0~12的味觉排序值, 可以结合人尝结果赋值, 再用分析模型推演未知样品的味觉结果。人工赋值、模式识别的合理性成为该款电子舌分析结果有效性的关键因素。
基于上述思路, Alpha MOS配备不同的传感器组合, 包括药用传感器组合ZZ\AB\BA\BB\CA\DA\JE、苦味传感器组合BD\EB\JA\JG\KA\OA\OB等, 并可以根据实际情况调整组合。固定7根传感器阵列对液体样品的总体滋味进行表征, 强调所有传感器应具有高度分辨能力, 要求在检测前进行传感器预平衡和校准, 保证传感器水合作用的充分性和检测性能的稳定性。
上述传感器由离子选择性场效应晶体管组成, 对醇类等溶剂的适应性优于INSENT电子舌, 为水难溶药品的口感评价提供了可能。Du Hyung Choi等[18]针对乙酰氨基酚、布洛芬、盐酸曲马多、枸橼酸西地那非等水溶性有限的药物, 将其定量溶解在30%乙醇中制成20 mmol·L-1的药物溶液, 并与不同浓度的蔗糖、阿斯巴甜等甜味剂按比例混合, 采用αAstree获得了不同药物的最优掩味剂及其最佳掩味剂浓度。
③ 浙江工商大学科研团队开发的国产电子舌。该电子舌基于伏安法进行检测, 其工作电极由铂、金、钯、钨、钛和银6根贵金属惰性电极构成交叉响应的液体传感器阵列, 测量时需在工作电极上施加阶跃电势, 如多频脉冲, 通过检测待测溶液有差异的极化电流信号来整体区分样品的特性。
该电子舌采用多种惰性金属电极构成稳定的传感器阵列, 所用材质具有良好的抗腐蚀性和抗氧化性, 使用寿命远远长于脂质膜传感器, 且适用于检测水溶液以外的粉体、有机溶液等。但该类设备响应信号专属性差、冗余信息多, 有效的模式识别技术对其结果合理分析具有重要的辅助作用; 另外, 该类设备在测试样品前做传感器位置和灵敏度调节, 保证一段时间内测量结果间的可比性。
电子舌作为一种味觉分析系统, 应进行必要的仪器验证以证明其适用性。
Woertz等[19]依据国际人用药品注册技术协调会(International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, ICH)“分析方法论证”指导原则(ICH Q2) 对INSENT公司的味觉感知系统SA402B进行了性能测试。该研究以苦味值20万的盐酸奎宁为基准, 将ICH Q2规定的测试项目逐一进行方法转移: ①专属性考察, 指出表面覆盖有阴离子脂质膜的苦味传感器(AC0或AN0) 对盐酸奎宁等阳离子苦味物质具有更强特异性, 而阳离子苦味传感器(C00) 对高浓度糖精钠等阴离子苦味物质具有特异响应, 指出INSENT传感器对某一个物质不存在特异性, 但对某一类型的呈味物质具有一定专属性, 且同类型呈味物质间存在响应竞争关系, 这是开展味觉掩蔽评价的重要条件。②线性考察, 指出不同传感器对盐酸奎宁的标准曲线斜率正负性和线性范围(AC0: 0.01~10 mmol·L-1; AN0: 0.02~50 mmol·L-1; C00: 0.05~5 mmol·L-1) 均不同, 应根据目标呈味物质特点确定合适的传感器及其适当的检测浓度。③精密度考察, 指出对盐酸奎宁有专属响应的传感器(AC0或AN0) 重复性相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD) < 4%, 明显优于非特异响应的传感器(C00); 但所有传感器在6个月内的中间精密度均不符合规定, 一般要求在同一分析条件下短时间内完成不同样品的测试与比较。④检出限(limit of detection, LOD) 和定量限(limit of quantitation, LOQ) 考察, 指出ICH Q2指导原则“6.3.1根据直观评价”比“6.3.2根据信噪比”更加适用于传感器限度考察, 可同时参考欧洲药典“2.8生药分析方法”中“2.8.15苦味值”测量浓度进行限度确定, 结果为AC0-LOD/LOQ: 0.0025/0.01 mmol·L-1; AN0: -LOD/LOQ: 0.02/0.02 mmol·L-1; C00-LOD: 0.03 mmol·L-1。⑤耐用性考察, 指出传感器容易受环境温度、脂膜不可逆吸附等因素影响, 建议采用一个已知浓度和预期传感器响应的外部标准物与样品同时测量, 以调整因传感器变化而产生的信号差异。上述研究制定了一套电子舌性能评价的专属指南, 为仪器规范化提供了思路。
Pein等[20]则根据上述指南对AlphaMOS公司的αAstree进行了性能评价, 结果表明: ①上述指南基本可以应用于AlphaMOS电子舌性能测试, 仅需对方法准确性和耐用性做测试方法调整; ②以柠檬酸咖啡因为基准, 测试得到传感器阵列精密度RSD < 2.6%, 满足4%限度要求, 但中间精密度仍无法满足要求, 且不能通过外部标准物的漂移扣除来改善样品的传感值; ③传感器阵列对柠檬酸咖啡因的检测限度为LOD: 0.05~0.5 mmol·L-1和LOQ: 0.1~0.5 mmol·L-1, 由于基准物质不同, 无法直接与INSENT仪器的检测限度进行横向比较; ④每个传感器均能区分苯甲酸钠、盐酸阿莫地喹和柠檬酸咖啡因3种苦味物质, 传感器不具有专属性, 多物质混合应由7个传感器的多变量评价来解释; ⑤药用传感器组合对盐酸奎宁溶液响应敏感, 并与其浓度呈对数线性关系, 可实现该物质的苦味评价。
另外, Pein团队[21]通过实验室合作, 比较了4台TS-5000Z和1台SA402B这5台INSENT电子舌系统的性能一致性, 要求TS-5000Z在环境温度、SA402B在水浴20 ℃下实验, 并且要求所有实验室基于相同样品及其制备方式和测量方案开展实验。结果发现, 盐酸奎宁外标溶液浓度和仪器味觉指标的回归线斜率、传感器响应灵敏度可作为仪器间性能比较的评价标准; 主成分得分和载荷分布图以及基于传感器原始响应的欧式距离是用于仪器比较的有效工具; INSENT电子舌不同仪器间性能一致, 不同型号间的数据传递和比较存在可行性。
对于不同厂家的设备间比较, 应注意采用盲样在相同时间、相同分析条件下进行测试, 并使用相同的数据处理方法进行分析, 否则无法对不同来源的结果进行比较[22, 23]
但目前对现有电子舌评价的方法学考察仍缺失以下内容, 例如INSENT专属传感器对中性苦味物质响应的特异性考察, Alpha MOS不同电极组合之间性能差异考察, 不同实验室间同一款电子舌方法重现性考察, 不同厂家电子舌、相同评价目的时结果一致性或可比性评估等。本实验室拟就上述内容逐一开展探索性研究。
除了对现有电子舌设备的性能认证和比较外, 传感器阵列的长期使用或更换, 也会改变其响应特性, 因此在每次使用前需要进行设备校准, 大大增加了应用成本。Fitzgerald等[24]对通过数学方法解决上述问题进行了探索, 即利用数据的标准化进行漂移响应的校正和转移, 替代了设备的事先校准。
需要指出的是, 不同浓度的奎宁(常用于化药) 或小檗碱(常用于中药)、蔗糖、柠檬酸、氯化钠、味精和单宁酸溶液可分别作为苦、甜、酸、咸、鲜和涩味的标准溶液, 用于筛选出表征相应味道特征的工作电极; 其浓度与电子舌响应强度呈线性关系, 用于仪器性能评价、仪器校准、实际样品味道分类等[25, 26]
大多数药物都有一种天然的苦味, 苦味主要是由生物碱、葡萄糖苷、萜类、甾体、多酚、氨基酸、硝基化合物和无机盐等多种物质产生[27]。除无机盐外, 其他苦味物质几乎都是疏水的。而不同苦味化合物的亲脂性、带电性、溶解性以及剂量等理化性质, 与其在电子舌上的响应密切相关[28, 29]
目前, 常用的药物苦味掩蔽方法有以下几种, 其苦味掩蔽效果可用电子舌进行检测。电子舌作为一种苦味检验工具, 可以根据实验目标调整实验方案, 进行灵活应用。
甜味剂、芳香剂、酸味剂、清凉剂可掩盖苦味, 麻痹剂、降温剂、加温剂、苦味阻滞剂可抑制苦味, 通过弱化或改变味觉受体与苦味物质之间静电或疏水作用, 干扰或阻断苦味信号传导, 达到掩蔽苦味的目的。其中, 阿斯巴甜、安赛蜜、糖精钠、果糖、蔗糖、新橙皮苷二氢查尔酮等[30, 31]是常用甜味剂, 但采用单一甜味剂可能无法达到预期效果, 可通过联用多种甜味剂或其他掩味剂以降低药物苦味[32, 33]
上述应用过程中, 尽量选用对目标药物有响应、而对辅料不响应或区别响应的苦味传感器, 通过比对含相同药物浓度的药液和添加有辅料的混合液的苦味结果值, 查看苦味降幅程度评估辅料的苦味掩蔽效果。
采用热熔挤出[34, 35]、脂质熔融造粒[36]、形成离子交换树脂复合物[37, 38]、环糊精包合物[39, 40]、支链淀粉包合物[41, 42]、纳米颗粒包合物[43-45]等工艺, 可改变特定药物成分在口腔中的释放特性, 阻止或减少药物成分与味觉受体的接触, 达到苦味掩蔽效果。
上述应用过程中, 在相同药物溶出的时间点上, 使用电子舌比对不同工艺下样品的苦味值, 苦味值的高低反映不同工艺对苦味的掩盖效果。
其中, 采用电子舌评价羟丙甲纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、Eudragit家族等聚合物包封效果时, 应注意成分间的“混合效应”, 这种效应可能引起传感器对给定药物灵敏度和选择性的改变, 导致评估结果不准确。因此, 在对电子舌结果进行分析前, 应考察上述效应的影响[46-48]
在保证可吞咽前提下, 小糖衣片、微胶囊[49]、包衣颗粒[50, 51]等剂型, 可物理性阻隔药物与味蕾接触, 避免暴露口感问题。
上述应用过程中, 仍应关注被包裹药物在溶解过程中的苦味变化, 确定苦味溶出时间。
但仍建议制备成适宜儿童的口腔分散剂型, 如口服溶液、颗粒剂、混悬剂、泡腾片等, 可通过电子舌进行辅料添加、工艺改良, 以实现口感提升。
关于苦味掩蔽制剂的开发, Woertz团队[52, 53]提出了两种基于电子舌检测的方案。本文在上述方案基础上, 结合相关文献[39, 47, 54-56], 归纳总结了以下两种掩味制剂开发思路。
① 新型掩味制剂的开发。首先, 测量药物活性成分(active pharmaceutical ingredient, API)、掩味剂(taste masking excipients, TME) 及其药物掩味后(API+TME) 的苦味信息变化, 评估每种成分对API的味道影响, 包括药物释放或溶出等特性的考虑, 筛选出最佳的TME; 其次, 通过含药物与不含药物(安慰剂) 处方的对比评估, 考察TME不同添加水平下的口感差异, 确定苦味掩蔽的最优处方; 最后, 可添加芳香剂、防腐剂等成分, 筛选得到对味道掩蔽无干扰、保障药品质量、增加产品可接受性的辅料, 得到合适的药物制剂。
② 仿制掩味制剂的开发。首先, 应确认制剂本身的酸碱度[57]、颗粒尺寸[18]、黏度等不会对传感器造成损害, 否则应对产品进行稀释、过滤等预处理, 以适应电子舌的检测; 其次, 检测参比制剂并定量该产品的苦味程度, 以已知处方优化仿制产品, 使两者的响应差异不显著, 实现仿制产品的处方升级和优化。
此外, 适口制剂的开发还应考虑目标群体的口感偏好、体质和情绪特点, 并关注包装对口感的提升效益[58]
在上述掩味制剂开发过程中, 应关注口服药物适口性的考虑要点[59]。首先, API的适口性可能影响剂型的选择和设计, 药物研发过程中, 在保证药效、口感的基础上, 应尽量使用最少的辅料种类, 并将用量控制在最低水平。关于辅料安全性的信息, 可参考欧洲和美国儿科处方倡议联合开发的“儿童辅料的安全性和毒性(Safety and Toxicity of Excipients for Paediatrics, STEP)”数据库[60]、欧洲药品管理局(European Medicines Agency, EMA) 人用药品标签及包装说明书中的辅料指南[61]、美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA) 非活性成分数据库(Inactive Ingredient Database, IID)[62]等。其次, 掩味的目的不是为了让药物更可口, 而是让药物的味道能被尽可能多的国家、患者所接受。联合国儿童基金会/WHO有关锌制剂生产的“由矫味小组作出的口味质量评估”提供了应用案例[63, 64]
中药材及其提取物组成十分复杂。电子舌作为一种味觉评价工具, 可以以某种或多种味觉指标范围作为质量评价标准, 也可以以交互响应指纹信息评判整体味道差异, 能够较全面地表征复杂混合物的味道, 或许可将电子舌作为中药锭剂、汤剂质量评价的替代方法。
Eckert团队[65, 66]采用INSENT味觉传感系统SA402B对鼠尾草含片的鲜、咸、涩、苦和酸味进行测量, 证实电子舌对于某些特殊味道、异常味道比人舌更为敏感。
Li等[67]以中药单体苦味物质的简单混合为切入点, 研究苦味叠加规律。结果显示, 叠加前后的苦味与物质浓度均呈现威布尔(Weibull) 或对数曲线分布, 有助于评估多种苦味叠加的中草药质量。
当中药组分间存在苦味促进或拮抗时, 亦可采用电子舌进行质量分析。Zhang等[68]联用电子舌和人尝法研究9种苦味材料对黄芩、连翘汤剂的苦味影响, 进行二元、三元体系叠加实验, 确定黄连在不同组合中苦味贡献最大; 黄连、黄柏、黄芩的三元组合存在成分间酸碱络合或沉淀反应导致苦味降低。
另外, 基于口感评价比较同品种上市产品间的处方差异, 可以发现自身产品处方优势或缺陷, 以持续提高市场竞争力。实际应用中, 一般通过电子舌分析已上市产品的味道结果, 找出产品间味道差异, 结合产品的处方差异, 分析导致味道差异的原因, 可为优化自身产品处方提供参考依据。
双氯芬酸口服制剂的酸、钠盐、钾盐三种阳离子形式会影响电子舌传感器的响应强度和质量。Guhmann等[69]采用TS-5000Z有效区分了双氯芬酸及其盐类, 发现钠盐和钾盐具有相似的味道; 而双氯芬酸的味道和余味刺激较少, 可用于配制良好的口腔掩味制剂。
Uchida等[70]联用电子舌、崩解试验、人尝法评价了12种已上市的氨氯地平ODTs (1种原研和11种仿制), 发现对该药物口感影响最大的因素是崩解和味道, 其崩解时间与人尝结果、电子舌苦味强度具有高度相关性, 可用于仿制制剂处方的优化。
Woertz等[53]对布洛芬混悬剂的3个专利产品和11个仿制产品进行了口感比较, 发现传感器的响应改变主要是由钠盐、甜味剂和防腐剂引起的, 制剂的pH和黏度对传感器没有影响, 颗粒(20~100 μm) 的存在也不会破坏传感器, 当某种处方的仿制产品与专利产品的传感器响应差异小于11 mV时, 认为该处方已得到优化。
电子舌在掩味制剂开发、药品质量评价与控制等方面具有良好的应用价值, 不仅有助于快速开展处方筛选, 获得口感合适的处方, 也可用于客观评价批间产品的口感一致性, 确保药品质量的一致性, 为患者用药安全贡献力量。
另外, 专属掩味技术的研究是提高产品竞争力的有效手段, 电子舌可为药物制剂的辅料配比、剂型选择等提供强有力的技术支撑。
但电子舌的大范围推广仍面临挑战, 主要存在仪器台间差大、评价标准不统一、传感器不可逆回复因素多、专属传感器种类有限、交叉响应特征信号分析难等问题, 亟需对现有的、不同原理的电子舌进行测量方法研究, 以建设标准的药品口感体外评价体系。具体来看, 应开展以下几个方面的研讨工作: ①已开发的特异选择性味觉传感器, 针对不同结构成分、不同溶解性的药物样品, 在多大程度上可以进行有效的特异性响应; 对于采用非特异选择性传感器的电子舌, 如何保证传感器阵列交互感应信号的有效分析、人工赋值的合理应用, 以及人工赋值时标准味觉样品如何认定。②文中已阐述的电子舌评价方法学考察的缺失内容。③针对同一个样品的分析, 不同品牌仪器所获得与味觉相关的数据, 是否可以进行相互之间的比较; 或者如何有效比较。④从仪器稳定性上和实验分析方法上, 如何保证同一类型的样品在不同时段、不同地点、不同编号仪器上的检测获得稳定、一致、可比的数据。
作者贡献: 戚淑叶负责文献查阅、思路整理以及文章撰写; 耿利华负责提供思路并编排文章; 赵悦、王晨、朱俐负责文献查阅与补充; 姚尚辰负责文章选题; 宁保明负责文章选题及指导写作, 并对文章撰写质量进行把关和审校。
利益冲突: 本文不存在任何与本稿件相关的利益冲突。
  • 国家药品监督管理局化学药品质量研究与评价重点实验室课题(2023HYZX15)
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2023年第58卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1413
  • 接收时间:2022-12-22
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-22
  • 修回日期:2023-04-26
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国家药品监督管理局化学药品质量研究与评价重点实验室课题(2023HYZX15)
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    1.中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
    2.北京盈盛恒泰科技有限责任公司, 北京 100055

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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