Article(id=1198656290328244427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0109, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1675526400000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-05, revisedDate=1677427200000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711529571, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1699718400000, pubDateStr=2023-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711529571, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711529571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711529571, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656283525087620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3476', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711527949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711688683, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3254, endPage=3269, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656292324733290, articleId=1198656290328244427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Recent advances in small-molecule inhibitors targeting influenza virus glycoproteins, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, two important glycoproteins on the surface of influenza virus, play a considerable role in the entry and release stage of the viral life cycle, respectively. With in-depth investigation of influenza virus glycoproteins and the continuous innovation of drug discovery strategies, a new generation of glycoproteins inhibitors have been continuously discovered. From the point of view of medicinal chemistry, this review summarizes the current advances in seeking small-molecule inhibitors targeting influenza virus glycoproteins, hoping to provide valuable guidance for future development of novel antiviral drugs.

, correspAuthors=Xin-yong LIU, Peng ZHAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuan-min JIANG, Ji-wei ZHANG, Rui-fang JIA, Hui-nan JIA, Ying ZHANG, Xin-yong LIU, Peng ZHAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656300663010201, articleId=1198656290328244427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=靶向流感病毒表面糖蛋白的小分子抑制剂研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

血凝素和神经氨酸酶是流感病毒表面两种重要的糖蛋白, 分别在流感病毒生命周期的侵入和释放阶段发挥关键作用, 是药物设计的理想靶标。随着对流感病毒神经氨酸酶和血凝素的结构及功能的深入研究以及药物发现技术的不断发展, 针对这两个靶标的新型抑制剂被陆续发现。本综述精选近几年的代表性案例, 从药物化学角度总结了抗流感病毒表面糖蛋白小分子抑制剂的研究进展, 期望为新型高效抗流感病毒药物的研发提供参考。

, correspAuthors=刘新泳, 展鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘新泳, E-mail: ;
展鹏, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者.

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靶向流感病毒表面糖蛋白的小分子抑制剂研究进展
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江圆敏 # , 张继伟 # , 贾瑞芳 , 贾惠婻 , 张莹 , 刘新泳 * , 展鹏 *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(11): 3254-3269
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药学学报 | 综述 2023, 58(11): 3254-3269
靶向流感病毒表面糖蛋白的小分子抑制剂研究进展
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江圆敏#, 张继伟#, 贾瑞芳, 贾惠婻, 张莹, 刘新泳* , 展鹏*
作者信息
  • 山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012

通讯作者:

*刘新泳, E-mail: ;
展鹏, E-mail:
Recent advances in small-molecule inhibitors targeting influenza virus glycoproteins
Yuan-min JIANG, Ji-wei ZHANG, Rui-fang JIA, Hui-nan JIA, Ying ZHANG, Xin-yong LIU* , Peng ZHAN*
Affiliations
  • Key laboratory of Chemical Biology(Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
出版时间: 2023-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0109
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血凝素和神经氨酸酶是流感病毒表面两种重要的糖蛋白, 分别在流感病毒生命周期的侵入和释放阶段发挥关键作用, 是药物设计的理想靶标。随着对流感病毒神经氨酸酶和血凝素的结构及功能的深入研究以及药物发现技术的不断发展, 针对这两个靶标的新型抑制剂被陆续发现。本综述精选近几年的代表性案例, 从药物化学角度总结了抗流感病毒表面糖蛋白小分子抑制剂的研究进展, 期望为新型高效抗流感病毒药物的研发提供参考。

流感病毒  /  神经氨酸酶  /  血凝素  /  药物设计  /  小分子抑制剂

Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, two important glycoproteins on the surface of influenza virus, play a considerable role in the entry and release stage of the viral life cycle, respectively. With in-depth investigation of influenza virus glycoproteins and the continuous innovation of drug discovery strategies, a new generation of glycoproteins inhibitors have been continuously discovered. From the point of view of medicinal chemistry, this review summarizes the current advances in seeking small-molecule inhibitors targeting influenza virus glycoproteins, hoping to provide valuable guidance for future development of novel antiviral drugs.

influenza virus  /  neuraminidase  /  hemagglutinin  /  drug design  /  small-molecule inhibitor
江圆敏, 张继伟, 贾瑞芳, 贾惠婻, 张莹, 刘新泳, 展鹏. 靶向流感病毒表面糖蛋白的小分子抑制剂研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3254 -3269 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0109
Yuan-min JIANG, Ji-wei ZHANG, Rui-fang JIA, Hui-nan JIA, Ying ZHANG, Xin-yong LIU, Peng ZHAN. Recent advances in small-molecule inhibitors targeting influenza virus glycoproteins[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3254 -3269 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0109
季节性流感是严重的公共卫生问题。它的传染性强、传播速度快, 通常患者会患有发热、头晕乏力、全身酸痛等症状, 严重的并发症常见于婴儿、老人或慢性病患者(如继发性细菌感染、继发性细菌性肺炎等)。流感病毒是引发流感疫情的罪魁祸首。流感病毒是一种正黏病毒科RNA包膜负链的RNA病毒, 基于其核蛋白和基质蛋白的不同, 可分为多种亚型(甲型、乙型、丙型、丁型)[1, 2]。其中甲型流感病毒是引发流感大流行的主要病原体。不同亚型流感病毒的交替流行每年仍造成全世界多达500万例的严重病例及29~65万例呼吸道损伤所致的死亡[3], 严重损害人类的生命健康。
流感病毒侵入宿主的生命周期通常可以分为几个阶段[4]: 病毒的附着与进入、病毒基因组的复制、病毒蛋白的转录、新合成的病毒粒子的释放以及蛋白质的翻译。病毒表面存在两种丰富的糖蛋白(图 1): 神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase, NA) 和血凝素(hemagglutinin, HA), HA在感染初始阶段负责与宿主细胞唾液酸的结合, 在病毒摄取到核内体后, 负责病毒和细胞膜的融合[5, 6]。NA在感染结束阶段负责裂解宿主细胞唾液酸与血凝素之间的糖苷键, 确保子代病毒从被感染的细胞中释放出来[7]。鉴于NA与HA在流感病毒毒力和发病机制中的重要作用, 其已成为抗流感药物研发的重要靶标。本文精选了近些年研究实例, 从药物化学的角度综述了靶向流感病毒膜表面糖蛋白的小分子抑制剂研究进展(图 2)。
NA又称唾液酸酶, 广泛分布于流感病毒包膜外表面, 由病毒RNA的第六节段负责编码[8, 9]。NA是一个四聚体结构, 包括头部催化部位、茎区、非极性跨膜区和胞内区[7]。NA的主要功能是裂解HA与宿主细胞唾液酸受体之间的糖苷键, 促进子代病毒颗粒的释放。
NA头部催化部位高度保守, 是药物设计的理想靶位, 目前已上市的4种神经氨酸酶抑制剂均作用在此催化位点, 包括扎那米韦(1)、奥司他韦(2)、帕拉米韦(3) 和拉尼米韦辛酸酯(4) (图 3)。在4种NA抑制剂中, 仅有奥司他韦是临床一线治疗的口服药物。但是临床上已经出现对该药严重耐药的突变株, 例如H1N1或H5N1的H274Y突变株和H3N2-E119V突变株, 严重限制了其临床疗效[10]。因此, 如何提高NA抑制剂的抗病毒活性和克服耐药性成为研究热点。下文对有助于提高NA抑制剂抗耐药性及抗病毒活性的新策略进行了总结。
NA共有11个亚型, 依据其一级结构序列和进化关系可分为两组: 第一组(group-1) 包括N1、N4、N5和N8; 第二组(group-2) 包括N2、N3、N6、N7和N9; 此外, 最新在蝙蝠体内发现的N10和N11由于缺乏唾液酸酶活性, 所以暂时被归为未分类的第三组(group-3)[11]。在group-1 NAs中, 由147-152残基组成的柔性150-loop通常采用开放构象, 而在group-2 NAs中, 150-loop始终是闭合的。由于两组NAs 150-loop的不寻常构造, 使得group-1 NAs催化中心附近存在一个新型腔体150腔, 而group-2 NAs不存在这个腔。同时, 与NA催化中心紧邻的还有一个430-loop, 催化中心通过它与430腔连通。因此, 靠近催化中心的150腔和430腔为开发新的抗流感病毒药物提供了广阔的空间[12-15]
近几年, 基于多位点结合策略, 本课题组一直致力于探索针对神经氨酸酶150腔的最适配基团。晶体结构表明, 150腔主要由疏水氨基酸组成, 在朝向150腔的奥司他韦的氨基上引入空间体积合适的疏水基团, 进而与周围的氨基酸残基建立广泛的疏水作用, 可显著提高NA抑制剂活性[14]
2018年, 本课题组张健等[16, 17]在前期发现的先导化合物5 (图 4) 的基础上, 保留优势基团苄基不变, 对苯环末端的取代基进行了系统的结构修饰, 最终发现了化合物6 (图 4), 其对group-1 NAs (H5N1和H5N8) 的抑制活性(IC50 = 0.96、1.89 nmol·L-1) 均优于奥司他韦(IC50 = 26.6、8.9 nmol·L-1), 更重要的是, 其对耐药株H5N1-H274Y NA的抑制活性(IC50 = 32.81 nmol·L-1) 较奥司他韦提升了85倍。此化合物具有可接受的口服生物利用度(F = 10.30%), 且急性毒性低、体内抗H5N2、H5N6、H5N8毒株活性强(EC50 = 0.03、0.52、0.056 μmol·L-1)、代谢稳定性高(t1/2 > 145 min, 在人肝微粒体中CL < 9.6 min; 在人血浆中CL > 120 min)。
分子动力学模拟表明, N2中闭合的150-loop可能由于受到引入的配体的影响进而形成开放构象。2018年, 本课题组张健等[18]通过在化合物5的苄基对位引入苯基和烷基取代的含氮基团, 发现了一系列广谱NA抑制剂, 其中化合物7 (图 4) 对NA的抑制活性最好, 其对09N1、N2、N6和N9亚型的IC50值分别为0.55、0.35、1.26、1.791 μmol·L-1, 是奥司他韦的6.8~12.5倍, 对N1-H274Y和N2-E119V耐药突变亚型的抑制活性(IC50 = 387.07 nmol·L-1) 也优于奥司他韦(IC50 = 1 630 nmol·L-1)。在细胞水平的抗病毒实验中, 7对H5N1、H5N2、H5N6和H5N8毒株的抗病毒活性(EC50 = 0.47、0.012、0.17、0.61 μmol·L-1) 均稍稍优于奥司他韦(EC50 = 0.63、0.07、1.05、1.22 μmol·L-1)。成药性评价显示, 7在小鼠体内代谢稳定性高(t1/2 > 145 min, 在人肝微粒体中CL < 9.6 min; 在人血浆中CL > 120 min), 体外鸡胚胎成纤维(CEFs) 细胞毒性(CC50 > 200 μmol·L-1) 和小鼠体内急性毒性低, 值得进一步开发。
2019年, 本课题组贾瑞芳等[19]采用分子杂合策略, 通过修饰奥司他韦的C-1位羧基和C-5位氨基, 设计合成了一系列新型的同时靶向NAs催化中心、150腔和430腔的三位点结合型奥司他韦衍生物。虽然大部分三位点结合型化合物的抑酶活性大幅下降, 但偶然发现靶向150腔的化合物8 (图 4) 具有显著的抑酶活性与抗病毒活性, 对H5N1和H5N1-H274Y NAs的IC50值为0.044和1.40 μmol·L-1, 均优于奥司他韦(IC50 = 0.067、2.45 μmol·L-1), 对H5N1和H5N2毒株的EC50值为0.66和0.48 μmol·L-1, 稍优于奥司他韦(EC50 = 0.82、0.17 μmol·L-1)。此外, 8在最大测试浓度下未表现出明显的细胞毒性(CC50 > 200 μmol·L-1, CEF细胞)。以此研究为基础, 进一步修饰奥司他韦的C-5位氨基设计合成了一系列含苄氧基取代的奥司他韦衍生物[20], 其中化合物9 (图 4) 的抑酶活性较好。作为特异性group-1 NAs抑制剂, 9对H1N1、H5N1和H5N1-H274Y NAs的IC50值分别为0.28、0.089和0.33 μmol·L-1, 此外, 9体外细胞毒性低(CC50 > 200 μmol·L-1, CEF细胞; CC50 > 200 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞), 在小鼠体内未表现出急性毒性。
2021年, 本课题组鞠翰等[21]基于前期的研究基础和NA-NAIs结构生物学新信息, 针对150-腔的入口通道区域(关键残基T439和D151) 和底部区域(由S145和V116封闭), 运用了多位点结合和骨架跃迁等策略发现了一系列高活性的奥司他韦衍生物, 其中含二苯并[b,d]噻吩取代的化合物10 (图 5) 对NA的抑制作用与抗病毒活性最强, 对H1N1、H5N1和H5N8 NAs的IC50值分别为0.73、0.27、0.63 nmol·L-1, EC50值分别为0.02、0.34、0.57 μmol·L-1。同时10对H1N1-H274Y耐药酶具有优于奥司他韦的抑制活性(10: IC50 = 3.9 μmol·L-1; 奥司他韦: IC50 = 8.7 μmol·L-1)。分子动力学模拟显示, 10能够同时占据NA的活性中心和150腔, 其稠合三环侧链如预期一样可以伸入150腔。初步成药性评价显示, 10代谢稳定性高(t1/2 > 145 min, 在人肝微粒体中CL < 9.6 min), 对细胞色素P450酶抑制作用弱(IC50 > 58.9 μmol·L-1), 成药性良好, 口服生物利用度(F = 13.7%) 高于奥司他韦(F = 4.3%)。
基于前期发现的先导化合物5, 鞠翰等[22]围绕联苯侧链进行了化学空间的深度探索和迭代结构优化, 发现了化合物1112 (图 5), 其对几种group-1 NAs的抑制活性较奥司他韦均有几十倍的提高。值得注意的是, 这两种化合物对奥司他韦耐药的H1N1-H274Y和H5N1-H274Y NA亚型同样展现出极强的抑酶活性(11: IC50 = 510、520 nmol·L-1; 12: IC50 = 1070、610 nmol·L-1)。1112对H5N1、H5N8及H1N1毒株也表现出与奥司他韦相当的抗流感病毒活性(11: EC50 = 7.28、0.71、0.04 μmol·L-1; 12: EC50 = 4.4、0.57、0.05 μmol·L-1)。初步成药性评价显示, 1112具有良好的人肝微粒体代谢稳定性(11: t1/2 > 120.5 min; 12: t1/2 > 145 min)、细胞色素P450酶抑制作用弱(11: IC50 > 20.7 μmol·L-1; 12: IC50 > 28.9 μmol·L-1) 及细胞毒性低(CC50 > 250 μmol·L-1, CEF细胞) 等特点。
2021年, Wang等[23]设计合成了一系列靶向150腔入口周围的极性氨基酸残基的1,2,3-三氮唑奥司他韦衍生物, 其中化合物13 (图 6) 最有效, 其对H12N5和H3N2的IC50值分别为0.045和0.019 μmol·L-1, 对H1N1和H3N2毒株的EC50值分别为11.53和7.65 nmol·L-1, 且对H3N2-E119V耐药酶表现出良好的抑制活性(IC50 = 0.79 nmol·L-1)。更重要的是, 他们获得了13与N5 NA复合物的晶体结构(PDB code: 7E6Q), 三氮唑基团和末端的苯环可以伸入150腔中, 这从结构生物学上证实靶向150腔引入多样性的基团与之形成额外的互补作用是提高NA抑制剂活性的有效策略。
2018年, 鞠翰等[24]针对430腔设计、合成了一系列C-1修饰的新型奥司他韦衍生物。它们对H5N1和H5N6毒株显示出显著的抗病毒活性。其中含缬氨酸取代的化合物14 (图 6) 抑酶活性和抗病毒活性最强, IC50值分别为0.088和0.097 μmol·L-1, EC50值分别为4.26和1.31 μmol·L-1, 与奥司他韦相当(IC50 = 0.023、0.014 5 μmol·L-1; EC50 = 1.35、0.73 μmol·L-1)。鸡胚模型实验表明, 尽管14抑制H5N1毒株的活性没有奥司他韦显著, 但抑制H5N6毒株的活性强于奥司他韦。
2020年, 鞠翰等[25]继续针对430腔, 运用铜催化叠氮炔环加成(CuAAC) 反应设计合成了一系列1,2,3-三唑奥司他韦衍生物, 其中化合物15~18 (图 6) 对H5N1、H5N2和H5N6毒株均显示出较强的NA抑制作用。以16的广谱抑酶及抗流感活性最为显著, IC50值分别为0.12、0.049和0.16 μmol·L-1, EC50值分别为2.45、0.43和2.8 μmol·L-1, 但是均略弱于奥司他韦。在鸡胚模型实验中, 16的抗H9N2病毒作用与奥司他韦类似(80%存活率)。
1969年由Meindl和Tuppy[26]报道的2,3-二脱氢-2-脱氧-N-酰基神经氨酸(Neu5Ac2en, 19) (图 7) 是第一个作为Neu5Ac衍生物的NA抑制剂, 它可以抑制包括细菌、病毒和哺乳动物在内的各种生物体的NA活性, 这种Neu5Ac衍生物在当时被认为是过渡态类似物。然而, 最新的分子动力学模拟表明, 它并不是真正的过渡态类似物而是α-Neu5Ac衍生物[27]
2016年, Sriwilaijaroen等[28]基于19的结构优化设计合成了一系列GUN衍生物, GUN衍生物具有碱性的C4胍基侧链和庞大的C6亲水疏水基侧链, 特异性与神经氨酸酶结合, 对禽流感N1-N9以及人流感N1、N1pdm09、N2甚至是奥司他韦耐药株都有抑制活性。其中化合物20 (图 7) 对viN2具有良好的NA抑制作用, IC50值为13.63 nmol·L-1, 活性与奥司他韦(6.94 nmol·L-1) 以及扎那米韦(11.51 nmol·L-1) 相当。更重要的是, 具有C6庞大亲水疏水基团侧链的GUN衍生物似乎并不容易产生抗性, 具体机制需进一步研究。
2016年, Wu等[29]通过结构生物学研究发现, N2中的E119氨基酸突变后会导致奥司他韦和扎那米韦与周围关键氨基酸所形成的氢键的丧失, 而I222的取代也导致了奥司他韦疏水环境的改变, 显著影响了奥司他韦的结合。当这种取代同时发生时, N2对NA抑制剂的敏感性严重降低。同时, 他们发现了奥司他韦和扎那米韦的杂合体21 (图 7), 其结构中包含一个碱性胍基, 对上述两种突变株的活性得到提升。分子对接表明, 21特异性靶向于NA活性位点, 与NA活性位点之间增加的氢键相互作用将抑制剂固定在活性位点内。同时, 21在NA活性位点的母核结构可以进行灵活的局部调整, 很可能是其抗耐药性提升的原因。
2017年, Li等[30]设计合成了一系列酰基胍基奥司他韦类似物, 具有良好的NA抑制作用, 尤其是一些化合物对奥司他韦耐药株(H259Y突变体) 也具有显著的抑制作用。其中化合物2223 (图 7) 最有效, 抑制H259Y突变体的IC50值分别为30.5和14.5 nmol·L-1, 相较于奥司他韦分别提高了5倍和11倍。此外, 细胞水平的抗病毒实验表明, 2223对H259Y突变体的EC50值为7.18和23.02 nmol·L-1, 相较于奥司他韦分别提高了20倍和6倍, 且细胞毒性很低(CC50 > 1 000 μmol·L-1, CEF细胞)。分子对接表明, 2223的结合模式与奥司他韦并不相同, 它们在活性位点的构象是扭曲的, 但新形成的氢键以及23的侧链与NA的150腔、430腔附近区域之间的疏水作用, 很可能弥补了其结合能的损失。
2020年, Wang等[31]基于结构优化设计合成了一系列含吡啶基的奥司他韦衍生物, 其中化合物24 (图 7) 具有较强的NA抑制作用, 对H5N1亚型的IC50值为320 nmol·L-1, 与奥司他韦活性相当(210 nmol·L-1)。MDCK细胞病变保护实验表明, 24对流感病毒H1N1有较强的抑制作用[EC50 (A/PR/8/1934) = 12.68 μmol·L-1; EC50 (A/LiaoNing-ZhenXing/1109/2010) = 14.31 μmol·L-1], 且细胞毒性很低(CC50 > 10 000 μmol·L-1, MDCK细胞)。分子对接也表明, 24的吡啶基与R118和Y406形成的新氢键是保持活性的关键因素。此外, 24在大鼠肝微粒体、人肝微粒体和人血浆中均具有较高的稳定性(鼠: t1/2 > 145 min, 人: t1/2 > 145 min, 在人肝微粒体中CL < 9.6 min; 在人血浆中CL > 120 min), 值得进一步研究。
2013年, Vavricka等[32]基于机制研究提出了神经氨酸酶的共价抑制概念, 这个概念源于他们证实了流感神经氨酸酶的保守位点Y406可能作为亲核试剂的关键催化残基。据此发现了第一个神经氨酸酶共价抑制剂, 即含氟取代的唾液酸衍生物25, 对甲型、乙型流感病毒神经氨酸酶均具有较强的抑制活性(A/r09N1: IC50 = 226 nmol·L-1; B/Lee/40: IC50 = 56.8 nmol·L-1)。晶体学研究也表明, 25 (图 8) 与Y406确实形成了牢固的共价键。
同时, Kim等[33]报道了一类与25结构骨架相同的特异性流感神经氨酸酶的共价抑制药物: FeqGuDFSA衍生物(26) (图 8), 它通过在神经氨酸酶中形成一个稳定的共价中间体来发挥作用。DFSA衍生物(26) 具有高效的酶抑制活性以及优异的抗病毒活性, 抗病毒水平与扎那米韦相当甚至优于扎那米韦(EC50 = 1~10 nmol·L-1)。此外, DFSA衍生物(26) 对扎那米韦或奥司他韦耐药酶仍表现出良好抑制作用, IC50分别为44 nmol·L-1 (H1N1-H275Y) 和17 nmol·L-1 (H1N9-E119G)。即使在小鼠动物模型中疗效也与扎那米韦相当。
理性药物设计的理论基础为“一药一靶(one target: one drug, 1T1D)”—即确定一个靶点, 寻求一个能与该靶点的结合并增强或抑制其功能的分子。过去几十年以来, 1T1D方法一直占据药物设计主导地位, 但目前多特异性药物概念的提出, 造就了新一波浪潮[34, 35]。多特异性药物可以和多个实体结合, 增加与多个生物靶标结合的机会, 常见的多特异性药物有抗体偶联药物、抗体募集分子(antibody-recrouting molecules, ARMs) 和靶向蛋白质降解药物[36]。当前, 多特异性结合策略逐渐被应用于NA抑制剂领域。
抗体募集分子(ARMs) 是一种双功能分子, 它能介导致病因子(如蛋白质、病毒、细胞) 和抗体之间的三元复合物的生成(图 9)。ARMs诱导的抗体调节导致了免疫介导的靶标破坏。一般来说, ARMs包括3个结构域, 分别是抗体结合端(ABT)、靶标结合端(TBT) 和Linker。TBT结构域和Linker结构域的修饰促使了靶向细菌、病毒和癌细胞的ARMs的发现, 如在抗肿瘤领域及HIV gp120领域也有应用[37, 38]
2020年, Liu等[39]设计并合成了一种双功能小分子(27) (图 10), 它由扎那米韦与高免疫性半抗原二硝基苯结合组成(图 10), 特异性靶向游离病毒和被病毒感染细胞表面的神经氨酸酶, 具有较高的亲和力(H1N1: Kd = 0.8 nmol·L-1, H3N2: Kd = 1.1 nmol·L-1), 能抑制病毒的释放, 并通过免疫介导清除游离病毒和病毒感染的细胞(H1N1: EC50 = 1.7 nmol·L-1, H3N2: EC50 = 7.6 nmol·L-1)。对于轻度感染的小鼠经鼻内或腹腔注射单剂量的药物就可以彻底根除甲型、乙型流感病毒, 对于严重感染的小鼠在接种后3天仍然有效。这种基于抗体募集的NA抑制剂为治疗流感病毒感染提供了新途径。
靶向蛋白质降解是药物利用细胞自身的泛素蛋白酶体系统或溶酶体靶向降解目标蛋白质的一大类技术, 按具体作用原理可分为近10种不同的技术路线。其中, 蛋白水解靶向嵌合体(proteolysis targeting chimeria, PROTAC) 已成为药物研发中发展最快且最具优势和市场的蛋白降解技术路径。PROTAC概念由Craig Crews等[40]于2001年率先提出, 该类异双功能分子的一端连接结合靶蛋白的配体, 一端连接E3连接酶的配体, 中间通过合适的Linker相连。PROTAC通过泛素蛋白酶系统来实现降解靶蛋白的作用(图 11)。相比传统小分子抑制剂, PROTAC可让非药物靶点(undruggable) 转变为可行药物靶点(druggable), 并可以克服现有药物耐药性等问题[36]。PROTAC策略逐渐应用于抗病毒药物领域。2019年, Wispelaere等[41, 42]首次报道了一个能有效降解HCV蛋白酶的PROTACs分子, 该类分子具有抑制和蛋白降解的双功能, 在细胞感染模型中能够有效抑制HCV (EC50 = 748 nmol·L-1), 同时可以克服病毒变异, 解决了传统的telaprevir的耐药性问题, 为克服病毒耐药性提供了新策略。
2022年, Xu等[43]基于PROTAC策略设计合成了一系列基于奥司他韦结构的新型PROTAC分子。其中化合物28 (图 12) 显著抑制H1N1毒株(EC50 = 0.33 μmol·L-1)。实验结果表明, 招募了E3连接酶VHL的28不仅可以剂量依赖性地抑制H1N1-H274Y突变株(NP蛋白和mRNA水平显著降低), 同时也可以依赖泛素-蛋白酶途径, 在10或20 μg·mL-1的剂量下显著诱导NA降解。这种新机制的PROTAC分子有望在流感的治疗中发挥重要作用。
耐药性成为奥司他韦临床药效受限制的主要因素, 而扎那米韦耐药性并不显著, 但是较差的药代动力学性质和鼻腔给药的方式限制了其进一步的应用。2021年, Lv等[44]发现对扎那米韦的C9位酯化可以改善扎那米韦的药代动力学性质。胆固醇可以与血浆脂蛋白和白蛋白结合, 与其结合的核酸或多肽均表现出显著改善的药代动力学特性。基于此, 他们通过将扎纳米韦与胆固醇结合开发出了一系列新型NA抑制剂。其中化合物29 (图 13) 对H1N1-H275Y突变株具有显著的抗病毒活性(EC50 = 22.0 nmol·L-1), 与扎那米韦相当(EC50 = 26.6 nmol·L-1), 显著优于奥司他韦(EC50 = 2 606.3 nmol·L-1)。由于胆固醇结构的引入, 29的脂溶性增加, 相较于扎那米韦(t1/2 = 0.3 h), 其血浆半衰期延长(t1/2 = 7.6 h), 可作为长效的NA抑制剂。这种胆固醇偶联法有望成为提高小分子抗病毒活性和药代动力学性质的通用策略。
2020年, Li等[45]基于前期发现总结的药效团模型, 设计合成了一系列新型酰肼NA抑制剂, 并对其进行了体外NA活性抑制评价实验。其中化合物30 (图 14) 活性最高, IC50值为0.6 μmol·L-1, 显著优于奥司他韦(IC50 = 17 μmol·L-1)。分子对接发现, 酰肼基团可以很好地与NA活性位点的R371和R292残基结合, 吗啉环也可以延伸到NA的430腔中, 为进一步的结构优化提供了有价值的信息。
HA是广泛存在于流感病毒膜表面的一种重要糖蛋白。成熟的HA通常以同源三聚体形式存在, HA最初作为一个前体HA0被表达, 它随后被蛋白酶水解切割成功能性的两个亚基HA1和HA2, 并通过一个单一的二硫键连接[46]。成熟的HA1-HA2复合体由两个结构域组成: 由HA1组成的膜远端球状头部结构域和主要由HA2和一些HA1残基组成的膜近端茎部结构域, 其中茎部结构域还包含了一个融合肽(fusion peptide, FP)。当病毒与唾液酸受体结合后, 病毒将通过内吞作用进入宿主细胞, 暴露于酸性pH的条件下, 从而触发HA蛋白发生不可逆的构象变化, 导致其从融合前构象转变为低pH发夹结构。随后, 病毒继续发生FP的暴露和HA2的“环到螺旋”转变, 最终导致病毒和宿主内体膜的融合[47, 48]
HA的高度多样性是阻止HA抑制剂开发的一个主要阻碍。迄今为止, 已知的HA亚型有18种(H1~H18), 可分为2个组, 分别为group-1和group-2。第1组包括H1、H2、H5、H6、H8、H9、H11、H12、H13、H16、H17和H18, 而第2组包括H3、H4、H7、H10、H14和H15[49]。其中, H1~H16被认为是活性HA亚型, 而H17和H18仅在蝙蝠中发现且缺乏结合唾液酸化聚糖的能力, 被认为只是HA样蛋白[50]
所有16种活性HA亚型的唾液酸受体结合位点(receptor-binding sites, RBS) 均位于HA1亚基的球状头部结构域中。RBS相对较浅, 在不同HA亚型中差异较大, 由所谓的“底板”构成: 在16种活性HA亚型中保守的4种氨基酸Y93、W153、H183和Y195。这些氨基酸被4个区域包围, 即130-loop、150-loop、190-helix和220-loop。尽管在所有HA亚型中这些元素始终都在, 但它们的长度和附近氨基酸的组成则因病毒亚型而异。同时, HA的RBS小而浅, 而且HA对唾液酸(SA) 的单价结合亲和力较低[51]。HA与细胞表面密集分布的SA的多价作用是介导病毒-宿主细胞黏附的主要因素[52, 53], 因此, 通过像NA抑制剂一样基于小分子化合物来模拟受体SA阻断病毒与受体结合的策略非常难以实现, 目前尚未发现有效的小分子抑制剂。
高度保守的血凝素茎区成为开发小分子HA抑制剂的非常有吸引力的药物靶标。茎区结构域是HA的最小可变区域, 针对该区域的小分子抑制剂可以通过抑制低pH环境下诱导的HA构象的重排来阻断HA发挥膜融合的作用。目前, 已报道多类不同骨架的靶向茎区域的融合抑制剂, 主要包括group-1/group-2特异性HA抑制剂和广谱流感病毒融合抑制剂。
早在1996年, Luo等[54]报道了一种对H1和H2亚型流感病毒具有选择性抑制活性的水杨酰胺类化合物BMY27709 (31) (图 15), EC50值为3~8 μmol·L-1。分离出的31耐药株在HA2亚基的110位氨基酸残基由苯丙氨酸突变为丝氨酸, 同时, 31能够抑制流感病毒诱导的红细胞溶血, 证明了它可以阻断血凝素的膜融合功能。随后, 该课题组为快速探讨构效关系, 采用了平行合成构建化合物库的方法。其中, 含有取代环己烷的化合物32 (图 15) 的抗病毒活性最强(EC50 = 0.83 μmol·L-1)[55, 56]
基于此, 2011年, Tang等[57]进一步探讨了化合物31芳酰胺区域的构效关系, 发现一系列新型高效芳基磺酰胺类血凝素抑制剂, 代表化合物为3334 (图 15) (EC50值分别为210和86 nmol·L-1)。特别是, 34的代谢稳定性显著改善(HLM: CL = 6.6 mL·min-1·kg-1, MLM: CL = 37.2 mL·min-1·kg-1), 值得进一步开发。
1999年, Plotch等[58]报道了一种N-取代的哌啶类衍生物CL-385319 (35) (图 16) 对group-1流感病毒的侵入具有明显的抑制作用, 对A/FM/47 (H1N1) 及A/WSN/33 (H1N1) 毒株的EC50分别为0.31和0.94 μmol·L-1。机制实验证明, 35可以阻断低pH诱导的HA对蛋白酶水解的敏感性。2011年, Liu等[59]发现35可以有效抑制高致病性H5N1流感病毒的感染, EC50值为27.03 μmol·L-1。分子对接表明, 35可能与HA2茎区的结合空腔结合, HA1中具有M24A突变或HA2中具有F110S突变的假病毒对35具有抗性, 表明空腔区域中的这两个残基可能对35结合至关重要。这些发现表明, 35可以作为优秀的抗H5N1甲型流感病毒先导化合物。基于低聚噻吩与HA2侧链的残基F110和M24具有更强的π-π相互作用, Zhu等[60]在上述研究的基础上, 合成了一系列针对HA的新型低聚噻吩化合物, 其中36 (图 16) 对H5亚型甲型流感病毒的抗病毒活性最强, EC50值为0.029 μmol·L-1, 是阳性药物35的1 000倍。
2017年, Leiva等[61]考虑到31的苯甲酰胺基团被苯胺基团取代后仍保留高效的抗流感病毒活性, 他们以35为先导, 设计合成了两种以苯胺为基本骨架的流感病毒group-1特异性HA抑制剂, 并探讨了构效关系。发现化合物37 (图 16) 的抗H1N1亚型流感病毒活性最强, EC50值分别为4.6和1.7 μmol·L-1, 但对H3N2亚型流感病毒则未表现出抑制活性。机制实验证明, 37可以干扰低pH诱导的膜融合过程。结合病毒耐药性、HA相互作用及分子动力学模拟研究表明, 化合物37在A/PR/8/34和A/Vigan/ATCC3/2009中的结合位点与叔丁基对苯二酚(见2.2.1.1叔丁基对苯二酚及其衍生物)一致。
2014年, 基于假病毒的高通量筛选模型, Basu等[62]发现了几种能抑制流感病毒膜融合的group-1特异性HA抑制剂。其中氨基烷基苯酚醚化合物38和磺酰胺类化合物39 (图 17) 具有显著的抗病毒活性(EC50值为0.3~5.9 μmol·L-1), 活性与奥司他韦相当, 细胞毒性低(CC50 > 200 μmol·L-1), 且与奥司他韦表现出协同抗病毒效应。2017年, Basu等[63]进一步研究了39的抗病毒机制。3839能与HA蛋白以非重叠的方式结合, 进一步的鸡红细胞溶血实验、单克隆抗体C179的竞争抑制实验及突变分析实验表明, 这两个化合物结合在HA蛋白三聚体的茎区, 从而抑制HA介导的融合过程。
2015年, White等[64]利用表达海肾荧光素酶的重组H1N1流感病毒模型进行高通量筛选, 发现了一些能够选择性抑制流感病毒膜融合的group-1特异性HA抑制剂。其中二羟基草酰胺类化合物40 (图 17) 对H1亚型流感病毒具有良好的活性, EC50值为80 nmol·L-1; 但对H3亚型流感病毒和B型流感病毒无效。40直接结合HA蛋白的茎区区域, 稳定低酸性环境诱导融合过程中所需的构象变化, 从而阻断了流感病毒的侵入。
2016年, Lai等[65]对50 240种结构多样的化合物库进行高通量筛选, 发现两种具有良好抗病毒活性的金刚烷乙酰胺类化合物41和磺酰胺类化合物42 (图 17), 抑制假病毒H5N1的EC50值分别为0.022和0.083 μmol·L-14142也通过抑制低pH诱导的HA构象变化从而抑制流感病毒侵入。突变分析实验表明, M592L突变株对42的敏感性显著降低, group-1型HA中M592残基在该类小分子与HA的结合中发挥关键作用。
2019年, Van Dongen等[66]利用基于AlphaLISA技术构建的高通量筛选方法, 从一个含约50万个化合物的多样性化合物库中筛选出苄基哌嗪化合物43 (图 18), 进一步修饰得到化合物44 (图 18), 44与HA的相互作用增强, 对group-1型的HA具有选择性抑制作用, EC50值为0.012~0.066 μmol·L-1。此外, 44具有良好的口服生物利用度(F = 30%), 可保护小鼠免于H1N1 A/Puerto Rico/8/34的致命性危害。晶体学实验证明, 44作用于HA茎部HA1-HA2界面的一个高度保守的疏水位点, 同时, group-2型HAs的HA1 N38处存在糖基化位点, 可能导致44与group-2型HA结合时由于空间位阻而丧失对group-2型HA的活性, 从而表现出group-1亚型选择性抑制作用。
与此同时, 该课题组还利用前期发现的中和抗体P7肽构建了一种荧光偏振探针(FP)[67]。他们利用该探针对一个含有72 000个小分子的化合物库进行高通量筛选得到苯基吗啉类化合物45 (图 19)。其S构型对H1N1毒株具有较好的抑制活性, EC50值为0.50~1.9 μmol·L-1。结构生物学表明, 45能与HA茎部的抗体结合口袋结合, 同时, 由于其仅占据了该结合口袋的一小部分, 还有进一步修饰的空间。
2020年, Hussein等[68]基于对一种含19 200个小分子的化合物库进行基于A549细胞的高通量筛选, 发现了一类新型4-氨基哌啶类HA抑制剂, 其中化合物46 (图 19) 对A/H1N1/Puerto Rico/8/34毒株的抑制活性最显著(EC50 = 0.07 μmol·L-1), 毒性较低(CC50 = 274.3 μmol·L-1)。该课题组进一步研究了该化合物与H5 HA的晶体结构[69]。发现464445一样, 它们都通过广泛的疏水作用结合在融合肽附近的抗体结合口袋。基于此, 该课题组[70]主要集中在46的异丙基和苯环位置进行改造, 其中化合物47 (图 19) 的抗病毒活性最强, 对H5N1毒株的EC50值为0.24 μmol·L-1。且与奥司他韦具有协同抗病毒活性(较单一用药活性提升了近5倍)。更显著的是, 47在小鼠体内具有良好的代谢稳定性[t1/2 (plasma) = 1.53 h, t1/2 (liver) = 2.47 h]。
Kim等[71]构建了绿色荧光蛋白标记的重组流感病毒的高通量筛选方法, 进而发现了一个具有良好抗病毒活性的苯基哌嗪类化合物48 (图 19), 其对几类H1N1亚型流感病毒(EC50 = 0.62~7.1 μmol·L-1) 和NA-H275Y突变型流感病毒(EC50 = 1.92 μmol·L-1) 的活性显著优于奥司他韦(EC50 (H1N1) = 2.17~1 323 μmol·L-1, EC50 (H275Y) = 1 302 μmol·L-1)。机制实验证明, 48可以抑制病毒引起的红细胞溶血及保护HA在低pH环境下免受胰蛋白酶的消化。在小鼠模型中, 48可以保护小鼠不受pH1N1 rK09的感染。
与group-1型特异性HA抑制剂相比, 已报道的group-2型特异性抑制剂更少。这可能与以下因素有关: 首先, group-2型IAV体内研究的模型不太普遍; 其次, 与group-1型相比, 内在变异可能使group-2型中的可靶向性结合口袋更少。正因如此, 新型group-2型特异性HA抑制剂的研发值得进一步关注[72]
研究发现小分子叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ) (49a) (图 20) 可以阻止HA介导的融合来特异性抑制group-2型IAV, 但由于其潜在的氧化还原反应以及与宿主蛋白质的共价作用, 被认为是一类非特异性结合的分子[72, 73]。Antanasijevic等[74]对其进行了构效关系研究, 其中甲氧基取代的化合物49b (图 20) 表现出增强的抗病毒活性(EC50值为0.6 μmol·L-1), 氧化还原反应性降低, 抗病毒活性约是TBHQ的10倍。
2010年, Vanderlinden等[75]报道了一类氮杂螺环酰胺类化合物, 其对H3N2亚型流感病毒表现出明显的选择性抑制作用, 其中化合物50 (图 20) 的活性最强, 抑制几类H3N2毒株的EC50值为3~23 μmol·L-1。2020年, Cihan-Üstündağ等[76]将其结构中的芳香基团替换成了吲哚基团, 得到化合物51 (图 20), 抗流感病毒活性最显著, 它有效阻断了甲型H3N2病毒的侵入, EC50值为1.2 nmol·L-1, 是先导化合物50的4 000倍。突变分析和分子模拟表明, 该类化合物的结合口袋可能结合与TBHQ和阿比多尔相同。
2021年, Du等[77]对一个由10 000个化合物组成的ChemDiv化合物库进行高通量筛选发现了咪唑并嘧啶类化合物52 (图 20), 它对group-2型HA具有选择特异性, 而对group-1型没有影响。52对A/NY-r19-Gluc (H3N2) 毒株的EC50值为0.36 μmol·L-1, 优于阿比多尔(0.95 μmol·L-1), 但对H1N1和H5N1没有抑制活性。时间进程分析实验表明, 52能抑制病毒感染的早期(HA介导的病毒侵入宿主的膜融合过程)。基于此, 该课题组对52进行了深入的结构修饰[78], 探索了3个不同区域, 最终发现了化合物53 (图 20) 强烈抑制A/Hong Kong/1968、A/Victoria/2011 H3N2及H7N1毒株(EC50分别为0.03、0.64、0.04 μmol·L-1)。突变实验表明, 这些小分子以HA为靶点, 抑制了病毒的膜融合过程。分子对接表明, 化合物53的结合口袋与结合模式与阿比多尔基本类似。
阿比多尔(54) (图 21) 是一种广谱抗病毒药物, 是全球唯一获批上市(俄罗斯和中国) 的HA抑制剂, 对多种流感病毒有效。阿比多尔不良反应较低, 临床上未出现过耐药株, 但其活性仍需进一步提高。2017年, Kadam等[79]解析了阿比多尔与H7N9和H3N2流感病毒的HA蛋白复合物的晶体结构, 证明了阿比多尔稳定HA的融合前构象的分子机制。发现阿比多尔作用于HA茎结构域上的一个疏水口袋, 距离融合肽16 Å。阿比多尔主要与结合位点发生疏水相互作用, 但也会诱导一些构象重排以形成原子间和原子内盐桥网络。阿比多尔通过稳定HA的预融合构象发挥抑制作用。阿比多尔-HA复合物的结构生物学信息为基于结构的药物设计来奠定了基础。例如, 研究发现[80]阿比多尔2-位的苯硫酚基是结构修饰以提高与HA蛋白的特异结合的有利位点, 据此得到的化合物55 (图 21) 与H3亚型的HA蛋白的结合能力(Kd = 0.080 μmol·L-1) 相较于阿比多尔提升了近千倍(Kd = 92 μmol·L-1)。新引入的羟基可以通过水分子与周围的氨基酸残基建立起氢键网络, 提高了化合物的亲和力。
2022年, Li等[81]基于PROTAC策略设计合成了一系列齐墩果酸PROTAC分子。研究发现, E3连接酶类型的不同可能导致PROTAC分子具有不同的降解能力, 其中VHL具有最优异的配体协同疗效, 可以使这种分子对HA蛋白的结合亲和力增加3倍(Kd = 3.18 μmol·L-1), 提升它的促HA降解活性。此外, 在这种由VHL配体连接的PROTAC分子中, 化合物56 (图 22) 具有最显著的HA降解效果(DC50 = 1.44 μmol·L-1)。光交联质谱分析进一步表明, HA复合物中N15、T31和N27的交联区域是HA抑制剂的新结合位点, 为发现新型抗流感药物指明了新方向。
流感对全球公共卫生仍然构成着重大威胁。这种威胁背后的一个重要因素就是流感病毒的不可预测性。即使全球网络监测系统能实时监测病毒在人类和动物体的传播, 但也很难准确预测有可能导致大流行的新病毒的出现。不同亚型流感病毒的交叉流行仍然有形成重组新型流感病毒的可能。流感病毒HA共有18种亚型, NA共有11种亚型, 理论上“排列组合”可形成的流感病毒亚型多达100多种[82]。在这种病毒迅速演变甚至导致疫情大爆发的情况下, 抗病毒药物发挥了特别重要的作用。
几十年来, 抗流感药物主要局限于靶向NA的药物。由于流感病毒固有的高变异性和药物的选择压力, NA耐药毒株成为公众担忧的问题。例如导致2009年流感大流行的病原体09 H1N1对奥司他韦产生的严重耐药性, 大大削弱了其临床治疗效果。因此, 研发新型、高效和抗耐药性的NA抑制剂一直是流感领域研究的热点。近年来该方向的研究工作主要集中在两个方面: 一是发现具有新机制的NA抑制剂, 如靶向共价唾液酸模拟物、多价态NA抑制剂、基于拓扑匹配策略[83, 84]的NA和HA双靶点纳米颗粒抑制剂以及PROTAC技术在NA抑制剂领域的应用等。新策略与新技术的交叉融通与广泛应用, 极大促进了新型NA抑制剂的发展。然而, 这些新型抑制剂往往面临药代动力学不佳等问题; 二是靶向神经氨酸酶催化中心附近150-腔和430-腔对现有的NA抑制剂进行结构改造以提高抗耐药性。靶向150-腔的奥司他韦衍生物普遍具有明显的NA亚型选择性; 靶向430-腔的奥司他韦衍生物往往抗病毒活性下降, 这可能是由于羧基的缺失削弱了与周围精氨酸簇之间关键的氢键和静电作用。
侵入抑制剂可以兼具治疗和预防的作用, 同时与其他药物联用可增强已有药物的抗病毒效力。结构生物学的发展使流感HA (特别是高度保守的茎区) 成为非常有吸引力的药物靶标。但是, HA的高度多样性限制了该类抑制剂的发展。由于group-2 HA在保守茎区域存在一个糖基化位点, 这导致靶向该区域的抑制剂均为特异性的group-1抑制剂。直到最近, 针对group-2 HA的小分子抑制剂才逐渐引起了研究者的注意, 特别是, 阿比多尔结合口袋的确定促进了新型group-2 HA抑制剂的发现。
针对不同靶标的抗病毒化合物的组合可以提高疗效并降低病毒耐药性的发生率。NA和HA作为流感病毒生命周期不同阶段的关键糖蛋白, 两类抑制剂的联合应用也会产生更有效的“鸡尾酒疗法”, 为流感的防治提供新的选择。
作者贡献: 江圆敏和张继伟负责全文的撰写; 贾瑞芳、贾惠婻、张莹参与了全文的修改; 刘新泳和展鹏对论文进行整体的指导和修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(81773574)
  • 山东省杰出青年基金(ZR2020JQ31)
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2023年第58卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0109
  • 接收时间:2023-02-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-05
  • 修回日期:2023-02-27
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(81773574)
山东省杰出青年基金(ZR2020JQ31)
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    山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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