Article(id=1198656286347849826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0408, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1680537600000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-04, revisedDate=1685635200000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711528622, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1699718400000, pubDateStr=2023-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711528622, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711528622, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711528622, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656283525087620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3476', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711527949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711688683, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3191, endPage=3197, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656286649839716, articleId=1198656286347849826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Formulation optimization and analysis of taste-masking effect of licorzine granules based on sensory evaluation and electronic tongue method, columnId=1198656285311861125, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Pharmaceutical Taste-Masking and Assessment Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Licorzine granules are common preparations for children zinc deficiency. Considering the long course of treatment, the taste of licorzine granules may become a main factor affecting medication adherence. To date there have been no taste evaluation research into licorzine granules yet. In this study, both sensory evaluation and electronic tongue method were utilized to optimize licorzine granules formulations, evaluate the tastes of licorzine, excipients, optimized formulation in vivo and in vitro. As the results show, bitterness and astringency are the main unpleasant tastes generating from licorzine. Xanthan gum is the main taste-masking excipient, lowering down the bitterness and astringency of licorzine by at least one grade. Good correlation exists between the results of sensory evaluation and electronic tongue method, and an integrated combination of the two helps to obtain objective and rational research conclusions. The adult sensory evaluation study was a research-based clinical trial conducted with informed consent from all subjects in accordance with the ethical requirements of Good Clinical Practice.
, correspAuthors=Xue-ping WU, Jie YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-min WANG, Shu-ye QI, Wei-feng ZHANG, Peng SHEN, Bao-ming NING, Da-yong SHI, Xue-ping WU, Jie YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656288012988537, articleId=1198656286347849826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于感官评价和电子舌法的甘草锌颗粒处方筛选与掩味作用分析, columnId=1198656285597073800, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 药品口感研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
甘草锌颗粒是治疗儿童锌缺乏症的常用制剂, 但因其用药疗程较长, 口感成为影响临床服药依从性的主要因素。目前尚未有针对甘草锌颗粒的味觉评价研究。本文联用人体感官和仿生电子舌两种评价技术, 对甘草锌颗粒处方进行筛选, 从体内外不同角度对原辅料及优选处方进行味觉评价。结果表明, 优选处方的不良口感主要是苦味与涩味, 由甘草锌药物本身产生; 辅料成分中, 黄原胶是主要的掩味成分, 使甘草锌颗粒相较于甘草锌原料的苦度和涩度至少下降1个等级。感官评价与电子舌评价结果具有良好的相关性, 两种评价方式相互结合更有利于得到客观合理的结论。本文成人感官味觉评价实验属于研究性质的临床试验, 已按照药物临床试验质量管理规范的伦理要求, 经所有受试者知情同意。
, correspAuthors=吴学萍, 杨杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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2011,
4: 1513-1518., articleTitle=Taste masking technologies of pharmaceuticals, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960243125350424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, awardId=2020M672078, language=CN, fundingSource=中国博士后科学基金(2020M672078), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960243230208032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, awardId=ZR2021QH360, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金青年项目(ZR2021QH360), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960233692360759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960233704943674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, companyId=1198960233692360759, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Shandong DYNE Marine Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Weihai 264300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960233713332282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, companyId=1198960233692360759, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.山东达因海洋生物制药股份有限公司, 山东 威海 264300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960233881104455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960233889493066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, companyId=1198960233881104455, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960233897881675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, companyId=1198960233881104455, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960234057265243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960234090819676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, companyId=1198960234057265243, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. Beijing DYNE High-tech Pediatric Pharmaceutical R & D Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960234107596895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, companyId=1198960234057265243, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.北京达因高科儿童药物研究院有限公司, 北京 100176)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960240143201024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Q1z/SdnOcbabAoa9UXw1uA==, figureFileBig=ERZLtS8oBU+3v9cpYAoMEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960240302584591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Formulation optimization of licorzine granules based on taste data created with sensors: C00, AN0, BT0, AE1. A: Radar chart of investigated formulations; B: Principal component analysis (PCA) biplot of investigated formulations. CPA: Change of membrane potential caused by adsorption; PC1: Principal component 1; PC2: Principal component 2 , figureFileSmall=Q1z/SdnOcbabAoa9UXw1uA==, figureFileBig=ERZLtS8oBU+3v9cpYAoMEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960240470356769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=94o4rZZPdCUrDs2OHykWig==, figureFileBig=8dDEcVfzW3fsSHKAFzR8LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960240617157425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption=
Sensory scores of licorzine and licorzine granules expressed as mean ± SD. n = 6. A: Bitterness scores; B: Astringency scores , figureFileSmall=94o4rZZPdCUrDs2OHykWig==, figureFileBig=8dDEcVfzW3fsSHKAFzR8LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960240780735299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=e0gfSLiW2jK2FfgIDF47pA==, figureFileBig=eLt5r1h6cWqoCpnfJb0djw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960240910758733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption=
Taste data and radar chart of licorzine-excipient combinations created with sensors: C00, AN0, BT0, AE1. A: Potential of all licorzine-excipient combinations in different sensors expressed as mean ± SD; B: Comparation of sensor responses between licorzine and licorzine granules. Lz: Licorzine; Sc: Sucrose; Ps: Pregelatinized starch; Xg: Xanthan gum; Pf: Peach flavor , figureFileSmall=e0gfSLiW2jK2FfgIDF47pA==, figureFileBig=eLt5r1h6cWqoCpnfJb0djw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960241078530909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nyGs6O+W8k3HN/5dnuyj8g==, figureFileBig=Um+kCe8nFmprKe9tz9X0Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960241233720174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption=
PCA and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of licorzine-excipient combinations for taste masking created with sensors: C00, AN0, BT0, AE1. A: PCA biplot of licorzine-excipient combinations; B: Euclidean distances between licorzine-excipient combinations , figureFileSmall=nyGs6O+W8k3HN/5dnuyj8g==, figureFileBig=Um+kCe8nFmprKe9tz9X0Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960241372132217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Sensor | Corresponding taste | Taste information | Repeatable use |
| Initial taste | After taste |
| BT0 | Hydrochloride bitterness | No taste information | After taste of hydrochloride bitterness | Single use |
| AN0 | Basic bitterness | No taste information | After taste of basic bitterness | Repeatable use |
| C00 | Acidic bitterness | Bitterness | After taste of acidic bitterness | Repeatable use |
| AE1 | Astringency | Astringency | After taste of astringency | Repeatable use |
), ArticleFig(id=1198960241518932875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=
Taste information detected by taste sensors for drug. BT0: Hydrochloride bitterness; AN0: Basic bitterness; C00: Acidic bitterness; AE1: Astringency
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Sensor | Corresponding taste | Taste information | Repeatable use |
| Initial taste | After taste |
| BT0 | Hydrochloride bitterness | No taste information | After taste of hydrochloride bitterness | Single use |
| AN0 | Basic bitterness | No taste information | After taste of basic bitterness | Repeatable use |
| C00 | Acidic bitterness | Bitterness | After taste of acidic bitterness | Repeatable use |
| AE1 | Astringency | Astringency | After taste of astringency | Repeatable use |
), ArticleFig(id=1198960241657344914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Ingredient/mg | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 |
| Licorzine | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 |
| Pregelatinized starch | 0 | 182 | 122 | 61 | 2 | 63 | 59 |
| Sucrose | 0 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 |
| Xanthan gum | 0 | 0 | 60 | 121 | 180 | 121 | 121 |
| Peach flavor | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| Total weight | 61 | 307 | 307 | 307 | 307 | 307 | 307 |
), ArticleFig(id=1198960241799951261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=
Composition of licorzine granules formulations. F: Formulation
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Ingredient/mg | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 |
| Licorzine | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 |
| Pregelatinized starch | 0 | 182 | 122 | 61 | 2 | 63 | 59 |
| Sucrose | 0 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 |
| Xanthan gum | 0 | 0 | 60 | 121 | 180 | 121 | 121 |
| Peach flavor | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| Total weight | 61 | 307 | 307 | 307 | 307 | 307 | 307 |
), ArticleFig(id=1198960241934169009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Test solution | Sweetness | Liquorice | Bitterness score | Astringency score | Metallic taste |
| Licorzine granule | √ | √ | 1.6 | 1.0 | / |
| Licorzine | / | √ | 2.3 | 1.4 | / |
| Sucrose | √ | / | 0 | 0 | / |
| Pregelatinized starch | / | / | 0 | 0 | / |
| Xanthan gum | / | / | 0 | 0 | / |
| Peach flavor | / | / | 0 | 0 | / |
), ArticleFig(id=1198960242097746878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=
Sensory characteristics of licorzine granules and excipients
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Test solution | Sweetness | Liquorice | Bitterness score | Astringency score | Metallic taste |
| Licorzine granule | √ | √ | 1.6 | 1.0 | / |
| Licorzine | / | √ | 2.3 | 1.4 | / |
| Sucrose | √ | / | 0 | 0 | / |
| Pregelatinized starch | / | / | 0 | 0 | / |
| Xanthan gum | / | / | 0 | 0 | / |
| Peach flavor | / | / | 0 | 0 | / |
), ArticleFig(id=1198960242290684878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Concentration /mg·L-1 | Bitterness sensory score | | Astringency sensory score |
| Licorzine | Licorzine granule | Licorzine | Licorzine granule |
| 100 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.0 |
| 200 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.1 |
| 500 | 2.8 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 |
| 1 000 | 3.6 ± 0.4 | 2.8 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1198960242424902617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=
Sensory scores of licorzine and licorzine granules. n = 6, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Concentration /mg·L-1 | Bitterness sensory score | | Astringency sensory score |
| Licorzine | Licorzine granule | Licorzine | Licorzine granule |
| 100 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.0 |
| 200 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.1 |
| 500 | 2.8 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 |
| 1 000 | 3.6 ± 0.4 | 2.8 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1198960242559120360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Sample | Bitterness score | Sensor potential | Astringency score | Sensor potential |
| C00 | CPA(C00) | CPA(AN0) | CPA(BT0) | AE1 |
| Licorzine | 2.8 | -55.10 | -13.93 | 11.35 | 1.28 | 1.7 | -45.18 |
| Licorzine granules | 2.0 | -59.56 | -14.92 | 8.71 | 1.07 | 1.2 | -47.85 |
), ArticleFig(id=1198960242735281144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=CN, label=Table 5, caption=
Comparation between sensory scores and sensor potential of licorzine and licorzine granules
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Sample | Bitterness score | Sensor potential | Astringency score | Sensor potential |
| C00 | CPA(C00) | CPA(AN0) | CPA(BT0) | AE1 |
| Licorzine | 2.8 | -55.10 | -13.93 | 11.35 | 1.28 | 1.7 | -45.18 |
| Licorzine granules | 2.0 | -59.56 | -14.92 | 8.71 | 1.07 | 1.2 | -47.85 |
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