Article(id=1198656286347849826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0408, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1680537600000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-04, revisedDate=1685635200000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711528622, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1699718400000, pubDateStr=2023-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711528622, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711528622, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711528622, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656283525087620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3476', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711527949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711688683, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656957746872554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656283525087620, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3191, endPage=3197, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656286649839716, articleId=1198656286347849826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Formulation optimization and analysis of taste-masking effect of licorzine granules based on sensory evaluation and electronic tongue method, columnId=1198656285311861125, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Pharmaceutical Taste-Masking and Assessment Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Licorzine granules are common preparations for children zinc deficiency. Considering the long course of treatment, the taste of licorzine granules may become a main factor affecting medication adherence. To date there have been no taste evaluation research into licorzine granules yet. In this study, both sensory evaluation and electronic tongue method were utilized to optimize licorzine granules formulations, evaluate the tastes of licorzine, excipients, optimized formulation in vivo and in vitro. As the results show, bitterness and astringency are the main unpleasant tastes generating from licorzine. Xanthan gum is the main taste-masking excipient, lowering down the bitterness and astringency of licorzine by at least one grade. Good correlation exists between the results of sensory evaluation and electronic tongue method, and an integrated combination of the two helps to obtain objective and rational research conclusions. The adult sensory evaluation study was a research-based clinical trial conducted with informed consent from all subjects in accordance with the ethical requirements of Good Clinical Practice.

, correspAuthors=Xue-ping WU, Jie YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-min WANG, Shu-ye QI, Wei-feng ZHANG, Peng SHEN, Bao-ming NING, Da-yong SHI, Xue-ping WU, Jie YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656288012988537, articleId=1198656286347849826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于感官评价和电子舌法的甘草锌颗粒处方筛选与掩味作用分析, columnId=1198656285597073800, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 药品口感研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

甘草锌颗粒是治疗儿童锌缺乏症的常用制剂, 但因其用药疗程较长, 口感成为影响临床服药依从性的主要因素。目前尚未有针对甘草锌颗粒的味觉评价研究。本文联用人体感官和仿生电子舌两种评价技术, 对甘草锌颗粒处方进行筛选, 从体内外不同角度对原辅料及优选处方进行味觉评价。结果表明, 优选处方的不良口感主要是苦味与涩味, 由甘草锌药物本身产生; 辅料成分中, 黄原胶是主要的掩味成分, 使甘草锌颗粒相较于甘草锌原料的苦度和涩度至少下降1个等级。感官评价与电子舌评价结果具有良好的相关性, 两种评价方式相互结合更有利于得到客观合理的结论。本文成人感官味觉评价实验属于研究性质的临床试验, 已按照药物临床试验质量管理规范的伦理要求, 经所有受试者知情同意。

, correspAuthors=吴学萍, 杨杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*吴学萍, E-mail: ;
杨杰, E-mail:
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A: Radar chart of investigated formulations; B: Principal component analysis (PCA) biplot of investigated formulations. CPA: Change of membrane potential caused by adsorption; PC1: Principal component 1; PC2: Principal component 2 , figureFileSmall=Q1z/SdnOcbabAoa9UXw1uA==, figureFileBig=ERZLtS8oBU+3v9cpYAoMEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960240470356769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=94o4rZZPdCUrDs2OHykWig==, figureFileBig=8dDEcVfzW3fsSHKAFzR8LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960240617157425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Sensory scores of licorzine and licorzine granules expressed as mean ± SD. <i>n</i> = 6. A: Bitterness scores; B: Astringency scores , figureFileSmall=94o4rZZPdCUrDs2OHykWig==, figureFileBig=8dDEcVfzW3fsSHKAFzR8LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960240780735299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=e0gfSLiW2jK2FfgIDF47pA==, figureFileBig=eLt5r1h6cWqoCpnfJb0djw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960240910758733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Taste data and radar chart of licorzine-excipient combinations created with sensors: C00, AN0, BT0, AE1. A: Potential of all licorzine-excipient combinations in different sensors expressed as mean ± SD; B: Comparation of sensor responses between licorzine and licorzine granules. Lz: Licorzine; Sc: Sucrose; Ps: Pregelatinized starch; Xg: Xanthan gum; Pf: Peach flavor , figureFileSmall=e0gfSLiW2jK2FfgIDF47pA==, figureFileBig=eLt5r1h6cWqoCpnfJb0djw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960241078530909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nyGs6O+W8k3HN/5dnuyj8g==, figureFileBig=Um+kCe8nFmprKe9tz9X0Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960241233720174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= PCA and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of licorzine-excipient combinations for taste masking created with sensors: C00, AN0, BT0, AE1. A: PCA biplot of licorzine-excipient combinations; B: Euclidean distances between licorzine-excipient combinations , figureFileSmall=nyGs6O+W8k3HN/5dnuyj8g==, figureFileBig=Um+kCe8nFmprKe9tz9X0Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960241372132217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sensor Corresponding taste Taste information Repeatable use
Initial taste After taste
BT0 Hydrochloride bitterness No taste information After taste of hydrochloride bitterness Single use
AN0 Basic bitterness No taste information After taste of basic bitterness Repeatable use
C00 Acidic bitterness Bitterness After taste of acidic bitterness Repeatable use
AE1 Astringency Astringency After taste of astringency Repeatable use
), ArticleFig(id=1198960241518932875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Taste information detected by taste sensors for drug. BT0: Hydrochloride bitterness; AN0: Basic bitterness; C00: Acidic bitterness; AE1: Astringency

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sensor Corresponding taste Taste information Repeatable use
Initial taste After taste
BT0 Hydrochloride bitterness No taste information After taste of hydrochloride bitterness Single use
AN0 Basic bitterness No taste information After taste of basic bitterness Repeatable use
C00 Acidic bitterness Bitterness After taste of acidic bitterness Repeatable use
AE1 Astringency Astringency After taste of astringency Repeatable use
), ArticleFig(id=1198960241657344914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ingredient/mg F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7
Licorzine 61 61 61 61 61 61 61
Pregelatinized starch 0 182 122 61 2 63 59
Sucrose 0 61 61 61 61 61 61
Xanthan gum 0 0 60 121 180 121 121
Peach flavor 0 3 3 3 3 1 5
Total weight 61 307 307 307 307 307 307
), ArticleFig(id=1198960241799951261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Composition of licorzine granules formulations. F: Formulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ingredient/mg F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7
Licorzine 61 61 61 61 61 61 61
Pregelatinized starch 0 182 122 61 2 63 59
Sucrose 0 61 61 61 61 61 61
Xanthan gum 0 0 60 121 180 121 121
Peach flavor 0 3 3 3 3 1 5
Total weight 61 307 307 307 307 307 307
), ArticleFig(id=1198960241934169009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test solution Sweetness Liquorice Bitterness score Astringency score Metallic taste
Licorzine granule 1.6 1.0 /
Licorzine / 2.3 1.4 /
Sucrose / 0 0 /
Pregelatinized starch / / 0 0 /
Xanthan gum / / 0 0 /
Peach flavor / / 0 0 /
), ArticleFig(id=1198960242097746878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sensory characteristics of licorzine granules and excipients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test solution Sweetness Liquorice Bitterness score Astringency score Metallic taste
Licorzine granule 1.6 1.0 /
Licorzine / 2.3 1.4 /
Sucrose / 0 0 /
Pregelatinized starch / / 0 0 /
Xanthan gum / / 0 0 /
Peach flavor / / 0 0 /
), ArticleFig(id=1198960242290684878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Concentration /mg·L-1 Bitterness sensory score Astringency sensory score
Licorzine Licorzine granule Licorzine Licorzine granule
100 0.7 ± 0.2 0.5 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.0
200 1.8 ± 0.5 1.2 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.3 0.6 ± 0.1
500 2.8 ± 0.3 2.0 ± 0.3 1.7 ± 0.2 1.2 ± 0.2
1 000 3.6 ± 0.4 2.8 ± 0.3 2.2 ± 0.3 1.5 ± 0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1198960242424902617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

Sensory scores of licorzine and licorzine granules. n = 6, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Concentration /mg·L-1 Bitterness sensory score Astringency sensory score
Licorzine Licorzine granule Licorzine Licorzine granule
100 0.7 ± 0.2 0.5 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.0
200 1.8 ± 0.5 1.2 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.3 0.6 ± 0.1
500 2.8 ± 0.3 2.0 ± 0.3 1.7 ± 0.2 1.2 ± 0.2
1 000 3.6 ± 0.4 2.8 ± 0.3 2.2 ± 0.3 1.5 ± 0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1198960242559120360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample Bitterness
score
Sensor potential Astringency score Sensor potential
C00 CPA(C00) CPA(AN0) CPA(BT0) AE1
Licorzine 2.8 -55.10 -13.93 11.35 1.28 1.7 -45.18
Licorzine granules 2.0 -59.56 -14.92 8.71 1.07 1.2 -47.85
), ArticleFig(id=1198960242735281144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656286347849826, language=CN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparation between sensory scores and sensor potential of licorzine and licorzine granules

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample Bitterness
score
Sensor potential Astringency score Sensor potential
C00 CPA(C00) CPA(AN0) CPA(BT0) AE1
Licorzine 2.8 -55.10 -13.93 11.35 1.28 1.7 -45.18
Licorzine granules 2.0 -59.56 -14.92 8.71 1.07 1.2 -47.85
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王利民 1 , 戚淑叶 2 , 张威风 1, 3 , 沈鹏 1 , 宁保明 2 , 史大勇 1 , 吴学萍 1, * , 杨杰 1, 3, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 药品口感研究 2023,58(11): 3191-3197
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 药品口感研究 2023, 58(11): 3191-3197
基于感官评价和电子舌法的甘草锌颗粒处方筛选与掩味作用分析
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王利民1, 戚淑叶2, 张威风1, 3, 沈鹏1, 宁保明2, 史大勇1, 吴学萍1, * , 杨杰1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.山东达因海洋生物制药股份有限公司, 山东 威海 264300
  • 2.中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
  • 3.北京达因高科儿童药物研究院有限公司, 北京 100176

通讯作者:

*吴学萍, E-mail: ;
杨杰, E-mail:
Formulation optimization and analysis of taste-masking effect of licorzine granules based on sensory evaluation and electronic tongue method
Li-min WANG1, Shu-ye QI2, Wei-feng ZHANG1, 3, Peng SHEN1, Bao-ming NING2, Da-yong SHI1, Xue-ping WU1, * , Jie YANG1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Shandong DYNE Marine Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Weihai 264300, China
  • 2. National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
  • 3. Beijing DYNE High-tech Pediatric Pharmaceutical R & D Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
出版时间: 2023-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0408
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甘草锌颗粒是治疗儿童锌缺乏症的常用制剂, 但因其用药疗程较长, 口感成为影响临床服药依从性的主要因素。目前尚未有针对甘草锌颗粒的味觉评价研究。本文联用人体感官和仿生电子舌两种评价技术, 对甘草锌颗粒处方进行筛选, 从体内外不同角度对原辅料及优选处方进行味觉评价。结果表明, 优选处方的不良口感主要是苦味与涩味, 由甘草锌药物本身产生; 辅料成分中, 黄原胶是主要的掩味成分, 使甘草锌颗粒相较于甘草锌原料的苦度和涩度至少下降1个等级。感官评价与电子舌评价结果具有良好的相关性, 两种评价方式相互结合更有利于得到客观合理的结论。本文成人感官味觉评价实验属于研究性质的临床试验, 已按照药物临床试验质量管理规范的伦理要求, 经所有受试者知情同意。

甘草锌  /  颗粒剂  /  感官评价  /  电子舌  /  处方筛选  /  掩味  /  黄原胶

Licorzine granules are common preparations for children zinc deficiency. Considering the long course of treatment, the taste of licorzine granules may become a main factor affecting medication adherence. To date there have been no taste evaluation research into licorzine granules yet. In this study, both sensory evaluation and electronic tongue method were utilized to optimize licorzine granules formulations, evaluate the tastes of licorzine, excipients, optimized formulation in vivo and in vitro. As the results show, bitterness and astringency are the main unpleasant tastes generating from licorzine. Xanthan gum is the main taste-masking excipient, lowering down the bitterness and astringency of licorzine by at least one grade. Good correlation exists between the results of sensory evaluation and electronic tongue method, and an integrated combination of the two helps to obtain objective and rational research conclusions. The adult sensory evaluation study was a research-based clinical trial conducted with informed consent from all subjects in accordance with the ethical requirements of Good Clinical Practice.

licorzine  /  licorzine granule  /  sensory evaluation  /  electronic tongue  /  formulation optimization  /  taste-masking  /  xanthan gum
王利民, 戚淑叶, 张威风, 沈鹏, 宁保明, 史大勇, 吴学萍, 杨杰. 基于感官评价和电子舌法的甘草锌颗粒处方筛选与掩味作用分析. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3191 -3197 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0408
Li-min WANG, Shu-ye QI, Wei-feng ZHANG, Peng SHEN, Bao-ming NING, Da-yong SHI, Xue-ping WU, Jie YANG. Formulation optimization and analysis of taste-masking effect of licorzine granules based on sensory evaluation and electronic tongue method[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (11) : 3191 -3197 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0408
甘草锌是新疆甘草根提取物与锌元素有效结合的补锌药物[1], 对动物缺锌模型具有良好的补锌作用, 不会造成锌蓄积, 对多种胃溃疡模型均有一定的保护和促进溃疡愈合的作用。甘草成分能提高胃黏膜的防御力, 延长胃上皮细胞的寿命, 加速溃疡愈合; 锌也有促进黏膜再生和加速溃疡愈合的作用, 二者具有协同或相加作用, 具有显著优势。甘草锌类产品约占补锌产品市场份额的15%, 呈逐年增长趋势, 主要上市剂型包括颗粒剂、胶囊剂和干混悬剂, 其中颗粒剂最早于1991年首次在国内上市, 包括1.5和5 g两个规格, 可用于儿童、成人锌缺乏症, 以及口腔、胃、十二指肠及其他部位的溃疡症等。甘草锌颗粒剂具有服用方便、利于吞咽等优点, 是儿童群体较为理想的给药剂型。甘草锌颗粒用药疗程较长, 对其临床适口性提出了较高的要求, 以确保用药依从性。因此, 本研究以味觉为指标, 对甘草锌颗粒处方进行筛选并探索掩味作用, 为将来进一步提升甘草锌颗粒的适口性提供科学参考依据。
传统味觉评价主要采用感官评价法, 也称口尝法, 具有直观、简便的特点, 能够得到人体味觉器官对测试样品的直接反应, 但不能生成具体测定数据, 结果只能以“优、良、中、差”等级或等级评分值来表示, 且易受主观、环境等因素影响。在评价员数量得到保障, 且具备误差控制措施的前提下, 仍能提供相对准确的评价结果, 目前仍有一定的适用范围[2]
电子舌是一种智能味觉测试分析系统, 近年来得以快速发展, 在食品医药领域得到了广泛的应用[3-8]。电子舌能够将检测到的味觉信号转换为味觉测定值, 具有客观、准确、重现性好等优势[9]
本文基于感官与电子舌两种评价方法对甘草锌颗粒进行处方筛选与味觉评价, 研究处方内辅料成分的掩味作用, 并验证两种评价方法之间的相关性, 以确定电子舌用于甘草锌颗粒味觉评价所具有的实用价值。
仪器  ME403E电子天平和ML802/02电子天平(瑞士梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司); Mini-CG湿法制粒机[创志科技(江苏) 股份有限公司]; YK60摇摆式颗粒机(上海天祥·健台制药机械有限公司); FZG-10真空干燥箱(江苏省范群干燥设备厂有限公司); HD15多向运动混合机(上海天祥·健台制药机械有限公司); SA402B味觉分析系统(日本Insent公司)。
试药与试剂  甘草锌(批号: 202206006, 陕西富捷药业有限公司); 蔗糖(批号: 200422C-4, 漳州市漳福糖业有限公司); 预胶化淀粉(批号: 220158, 安徽山河药用辅料股份有限公司); 黄原胶(批号: 9K8665K, 美国斯比凯可公司); 水蜜桃香精(批号: 256690, 森馨香精色素科技有限公司); 氯化钾、L(+)-酒石酸、无水乙醇(批号: 20161130、20140901、20220105, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 盐酸小檗碱(批号: AB21379, 上海连硕生物科技有限公司); 单宁酸(批号: JZ20140427B, 南京景竹生物科技有限公司)。
电子舌评价方法  使用SA402B味觉分析系统, 配套传感器: 碱基盐类苦味(hydrochloride bitterness, BT0); 碱性苦味(basic bitterness, AN0); 酸性苦味(acidic bitterness, C00); 涩味(astringency, AE1), 对不同供试液进行味觉评价, 各传感器的味觉信息见表 1
将参比溶液(10 mmol·L-1 KCl) 的电势设置为零点, 测定供试液的电势(φs) 与零点电势(φr) 的差值被认定为味觉值, 传感器经清洗液清洗后再次测得供试液的电势(φr’) 与零点电势(φr) 的差值被认定为味觉回味值(change of membrane potential caused by adsorption, CPA)。在考察电子舌对甘草锌线性响应浓度范围(10~1 000 mg·L-1) 前提下, 按照含甘草锌浓度600 mg·L-1配制供试液, 以电子舌测定值为指标对处方(formulation, F) 1~7 (表 2) 进行筛选。
按照优选处方比例, 配制不同组合的供试液, 对优选处方成分的掩味作用进行剖析。为便于表述, 各组分简称为甘草锌(licorzine, Lz)、蔗糖(sucrose, Sc)、预胶化淀粉(pregelatinized starch, Ps)、黄原胶(xanthan gum, Xg)、水蜜桃香精(peach flavor, Pf), 则对应供试液分别标记为Lz、Lz+Sc、Lz+Ps、Lz+Xg、Lz+Pf、Lz+Ps+Xg+Pf、Lz+Sc+Xg+Pf、Lz+Sc+Ps+Pf、Lz+Sc+Ps+Xg、Lz+Sc+Ps+Xg+Pf、Sc+Ps+Xg+Pf。
甘草锌颗粒的制备  按照筛选得到的优化处方, 将甘草锌、蔗糖、预胶化淀粉、黄原胶混合均匀, 以水为黏合剂湿法制粒, 颗粒经干燥后进行整粒, 之后与水蜜桃香精混合, 即得自制的甘草锌颗粒, 用于感官评价。
感官评价方法  ①评价员筛选。参考GB/T12311-2012《感官分析方法—三点检验》[10]、GB/T12312-2012《感官分析—味觉敏感度的测定方法》[11], 招募志愿者进行味觉敏感度筛选与培训, 最终确定6名健康志愿者(男女性别比例1∶1) 入选为感官评价员。参考GB/T19547-2004《感官分析-方法学-量值估计法》[12]进行苦味、涩味评分。
② 参比溶液苦味、涩味等级确定。精密称取盐酸小檗碱适量, 用纯水配制成2.5、5、20、80、200 mg·L-1的苦味参比溶液[13, 14]; 同时, 精密称取单宁酸适量, 用纯水配制成5、10、50、100、500 mg·L-1的涩味参比溶液[15]。将由低到高5个浓度梯度的苦味参比溶液或涩味参比溶液分别对应5个苦味或涩味等级, 等级评分赋值L = 1、2、3、4、5, 每个等级赋予一定的评分可取范围(L ± 0.5)。感官评价员对已知等级的参比溶液进行口尝测试, 确定对应各苦味等级或涩味等级的味觉感受。
③ 受试液苦味、涩味评分。精密称取甘草锌颗粒、甘草锌、蔗糖、预胶化淀粉、黄原胶、水蜜桃香精适量, 按照处方比例, 用纯水分别配制成含各自主成分浓度为400、400、400、400、800、20 mg·L-1的受试液; 同时, 精密称取甘草锌颗粒、甘草锌适量, 用纯水分别配制成含甘草锌100、200、500、1 000 mg·L-1这4个浓度梯度的受试液。感官评价员对不同浓度的受试液进行口尝测试, 参照参比溶液的味觉感受及对应赋值范围进行苦味、涩味评分。
④ 评价程序。口尝测试时, 感官评价员漱口5次至口腔内无异味, 口含20 mL受试液15 s, 以使舌表面各部位与样品充分接触, 记录评价结果; 再次漱口5次至口腔内无异味, 间歇至少15 min, 进行下一样品测试。成人感官味觉评价实验已按照药物临床试验质量管理规范的伦理要求, 经所有受试者知情同意。
数据分析方法使用Origin 2018软件对味觉值、味觉回味值绘制雷达图, 进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA) 与层次聚类分析(hierarchical cluster analysis, HCA)。
在雷达图上(图 1A), BT0、AN0、C00、AE1维度分别表示各样品在BT0、AN0、C00、AE1传感器上所测得味觉值, CPA(BT0)、CPA(AN0)、CPA(C00)、CPA(AE1) 维度分别表示各样品在BT0、AN0、C00、AE1传感器上所测得味觉回味值。例如, C00维度上的数值表示样品在C00传感器上所测得酸性苦味值, 与品尝样品时感官实际感受到的酸性苦味相关; 在CPA(C00) 维度上的数值表示样品在C00传感器上所测得酸性苦味回味值, 与品尝样品后由于吸附、残留而感受到的酸性苦味相关。可详细参见“电子舌评价方法”。所筛选处方在BT0、AN0、C00、AE1传感器上均有响应, 各处方之间在不同传感器上的响应差异幅度由大到小依次是C00、AN0、CPA(C00)、CPA(AE1)、AE1、CPA(AN0)、BT0、CPA(BT0)。响应差异幅度最大值为9.11 mV, 最小值为0.29 mV。由此可见, 电子舌能够精准区分不同处方在不同传感器上的味觉差异, 使用电子舌进行处方筛选具有灵敏、精确的优点。
由于不同传感器对不同供试液的响应值存在差异, 测定的数据变量较为复杂, 为便于综合判断, 通过PCA对数据进行降维处理。PCA后, 第1主成分(principal component 1, PC1) 包含总体63.8%的信息, 第2主成分(principal component 2, PC2) 包含总体22.4%的信息, 2种主成分共包含了总体86.2%的信息。PCA得分图和载荷图(PCA biplot, 图 1B) 中, 样品PCA得分图的聚散程度反映了味觉信息的综合相近程度, 味觉越相近的样品在PCA得分图上的距离越近。下坐标表示在PC1的得分, 左坐标表示在PC2的得分。载荷图反映了变量对样品分类的贡献程度, 箭头在主成分(principal component, PC) 方向的长度越大, 则对该PC的贡献越高, 箭头所在相区对应的上坐标表示变量在PC1上的载荷, 右坐标表示变量在PC2上的载荷。根据各处方组成(表 2), F1为甘草锌原料药对照, F2~F5, 处方内黄原胶用量逐渐增加, 对应逐渐降低预胶化淀粉用量来保持处方总重量不变, F6、F4、F7处方内水蜜桃香精用量依次增加。其中F4、F5与F1 (甘草锌原料药) 的距离最远, 表明这两个处方的综合掩味效果最佳。由F6、F4、F7与F1距离之间的比较可知, 水蜜桃香精对处方味觉也存在显著影响, 其中F4对应的用量下, 与F1距离最远。考虑到F5内黄原胶用量较大, 存在冲水服用时黏度过高的风险, 因此最终优选F4。
甘草锌颗粒供试液在口腔内呈现甜味、甘草味、苦味和涩味, 其中甜味主要由蔗糖产生, 甘草味、苦味、涩味由原料药甘草锌产生(表 3)。甘草锌颗粒的苦味和涩味感官评分值均小于甘草锌, 但2种不良味觉的感官评分值仍大于1, 考虑到儿童味觉敏感度高于成人, 苦味和涩味属于不良味觉, 直接影响甘草锌颗粒的服药依从性。因此, 将甘草锌颗粒掩味研究的感官评价指标确定为苦味、涩味味觉量值, 以进一步明确甘草锌颗粒处方组分是否产生掩味作用。
甘草锌及其颗粒制剂优选处方受试液苦味、涩味评分值均与甘草锌浓度呈正相关(表 4图 2); 相同浓度下, 颗粒剂受试液的苦味值、涩味值均低于甘草锌本身, 表明优选处方中的辅料成分对苦味产生了掩味作用; 随着甘草锌浓度增加, 颗粒剂与药物本身的苦味、涩味评分差值变大, 即掩味效果越明显。具体来看, 当用60 mL水冲泡半袋或1袋甘草锌颗粒后, 甘草锌浓度约500或1 000 mg·L-1, 患者服药时苦味感受可以由未掩味的3级“中”苦度(评分值范围2.5~3.5) 或4级“强”苦度(评分值范围3.5~4.5) 降低到2级“弱”苦度(评分值范围1.5~2.5) 或3级“中”苦度, 而涩味感受可以由未掩味的2级“弱”涩度(评分值范围1.5~2.5) 降低到1级“几乎没有”涩度(评分值范围0.5~1.5), 即临床用药感受达到一般人群味觉感受显著差异水平, 提示优选处方的掩味作用对服药依从性产生正面影响。
通过苦味、涩味的感官评分值(甘草锌浓度500 mg·L-1) 与电子舌味觉值(甘草锌浓度600 mg·L-1) 对比可见(表 5), 按照优选处方制备的甘草锌颗粒的苦味、涩味感官评分值均低于甘草锌, 同样地, 甘草锌颗粒的苦味、涩味对应传感器电势值均低于甘草锌。可见2种评价方法所得结果具有一定的相关性。
电子舌分析的味觉量值均是以10 mmol·L-1 KCl为参比的绝对输出值, 不同供试液的味觉数据见图 3。结果表明, 空白辅料组合在各传感器上基本无响应; 不同原辅料组合的供试液在苦味传感器(BT0、AN0、C00) 和涩味传感器(AE1) 上均有味觉值和味觉回味值响应; 不同辅料对颗粒制剂的掩味作用主要体现在酸性苦味及其回味、涩味差异上, 碱基盐类苦味、碱性苦味及其回味差异不显著(图 3A)。目标颗粒制剂与药物本身的味觉差异主要来自酸性苦味、酸性苦味回味、涩味, 这些味道也是导致甘草锌药物口感不佳的主要原因(图 3B)。
对不同原辅料组合的味觉值、味觉回味值进行PCA (图 4A), 其中PC1的贡献率为78.7%, PC2的贡献率为7.8%, 2个PC的累计贡献率达到86.5%, 能够较好地反映原始数据的绝大部分信息。有黄原胶添加的组合与无黄原胶添加的组合在PC1上分类聚集, 表明这2类样品具有明显的味觉差异。无黄原胶添加的组合与甘草锌原料药聚集, 表明这些组合在PC1上味觉差异较小, 没有产生掩味作用, 而有黄原胶添加的组合在PC1上远离甘草锌原料药, 表明有黄原胶添加的组合均对甘草锌药物的不良口感产生明显的掩味作用。由于PC1贡献率为78.7%, 并且AE1、CPA(AE1)、C00、CPA(C00)、BT0、CPA(BT0)、AN0、CPA(AN0) 味觉变量对PC1的贡献均较大, 因此, 样品在上述味觉变量上的差异导致了有黄原胶添加的组合与无黄原胶添加的组合在PC1上的分类聚集。推断黄原胶是甘草锌颗粒内主要的掩味成分, 而其他辅料成分对苦味、涩味的掩味作用不明显。
通过HCA (图 4B), 将不同组合样品的味觉按照欧氏距离的相似性进行层次聚类, 有黄原胶添加的组合与无黄原胶添加的组合聚集为2个类群。类群内各组合欧氏距离相近, 味觉相近程度较高; 2类群之间的欧氏距离较大, 2类群组合之间的味觉差异最大。这进一步分析佐证了黄原胶的添加, 对样品的味觉改变具有显著影响, 证实了黄原胶在处方内所产生的掩味作用。
儿童群体的特殊性, 对甘草锌颗粒的味道提出了较高的要求, 本文首次使用电子舌评价与感官评价两种方法以味觉为指标对甘草锌颗粒处方进行筛选, 并对优选处方的掩味作用进行了研究。
BT0、AN0、C00、AE1电子舌传感器均能对各处方的味觉值进行精细区分, 充分体现了电子舌用于甘草锌颗粒掩味处方筛选所具有的响应灵敏、结果精确的优势。由于儿童对药物不良味觉较为敏感, 因此电子舌更加适合甘草锌颗粒掩味处方的筛选应用。通过对电子舌各传感器味觉数据进行PCA综合降维分析, 能够确定各处方的整体掩味效果。处方内黄原胶、预胶化淀粉、水蜜桃香精的用量能够显著影响处方的整体味觉, 通过筛选, 能够以味觉为指标精准确定上述成分在处方内的最佳用量。
为考察优选处方内不同辅料成分对甘草锌不良口感的掩味作用, 开展电子舌数据PCA、HCA等分析, 结果表明, 产生掩味作用的成分为黄原胶。黄原胶的添加能够有效增加溶液的黏度, 延缓不良味觉分子的释放或阻隔其与味蕾的接触, 进而发挥掩蔽不良味觉的作用[16, 17]; 较高的溶液黏度同样能够阻隔不良味觉分子与电子舌传感器人工脂膜的接触, 导致电子舌传感器电势值降低, 不良味觉测定值下降。
除黄原胶外, 甘草锌颗粒处方内蔗糖与水蜜桃香精, 理论上也可产生掩味作用。据报道, 甜味剂与芳香剂主要是通过在大脑中枢产生味觉或嗅觉神经冲动, 混淆其他不良味觉产生的神经冲动, 来掩盖不良味觉的感知, 从而发挥掩味作用。即在感官测试过程中, 蔗糖可与味蕾甜味受体结合, 产生甜味味觉, 水蜜桃香精能够产生芳香气味嗅觉, 进而混淆其他不良味觉产生的神经冲动, 来掩盖不良味觉的感知。但在电子舌测试过程中, 其测定结果并未表明蔗糖、水蜜桃香精对甘草锌药物具有掩味作用, 可能原因是甘草锌颗粒中呈苦味或涩味分子与专属传感器人工脂膜的结合以及电势值的改变, 不受这2种成分的干扰, 进一步论证电子舌选择性味觉评价的有效性。甘草锌颗粒优选处方味觉感受优于甘草锌; 模拟其临床用药浓度进行口尝试验, 药品苦味或涩味等级均下降至中级及以下, 有助于提高甘草锌颗粒服药依从性。
通过感官味觉评价, 确定优选处方的不良味觉指标为苦味与涩味, 主要由甘草锌原料药本身产生, 电子舌评价结果显示, 优选处方与甘草锌原料药之间的酸性苦味、涩味差异较为突出, 表明上述2种评价方法均能识别甘草锌颗粒内的同类型的不良味觉。此外, 感官评价与电子舌评价结果均表明, 优选处方的不良味觉感官评分值或电子舌测定值均低于同等浓度的甘草锌, 可见上述2种评价方法均能对不良味觉的强弱作出相似的区分, 体现其良好的相关性。
由此可见, 感官评价具有直接全面的优势, 电子舌评价具有准确精细的优势, 两者评价结果相互补充、相互验证, 技术联用可使评价结果更具有客观性与合理性。
现有感官分析方法及标准多用于食品领域, 而在药品领域中应用较少, 其方法适用性仍需进一步探讨。首先, 由于儿童的味蕾更丰富、味觉更灵敏, 成人尝味结果不完全等效于儿童; 部分患者伴随有味觉、嗅觉减退或暂时性消失的症状, 应深入开展儿童药物适口性评价成人替代可行性研究、患者与非患者味觉灵敏度差异性研究等。其中, 电子舌作为一种较为客观的评价技术, 可利用其与感官分析方法间的相关性, 作为辅助手段用于“成人-儿童”“患者-非患者”之间味觉指标值的校正研究。其次, 食品领域多关注消费者对产品的喜好程度, 而药品领域的口感改善多用于降低患者对产品的厌恶程度, 以提高用药依从性, 因此应进一步开展研究以建立药品独有的厌恶性标度。
作者贡献: 王利民是本研究的实验设计者和实验研究的执行人, 完成数据分析、论文初稿的写作; 戚淑叶、张威风和宁保明负责论文写作与修改; 沈鹏和史大勇参与实验、实验结果分析; 吴学萍和杨杰是项目的构思者及负责人, 指导实验设计、数据分析、论文写作与修改; 全体作者都阅读并同意最终的文本。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2020M672078)
  • 山东省自然科学基金青年项目(ZR2021QH360)
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2023年第58卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0408
  • 接收时间:2023-04-04
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-04
  • 修回日期:2023-06-02
基金
中国博士后科学基金(2020M672078)
山东省自然科学基金青年项目(ZR2021QH360)
作者信息
    1.山东达因海洋生物制药股份有限公司, 山东 威海 264300
    2.中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
    3.北京达因高科儿童药物研究院有限公司, 北京 100176

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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