Article(id=1198656223894667783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0268, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678032000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-06, revisedDate=1685030400000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711513732, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1697040000000, pubDateStr=2023-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711513732, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711513732, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711513732, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656209390764948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='10', pageStart='2835', pageEnd='3150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1697040000000', pubDateStr='2023-10-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711510274, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763711659007, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656833280897539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656833280897540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3116, endPage=3122, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656224267960870, articleId=1198656223894667783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Preparation, crystal structure and thermostability of nirmatrelvir polymorphs, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The polymorphism and thermostability of nirmatrelvir, the main antiviral component of the oral COVID-19 treatment drug, were studied. Four polymorphs of nirmatrelvir were prepared by recrystallization methods. Among them, Form 1 and nirmatrelvir methyl tert-butyl ether solvate (Form 2) had been reported in the literature, while nirmatrelvir isobutyl acetate solvate (NMTW-IBAC) and nirmatrelvir ethyl acetate solvate (NMTW-EA) are two new solvates. The crystal structures were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The thermostability of polymorphism and crystalline transformation were also investigated by combining Hirshfeld surface analysis and interaction energy analysis. The results showed that nirmatrelvir Form 1 belongs orthorhombic crystal system with the space group P212121 and one nirmatrelvir molecule included in the asymmetric unit, which has the same crystal structure as nirmatrelvir Form 4 reported in the literature. Owing to its larger thermal expansion, the differences in crystallographic parameters obtained at different temperatures were found between Form 1 and Form 4. Three solvates of nirmatrelvir belonged to the iso-structural with monoclinic crystal system and the space group P21, in which the asymmetric unit contains one nirmatrelvir molecule and one solvent molecule. The thermal analysis results showed that nirmatrelvir Form 1 was a solvent-free crystal form with the best thermal stability and the strongest intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Among the three solvates, NMTW-EA has the worst thermal stability and the weakest hydrogen bonding interaction between the nirmatrelvir molecule and the solvent molecule. The energy framework of nirmatrelvir solvates showed that the closer the arrangement between solvent and nirmatrelvir molecules, the greater the total interaction energy between solvent and nirmatrelvir molecules. The phase transition studies of the three solvates showed that NMTW-IBAC and NMTW-EA were transformed into amorphous after desolvation, respectively, while Form 2 undergoes oiling during desolvation. The research provides theoretical guidance for the analysis, identification and quality control of nirmatrelvir polymorphs.

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本文对口服新冠病毒肺炎治疗药的主要抗病毒成分奈玛特韦进行了晶型和热稳定性研究。采用重结晶的方法进行奈玛特韦多晶型制备研究, 制备得到了四种晶型, 其中晶型1 (Form 1) 和奈玛特韦甲基叔丁基醚溶剂合物(Form 2) 为文献已报道的晶型, 奈玛特韦乙酸异丁酯溶剂合物(NMTW-IBAC) 和奈玛特韦乙酸乙酯溶剂合物(NMTW-EA) 为两种新的溶剂合物。采用单晶X射线衍射、多晶X射线衍射、热重分析和差示扫描量热法对奈玛特韦多晶型进行结构表征, 同时结合Hirshfeld表面分析和相互作用能分析研究了其热稳定性及相转变。结果表明, 奈玛特韦Form 1属于正交晶系, P212121空间群, 其最小不对称单元中含有一个奈玛特韦分子, 不含溶剂分子, 和文献报道的晶型4 (Form 4) 属于同一种晶型, 只是其较大的热膨胀导致不同温度下的结晶学参数的差异。奈玛特韦三种溶剂合物属于同结构, 均为单斜晶系, P21空间群, 最小不对称单元由一个奈玛特韦分子和一个溶剂分子组成。热分析结果表明Form 1为不含溶剂的晶型, 其热稳定最好, 分子间氢键作用最强; 在三种溶剂合物中NMTW-EA的热稳定性最差, 奈玛特韦分子与溶剂分子间氢键最弱。能量框架可视化结果显示, 溶剂与奈玛特韦分子间排列越紧密, 溶剂分子与奈玛特韦分子总相互作用能越大。三种溶剂合物的相变研究表明, NMTW-IBAC和NMTW-EA分别在脱溶剂后转变为无定型, 而Form 2则在脱溶剂过程中发生油化。本研究为奈玛特韦多晶型的分析鉴别和质量控制提供理论指导。

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*胡秀荣, Tel: 86-571-87951384, E-mail:
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Acta Crystallogr B, 1990, 46: 256-262, articleTitle=Graph-set analysis of hydrogen-bond patterns in organic crystals, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960249110622877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, awardId=LTGC23B050006, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省自然科学基金探索项目(LTGC23B050006), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960249236452010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, awardId=SYB202103, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江大学实验技术研究项目(SYB202103), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960243314094122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960243322482730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, companyId=1198960243314094122, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960243330871338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, companyId=1198960243314094122, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=浙江大学化学系, 浙江 杭州 310058)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960246627594636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Om+DpR2FasfR4SguStdOkQ==, figureFileBig=1nYKAlkRZDyaEJjx9t+TPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960246791172507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Asymmetric unit of nirmatrelvir Form 1, nirmatrelvir Form 4 and nirmatrelvir Form 2, NMTW-IBAC and NMTW-EA. NMTW-IBAC: Nirmatrelvir isobutyl acetate solvate; NMTW-EA: Nirmatrelvir ethyl acetate solvate , figureFileSmall=Om+DpR2FasfR4SguStdOkQ==, figureFileBig=1nYKAlkRZDyaEJjx9t+TPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960246937973168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bttwhOV+cQq1UOVPpv7Y1A==, figureFileBig=bnNwsmk9EGMakQM/4x7LSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960247076385216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The hydrogen-bonding network of nirmatrelvir Form 1 (A), nirmatrelvir Form 2 (B), NMTW-IBAC (C) and NMTW-EA (D). Hydrogen bonds are shown as green lines and H atoms not involved in the hydrogen-bonding have been omitted for clarity; color codes: F (dark green), O (red), N (blue), C (gray), H (green) , figureFileSmall=bttwhOV+cQq1UOVPpv7Y1A==, figureFileBig=bnNwsmk9EGMakQM/4x7LSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960247227380173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=r4yiCwk0ooP3240rWCkQKQ==, figureFileBig=U2y2h0EcoBtK0l4p8Kthwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960247361597919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Overlay of powder X-ray diffraction pattern and the simulated pattern (red line) from their crystal structure of nirmatrelvir Form 1 and nirmatrelvir Form 2, NMTW-IBAC and NMTW-EA , figureFileSmall=r4yiCwk0ooP3240rWCkQKQ==, figureFileBig=U2y2h0EcoBtK0l4p8Kthwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960247491621358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=b6aFep1wPmRRQkrWksl2FQ==, figureFileBig=um0i55YBMEMDI0rDJWnDBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960247604867577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Overlay of thermogravimetric analysis (TG) pattern (A) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) pattern (B) for nirmatrelvir Form 1 and nirmatrelvir Form 2, NMTW-IBAC and NMTW-EA , figureFileSmall=b6aFep1wPmRRQkrWksl2FQ==, figureFileBig=um0i55YBMEMDI0rDJWnDBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960247705530890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=MPdvhJAWjd9XCSi9mfkKlg==, figureFileBig=82N6MGVkkCHCLL7pl8kzEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960247852331549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Overlay of powder X-ray diffraction pattern for three solvates including Form 2, NMTW-IBAC and NMTW-EA before and after heat treatment , figureFileSmall=MPdvhJAWjd9XCSi9mfkKlg==, figureFileBig=82N6MGVkkCHCLL7pl8kzEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960247982354987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Czw9MM4Qwj6If8tvMsk1Ow==, figureFileBig=pNNRVUSotSHt+NRKxP5JMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960248116572726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Hirshfeld surface, 2D fingerprint plots and energy frameworks of nirmatrelvir Form 1 (A) and nirmatrelvir Form 2 (B), NMTW-IBAC (C) and NMTW-EA (D) , figureFileSmall=Czw9MM4Qwj6If8tvMsk1Ow==, figureFileBig=pNNRVUSotSHt+NRKxP5JMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960248263373382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter Form 1 Form 4 Form 2 NMTW-IBAC NMTW-EA
Empirical formula C23H32F3N5O4 C23H32F3N5O4 C23H32F3N5O4‧C5H12O C23H32F3N5O4‧C6H12O2 C23H32F3N5O4‧C4H8O2
Formula weight 499.53 499.53 587.68 615.69 587.64
Temperature/K 293.0 170.0 293.0 293.0 293.0
Crystal system Orthorhombic Orthorhombic Monoclinic Monoclinic Monoclinic
Space group P212121 P212121 P21 P21 P21
a 9.678 6 (2) 9.210 1 (2) 12.783 8 (2) 13.258 7 (3) 13.004 6 (2)
b 15.037 9 (3) 15.074 5 (4) 9.381 90 (10) 9.093 5 (2) 8.804 90 (10)
c 18.035 2 (4) 18.042 5 (5) 14.518 9 (2) 14.590 1 (3) 14.789 3 (2)
β 90 90 103.230 0 (10) 106.354 0 (10) 107.046 0 (10)
Volume/Å3 2 624.95 (10) 2 504.98 (11) 1 695.13 (4) 1 687.93 (6) 1 619.04 (4)
Z 4 4 2 2 2
ρ/g$ \cdot $cm-3 1.264 1.325 1.151 1.211 1.205
μ/mm-1 0.863 0.904 0.758 0.808 0.820
Goodness-of-fit on F2 1.052 1.038 1.097 1.035 1.052
Final R indexes
[I $ \ge $ 2σ (I)]
R1 = 0.038 1,
wR2 = 0.094 7
R1 = 0.032 4,
wR2 = 0.079 7
R1 = 0.049 0,
wR2 = 0.139 0
R1 = 0.041 0,
wR2 = 0.117 0
R1 = 0.044 6,
wR2 = 0.127 1
CCDC number 2 246 467 2 246 470 2 246 468 2 246 472 2 246 474
), ArticleFig(id=1198960248443728467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Crystallographic data of nirmatrelvir Form 1, nirmatrelvir Form 4, solvates including nirmatrelvir Form 2, NMTW-IBAC and NMTW-EA. a, b, c: Crystallographic axes; CCDC: Cambridge crystallographic data centre

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter Form 1 Form 4 Form 2 NMTW-IBAC NMTW-EA
Empirical formula C23H32F3N5O4 C23H32F3N5O4 C23H32F3N5O4‧C5H12O C23H32F3N5O4‧C6H12O2 C23H32F3N5O4‧C4H8O2
Formula weight 499.53 499.53 587.68 615.69 587.64
Temperature/K 293.0 170.0 293.0 293.0 293.0
Crystal system Orthorhombic Orthorhombic Monoclinic Monoclinic Monoclinic
Space group P212121 P212121 P21 P21 P21
a 9.678 6 (2) 9.210 1 (2) 12.783 8 (2) 13.258 7 (3) 13.004 6 (2)
b 15.037 9 (3) 15.074 5 (4) 9.381 90 (10) 9.093 5 (2) 8.804 90 (10)
c 18.035 2 (4) 18.042 5 (5) 14.518 9 (2) 14.590 1 (3) 14.789 3 (2)
β 90 90 103.230 0 (10) 106.354 0 (10) 107.046 0 (10)
Volume/Å3 2 624.95 (10) 2 504.98 (11) 1 695.13 (4) 1 687.93 (6) 1 619.04 (4)
Z 4 4 2 2 2
ρ/g$ \cdot $cm-3 1.264 1.325 1.151 1.211 1.205
μ/mm-1 0.863 0.904 0.758 0.808 0.820
Goodness-of-fit on F2 1.052 1.038 1.097 1.035 1.052
Final R indexes
[I $ \ge $ 2σ (I)]
R1 = 0.038 1,
wR2 = 0.094 7
R1 = 0.032 4,
wR2 = 0.079 7
R1 = 0.049 0,
wR2 = 0.139 0
R1 = 0.041 0,
wR2 = 0.117 0
R1 = 0.044 6,
wR2 = 0.127 1
CCDC number 2 246 467 2 246 470 2 246 468 2 246 472 2 246 474
), ArticleFig(id=1198960248628277861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
D-H…A d(D-H)/Å d(H-A)/Å d(D-A)/Å D-H-A/° Symmetric code
Form 1 N1-H1…N21 0.86 2.26 2.991 (4) 142.8 11+X, +Y, +Z; 21/2+X, 1/2-Y, 1-Z;
31/2-X, 1-Y, 1/2+Z
N3-H3…O12 0.86 2.21 2.778 (3) 123.6
N5-H5…N23 0.86 2.22 3.072 (4) 172.0
Form 4 N1-H1…N21 0.88 2.60 3.108 (3) 117.8 11+X, +Y, +Z; 21/2-X, 1-Y, -1/2+Z;
3-1/2+X, 3/2-Y, 1-Z
N3-H3…O12 0.87 2.03 2.815 (2) 150.3
N5-H5…N23 0.88 2.14 3.012 (3) 171.6
Form 2 N1-H1…O31 0.86 2.02 2.865 (4) 166.9 11-X, -1/2+Y, 1-Z; 21-X, 1/2+Y, 1-Z
N3-H3…O5 0.86 1.99 2.833 (6) 166.8
N5-H5…O12 0.86 2.02 2.869 (4) 167.3
NMTW-EA N1-H1…O31 0.86 2.21 3.009 (3) 153.9 11-X, 1/2+Y, 1-Z; 21-X, -1/2+Y, 1-Z
N3-H3…O5 0.86 2.29 3.018 (4) 142.5
N5-H5…O12 0.86 2.00 2.852 (3) 170.9
NMTW-IBAC N1-H1…O31 0.86 2.20 3.010 (3) 156.4 11-X, 1/2+Y, 1-Z; 21-X, -1/2+Y, 1-Z
N3-H3…O5 0.86 2.23 2.971 (4) 145.0
N5-H5…O12 0.86 1.98 2.830 (3) 169.1
), ArticleFig(id=1198960248812827255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656223894667783, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Hydrogen bonds for nirmatrelvir Form 1, nirmatrelvir Form 4, nirmatrelvir Form 2, NMTW-EA and NMTW-IBAC. D: Donor; H: Hydrogen; A: Acceptor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
D-H…A d(D-H)/Å d(H-A)/Å d(D-A)/Å D-H-A/° Symmetric code
Form 1 N1-H1…N21 0.86 2.26 2.991 (4) 142.8 11+X, +Y, +Z; 21/2+X, 1/2-Y, 1-Z;
31/2-X, 1-Y, 1/2+Z
N3-H3…O12 0.86 2.21 2.778 (3) 123.6
N5-H5…N23 0.86 2.22 3.072 (4) 172.0
Form 4 N1-H1…N21 0.88 2.60 3.108 (3) 117.8 11+X, +Y, +Z; 21/2-X, 1-Y, -1/2+Z;
3-1/2+X, 3/2-Y, 1-Z
N3-H3…O12 0.87 2.03 2.815 (2) 150.3
N5-H5…N23 0.88 2.14 3.012 (3) 171.6
Form 2 N1-H1…O31 0.86 2.02 2.865 (4) 166.9 11-X, -1/2+Y, 1-Z; 21-X, 1/2+Y, 1-Z
N3-H3…O5 0.86 1.99 2.833 (6) 166.8
N5-H5…O12 0.86 2.02 2.869 (4) 167.3
NMTW-EA N1-H1…O31 0.86 2.21 3.009 (3) 153.9 11-X, 1/2+Y, 1-Z; 21-X, -1/2+Y, 1-Z
N3-H3…O5 0.86 2.29 3.018 (4) 142.5
N5-H5…O12 0.86 2.00 2.852 (3) 170.9
NMTW-IBAC N1-H1…O31 0.86 2.20 3.010 (3) 156.4 11-X, 1/2+Y, 1-Z; 21-X, -1/2+Y, 1-Z
N3-H3…O5 0.86 2.23 2.971 (4) 145.0
N5-H5…O12 0.86 1.98 2.830 (3) 169.1
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奈玛特韦多晶型的制备、晶体结构及热稳定性研究
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施蒂儿 , 刘继永 , 刘淑娜 , 胡秀荣 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(10): 3116-3122
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (10) : 3116 -3122
奈玛特韦多晶型的制备、晶体结构及热稳定性研究
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施蒂儿, 刘继永, 刘淑娜, 胡秀荣*
作者信息
  • 浙江大学化学系, 浙江 杭州 310058
通讯作者:
*胡秀荣, Tel: 86-571-87951384, E-mail:
Preparation, crystal structure and thermostability of nirmatrelvir polymorphs
Di-er SHI, Ji-yong LIU, Shu-na LIU, Xiu-rong HU*
Affiliations
  • Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
出版时间: 2023-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0268
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本文对口服新冠病毒肺炎治疗药的主要抗病毒成分奈玛特韦进行了晶型和热稳定性研究。采用重结晶的方法进行奈玛特韦多晶型制备研究, 制备得到了四种晶型, 其中晶型1 (Form 1) 和奈玛特韦甲基叔丁基醚溶剂合物(Form 2) 为文献已报道的晶型, 奈玛特韦乙酸异丁酯溶剂合物(NMTW-IBAC) 和奈玛特韦乙酸乙酯溶剂合物(NMTW-EA) 为两种新的溶剂合物。采用单晶X射线衍射、多晶X射线衍射、热重分析和差示扫描量热法对奈玛特韦多晶型进行结构表征, 同时结合Hirshfeld表面分析和相互作用能分析研究了其热稳定性及相转变。结果表明, 奈玛特韦Form 1属于正交晶系, P212121空间群, 其最小不对称单元中含有一个奈玛特韦分子, 不含溶剂分子, 和文献报道的晶型4 (Form 4) 属于同一种晶型, 只是其较大的热膨胀导致不同温度下的结晶学参数的差异。奈玛特韦三种溶剂合物属于同结构, 均为单斜晶系, P21空间群, 最小不对称单元由一个奈玛特韦分子和一个溶剂分子组成。热分析结果表明Form 1为不含溶剂的晶型, 其热稳定最好, 分子间氢键作用最强; 在三种溶剂合物中NMTW-EA的热稳定性最差, 奈玛特韦分子与溶剂分子间氢键最弱。能量框架可视化结果显示, 溶剂与奈玛特韦分子间排列越紧密, 溶剂分子与奈玛特韦分子总相互作用能越大。三种溶剂合物的相变研究表明, NMTW-IBAC和NMTW-EA分别在脱溶剂后转变为无定型, 而Form 2则在脱溶剂过程中发生油化。本研究为奈玛特韦多晶型的分析鉴别和质量控制提供理论指导。

奈玛特韦  /  晶体结构  /  多晶型  /  稳定性

The polymorphism and thermostability of nirmatrelvir, the main antiviral component of the oral COVID-19 treatment drug, were studied. Four polymorphs of nirmatrelvir were prepared by recrystallization methods. Among them, Form 1 and nirmatrelvir methyl tert-butyl ether solvate (Form 2) had been reported in the literature, while nirmatrelvir isobutyl acetate solvate (NMTW-IBAC) and nirmatrelvir ethyl acetate solvate (NMTW-EA) are two new solvates. The crystal structures were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The thermostability of polymorphism and crystalline transformation were also investigated by combining Hirshfeld surface analysis and interaction energy analysis. The results showed that nirmatrelvir Form 1 belongs orthorhombic crystal system with the space group P212121 and one nirmatrelvir molecule included in the asymmetric unit, which has the same crystal structure as nirmatrelvir Form 4 reported in the literature. Owing to its larger thermal expansion, the differences in crystallographic parameters obtained at different temperatures were found between Form 1 and Form 4. Three solvates of nirmatrelvir belonged to the iso-structural with monoclinic crystal system and the space group P21, in which the asymmetric unit contains one nirmatrelvir molecule and one solvent molecule. The thermal analysis results showed that nirmatrelvir Form 1 was a solvent-free crystal form with the best thermal stability and the strongest intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Among the three solvates, NMTW-EA has the worst thermal stability and the weakest hydrogen bonding interaction between the nirmatrelvir molecule and the solvent molecule. The energy framework of nirmatrelvir solvates showed that the closer the arrangement between solvent and nirmatrelvir molecules, the greater the total interaction energy between solvent and nirmatrelvir molecules. The phase transition studies of the three solvates showed that NMTW-IBAC and NMTW-EA were transformed into amorphous after desolvation, respectively, while Form 2 undergoes oiling during desolvation. The research provides theoretical guidance for the analysis, identification and quality control of nirmatrelvir polymorphs.

nirmatrelvir  /  crystal structure  /  polymorphism  /  stability
施蒂儿, 刘继永, 刘淑娜, 胡秀荣. 奈玛特韦多晶型的制备、晶体结构及热稳定性研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (10) : 3116 -3122 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0268
Di-er SHI, Ji-yong LIU, Shu-na LIU, Xiu-rong HU. Preparation, crystal structure and thermostability of nirmatrelvir polymorphs[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (10) : 3116 -3122 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0268
多晶型现象在固体药物中普遍存在, 多晶型是影响固体药物质量和疗效的重要因素之一[1]。研究发现, 药物的不同晶型常表现出不同的物理化学性质, 如溶解性、溶解速率、稳定性、吸湿性等, 从而影响药物的生物利用度、生物有效性、毒性及疗效的发挥[2-7]。因此药物多晶型的研究已成为日常控制药品生产及新药剂型研究设计前所不可缺少的重要组成部分[8-11]。截至2023年2月, 2019年灾难性的SARS-CoV-2疫情已导致超过6亿例COVID-19确诊病例, 全球超过650万人死亡。尽管已开发有效的COVID-19疫苗, 但疫苗覆盖率仍欠缺, 同时由于奥密克戎变异株已成为目前主要流行病株, 造成现有疫苗和抗体药物的疗效不佳, 因此研制有效的COVID-19小分子口服抗病毒药物十分必要[12]。奈玛特韦(nirmatrelvir, NMTW), 化学名为(1R, 2S, 5S)-N-((1S)-1-氰基-2-[(3S)-2-氧亚基吡咯烷-3-基]乙基)-3-[(2S)-3, 3-二甲基-2-(2, 2, 2-三氟乙酰氨基)丁酰基]-6, 6-二甲基-3-氮杂双环[3.1.0]己烷-2-甲酰胺, 是一种口服的SARS-CoV-2主要蛋白酶抑制剂, 具有体外人类冠状病毒抗病毒活性、出色的脱靶选择性和体内安全性, 是美国辉瑞公司研制的新型COVID-19口服新冠病毒肺炎治疗药的主要抗病毒成分[13-16]
奈玛特韦现已有Form 1~5等多种晶型且均已申请专利保护, 其中Form 1和4为不含溶剂的晶型, Form 2为奈玛特韦甲基叔丁基醚溶剂合物, Form 5为不含溶剂的无定型, 目前, 辉瑞公司研发的口服新冠肺炎治疗药Paxlovid中的奈玛特韦晶型为Form 1[17]。对奈玛特韦进行多晶型研究在了解其不同晶型之间的稳定性差异、制备工艺的调控、储存过程中可能会引发的晶型转变方面都有着十分重要的意义。本文主要采用重结晶的方法制备得到了奈玛特韦的四种晶型, 其中包括文献已报道的奈玛特韦Form 1、2和两种新的奈玛特韦溶剂合物, 并采用了单晶X射线衍射、多晶X射线衍射、热重分析和差示扫描量热法对上述四种晶型进行了结构表征, 并结合理论计算结果分析了奈玛特韦四种晶型的热稳定性及相转变过程, 以期为奈玛特韦的生产应用提供理论基础。
药品与试剂  奈玛特韦(批号: ZYL-8024-22-01, 纯度大于99.0%, 浙江华海药业有限公司)。乙酸乙酯、乙酸异丁酯、甲基叔丁基醚、正庚烷均为分析纯试剂(国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
奈玛特韦不同晶型的晶体制备  奈玛特韦Form 1制备: 称取1.0 g奈玛特韦置于50 mL圆底烧瓶中, 加入20 mL乙酸乙酯, 加热回流搅拌直至溶液澄清, 随后边搅拌边加入30 mL正庚烷, 50 ℃保温析晶1~2 h得到白色固体粉末, 即为奈玛特韦Form 1。将滤液置于50 ℃水浴中密封, 静置, 数天得到奈玛特韦Form 1单晶。
奈玛特韦Form 2的制备: 称取0.2 g奈玛特韦, 加入3 mL甲基叔丁基醚, 加热至50~70 ℃搅拌至澄清, 密封后置于室温下数小时后得到奈玛特韦Form 2单晶。
奈玛特韦乙酸异丁酯溶剂合物(NMTW-IBAC) 的制备: 在0.2 g奈玛特韦中加入4 mL乙酸异丁酯, 加热至50~70 ℃搅拌至溶液澄清, 密封后置于室温下数天获得单晶。
奈玛特韦乙酸乙酯溶剂合物(NMTW-EA) 的制备: 在0.2 g奈玛特韦中加入4 mL乙酸乙酯, 加热至50~70 ℃搅拌至溶液澄清, 随后边搅拌边滴加6 mL正庚烷, 密封后置于室温下数天获得单晶。
结构表征  多晶X射线衍射(powder X-ray diffraction, PXRD) 分析: PXRD数据在日本Rigaku公司的SmartLab转靶多晶X射线衍射仪上收集, 采用Cu Kα (λ = 1.541 8 Å) 为射线光源, 测试时采用一维连续扫描, 工作电压为40 kV, 工作电流为180 mA, 扫描角度范围为2θ = 3º~50º, 步长为0.02º, 扫描速度为10 º·min-1。测试得到的数据用Jade 9.0软件进行分析[18]
单晶X射线衍射(single crystal X-ray diffraction, SXRD) 分析: SXRD数据在德国Bruker公司的Bruker D8 Venture微焦斑固定靶X射线单晶衍射仪上收集。晶体单胞的确定及衍射数据收集在293 K或170 K温度下采用Cu Kα (λ = 1.541 8 Å) 为射线光源进行测试, 晶体结构解析采用直接法(用ShelXT软件), 结构精修采用ShelXL软件进行[19, 20]。非氢原子的位置通过直接法解析得到, 氢原子的位置通过差值Fourier合成法发现, 但采用理论加氢方式加氢, 并采用riding模式进行修正。用Diamond[21]软件绘制晶体结构图和堆叠图。
热重分析(thermogravimetric analysis, TG) 和差示扫描量热分析(differential scanning calorimetry, DSC): TG数据在美国TA公司的SDTQ600综合热分析仪上收集, DSC数据在美国TA公司的DSCQ100差示扫描量热仪上收集。TG和DSC测试均采用氮气作为保护气, 升温速率为10 ℃·min-1, 升温范围为室温~360 ℃和室温~240 ℃。
奈玛特韦多晶型的热稳定性实验  将奈玛特韦各种晶型样品分别置于温度为130、105、85 ℃的条件下热处理30 min, 随后取出样品进行多晶X射线衍射分析。
奈玛特韦多晶型的理论计算  采用CrystalExplorer软件[22], 对奈玛特韦4种不同晶型进行Hirshfeld表面分析。通过Generate Surface得到奈玛特韦可视化的Hirshfeld表面分析图, 并通过2D指纹图谱对晶体分子内与分子间的相互作用方式进行定量分析, 反映各个作用方式对整体作用的贡献程度。利用CrystalExplorer中的B3LYP/6-31G(d, p) 基组对奈玛特韦不同晶型的分子间相互作用能, 通过Energy Framework得到奈玛特韦不同晶型的能量框架图, 能量框架中比例因子为100, 相互作用能量小于15 kJ‧mol-1被忽略。
通过重结晶的方法获得了奈玛特韦的四种不同晶型, 包括1种无水晶型和3种溶剂合物, 利用单晶X射线衍射技术对其进行了结构研究(晶体学参数见表 1)。奈玛特韦Form 1在室温(293 K) 和低温(170 K) 条件下采集得到的数据显示, 两者均属于正交晶系, P212121空间群, 其最小不对称单元中含有一个奈玛特韦分子(图 1)。但结晶学参数有较大的差异(表 1), 主要是晶轴a的大小, 室温下测得的a = 9.678 6 (2) Å, 而低温(170 K) 下测得的a = 9.210 1 (2) Å, 分别与文献[17]报道的Form 1、4一致, 即文献[17]报道的Form 1和Form 4其实为同一个晶型, 只是测试温度不同导致结晶学参数的差异, 而这种差异是由于奈玛特韦Form 1巨大的热膨胀所导致的, 将会在后续的研究中进行分析报道。奈玛特韦三种溶剂合物属于同结构的晶型, 均属于单斜晶系, P21空间群, 其最小不对称单元中含有一个奈玛特韦分子和一个溶剂分子(图 1), 结晶学参数为a = 12.78~13.26 Å, b = 8.80~9.38 Å, c = 14.51~14.79 Å, β = 103.23~107.05°。奈玛特韦分子中的羰基氧原子、氰基、胺基作为形成氢键的受体、给体, 可形成丰富的氢键网络。在Form 1晶体结构中氧亚基吡咯烷的胺基(N1)、羰基氧原子(O1) 分别作为氢键给体和受体与氰基氮原子(N2) 和酰胺氮原子(N3) 通过形成N-H…N和N-H…O氢键(N1-H1…N21, N3-H3…O12, 对称关系: 11+X, +Y, +Z; 2-1/2+X, 1/2-Y, 1-Z), 将奈玛特韦分子与相邻分子相连形成$ {R}_{3}^{3} $ (15) 氢键环, 此氢键环沿a轴方向形成双链结构[23], 此分子双链又通过三氟乙酰胺基中的胺基(N5) 和氰基氮原子(N2) 形成的N-H…N (N5-H5…N23, 对称关系: 31/2-X, 1-Y, 1/2+Z) 堆叠连接成三维结构(图 2A)。在奈玛特韦三种溶剂合物的晶体结构中, 奈玛特韦分子中的酰胺基(N3) 作为氢键给体与溶剂分子的醚基氧或羰基氧原子形成氢键(N3-H3…O5), 从氢键的键长、键角看, Form 2中的N3-H3…O5氢键最强, NMTW-IBAC次之, 最弱的是NMTW-EA (表 2)。在奈玛特韦溶剂合物中奈玛特韦分子间的氢键作用与Form 1明显不同, 其中的奈玛特韦分子中的氧亚基吡咯烷的羰基氧原子(O1)、胺基(N1) 分别作为氢键受体和给体与三氟乙酰氨基中的胺基(N5) 和酰胺氧原子(O3) 通过形成N-H…O氢键(N1-H1…O31, N5-H5…O12, 对称关系: ① 1-X, 1/2+Y, 1-Z; ② 1-X, -1/2+Y, 1-Z), 将奈玛特韦分子首尾相连形成氢键二聚体, 此氢键二聚体通过氢键作用沿b方向无限延伸形成一维“之”字形分子链, 溶剂分子就填充在分子链的空穴中(图 2B~D)。Form 2的堆叠方式与另两个溶剂合物略有不同, 主要表现在溶剂在层间的位置的差异, 甲基叔丁基醚分子位于分子链形成的二维层的层间, 而乙酸乙酯分子或乙酸异丁酯分子则斜插在分子层间。
奈玛特韦Form 1的主要特征衍射谱线以衍射角2θ表示分别为7.62°、9.77°、11.42°、11.89°、12.72°、15.67°、18.32°、19.85°、20.52°, 与专利中报道的奈玛特韦Form 1的衍射峰一致(图 3)。三种溶剂合物虽为同结构的晶型, 但是由于其中溶剂分子的不同, 导致晶胞参数有一定的差异, 因此其PXRD图自然存在差异(图 3)。Form 2中包含的溶剂是甲基叔丁基醚, 其主要特征衍射谱线以衍射角2θ角表示, 分别为7.07°、10.46°、11.28°、11.77°、12.50°、14.18°、15.95°、16.8°、17.07°、18.48°, 与专利中报到的奈玛特韦甲基叔丁基醚溶剂合物的衍射峰位置一致。图 3中显示奈玛特韦四种不同晶型的PXRD实验数据和通过单晶衍射数据计算得到的PXRD图一致, 表明通过重结晶方式确实制备了奈玛特韦四种不同晶型, 且都为单一晶型。
奈玛特韦四种晶型的TG结果显示(图 4A), 三个溶剂化合物在150 ℃之前均有失重, 从室温到150 ℃左右温度范围内的失重率分别为14.97% (Form 2)、18.91% (NMTW-IBAC)、15.04% (NMTW-EA), 为脱去一个溶剂分子引起的失重, 与单晶衍射分析结果一致。结合DSC分析结果(图 4B), 可知Form 1只有一个峰顶值为193.9 ℃的吸热峰, 为Form 1的熔融吸热峰。三个溶剂化合物分别在峰顶值142.2 ℃ (Form 2)、109.8 ℃ (NMTW-IBAC)、87.2 ℃ (NMTW-EA) 处有吸热峰, 为脱溶剂引起的相变吸热, 脱溶剂温度最高的是Form 2。溶剂化合物的脱溶剂温度主要跟溶剂分子与主体分子之间的氢键作用有关, 与溶剂分子的沸点无关。TG和DSC数据结果显示, 三种溶剂合物中Form 2的热力学稳定性高于NMTW-IBAC和NMTW-EA, 因为Form 2中甲基叔丁基醚与奈玛特韦分子形成分子间氢键(N3-H3…O5) 键长为2.833 (6) Å, 氢键键角为166.8°, 比NMTW-IBAC和NMTW-EA中溶剂与奈玛特韦分子之间形成的分子作用力都强, 因此尽管甲基叔丁基醚在三种溶剂中沸点最低, 但是在奈玛特韦溶剂合物中溶剂甲基叔丁基醚最难脱除, 热稳定性最高。
奈玛特韦溶剂合物的热稳定性研究结果表明, NMTW-EA和NMTW-IBAC分别在85 ℃和105 ℃下热处理30 min后样品外观仍保持白色粉末状, 但PXRD结果显示, 热处理后已由原来的结晶型溶剂合物转变为无定型(图 5), 与DSC结果一致, 脱溶剂相变后没有检测到熔融峰的存在。Form 2在130 ℃下热处理30 min后样品外观仍保持白色粉末状, 但PXRD并没有明显变化, 说明在该温度下Form 2仍保持稳定, 并未发生脱溶剂。而当热处理温度提高到145 ℃, Form 2则在热处理过程中直接油化。由此可见, NMTW-EA最容易脱溶剂转变成奈玛特韦无定形, 而Form 2脱溶剂温度最高, 且在脱溶剂过程中易转变成油状物。
分子间的相互作用如氢键、范德华力等对改变材料的理化性质和稳定结构有着重要的作用。Hirshfeld表面计算可以将分子间的作用力进行可视化分析, 图 6左侧的Hirshfeld表面分析图中白色代表等价于范德华力距离的作用力, 红色表示比范德华力距离更短的作用力, 蓝色表示比范德华力距离更长的作用力[9]。由图 6可知, Form 1中表面的红色区域主要是N-H…N、N-H…O和N-H…N的氢键作用, 而三种溶剂合物表面的红色区域除了奈玛特韦分子之间形成N-H…O的氢键作用, 还有奈玛特韦分子与溶剂分子之间形成N-H…O的氢键作用。通过Hirshfeld表面计算生成分子间作用力的2D指纹图谱可以反映奈玛特韦不同晶型内部分子之间的相互作用方式以及各作用方式对整体作用力的贡献程度(图 6)。从Hirshfeld 2D指纹图谱分析可知, H-H和O-H作用力是全谱的主要构成部分, Form 1中H…O/O…H作用力占16.2%, 而溶剂合物中还存在溶剂分子与奈玛特韦分子之间的O-H作用力, 因此Form 2、NMTW-IBAC和NMTW-EA中H…O/O…H的指纹峰比Form 1更尖锐, 且作用力占比依次为19%、19.4%和20.7%。奈玛特韦三种溶剂合物中奈玛特韦分子与邻近溶剂分子之间的总相互作用能分别为-56.6 kJ‧mol-1 (Form 2)、-72.6 kJ‧mol-1 (NMTW-IBAC)、-71.8 kJ‧mol-1 (NMTW-EA), 总相互作用的差异主要是由于溶剂在层间的位置差异导致的。Form 2中甲基叔丁基醚分子位于分子链形成的二维层的层间, 溶剂与奈玛特韦分子之间作用比较疏松, 总相互作用能相对较小, 而乙酸乙酯分子或乙酸异丁酯分子则斜插在分子层间, 与奈玛特韦分子间作用更紧密, 因此总相互作用能更大。奈玛特韦不同晶型的能量框架图将奈玛特韦分子间相互作用能按一定比例形成可视化的圆柱体, 从图 6最右侧的能量框架图可知, Form 1中奈玛特韦分子间相互作用紧密, 奈玛特韦三种溶剂合物中NMTW-IBAC和NMTW-EA同一层的分子间作用能较大, 平行层间相互作用能相对薄弱, 在晶体受热脱溶剂后层间容易发生滑移层错, 因此NMTW-IBAC和NMTW-EA分别在脱溶剂后转变为无定型。而Form 2整体分子间相互作用能处于较为松散的状态, 在晶体受热脱溶剂后趋向变为更无序的油状物。
本研究通过重结晶的方法制备得到了奈玛特韦的四种晶型, 其中包括文献[17]已报道的奈玛特韦Form 1和Form 2, 以及两种新的奈玛特韦溶剂合物。通过变温单晶衍射分析, 证实了文献报道的Form 1与Form 4是同一晶型, 为奈玛特韦多晶型的分析鉴别和质量控制提供了数据支持。晶体结构研究表明, 奈玛特韦Form 1属不含溶剂的晶型, 其热力学稳定性最高; 其他三种溶剂合物属于同结构, 均属单斜晶系, P21空间群, 最小不对称单元中含有一个奈玛特韦分子和一个溶剂分子, 溶剂分子与主体分子之间通过氢键连接, 此氢键的强度为Form 2 > NMTW-IBAC > NMTW-EA。分子间作用力分析和能量框架分析结合热分析和相转变结果, 表明Form 2的相对热稳定性最高, NMTW-EA最容易脱去溶剂得到奈玛特韦无定型。奈玛特韦溶剂合物由于溶剂在层间的位置差异导致奈玛特韦分子与邻近溶剂分子之间的总相互作用能和分子间作用力略有不同。本研究通过对奈玛特韦四种晶型的晶体结构、热稳定性及相转变过程分析, 以期为奈玛特韦的生产应用提供理论基础。
作者贡献: 施蒂儿负责样品制备、结果分析、文章撰写及修改; 刘继永负责单晶X射线衍射实验; 刘淑娜负责多晶X射线衍射实验; 胡秀荣负责文章选题及论文修改、审阅。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 浙江省自然科学基金探索项目(LTGC23B050006)
  • 浙江大学实验技术研究项目(SYB202103)
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2023年第58卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0268
  • 接收时间:2023-03-06
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-06
  • 修回日期:2023-05-26
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浙江省自然科学基金探索项目(LTGC23B050006)
浙江大学实验技术研究项目(SYB202103)
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    浙江大学化学系, 浙江 杭州 310058

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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