Article(id=1198656221420023885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1329, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1670169600000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-05, revisedDate=1675785600000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711513141, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1697040000000, pubDateStr=2023-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711513141, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711513141, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711513141, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656209390764948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='10', pageStart='2835', pageEnd='3150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1697040000000', pubDateStr='2023-10-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711510274, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763711659007, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656833280897539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656833280897540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2875, endPage=2881, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656222841892997, articleId=1198656221420023885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Identification of taste critical quality attribute and formulation optimization of Xiaoer Qingrening Granules based on electronic tongue and human senses, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study primarily concentrated on scientific problems of poor taste caused by unclear critical quality attributes of oral preparations manufactured by Chinese materia medica, successfully established an identification method for taste critical quality attribute and a taste improvement method combining electronic tongue with human senses, and determined the optimal taste formula, to improve patients' oral medication compliance. The study received ethical approval from the Review Committee of the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. The results showed that the proportion of bitterness of Xiaoer Qingrening Granule was 61.8%, and its bitterness grade was 3.70, it was determined that bitterness is the critical quality attribute that caused the poor taste of Xiaoer Qingrening Granule. Additionally, the optimal taste formula per milliliter of Xiaoer Qingrening sugar-free intermediate was determined with allowable daily intake, solubility, and sweetness as the limiting conditions, which was 40 mg hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, 180 mg trehalose, and 1.5 mg acesulfame potassium. Compared with the Xiaoer Qingrening Granule, the sensory evaluation score of the optimal taste formula was increased by 37.5 points. In conclusion, this study achieved the taste improvement of Xiaoer Qingrening Granule and formed a set of taste improvement strategies including the identification of taste critical quality attribute, the selection of the type and dosage of corrigent, and the optimization of taste formula, which provided a thought reference for the taste improvement of other oral preparations and a new perspective for quality control of intelligent manufacturing of traditional Chinese medicines.

, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-yan HU, Ying LU, Xiao-meng WANG, Li-juan MA, Yu-nan WEI, Ping DAI, Chao-fu MA, Han ZHANG, Jing WANG, Nan LI, Xing-xing DAI, Lu YAO, Bei-lei XU, Wei XU, Zhi-sheng WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei XU, Zhi-sheng WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656224632860980, articleId=1198656221420023885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于电子舌与人感官的小儿清热宁颗粒滋味关键质量属性辨识及配方优化, columnId=1198656210498061206, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 中药制造质量控制与智能制造, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究主要针对中药制造口服制剂滋味关键质量属性不明确导致口感不良的科学问题, 以小儿清热宁颗粒为范例, 成功建立了滋味关键质量属性辨识方法、电子舌与人感官结合的口感改进方法, 确定最优口感配方, 以提升患者口服用药依从性, 研究获得了北京中医药大学医学伦理委员会的伦理批准。结果显示, 小儿清热宁颗粒苦味分值占比为61.8%, 其苦味级别为3.70, 确定苦味是导致小儿清热宁颗粒口感不良的滋味关键质量属性; 另外, 以最大允许摄入量、溶解度、甜度等为限定条件确定每毫升小儿清热宁无糖中间体的最优口感配方为羟丙基-β-环糊精40 mg、海藻糖180 mg和安赛蜜1.5 mg, 该配方的感官评价得分相比于小儿清热宁颗粒提升了37.5分。综上所述, 本研究实现了小儿清热宁颗粒的口感改善, 形成了一套包括滋味关键质量属性辨识、矫味剂种类和添加量筛选及配方优化的口感改善策略, 为其他口服制剂不良口感改进研究提供思路参考, 为中药智能制造质量控制提供新视角。

, authors=null, authorsList=胡小艳, 陆影, 王晓萌, 马丽娟, 魏宇楠, 戴平, 马朝富, 张瀚, 王静, 李楠, 戴幸星, 姚璐, 徐蓓蕾, 徐伟, 吴志生, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=徐伟, 吴志生, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*徐伟, Tel: 86-591-22861135, E-mail: ;
吴志生, Tel: 86-10-53912101, E-mail:
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A: Characterization diagram of electron tongue sensor response value; B: Principal component score graph; C: Standardized Euclidean distance (SED) from the sample to the Sugar-free intermediate; D: Correlation analysis of sensory evaluation. AHS: Sour; CTS: Salty; SCS: Bitter; NMS: Umami; ANS: Sweet; PKS and CPS: Compound flavor , figureFileSmall=mQCRwTTmsQRlsk8HPgpOaQ==, figureFileBig=nm7N1Asm4Q4j+/jYvAD08g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960260540105657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656221420023885, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Type of corrigent Dosage/mg Overall taste
Trehalose 300 Haut
Trehalose 240 Bitter
Trehalose 180 Bitter
Acesulfame potassium 3.8 Haut
Acesulfame potassium 3 Bitter
Acesulfame potassium 2.3 Bitter
HP-β-CD; trehalose; acesulfame potassium 353 Extremely sweet
HP-β-CD; trehalose; acesulfame potassium 283 Haut
HP-β-CD; trehalose; acesulfame potassium 212.3 Bitter
HP-β-CD; trehalose; acesulfame potassium 141.5 Bitter
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Overall taste of single and compound corrigent with different dosage. HP-β-CD: Hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Type of corrigent Dosage/mg Overall taste
Trehalose 300 Haut
Trehalose 240 Bitter
Trehalose 180 Bitter
Acesulfame potassium 3.8 Haut
Acesulfame potassium 3 Bitter
Acesulfame potassium 2.3 Bitter
HP-β-CD; trehalose; acesulfame potassium 353 Extremely sweet
HP-β-CD; trehalose; acesulfame potassium 283 Haut
HP-β-CD; trehalose; acesulfame potassium 212.3 Bitter
HP-β-CD; trehalose; acesulfame potassium 141.5 Bitter
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Sample HP-β-CD/mg Trehalose/mg Acesulfame potassium/mg Score
13 40 180 1.5 85
14 20 180 1.5 66.5
15 40 120 2.25 80.25
Product 0 0 0 47.5
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Human real sensory evaluation score results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample HP-β-CD/mg Trehalose/mg Acesulfame potassium/mg Score
13 40 180 1.5 85
14 20 180 1.5 66.5
15 40 120 2.25 80.25
Product 0 0 0 47.5
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基于电子舌与人感官的小儿清热宁颗粒滋味关键质量属性辨识及配方优化
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胡小艳 1 , 陆影 2, 3 , 王晓萌 2, 3 , 马丽娟 2, 3 , 魏宇楠 2, 3 , 戴平 1 , 马朝富 2, 3 , 张瀚 2, 3 , 王静 2, 3 , 李楠 2, 3 , 戴幸星 2, 3 , 姚璐 4 , 徐蓓蕾 5 , 徐伟 1, * , 吴志生 1, 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 中药制造质量控制与智能制造 2023,58(10): 2875-2881
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药学学报 |专题报道: 中药制造质量控制与智能制造 2023 , 58 (10) : 2875 -2881
基于电子舌与人感官的小儿清热宁颗粒滋味关键质量属性辨识及配方优化
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School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
2. School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
3. Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Production and New Drug Development, Beijing 102488, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1198960257167884985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656221420023885, authorId=1198960256849117845, language=CN, stringName=吴志生, firstName=志生, middleName=null, lastName=吴, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1.福建中医药大学药学院, 福建 福州 350122
2.北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
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胡小艳1, 陆影2, 3, 王晓萌2, 3, 马丽娟2, 3, 魏宇楠2, 3, 戴平1, 马朝富2, 3, 张瀚2, 3, 王静2, 3, 李楠2, 3, 戴幸星2, 3, 姚璐4, 徐蓓蕾5, 徐伟1, * , 吴志生1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.福建中医药大学药学院, 福建 福州 350122
  • 2.北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
  • 3.中药制药与新药开发教育部工程研究中心, 北京 102488
  • 4.北京同仁堂科技发展股份有限公司, 北京 100079
  • 5.哈尔滨商业大学药学院, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150076
通讯作者:
*徐伟, Tel: 86-591-22861135, E-mail: ;
吴志生, Tel: 86-10-53912101, E-mail:
Identification of taste critical quality attribute and formulation optimization of Xiaoer Qingrening Granules based on electronic tongue and human senses
Xiao-yan HU1, Ying LU2, 3, Xiao-meng WANG2, 3, Li-juan MA2, 3, Yu-nan WEI2, 3, Ping DAI1, Chao-fu MA2, 3, Han ZHANG2, 3, Jing WANG2, 3, Nan LI2, 3, Xing-xing DAI2, 3, Lu YAO4, Bei-lei XU5, Wei XU1, * , Zhi-sheng WU1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
  • 2. School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
  • 3. Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Production and New Drug Development, Beijing 102488, China
  • 4. Beijing Tongrentang Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100079, China
  • 5. School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
出版时间: 2023-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1329
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本研究主要针对中药制造口服制剂滋味关键质量属性不明确导致口感不良的科学问题, 以小儿清热宁颗粒为范例, 成功建立了滋味关键质量属性辨识方法、电子舌与人感官结合的口感改进方法, 确定最优口感配方, 以提升患者口服用药依从性, 研究获得了北京中医药大学医学伦理委员会的伦理批准。结果显示, 小儿清热宁颗粒苦味分值占比为61.8%, 其苦味级别为3.70, 确定苦味是导致小儿清热宁颗粒口感不良的滋味关键质量属性; 另外, 以最大允许摄入量、溶解度、甜度等为限定条件确定每毫升小儿清热宁无糖中间体的最优口感配方为羟丙基-β-环糊精40 mg、海藻糖180 mg和安赛蜜1.5 mg, 该配方的感官评价得分相比于小儿清热宁颗粒提升了37.5分。综上所述, 本研究实现了小儿清热宁颗粒的口感改善, 形成了一套包括滋味关键质量属性辨识、矫味剂种类和添加量筛选及配方优化的口感改善策略, 为其他口服制剂不良口感改进研究提供思路参考, 为中药智能制造质量控制提供新视角。

口服制剂  /  电子舌  /  人感官  /  苦味  /  关键质量属性

This study primarily concentrated on scientific problems of poor taste caused by unclear critical quality attributes of oral preparations manufactured by Chinese materia medica, successfully established an identification method for taste critical quality attribute and a taste improvement method combining electronic tongue with human senses, and determined the optimal taste formula, to improve patients' oral medication compliance. The study received ethical approval from the Review Committee of the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. The results showed that the proportion of bitterness of Xiaoer Qingrening Granule was 61.8%, and its bitterness grade was 3.70, it was determined that bitterness is the critical quality attribute that caused the poor taste of Xiaoer Qingrening Granule. Additionally, the optimal taste formula per milliliter of Xiaoer Qingrening sugar-free intermediate was determined with allowable daily intake, solubility, and sweetness as the limiting conditions, which was 40 mg hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, 180 mg trehalose, and 1.5 mg acesulfame potassium. Compared with the Xiaoer Qingrening Granule, the sensory evaluation score of the optimal taste formula was increased by 37.5 points. In conclusion, this study achieved the taste improvement of Xiaoer Qingrening Granule and formed a set of taste improvement strategies including the identification of taste critical quality attribute, the selection of the type and dosage of corrigent, and the optimization of taste formula, which provided a thought reference for the taste improvement of other oral preparations and a new perspective for quality control of intelligent manufacturing of traditional Chinese medicines.

oral preparation  /  electronic tongue  /  human sense  /  bitterness  /  critical quality attribute
胡小艳, 陆影, 王晓萌, 马丽娟, 魏宇楠, 戴平, 马朝富, 张瀚, 王静, 李楠, 戴幸星, 姚璐, 徐蓓蕾, 徐伟, 吴志生. 基于电子舌与人感官的小儿清热宁颗粒滋味关键质量属性辨识及配方优化. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (10) : 2875 -2881 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1329
Xiao-yan HU, Ying LU, Xiao-meng WANG, Li-juan MA, Yu-nan WEI, Ping DAI, Chao-fu MA, Han ZHANG, Jing WANG, Nan LI, Xing-xing DAI, Lu YAO, Bei-lei XU, Wei XU, Zhi-sheng WU. Identification of taste critical quality attribute and formulation optimization of Xiaoer Qingrening Granules based on electronic tongue and human senses[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (10) : 2875 -2881 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1329
药物口感是药物本身对人体味觉的直接感官刺激, 是影响中药口服制剂开发及制造过程质量控制的关键要素之一[1]。滋味关键质量属性(critical quality attribute, CQA) 是中药口服制剂的滋味特征属性, 是影响药物口感的关键因素[2]。苦味是众多不良口感中存在最广泛、最令人难以接受的滋味之一[3], 苦味的感知阈值仅为0.001 6%。中药口服制剂苦味成分复杂且不清晰, 其苦度是影响药物口感的核心要素[4]。以药物苦味为代表的不良口感问题严重限制了中药口服制剂市场占用率及临床效果, 甚至导致因吞咽困难、味觉特殊的儿童或老年患者人群用药依从性和安全性不佳的问题[5]。因此, 以客观、准确、简便、高效的滋味CQA辨识与配方优化研究是提升患者服用中药口服制剂依从性和安全性的关键切入点。
目前, 电子舌是一种利用化学传感器阵列的特征响应信号模拟人体味觉感知过程的检测技术, 因其检测速度快、灵敏度高、不受样品毒性和数量限制等优点[6], 广泛应用于中药味觉特征诊断等领域[7], 该方法适合大量筛选样品。人感官评价法是通过招募人体志愿者对味道进行鼻闻或口尝评价的方法, 最能反映口服制剂真实口感[8], 该方法需保证样品的安全性, 测试的样品间保证充足的时间间隔。团队前期开发了多种味觉受体功能化生物传感器[9, 10], 建立了基于电子舌与人感官联用技术的小儿感冒口服液口感配方优化方法, 以此保障本研究的中药口服制剂滋味CQA辨识及配方优化研究的可行性。
本研究以中药口服制剂小儿清热宁颗粒为示范性研究载体, 以电子舌与人感官评价为技术支撑, 从滋味CQA辨识、矫味剂种类和添加量筛选、配方优选等方面对小儿清热宁的口感改善研究, 建立并完善一套适合小儿清热宁的最优口感配方及口感改善策略, 以此实现小儿清热宁颗粒口感提升, 为中药制造口服制剂的口感改善及滋味CQA控制研究提供思路参考和方法借鉴。
仪器  ASTREE Ⅱ电子舌, 配有48位自动进样器[7根离子敏感场效应晶体管(ISFET) 传感器分别是: SCS (苦味敏感传感器)、ANS (甜味敏感传感器)、CTS (咸味敏感传感器)、NMS (鲜味敏感传感器)、AHS (酸味敏感传感器)、PKS (通用传感器) 和CPS (通用传感器)] (法国Alpha MOS公司); 磁力搅拌器(德国Wiggens公司); TG16MW台式高速离心机(湖南赫西仪器有限公司); 601超级恒温水浴锅(金坛市文华仪器有限公司); KQ-500DE数控超声波清洗器(昆山市超声仪器有限公司); SQR电子分析天平(北京赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司)。
试剂  盐酸小檗碱(批号: B802464, CAS号: 633-65-8, 质量分数≥ 99.0%)、羟丙基-β-环糊精(hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin, HP-β-CD; 批号: C11727146, CAS号: 128446-35-5, 质量分数≥ 97.0%) 购于上海麦克林生化科技有限公司; 赤藓糖醇(批号: 117825000, CAS号: 149-32-6, 质量分数≥ 99.0%)、乳糖醇(批号: l11109, CAS号: 585-86-4, 质量分数≥ 98.0%)、山梨糖醇(批号: dt472, CAS号: 50-70-4, 质量分数≥ 98.0%)、安赛蜜(批号: 49357c, CAS号: 33665-90-6, 质量分数≥ 98.0%)、甜菊糖苷(批号: 67093e, CAS号: 57817-89-7, 质量分数≥ 97.0%)、海藻糖(批号: 92361d, CAS号: 99-20-7, 质量分数≥ 99.0%) 来源于北京伊诺凯科技有限公司; 小儿清热宁无糖中间体溶液及对应批次的小儿清热宁颗粒(批号: 1911302) 由北京同仁堂股份有限公司提供; 屈臣氏超纯水(规格: 500 mL/瓶) 购于广州屈臣氏食品饮料有限公司。
待测溶液制备方法
供试品溶液制备  精密量取100 mL小儿清热宁无糖中间体溶液于250 mL烧杯中, 加入适量矫味剂, 采用磁力搅拌器以750 r·min-1搅拌15 min使矫味剂完全溶解。将溶液采用高速离心机10 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 取其上清液; 小儿清热宁无糖中间体溶液和颗粒溶解后的溶液统一按上述离心条件取上清液作为供试品溶液, 室温放置, 备用。
苦味参比溶液制备  盐酸小檗碱是最具代表性的苦味成分, 该物质配制的溶液苦味程度随浓度的增加而增加, 因此本研究采用盐酸小檗碱作为苦味参比物质[3]。精密称取盐酸小檗碱标准品50 mg置于100 mL量瓶中, 加50 mL水, 超声5 min使其完全溶解, 继续加水至刻度, 即得0.5 mg·mL-1的盐酸小檗碱标准品溶液, 标记为5号苦味参比溶液; 另分别取5号溶液2、10、20 mL置于100 mL量瓶中, 加水至刻度, 即得0.01、0.05、0.1 mg·mL-1的盐酸小檗碱标准品溶液, 分别标记为2、3、4号苦味参比溶液; 以纯水作为阴性对照, 没有苦味, 标记为1号阴性参比溶液。
电子舌检测方法  电子舌以银/氯化银作为参比电极, 采用0.01 mol·L-1氯化钠和0.01 mol·L-1谷氨酸钠溶液对电子舌的7根离子敏感场效应晶体管传感器进行诊断, 利用0.01 mol·L-1盐酸溶液对传感器进行预平衡并校准, 预平衡一次大约1 h, 最多重复3次, 校准大约40 min, 传感器经过平衡和校准后再用于待测样品测试。电子舌检测采用旋转方式检测待测品溶液, 使传感器响应发生显著性变化。每个样品取25 mL于专用烧杯中, 并将烧杯置于自动进样器样品盘内, 测定时间规定为120 s, 取响应时间为101~120 s间的传感器响应信号值进行数据处理, 每个样品重复检测8次。为避免样品间交叉污染, 两样品间设置一杯超纯水清洗传感器, 清洗时间为10 s。
取“待测溶液制备方法”项制备的小儿清热宁无糖中间体上清液25 mL, 连续测定8次, 记录各传感器响应值并计算相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD), 以此判断该方法的重现性; 另取6份按“待测溶液制备方法”项平行制备的小儿清热宁无糖中间体上清液25 mL, 分别检测, 记录各传感响应值并计算RSD, 以此判断该方法的重复性。
中药复方滋味量化方法  根据2020版《中华人民共和国药典》对中药性味的记载, 统计小儿清热宁颗粒中所有中药的滋味特征描述。小儿清热宁颗粒主要由羚羊角粉、牛黄、金银花、黄芩、柴胡、板蓝根、水牛角浓缩粉、冰片8种中药组成, 依次按照1~8进行编号。首先根据滋味排序对中药的味进行赋值, 如直接描述“苦”味的赋值1, 描述“微苦”的赋值0.5, 描述为“极苦”、“苦甚”则赋值为1.5。药物剂量与小儿清热宁颗粒中所有药物剂量的比值即为该中药在复方中的剂量权重。具体某一味分值计算方式: 苦味的最终得分乘以该药物对应的剂量权重为该药物在复方中苦味的贡献值, 将全方所有苦味得分相加, 即得全方苦味的分值。
“待测溶液制备方法”项中1~5号参比溶液的苦度级别依次对应“不苦”、“微苦”、“中等苦度”、“很苦(但仍可接受)”、“极苦(几乎不能接受)”共5个苦度等级, 依次对应的苦度值的范围为0.5~1.5、1.5~2.5、2.5~3.5、3.5~4.5、4.5~5.5。将5种参比溶液与待测样品同时采用“电子舌检测方法”项的电子舌检测方法进行测定, 采用主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA) 方法处理电子舌传感器响应数据, 并建立电子舌响应信号值与苦度等级的标准曲线, 以此计算出待测样品的苦度。
矫味剂种类优化方法  以小儿清热宁无糖中间体溶液为研究载体, 选择溶解度好的糖醇类赤藓糖醇、乳糖醇、山梨糖醇、人工合成安赛蜜、天然非糖类甜菊糖苷、天然海藻糖对小儿清热宁无糖中间体的口感进行改善。以矫味剂甜度适中为依据将上述矫味剂的添加量设置为每毫升无糖中间体溶液添加赤藓糖醇100 mg、乳糖醇100 mg、山梨糖醇100 mg、安赛蜜3 mg、甜菊糖苷5 mg、海藻糖100 mg。进一步采用“电子舌检测方法”项的电子舌检测方法对无糖中间体及6种添加不同矫味剂的样品进行检测, 采用PCA方法处理电子舌传感器响应数据, 计算添加不同种类矫味剂的样品到无糖中间体之间的标准化欧式距离(standardized Euclidean distance, SED), 并通过SED确定矫味剂添加种类。
矫味剂添加量优化方法  根据美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA) 对矫味剂每日允许摄入量(allowable daily intake, ADI) 的规定, 以及2022年国家卫健委制订的《中国7岁以下儿童生长发育参照标准》, 结合样品日服用量, 计算样品基于ADI的最大添加量; 以基于ADI的最大添加量为最大值, 根据溶解情况依次降低添加量, 考察其在样品中间体的溶解情况, 以可完全溶解于样品的添加量为该样品基于溶解度的最大添加量; 以基于溶解度的最大添加量为最大值, 根据甜度依次降低添加量, 以样品甜度适中的添加量为该样品基于甜度的最大添加量; 以多种矫味剂基于甜度的最大添加量总量为最大值, 根据甜度依次降低添加量(其中矫味剂的比例保持不变), 以样品复配甜度适中的添加量确定为该样品的最大添加量。
人感官评价方法  采用问卷调查形式对待测样品进行人感官评价, 经北京中医药大学医学伦理委员会审查通过(伦理号2020BZYLL0609)。志愿者招募纳排标准如下: 年龄19~55岁, 性别比例接近1∶1, 味觉和嗅觉灵敏, 对感觉表述清晰; 近期无感冒、发烧、口腔发炎等症状; 无严重过敏、味觉衰退、相关遗传病史等情况; 自愿退出者、拒不配合采用实验提供的口感评价表进行评价者予以排除。共招募9名志愿者, 在实验前签订知情同意书, 志愿者进行操作培训, 具体操作参考国家标准感官分析的选拔、培训与管理评价员一般导则(GB/T16291.1-2012)。
感官评价方法: 取待测样品5 mL于一次性口尝纸杯中, 志愿者含于口中计时15 s, 此间口腔做漱口动作, 吐出, 纯水漱口5次, 每轮样品间隔1 h。志愿者采用随机、单盲的方法对样品进行感官测试, 按相应标准在表格中进行评分, 评价内容是通过样品特点及志愿者评价反馈确定的评价因素苦度、异味和综合口感。
模糊数学综合评价方法  采用模糊数学综合评价法(fuzzy synthetic evaluation method, FSEM) 计算样品的感官综合得分, 确定评价的因素集U = {苦度U1, 异味U2, 综合口感U3}; 确定本研究对各因素按优(100分)、良(75分)、中(50分)、差(25分) 等级评价, 即评语集V = {优V1、良V2、中V3、差V4}。从U到V的映射为模糊矩阵R。采用强制决定法[11], 确定各因素的权重(W)。进一步将样品的感官评价结果除以评价总人数折算成比率, 集中所有因素的评价结果及权重则得到各样品的模糊矩阵, 模糊矩阵乘以评语等级对应分值, 即为样品的感官综合得分, 样品模糊矩阵为R1, 即:
$ {\rm{R}}1= \left[\begin{array}{cccc}0.2& 0.5& 0.3& 0\\ 0.5& 0.1& 0.2& 0.2\\ 0.4& 0.5& 0.1& 0\end{array}\right] $
通过计算电子舌检测方法对小儿清热宁无糖中间体溶液的测量结果, 发现同一样品重复检测8次后电子舌的苦味敏感传感器、甜味敏感传感器、咸味敏感传感器、鲜味敏感传感器、酸味敏感传感器、两根通用传感器的信号响应RSD值分别为0.32%、0.26%、0.44%、0.50%、2.21%、0.09%和0.31%, RSD值均小于3%, 说明该检测方法的重现性良好。
采用相同的方法检测6份平行样品, 结果显示苦味敏感传感器、甜味敏感传感器、咸味敏感传感器、鲜味敏感传感器、酸味敏感传感器、两根通用传感器的信号响应RSD值分别为3.07%、2.43%、2.79%、4.64%、5.64%、0.36%和2.67%, RSD均小于6%, 甜味敏感传感器、咸味敏感传感器、两根通用传感器的RSD小于3%, 说明该检测方法的整体重复性良好, 方法稳定可靠, 为后续研究提供科学的方法保障。
以2020版《中华人民共和国药典》对各中药的滋味描述为依据, 描述为羚羊角粉滋味淡; 牛黄味苦、甘; 金银花味淡, 微苦; 黄芩味苦; 柴胡味微苦; 板蓝根味微甜而后苦涩; 水牛角浓缩粉味微咸; 冰片味辛。
通过“中药复方滋味量化方法”项的方法得到小儿清热宁中8味中药的滋味赋值, 如雷达图 1A所示, 药物剂量及权重分布见图 1B。最终通过滋味赋值和药物剂量权重计算得小儿清热宁淡味得分为0.26, 甘味得分为0.15, 苦味得分为0.68, 辛味得分为0.000 40, 咸味得分为0.010。其中, 苦味分值占比为61.8%, 且远远高于其他滋味(图 1C), 因此基于文献研究提出的滋味赋值法对小儿清热宁的苦味进行了初步定量, 发现苦味是影响小儿清热宁口感不良的核心因素。
采用PCA方法对5种参比溶液及小儿清热宁颗粒配制的溶液的电子舌传感器响应数据进行处理后发现第一主成分(PC1) 和第二主成分(PC2) 的累计贡献率为97.7% (图 2A), 说明PC1和PC2能代表该数据的整体信息, 图 2A中“1~5”代表 5种参比溶液, “XEQRN”代表小儿清热宁颗粒配制的溶液。结果显示, 从低浓度到高浓度的盐酸小檗碱溶液在PC1方向上依次从右到左进行分布, 说明PC1能代表样品苦味的特征信息。因此, 以5种参比溶液电子舌传感器响应信号的PC1贡献率与其对应苦味等级进行曲线拟合, 结果如图 2B所示, 发现PC1贡献率和苦味等级呈线性相关关系, 线性拟合方程为y = 2.90 - 0.66x, 相关系数(R2) 为0.997 6, 表明其相关性良好。计算出小儿清热宁颗粒的苦度为3.70, 进一步基于参比物质标准曲线法验证了苦味是影响小儿清热宁口感不良的滋味CQA, 儿童对苦度大于3的样品极其敏感, 表明小儿清热宁颗粒的口感亟待改善。
小儿清热宁无糖中间体及添加赤藓糖醇(erythritol)、乳糖醇(lactitol)、山梨糖醇(sorbitol)、安赛蜜(acesulfame potassium)、甜菊糖苷(stevioside)、海藻糖(trehalose) 矫味剂样品的电子舌传感器响应值的PCA分析结果表明(图 3), PC1和PC2的累计贡献率为97%, 添加上述6种矫味剂样品到无糖中间体之间的SED值依次为3.50、3.60、4.07、4.48、4.80、4.38。由于甜菊糖苷的ADI较小, 计算其添加量小易引起称量误差, 因此选择SED相近的海藻糖。最终选择SED值偏大的天然甜味剂海藻糖、人工合成甜味剂安赛蜜为小儿清热宁无糖中间体的适宜矫味剂。
结合“基于参比物质的滋味关键质量属性辨识”项的苦味定量评价结果, 小儿清热宁颗粒的苦味级别大于3, 适宜阻止接触型口感改善, 选择水溶性最好的HP-β-CD对中间体进行包合处理。因此, 确定最终添加矫味剂种类为安赛蜜、海藻糖、HP-β-CD。矫味剂添加方式为先加入包合剂HP-β-CD, 再加入甜味剂安赛蜜和海藻糖。综上所述, 此部分研究实现了矫味剂的个性化筛选, 优选出了溶解度好、甜度适中且无异味的安赛蜜、海藻糖、HP-β-CD矫味剂, 为后续小儿清热宁口感改善研究奠定基础。
小儿清热宁无糖中间体每11.5 L对应不低于2.232 5 kg颗粒成品(即每克中间体约对应5 mL)。1岁儿童每日服用小儿清热宁颗粒的剂量为8 g, 即对应中间体约40 mL。根据美国FDA规定: 安赛蜜的ADI为15 mg·kg-1。结合小儿清热宁颗粒日服用量及国家卫健委制订的《中国7岁以下儿童生长发育参照标准》-1岁儿童体质量约为10.0 kg, 确定了每毫升小儿清热宁无糖中间体中安赛蜜最大允许添加量为3.8 mg; 海藻糖因其安全性较高, 其添加量可参考美国FDA批准列入一般公认安全清单的赤藓糖醇, 确定了海藻糖的最大允许添加量为300 mg; HP-β-CD没有ADI相关规定, 参考文献[12]确定其最大添加量为50 mg。
HP-β-CD、海藻糖和安赛蜜3种矫味剂最大添加量80%、60%、40%的样品溶解性考察结果显示, 每毫升小儿清热宁无糖中间体溶液中添加HP-β-CD 50 mg、海藻糖300 mg、安赛蜜3.8 mg可完全溶解。加入HP-β-CD后再加入海藻糖和安赛蜜同样可完全溶解, 因此, 基于溶解度的HP-β-CD、赤藓糖醇和安赛蜜最大添加量分别为50、300和3.8 mg。
为避免添加矫味剂后样品出现过甜现象, 海藻糖、安赛蜜两种矫味剂最大添加量分别为100%、80%、60%样品的人感官评价结果如表 1所示。结果表明, 每毫升小儿清热宁无糖中间体溶液中海藻糖添加量为300 mg、安赛蜜添加量为3.8 mg时甜度适中。因此, 基于甜度的海藻糖、安赛蜜最大添加量分别为300、3.8 mg。
另外, 避免甜度叠加导致样品过甜现象, HP-β-CD、海藻糖、安赛蜜3种矫味剂最大添加量总量为100%、80%、60%、40%样品的人感官评价的结果如表 1所示。结果显示HP-β-CD、赤藓糖醇和安赛蜜的总添加量为283 mg时甜度适中。因此, 基于复配甜度的矫味剂最大总添加量为283 mg, 其中, HP-β-CD、海藻糖、安赛蜜添加量比例为40∶240∶3。
综上所述, 本研究通过ADI、溶解度、甜度及复配甜度4个方面对矫味剂的添加量进行限定, 确定了矫味剂在每毫升小儿清热宁无糖中间体中的最大添加量, 即HP-β-CD添加量为40 mg, 海藻糖添加量为240 mg, 安赛蜜添加量为3 mg。
为考察前期筛选出HP-β-CD、海藻糖和安赛蜜3种矫味剂的交互作用, 基于Box-Behnken实验设计, 采用Design-Expert 8.0软件设计3因素3水平共17次试验, 其中因素与水平分别为每毫升小儿清热宁无糖中间体的HP-β-CD添加量(20、30、40 mg)、海藻糖添加量(120、180、240 mg)、安赛蜜添加量(1.5、2.25、3 mg)。
小儿清热宁无糖中间体及Box-Behnken实验设计得到的17个样品电子舌传感器响应值见图 4A, 其PCA分析结果如图 4B所示。结果显示PC1和PC2的累计贡献率为98.6%, 因此说明PC1和PC2两个主成分可代表 18个样品的整体滋味特征。进一步计算17个口感改善样品到小儿清热宁无糖中间体(blank) 的SED, 如图 4C所示。结果显示13、14、15号样品与无糖中间体差异最大。因此, 最终选择13、14、15号样品进行人感官评价。
通过“基于电子舌的小儿清热宁口感改善”项筛选出的13、14、15号样品及小儿清热宁颗粒(product) 感官评价结果显示(图 4D), 其中, 评价因素分别为苦度(A)、异味(B)、综合口感(C), 等级以“1~4”表示优良中差。根据FSEM的计算方法, 计算得13、14、15号样品综合得分结果见表 2, 发现3个优选样品评分均高于小儿清热宁颗粒, 且13号样品评分最高, 高达85分。因此, 确定了每毫升小儿清热宁无糖中间体溶液的最优口感配方, 即HP-β-CD为40 mg、海藻糖为180 mg、安赛蜜为1.5 mg。相比于小儿清热宁颗粒, 最优口感配方感官评价得分提升了37.5分。
本研究重点关注了不良口感中的以苦味为代表的滋味CQA, 通过滋味赋值法计算的中药复方的苦味分值占比仅考虑中药口服制剂所有中药组成单一味分值的总和, 因此又提出了基于参比物质的苦味定量评价方法, 以弥补因复方中药物间相互作用导致苦度计算时出现误差的不足。由于儿童志愿者招募的困难性, 采用电子舌技术和成人志愿者对儿童口服制剂进行口感评价。电子舌感官评价方法不能完全代表真实滋味, 但适合大量筛选样品; 人感官评价方法易疲劳、主观性强, 但最能代表样品真实滋味, 因此两种方法联合应用可弥补单一方法的不足。另外, 口尝感官培训及矫味添加量的筛选等过程均考虑到儿童用药特点进行适量扩大范围, 以尽力弥补成人志愿者评价儿童药物口感的不足。
本研究针对中药口服制剂滋味CQA不明确导致口感不良的问题, 以小儿清热宁颗粒为范例, 建立了基于滋味赋值和参比物质的滋味CQA辨识方法, 发现小儿清热宁颗粒的苦味分值占比为61.8%, 苦味等级为3.70, 表明苦味是导致小儿清热宁颗粒口感不良的滋味CQA; 其次, 以ADI、溶解度、甜度及复配甜度为限定条件确定矫味剂种类为HP-β-CD、海藻糖、安赛蜜, 每毫升小儿清热宁无糖中间体溶液中的最大添加量分别为40、240、3 mg; 基于电子舌和人感官评价技术确定了每毫升小儿清热宁无糖中间体溶液的矫味剂最优添加量, 即HP-β-CD为40 mg、海藻糖为180 mg、安赛蜜为1.5 mg, 且该配方感官评价得分相比于小儿清热宁颗粒提升了37.5分; 最终形成了一套包括滋味CQA辨识、矫味剂种类和添加量筛选及配方优化的小儿清热宁口感改善策略, 为其他中药口服制剂不良口感改善提供思路参考, 为中药智能制造质量控制提供新视角。
作者贡献: 胡小艳、陆影负责实验研究、分析数据和文章撰写; 王晓萌、魏宇楠、戴平、马朝富、张瀚、王静负责实验研究; 马丽娟、戴幸星、姚璐和徐蓓蕾博士负责思路指导; 吴志生研究员、徐伟教授、李楠副研究员负责思路指导和对文章的知识性内容进行审阅并提供研究经费。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明没有利益冲突。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3501902)
  • 国家自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金项目(82022073)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82274110)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费北京中医药大学揭榜挂帅项目(2022-JYB-JBZR-018)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费北京中医药大学揭榜挂帅项目(2022-JYB-JBZR-019)
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2023年第58卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1329
  • 接收时间:2022-12-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-05
  • 修回日期:2023-02-08
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3501902)
国家自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金项目(82022073)
国家自然科学基金项目(82274110)
中央高校基本科研业务费北京中医药大学揭榜挂帅项目(2022-JYB-JBZR-018)
中央高校基本科研业务费北京中医药大学揭榜挂帅项目(2022-JYB-JBZR-019)
作者信息
    1.福建中医药大学药学院, 福建 福州 350122
    2.北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
    3.中药制药与新药开发教育部工程研究中心, 北京 102488
    4.北京同仁堂科技发展股份有限公司, 北京 100079
    5.哈尔滨商业大学药学院, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150076

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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