Article(id=1198656151052186521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0788, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687708800000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-26, revisedDate=1690387200000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711496365, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1694448000000, pubDateStr=2023-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711496365, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711496365, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711496365, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656143976399200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='9', pageStart='2541', pageEnd='2834', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1694448000000', pubDateStr='2023-09-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711494677, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763711620095, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2707, endPage=2714, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656151421285285, articleId=1198656151052186521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Screening novel inhibitors of squalene epoxidase and their effects on hepatocellular carcinoma, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Squalene epoxidase (SQLE) is a potential target for the treatment of liver cancer. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the high expression of SQLE was closely related to the clinical stage and poor prognosis of patients with liver cancer. However, the existing inhibitors against SQLE 195 tyrosine residue (Y195) cannot be used clinically due to severe side effects. In this study, 35 small-molecule compounds targeting SQLE 335 tyrosine residue (Y335) were selected by computer virtual screening. Combined with MTT assay, 3 candidate compounds (19#, 31# and 35#) with significant inhibitory effects on the proliferation of Huh7 cell line were obtained. Further studies showed that these 3 compounds could inhibit the migration of Huh7 cells, reduce the contents of total and free cholesterol, up-regulate the expression of tumor suppressor gene PTEN, and down-regulate the expression of PI3K and AKT proteins. The results showed that the novel inhibitors 19#, 31# and 35# targeting SQLE Y335 could reduce cholesterol content, inhibit the proliferation and migration of Huh7, thus playing an anti-liver cancer role.

, authors=null, authorsList=Liang-qi GUO, Ya-li LIU, Xiao TAN, Ting ZHAI, De-qiao SHENG, Ya-yun LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=De-qiao SHENG, Ya-yun LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656156181819500, articleId=1198656151052186521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=角鲨烯环氧化酶新型抑制剂的筛选及其抗肝癌的作用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

角鲨烯环氧化酶(squalene epoxidase, SQLE) 是治疗肝癌的潜在靶点, 生信分析表明SQLE的高表达与肝癌患者的临床分期和不良预后密切相关, 但现有的针对SQLE第195位酪氨酸残基(Y195) 的抑制剂由于毒副作用严重而无法用于临床。本研究通过计算机虚拟筛选得到35个靶向SQLE第335位酪氨酸残基(Y335) 的小分子化合物, 结合MTT实验得到3个对肝癌细胞系Huh7的增殖具有显著抑制作用的候选化合物(编号19#、31#和35#)。进一步研究发现这3个化合物均能抑制Huh7细胞的迁移, 减少胞内总胆固醇和游离胆固醇的含量, 上调抑癌基因PTEN的表达, 下调PI3K和AKT的蛋白表达。研究结果表明, 靶向SQLE Y335位点的新型抑制剂, 可降低Huh7细胞内胆固醇含量, 抑制细胞的增殖与迁移, 进而发挥抗肝癌作用。

, authors=

#共同第一作者.

, authorsList=郭良琦, 刘雅丽, 谭潇, 翟婷, 盛德乔, 刘亚云, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=盛德乔, 刘亚云, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘亚云, Tel: 13986028744, E-mail: ;
盛德乔, Tel: 15871617998, E-mail:
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Number ID Molecular formula Relative molecular weight Structural formula
19# D430-2307 C24H21F2N5O2S 481.53
31# S723-2271 C27H29FN2O2 432.54
35# V027-9225 C22H21F3N2O5S 482.48
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Compounds information

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Number ID Molecular formula Relative molecular weight Structural formula
19# D430-2307 C24H21F2N5O2S 481.53
31# S723-2271 C27H29FN2O2 432.54
35# V027-9225 C22H21F3N2O5S 482.48
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角鲨烯环氧化酶新型抑制剂的筛选及其抗肝癌的作用
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郭良琦 1, # , 刘雅丽 1, # , 谭潇 1 , 翟婷 2 , 盛德乔 1, * , 刘亚云 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(9): 2707-2714
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (9) : 2707 -2714
角鲨烯环氧化酶新型抑制剂的筛选及其抗肝癌的作用
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Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
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2.湖北大学, 中药生物技术湖北省重点实验室, 药物高通量筛选技术国家地方联合工程研究中心, 湖北 武汉 430062, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960222539707308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151052186521, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960222548095918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151052186521, companyId=1198960222539707308, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960222556484527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151052186521, companyId=1198960222539707308, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.三峡大学基础医学院, 肿瘤微环境与免疫治疗湖北省重点实验室, 湖北 宜昌 443002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960222745228221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151052186521, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960222749422526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151052186521, companyId=1198960222745228221, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High Throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960222757811136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151052186521, companyId=1198960222745228221, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.湖北大学, 中药生物技术湖北省重点实验室, 药物高通量筛选技术国家地方联合工程研究中心, 湖北 武汉 430062)])])]
郭良琦1, #, 刘雅丽1, #, 谭潇1, 翟婷2, 盛德乔1, * , 刘亚云1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.三峡大学基础医学院, 肿瘤微环境与免疫治疗湖北省重点实验室, 湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 2.湖北大学, 中药生物技术湖北省重点实验室, 药物高通量筛选技术国家地方联合工程研究中心, 湖北 武汉 430062
通讯作者:
*刘亚云, Tel: 13986028744, E-mail: ;
盛德乔, Tel: 15871617998, E-mail:
Screening novel inhibitors of squalene epoxidase and their effects on hepatocellular carcinoma
Liang-qi GUO1, Ya-li LIU1, Xiao TAN1, Ting ZHAI2, De-qiao SHENG1, * , Ya-yun LIU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 2. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High Throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
出版时间: 2023-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0788
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角鲨烯环氧化酶(squalene epoxidase, SQLE) 是治疗肝癌的潜在靶点, 生信分析表明SQLE的高表达与肝癌患者的临床分期和不良预后密切相关, 但现有的针对SQLE第195位酪氨酸残基(Y195) 的抑制剂由于毒副作用严重而无法用于临床。本研究通过计算机虚拟筛选得到35个靶向SQLE第335位酪氨酸残基(Y335) 的小分子化合物, 结合MTT实验得到3个对肝癌细胞系Huh7的增殖具有显著抑制作用的候选化合物(编号19#、31#和35#)。进一步研究发现这3个化合物均能抑制Huh7细胞的迁移, 减少胞内总胆固醇和游离胆固醇的含量, 上调抑癌基因PTEN的表达, 下调PI3K和AKT的蛋白表达。研究结果表明, 靶向SQLE Y335位点的新型抑制剂, 可降低Huh7细胞内胆固醇含量, 抑制细胞的增殖与迁移, 进而发挥抗肝癌作用。

角鲨烯环氧化酶  /  新型抑制剂  /  肝癌  /  胆固醇  /  增殖  /  迁移

Squalene epoxidase (SQLE) is a potential target for the treatment of liver cancer. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the high expression of SQLE was closely related to the clinical stage and poor prognosis of patients with liver cancer. However, the existing inhibitors against SQLE 195 tyrosine residue (Y195) cannot be used clinically due to severe side effects. In this study, 35 small-molecule compounds targeting SQLE 335 tyrosine residue (Y335) were selected by computer virtual screening. Combined with MTT assay, 3 candidate compounds (19#, 31# and 35#) with significant inhibitory effects on the proliferation of Huh7 cell line were obtained. Further studies showed that these 3 compounds could inhibit the migration of Huh7 cells, reduce the contents of total and free cholesterol, up-regulate the expression of tumor suppressor gene PTEN, and down-regulate the expression of PI3K and AKT proteins. The results showed that the novel inhibitors 19#, 31# and 35# targeting SQLE Y335 could reduce cholesterol content, inhibit the proliferation and migration of Huh7, thus playing an anti-liver cancer role.

squalene epoxidase  /  novel inhibitor  /  liver cancer  /  cholesterol  /  proliferation  /  migration
郭良琦, 刘雅丽, 谭潇, 翟婷, 盛德乔, 刘亚云. 角鲨烯环氧化酶新型抑制剂的筛选及其抗肝癌的作用. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2707 -2714 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0788
Liang-qi GUO, Ya-li LIU, Xiao TAN, Ting ZHAI, De-qiao SHENG, Ya-yun LIU. Screening novel inhibitors of squalene epoxidase and their effects on hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2707 -2714 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0788
角鲨烯环氧化酶(squalene epoxidase, SQLE) 属于黄素蛋白单加氧酶家族, 是胆固醇合成中的限速酶之一, 主要催化角鲨烯氧化生成2,3(S)-氧化鲨烯, 其活性依赖于黄素腺苷二核苷酸(flavin adenosine dinucleotide, FAD)[1]。SQLE定位于细胞的内质网, 主要存在于肝脏、神经组织和皮肤等[2]。SQLE的异常表达被证实与包括肝癌在内的多种癌症有直接的关系, 在促进肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移、维持肿瘤细胞干性等方面都发挥重要作用[3-5], 已成为临床上判断预后不良的分子标志物[1]。SQLE过表达是可造成胆固醇累积并激活PI3K/AKT信号通路, 调节下游与细胞周期调控、细胞凋亡、迁移和侵袭等相关靶点的表达, 最终导致肝癌细胞的增殖[6, 7]。用SQLE的抑制剂特比萘芬处理肝癌模型, 可明显减少肿瘤的体积和数量, 降低肝癌的转移率, 抑制细胞的增殖和克隆形成[7, 8]。因此, 筛选具有抗肝癌活性的SQLE抑制剂, 对肝癌治疗有着重要的理论和应用价值。
由于SQLE的不稳定性以及易形成聚集物等因素, 给其结构的解析带来很大的困扰, 导致了SQLE抑制剂研究进展缓慢[9]。2019年SQLE的晶体结构解析出来后, 给SQLE新型抑制剂的开发提供了新思路[10, 11]。据报道, SQLE的催化活性与第195位酪氨酸残基(Y195) 和第335位酪氨酸残基(Y335) 有关[10]。SQLE先与辅基FAD结合形成活性状态, 再催化角鲨烯生成2,3(S)-氧化鲨烯。在SQLE与FAD结合时, Y195与168位的谷氨酰胺(Q168) 形成氢键, 使SQLE转化为活性状态。Y335侧链羟基可通过桥联水分子与FAD的N5原子相互作用, 保证在催化角鲨烯发生氧化反应的过程中氧转移的顺利进行。目前, 已知的SQLE的抑制剂NB-598和特比萘芬的作用位点都是Y195, 抑制剂结构中的叔胺基团与Y195之间形成氢键, 阻止Y195与Q168的作用, 抑制SQLE的活化, 进而抑制SQLE的所有催化反应, 所以其产生的神经和皮肤毒性较大[12-14]。若抑制Y335, 则仅抑制角鲨烯反应中间体的形成, 可特异性地抑制对角鲨烯的催化反应, 而不影响SQLE的其他催化反应, 因而减少了毒副反应的发生。
本研究根据SQLE的晶体结构, 通过计算机虚拟筛选技术和体外抗肿瘤活性评价, 筛选了针对SQLE蛋白Y335位点的小分子化合物, 并研究了它们对肝癌的抑制效果与作用机制。
药品与试剂  小分子化合物(上海陶术生物公司); 特比萘芬(terbinafine) (T859226, 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司); 人肝癌细胞系Huh7 (湖北顺康生物科技有限公司); DMEM培养基(21013024, 美国Gibco公司); 胎牛血清(C2910-0500, 上海逍鹏生物科技有限公司); 双抗(GNM15140)、胰酶(GNM25200) (浙江吉诺赛百尔生物科技有限公司); protease inhibitor cocktail (HY-K0010, 美国MedChemExpress); DMSO (D806645)、EB (E7637) (美国Sigma公司); RIPA裂解液(R0020, 北京Solarbio公司); 蛋白定量分析试剂盒(P0011)、ECL化学发光试剂盒(P0018AS) (上海碧云天生物科技有限公司); 胆固醇检测试剂盒(A12216, 美国ThermoFisher公司); 30%丙烯酰胺-甲叉双丙烯酰胺(AR1161, 武汉博士德生物公司); TEMED (AR1165, 美国Life Technologies公司); PVDF膜(IPVH00010, 德国Millipore公司); 磷酸酶基因(phosphatase and tensin homolog, PTEN) 抗体(WL01901)、磷酸肌醇3-激酶基因(phosphoinositide3-kinase, PI3K) 抗体(WL03380)、蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, AKT) 抗体(WL0003b) (万类生物公司); 5× protein loading buffer (G2013)、TBS粉末(G0001) (武汉赛维尔生物科技公司)。
细胞培养  用DMEM完全培养基(含10%胎牛血清, 1%的青霉素/链霉素) 置于37 ℃、5% CO2细胞恒温培养箱内培养。当细胞密度达到90%时进行传代, 每3天传代1次, 取对数生长期细胞用于实验。
MTT  用DMEM完全培养基稀释化合物至所需浓度, 处理细胞24、48和72 h。处理结束后, 加入0.5 mg·mL-1 MTT工作液, 4 h后弃上清, 每孔加入DMSO溶液150 μL。室温振荡240 s后, 酶标仪检测570 nm处的吸光度值, 并进行统计分析。
细胞划痕实验  6孔板背面做横向直线用以标记, 接种细胞, 确保细胞贴壁后, 枪头垂直于标记线均匀划线, 吸去培养基, 用PBS润洗, 加入化合物处理, 根据划痕与标记线定位拍照。拍照后放入细胞培养箱中继续培养, 于24、48和72 h拍照, 拍照部位一致。利用ImageJ计算各组划痕愈合面积, 进行结果分析, 绘制统计图。
Transwell实验用无血清DMEM培养基饥饿细胞24 h, 处理完成后, 胰酶消化, 无血清培养基重悬, 取500 µL含有5×105个细胞的培养悬液, 加入transwell小室, 下室加入1 mL含20% FBS的培养基。按所需浓度将药物加入小室内。培养24 h后清洁小室, 染色, 风干。第二天拍照, 进行统计学分析。
胆固醇含量检测  将细胞接种于6 cm皿, 药物处理48 h, 消化后PBS重悬, 取部分细胞悬液检测蛋白浓度, 其余细胞加入配好的脂质萃取液(甲醇∶氯仿= 2∶1), 超声破碎, 14 000 r·min-1, 离心10 min, 取下层有机相冷冻挥干后, 按照试剂盒说明书操作, 得到胆固醇标准品及样品的荧光值。根据标准曲线计算样品中胆固醇含量, 除去样品蛋白浓度以排除细胞数量对结果的影响。
Western blot  将细胞接种于6孔板, 药物处理48 h, 处理完成后收集并裂解细胞, 检测蛋白浓度, 然后金属浴变性。取变性蛋白质经SDS-PAGE电泳、转膜、5%牛奶封闭、一抗4 ℃孵育过夜、二抗37 ℃孵育1 h、ECL试剂盒发光显色后进行成像采集, ImageJ对条带进行灰度分析, 以β-actin作为内参。
统计学分析  文中数据均用SPSS22.0分析并处理, 每组数据均进行3次独立重复实验, 用平均值±标准差表示; 采用t检验比较两样本均数, P < 0.05则认为结果有统计学意义。
首先通过在线网站UALCAN分析得到SQLE mRNA在多种癌症中表达上调(图 1A), 其中在肝癌(liver hepatocellular carcinoma, LIHC) 中SQLE的mRNA水平比正常组织高5倍以上, 呈极显著性差异(P < 0.01, 图 1B)。通过UALCAN分析发现在LIHC患者组织中, SQLE表达越高, TP53突变率越高(图 1C), 肿瘤的恶性程度也越高(图 1D)。LIHC患者的种族分析发现, SQLE在白种人、亚洲人和非裔美国人中的表达量依次增加(图 1E)。GEPIA生存分析显示, SQLE与肝癌患者的总生存率呈负相关(图 1F)。通过UALCAN数据库的基因效应评分发现, 敲除SQLE后, 肝癌细胞系中Huh7细胞增殖抑制及死亡最为明显(图 1G), 所以后续实验选择Huh7进行深入研究。
通过Discovery Studio软件对商用化合物数据库Chemdiv中的小分子化合物进行筛选, 排除掉不适合成药的化合物。然后与SQLE的晶体结构(PDB ID: 6C6R) 的Y335位点进行分子对接, 依次用LibDock、CDOCKER、CLC Drug Discovery Workbench程序进行打分和评价, 每次取前10%进行下一轮。按照3次结果的一致性和化合物的结构特点, 挑选出35个进行后续的生物学实验, 编号为1#~35#, 筛选流程如图 2所示。
为了研究35个化合物对肝癌的杀伤作用, 首先通过MTT法检测50 μmol·L-1 1#~35#化合物作用于Huh7细胞48 h后细胞的存活率, 结果发现19#、31#、35#化合物处理后细胞存活率低于50%。因此选择19#、31#、35#为候选小分子化合物, 化合物相关信息见表 1。化合物对肝癌细胞的杀伤作用已申请相关专利(申请号202310643102.4和202310643103.9)。
进一步使用19#、31#、35#化合物处理Huh7细胞, 结果如图 3所示。随着化合物给药浓度和处理时间的增加, 对Huh7细胞增殖的抑制作用越来越显著。19#化合物处理Huh7细胞24、48、72 h后IC50分别为83.6、27.2、23.3 μmol·L-1; 31#化合物处理Huh7细胞48、72 h后IC50分别为25.7、5.1 μmol·L-1; 35#化合物处理Huh7细胞48、72 h后IC50分别为29.4、6.2 μmol·L-1。因此, 后续实验选择处理浓度为25和6.25 μmol·L-1
为研究化合物对肝癌细胞迁移能力的影响, 用化合物处理Huh7细胞24、48和72 h, 发现划痕的面积随着处理浓度增加和处理时间延长而增加, 说明3种化合物均可抑制细胞的迁移能力(图 4A)。
用化合物处理Huh7细胞24 h后, 统计穿过transwell小室的细胞数量, 发现药物处理组穿过的细胞数量明显少于对照组, 说明化合物均可抑制细胞的迁移, 其中19#和35#比31#的抑制效果要更明显(图 4B)。
为研究化合物对细胞内胆固醇含量的影响, 用化合物处理Huh7细胞48 h后, 检测细胞内总胆固醇及游离胆固醇水平, 结果如图 5A~C所示。25 μmol·L-1处理组的3种化合物对胞内胆固醇含量均有抑制作用, 其中19#化合物处理后, 胞内游离胆固醇和总胆固醇水平分别下降至对照组的56% (P < 0.05) 和54% (P < 0.05); 31#化合物处理后, 胞内游离胆固醇和总胆固醇水平分别下降至对照组的60% (P < 0.05) 和58% (P < 0.05); 35#化合物处理后, 胞内游离胆固醇和总胆固醇水平分别下降至对照组的32% (P < 0.05) 和36% (P < 0.05)。35#比19#和31#的抑制效果更明显。
为了研究化合物能否通过PTEN调节PI3K/AKT相关通路, 本研究使用化合物处理Huh7细胞48 h, 检测细胞内PTEN、PI3K和AKT蛋白表达水平, 结果如图 6所示。化合物19#、31#、35#能够显著性增加抑癌基因PTEN的表达水平并降低PI3K和AKT的蛋白表达水平(P < 0.05)。
针对致癌靶点的靶向治疗药物能有效减少对正常组织细胞的伤害, 促进肿瘤细胞的特异性死亡, 是肿瘤药物发展的未来方向。SQLE是胆固醇合成限速酶之一, 在包括肝癌、乳腺癌、结直肠癌、肺癌等多种癌组织中的表达明显高于正常组织[4, 8, 15, 16]。SQLE过表达不仅能促进癌细胞增殖、抑制癌细胞凋亡、维持癌细胞的干性、促进上皮细胞间充质转化, 还与癌细胞的放化疗耐受密切相关[3, 5, 7], 也能通过干扰肠道菌群而导致肿瘤的发生[17]。本文通过UALCAN、GEPIA等在线网站分析发现SQLE基因在LIHC患者中高表达, 且SQLE在非裔美国人和亚洲人种的LIHC患者中表达高于白种人。同时, 高表达的SQLE不仅与TP53的突变率呈正相关, 还是肝癌患者肿瘤分级的重要依据, 表明SQLE可能是肝癌治疗的潜在靶点。
早期受限于不甚明了SQLE蛋白晶体结构, 很难有效地改进或研发新的SQLE抑制剂。2019年SQLE的晶体结构被Padyana的团队[10]成功解析, 显示SQLE的活性与Y195和Y335有关。现有的SQLE抑制剂特比萘芬及其衍生物NB-598均是阻止Y195与168位谷氨酰胺残基(Q168) 形成氢键, 导致SQLE不能被活化而抑制SQLE的所有反应, 这是特比萘芬及其衍生物NB-598产生毒副作用的主要原因[14]。而Y335为SQLE催化氧化反应所必需, 基于该位点的抑制剂仅抑制角鲨烯反应中间体的形成[10], 因而可降低毒副作用的发生。本文基于SQLE的晶体结构, 利用计算机虚拟筛选技术筛选出了35个针对SQLE Y335位点的抑制剂, 结合它们对肝癌细胞系Huh7的活性研究, 得到了3个能显著抑制Huh7细胞增殖与迁移的化合物。
流行病学的研究发现, 胆固醇的摄入超标是肝硬化及肝癌的独立相关因素[18]。癌细胞往往表现出大量胆固醇积累, 以增强膜受体信号转导、改变线粒体膜活性、影响肿瘤免疫等[6]。细胞内胆固醇水平上调可促进癌细胞的侵袭性和骨转移[19-22], 而减少细胞内胆固醇的含量, 可有效促进肿瘤细胞的死亡[23-25]。在肝癌细胞中, 胆固醇水平升高还可导致癌细胞对凋亡信号的抵抗, 降低癌细胞对化疗药物的敏感性[26]。此外, SQLE可通过激活PI3K/AKT信号通路促进非酒精性脂肪肝病诱导的肝细胞癌患者的胆固醇的合成, 加速肝癌细胞的增殖与迁移[7]。本研究检测了上述3个SQLE Y335抑制剂处理Huh7细胞后对胆固醇含量和PTEN、PI3K、AKT蛋白表达的影响, 发现它们均可降低细胞内胆固醇含量, 上调PTEN蛋白表达水平, 下调PI3K和AKT蛋白表达水平。
综上所述, 本研究针对SQLE的Y335位点, 利用药物开发软件结合MTT实验, 筛选得到3个具有抑制Huh7细胞增殖和迁移作用的小分子化合物。体外实验的研究结果表明, 3个化合物可通过上调Huh7细胞中PTEN的表达, 抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路, 减少胞内胆固醇积累, 最终抑制肝癌细胞的增殖和迁移, 发挥抗肝癌的作用。本文的研究结果为筛选治疗肝癌的高效低毒的靶向药物提供了理论与实验基础。
致谢: 感谢湖北大学中药生物技术湖北省重点实验室陈勇教授对本文的指导。
作者贡献: 郭良琦是本文的主要撰写者, 收集资料并分析, 完善相关实验; 刘雅丽、翟婷、谭潇是实验参与者; 刘亚云、盛德乔负责技术指导并修改论文。所有作者阅读并认可终稿。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 2021年湖北省科技厅自然科学基金青年基金项目(2021CFB065)
  • 2020年药物高通量筛选技术国家地方联合工程研究中心(湖北大学) 开放研究基金重大项目(M20201001)
  • 2022年中药生物技术湖北省重点实验室(湖北大学) 开放课题(KF2022003)
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2023年第58卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0788
  • 接收时间:2023-06-26
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-26
  • 修回日期:2023-07-27
基金
2021年湖北省科技厅自然科学基金青年基金项目(2021CFB065)
2020年药物高通量筛选技术国家地方联合工程研究中心(湖北大学) 开放研究基金重大项目(M20201001)
2022年中药生物技术湖北省重点实验室(湖北大学) 开放课题(KF2022003)
作者信息
    1.三峡大学基础医学院, 肿瘤微环境与免疫治疗湖北省重点实验室, 湖北 宜昌 443002
    2.湖北大学, 中药生物技术湖北省重点实验室, 药物高通量筛选技术国家地方联合工程研究中心, 湖北 武汉 430062

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*刘亚云, Tel: 13986028744, E-mail: ;
盛德乔, Tel: 15871617998, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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