Article(id=1198656146757222798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0164, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1676476800000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-16, revisedDate=1678723200000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711495341, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1694448000000, pubDateStr=2023-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711495341, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711495341, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711495341, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656143976399200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='9', pageStart='2541', pageEnd='2834', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1694448000000', pubDateStr='2023-09-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711494677, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763711620095, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2623, endPage=2631, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656147105350057, articleId=1198656146757222798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress of bacterial biofilm eradication agents based on modifications of natural products, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bacterial biofilm widely exists in all kinds of bacteria, and is related to about 80 percent of bacterial infections. It is one of the main reasons for bacterial tolerance and resistance to existing antibiotics. Therefore, there is unmet clinical need for new anti-biofilm drugs. At present, there are three kinds of anti-biofilm agents under research, including biofilm inhibitors, biofilm dispersal agents and biofilm eradication agents. Among them, the biofilm eradication agent is unique, which can not only kill bacteria in biofilm but also eliminate biofilm as a monotherapy. Based on modifications of natural products with antibacterial activity, a variety of compounds with biofilm eradicating activities have been obtained, such as, acyldepsipeptides, pyrrolomycins, halogenated phenazines and halogenated 8-hydroxyquinolines. In this review, we summarize several major biofilm eradication agents above according to their structures and mechanisms.

, authors=null, authorsList=Mao-cheng LI, Yu-she YANG, Dan ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656152226595463, articleId=1198656146757222798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于天然产物改造的细菌生物膜清除剂研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

细菌生物膜广泛存在于各类细菌之中, 与约80%的细菌感染有关, 是细菌对现有抗生素产生耐受性和耐药性的主要原因之一。因此, 开发新型抗生物膜药物具有重要意义。目前的抗生物膜剂主要有3类: 生物膜形成抑制剂、生物膜分散剂和生物膜清除剂。其中, 生物膜清除剂不同于另外两种, 可作为单药杀死生物膜内细菌并清除生物膜, 是一种具有潜力的抗菌药物。研究人员对具有抗菌活性的天然产物进行筛选与改造, 发现了多种具有生物膜清除活性的化合物, 如酰基缩酚酸肽、吡咯霉素、卤代吩嗪和卤代8-羟基喹啉及其衍生物等。本文按照结构和作用机制, 对几种主要生物膜清除剂的研究现状进行综述。

, authors=null, authorsList=李茂成, 杨玉社, 张丹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张丹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张丹, Tel: 86-21-50806600-3405, E-mail:
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基于天然产物改造的细菌生物膜清除剂研究进展
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李茂成 1, 2 , 杨玉社 1, 2 , 张丹 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(9): 2623-2631
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (9) : 2623 -2631
基于天然产物改造的细菌生物膜清除剂研究进展
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李茂成1, 2, 杨玉社1, 2, 张丹2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
  • 2.中国科学院上海药物研究所, 上海 201203
通讯作者:
*张丹, Tel: 86-21-50806600-3405, E-mail:
Research progress of bacterial biofilm eradication agents based on modifications of natural products
Mao-cheng LI1, 2, Yu-she YANG1, 2, Dan ZHANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 2. Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2023-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0164
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细菌生物膜广泛存在于各类细菌之中, 与约80%的细菌感染有关, 是细菌对现有抗生素产生耐受性和耐药性的主要原因之一。因此, 开发新型抗生物膜药物具有重要意义。目前的抗生物膜剂主要有3类: 生物膜形成抑制剂、生物膜分散剂和生物膜清除剂。其中, 生物膜清除剂不同于另外两种, 可作为单药杀死生物膜内细菌并清除生物膜, 是一种具有潜力的抗菌药物。研究人员对具有抗菌活性的天然产物进行筛选与改造, 发现了多种具有生物膜清除活性的化合物, 如酰基缩酚酸肽、吡咯霉素、卤代吩嗪和卤代8-羟基喹啉及其衍生物等。本文按照结构和作用机制, 对几种主要生物膜清除剂的研究现状进行综述。

细菌生物膜  /  生物膜清除剂  /  天然产物  /  季铵阳离子  /  卤代吩嗪

Bacterial biofilm widely exists in all kinds of bacteria, and is related to about 80 percent of bacterial infections. It is one of the main reasons for bacterial tolerance and resistance to existing antibiotics. Therefore, there is unmet clinical need for new anti-biofilm drugs. At present, there are three kinds of anti-biofilm agents under research, including biofilm inhibitors, biofilm dispersal agents and biofilm eradication agents. Among them, the biofilm eradication agent is unique, which can not only kill bacteria in biofilm but also eliminate biofilm as a monotherapy. Based on modifications of natural products with antibacterial activity, a variety of compounds with biofilm eradicating activities have been obtained, such as, acyldepsipeptides, pyrrolomycins, halogenated phenazines and halogenated 8-hydroxyquinolines. In this review, we summarize several major biofilm eradication agents above according to their structures and mechanisms.

bacterial biofilm  /  biofilm eradication agent  /  natural product  /  quaternary ammonium cation  /  halogenated phenazine
李茂成, 杨玉社, 张丹. 基于天然产物改造的细菌生物膜清除剂研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2623 -2631 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0164
Mao-cheng LI, Yu-she YANG, Dan ZHANG. Research progress of bacterial biofilm eradication agents based on modifications of natural products[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2623 -2631 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0164
细菌生物膜(bacterial biofilm, BF, 或称菌膜、细菌生物被膜) 是指附着于物体表面被细菌胞外大分子包裹的有一定三维结构和功能的细菌群体, 主要包括胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS, 由多糖、蛋白质、脂质、胞外DNA等组成) 及其包裹的细菌等[1]。自然界中超过99%的细菌可形成生物膜。生物膜对抗生素和宿主免疫防御机制具有屏障作用, 使得药物难以作用于菌群。生物膜内部的部分细菌处于静止、不分裂状态(即持留菌), 对抗生素的耐受性显著提高(10~1 000倍), 能够在暴露于抗生素下存活, 并在适当条件下重新生长, 进而导致持续和反复感染[2]。据统计, 大约有80%的细菌感染由生物膜引起, 例如骨髓炎、心内膜炎、牙龈炎、尿道炎、深层软组织感染和植入医疗器械感染等[3, 4]。目前临床使用的抗生素主要是细菌生长抑制剂(例如抑制细胞壁、蛋白质、核酸等合成), 针对处于快速分裂状态的浮游菌。它们中的大部分对生物膜内部的持留菌无效, 无法有效地清除顽固的细菌生物膜[2, 5]。因此, 迫切需要开发新型抗菌药物。
目前抗生物膜的化合物主要有3类: 生物膜抑制剂、生物膜分散剂和生物膜清除剂(biofilm eradication agents, BEA)[6]。其中, 生物膜抑制剂和生物膜分散剂通常是群体感应抑制剂, 通过抑制或干扰维持生物膜存在所需的化学信号途径分别抑制生物膜的形成和破坏已形成的生物膜, 均无法直接抑制或杀死膜内细菌; 而生物膜清除剂可以直接杀死生物膜内细菌并清除细菌生物膜[7], 无需与其他抗生素联用, 可单药进行细菌生物膜相关感染的治疗(图 1)。早期的生物膜清除剂研究主要基于一种不依赖于细菌生长的抗菌机制(即作用于细菌细胞膜), 例如抗菌肽和季铵阳离子, 但前者结构复杂, 后者毒性大。后来基于对具有抗菌活性天然产物的筛选与改造, 陆续发现多种新机制的生物膜清除剂, 极大地促进了这一领域的发展。下文对目前几种主要生物膜清除剂的研究现状进行概述。
抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides, AMPs) 是一类广泛存在于植物和动物体内的阳离子肽类化合物。这些肽类化合物种类多样, 大小从几个氨基酸到几十个氨基酸不等, 分子质量在1~5 kDa之间[8]。作为宿主体内的一道防线, 抗菌肽可通过多种途径表现出广谱抗菌活性, 对细菌有很强的杀伤作用, 尤其是对耐药菌的抗菌活性更受到人们的重视。许多抗菌肽的机制尚不完全明确, 最常见的是作用于细菌细胞膜表面, 通过诱导跨膜孔的形成和膜裂解作用表现出活性。此外, 其他已知的不依赖于细胞裂解的机制包括: 细胞内容物的絮凝、与核酸的结合以及细胞壁、蛋白质和核酸合成的抑制等[9]
LL-37是人体内主要的阳离子宿主防御肽, 存在于黏膜表面、吞噬细胞颗粒和大多数体液中, 浓度约为2~5 μg·mL-1, 而在慢性炎症部位的浓度会高得多[9]。Overhage等[10]发现LL-37对于革兰阴性菌——铜绿假单胞菌的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) 为64 μg·mL-1, 并且在1/128 MIC的低浓度下可将铜绿假单胞菌的生物膜量减少约40%, 在1 MIC下减少80%。进一步的研究表明, LL-37不仅预防生物膜的形成(将游离菌在1/16 MIC的LL-37中培养4天, 与对照组相比, 形成的生物膜厚度减少了约50%), 同时可以影响已形成的细菌生物膜(将已形成生物膜的细菌在1/16 MIC的LL-37中培养2天, 与对照组相比, 形成的生物膜厚度减少了50%以上, 且内部菌落不再存在), 具有潜在的生物膜清除活性。后期的作用机制表明, LL-37通过减少细菌细胞的附着、刺激抽搐运动和影响两个主要的群体感应系统(Las和Rhl) 来影响生物膜的形成。
LL-37在抑制或清除革兰阳性菌生物膜方面也有相关研究。Hell等[11]的研究表明, LL-37对表皮葡萄球菌的生物膜具有抑制作用。低浓度下的LL-37 (1 μg·mL-1, 1/32 MIC) 可明显地降低游离菌的附着能力; 在较高浓度(32 μg·mL-1, 1 MIC) 下, LL-37游离菌的附着能力完全丧失, 并能显著地抑制表皮葡萄球菌生物膜的形成。另一项研究发现, LL-37可在16 μg·mL-1浓度下抑制生物膜形成, 但并未影响游离菌的生长[10], 但该研究未评价LL-37对已形成的表皮葡萄球菌生物膜的清除作用。此外, Kang等[12]的研究发现, LL-37对金葡菌的生物膜具有清除作用。在10 μmol·L-1浓度下, LL-37可使生物膜内的菌落数减少4 log10以上。
除LL-37之外, 还有很多AMPs表现出良好的抗菌活性和抗生物膜活性, 具有进一步开发成为生物膜清除剂的潜力[6, 13]。但与传统抗生素相比, AMPs分子量更大、结构更复杂, 为合成与结构修饰带来巨大挑战。
由前文可知, AMPs具有良好的抗菌活性和潜在的生物膜清除活性。总结其结构特点发现, 该类化合物具有两亲性, 即同时具有极性和非极性两部分。因此, 研究人员基于这一特性开发了一系列同样具有两亲性、可作用于细菌细胞膜但结构简化的生物膜清除剂——季铵阳离子类(quaternary ammonium cations, QACs) 化合物。
Jennings等[14]探究了不同直链烷基连接子长度下, 单季铵、双季铵和三季铵阳离子化合物的抗菌活性以及对金葡菌和粪肠球菌生物膜的清除能力。当季铵阳离子的氮原子上连有十烷基、十一烷基或十二烷基脂肪链时其抗菌活性较好, 其中化合物QAC-10 (图 2) 的生物膜清除能力最佳, 对金葡菌生物膜的最小生物膜清除浓度(minimum biofilm eliminating concentration, MBEC) 为50 μmol·L-1, 对粪肠球菌生物膜的MBEC为25 μmol·L-1。与此同时, 该类化合物也表现出了较强的细胞毒性。研究认为, 对生物活性影响更大的是阳离子电荷性质, 而不是空间分布。
进一步研究发现, 当阳离子正电荷位于芳杂环的氮原子上时, 例如氯化十六烷基吡啶(cetylpyridinium chloride, CPC) 和PQ-12, Bn, 化合物的抗耐药菌活性要弱于抗敏感菌活性(图 2)[15]。Mitchell等[15]通过改变季铵阳离子类化合物的骨架, 得到了P系列、C系列和T系列3种全新骨架结构。其中, P系列化合物中P-11, 0, 11的抗菌活性和生物膜清除活性在该系列化合物中最佳, 但均低于QAC-10的活性; T系列化合物(如T-10, 10, 10) 与结构类似且较为简单的QAC-10相比并未有改善; 而C系列化合物中, 三阳离子化合物(如C-16, 1, 1) 比单阳离子化合物抗耐药菌活性更强。sT系列三阳离子和四阳离子化合物抗菌活性相似, 但均优于T系列; 在生物膜清除方面, 化合物sT-10, 10, 10, 0的活性最佳(CA-MRSA, MBEC = 25 μmol·L-1), 且该系列个别化合物(如sT-12, 12, 12, 1) 的细胞毒性也有所降低[16]
卟啉双阳离子化合物是十分重要的季铵阳离子类生物膜清除剂[17, 18], 其中化合物X-70和X-73具有良好的抗游离菌活性和生物膜清除活性(图 3), 对金葡菌SH1000的MBEC均为2 μg·mL-1, 而其他常见抗生素的MBEC均大于256 μg·mL-1。这类化合物作用于膜表面, 但并不造成膜溶解, 而是与细胞膜相互作用然后破坏膜电位, 导致钾离子和ATP的流失, 并抑制大分子合成。目前, Destiny Pharma公司已完成了XF-73的Ⅱ期临床研究。结果表明, 以鼻腔凝胶剂的给药方式下, 该化合物能够有效预防由金葡菌引起的术后感染。
近期, Kong等[19]对另一类AMP类似物——N-芳基咪唑类双阳离子化合物进行了抗菌活性研究。该类化合物主要由两个芳基烷基咪唑鎓离子和一个连接子组成。此研究合成了一系列含有不同烷基和不同连接子的N-芳基咪唑类双阳离子化合物并进行体外抗菌活性测试, 其中1Br.R3表现出较好的广谱抗菌活性(图 3, MRSA, MIC = 0.5 μg·mL-1; 敏感金葡菌, MIC = 0.25 μg·mL-1; 大肠杆菌, MIC = 1 μg·mL-1), 且细胞毒性低(以导致5%红细胞溶血的浓度即HC5表示, HC5 = 800 μg·mL-1, HC5/MIC = 1 600), 安全性良好。该类化合物具有很强的可调谐电子性质, 可以穿过细菌膜并快速进入细胞质而不破坏细胞膜, 这可能是其细胞毒性低的原因。进入细胞后, 化合物通过上调细菌中活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 的水平从而杀死细菌。1Br.R3对于MRSA产生耐药的倾向低, 同时又具有良好的生物膜抑制活性和生物膜清除活性, 并在小鼠体内表现出强大的杀菌能力和良好的肺炎治愈功能, 具有良好的发展前景。
季铵阳离子类化合物是研究较多的一类生物膜清除剂, 结构丰富, 抗菌和抗生物膜活性高[20], 已成为许多新型生物膜清除剂研究的参照。但靶向细胞膜的化合物往往具有一定的细胞毒性, 季铵阳离子类化合物亦是如此。由于内在毒性, 提高对哺乳动物细胞的选择性、降低毒性, 是研究这类化合物时需要解决的首要问题。
Michel等[21]在夏威夷链球菌NRRL 15010中分离出了一组酰基缩酚酸肽类(acyldepsipeptides, ADEPs) 化合物, 其主要成分为“factor A” (后称为ADEP 1)。该类化合物对葡萄球菌和链球菌有显著的体外抗菌活性。
随后研究发现[22] ADEP 1对耐药菌株同样表现出良好的抗菌活性(图 4, 对PRSP, MIC = 1.6 μg·mL-1; 对VRE, MIC = 0.4 μg·mL-1; 对MRSA, MIC = 6.3 μg·mL-1), 而其合成类似物ADEP 2 (MRSA, MIC = 0.4 μg·mL-1) 和ADEP 4 (MRSA, MIC = 0.05 μg·mL-1) 展现出更高的抗菌活性(图 4)。在粪肠球菌感染的小鼠体内实验中, 腹腔注射1.0 mg·kg-1 ADEP 2或0.5 mg·kg-1 ADEP 4, 小鼠5天生存率可达100%; 在金葡菌感染的小鼠体内模型中, 腹腔注射12.5 mg·kg-1的ADEP 4, 5天生存率可达80%。ADEP 4还显著地减少肝、脾和肺等主要器官中的细菌菌落数。
ADEP类化合物可代替ATP酶来激活ClpP蛋白水解酶系统, 使未折叠的蛋白(如新生肽) 不受控制地被水解, 从而抑制细胞分裂, 最终导致细胞死亡[23]。进一步研究表明, ADEP 4还具有抗持留菌和抗生物膜活性。在抗革兰阳性菌(包括MRSA和VRE) 方面, ADEP 4可有效杀死环丙沙星等抗生素治疗后残存的持留菌, 并将其菌落数降至检测极限以下, 而其他抗生素, 如利福平、利奈唑胺、万古霉素等均对持留菌无效。然而, 单独使用ADEP 4对MRSA和VRE产生的持留菌进行处理时, 均会在48 h后出现菌株生长趋势反弹的现象, 可能是产生了ADEP4抗性ClpP突变体所致。但是, 当ADEP4与利福平等抗生素联合使用时, 72 h后可有效地杀死持留菌且不发生生长趋势的反弹。除此之外, 这一联合用药方案还可以有效清除细菌生物膜, 例如, 用10倍MIC的ADEP4和利福平联合给药处理金葡菌UAMS-1的生物膜, 可在3天之后观察到菌落数降至检测极限以下(即减少4 log10以上)。体内实验表明, ADEP4与利福平联合用药时, 通过腹腔注射可在24 h内有效清除小鼠体内的金葡菌持留菌, 并使菌落数降至检测极限以下[24]。Brown Gandt等[25]的研究进一步发现, ADEP4与抗生素(如环丙沙星、达托霉素、氨苄西林、利福平或替加环素) 联用时, 在72 h内不仅可将处于休眠期的粪肠球菌V583 (VRE) 菌落数减少5 log10以上, 还可将膜内菌落数降至检测极限以下。在腹膜败血症小鼠模型的体内实验中, ADEP4与氨苄西林联合给药(腹腔注射80 mg·kg-1的ADEP 4与50 mg·kg-1氨苄西林) 时, 可将小鼠腹膜处粪肠球菌V583菌落数减少4 log10以上。
Carney等[26]在ADEP 1的基础上进行结构改造得到抗菌活性更强的ADEP 1g (金葡菌, MIC = 0.024 μg·mL-1; 肺炎链球菌, MIC < 0.02 ng·mL-1; 粪肠球菌, MIC < 0.02 ng·mL-1), 且优于ADEP 4。体内实验和毒性实验研究表明[27]该化合物处理的MRSA感染小鼠在10天内的存活率为39%, 该结果优于阳性对照组(万古霉素和去甲基的ADEP 4类似物处理的MRSA感染小鼠1天内无存活)。ADEP 1g对肾脏或肝脏细胞没有显着毒性, 也不影响组织形态, 具有良好的安全性。由此可见, ADEP类化合物与常见抗生素的联用方案在清除生物膜、杀死膜内持留菌方面具有巨大的发展空间。
吩嗪(phenazines) 是一大类具有氧化还原活性的次生代谢产物, 由许多革兰阳性菌(如金葡菌) 和革兰阴性菌(如铜绿假单胞菌) 产生, 同时也是细菌之间相互竞争的武器。它们最早发现于19世纪中期[28]。在年轻的囊性纤维化患者的肺部, 金葡菌通过形成生物膜以产生慢性感染, 随着患者年龄的增长, 铜绿假单胞菌通过产生具有抗菌活性的吩嗪类化合物(例如绿脓菌素, pyocyanin, PYO, 如图 5A所示) 来不断杀死生物膜内的金葡菌, 以竞争生存环境[29]。由此可见, 吩嗪类化合物具有良好的生物膜清除活性。
Huigens课题组合成并测试了多个吩嗪类化合物的抗菌活性。与天然吩嗪相比, 合成的卤代吩嗪(halogenated phenazine, HP) HP-1具有更强的抗菌活性(HP-1对金葡菌和表皮葡萄球菌的MIC均为1.56 μmol·L-1, 天然吩嗪2对金葡菌和表皮葡萄球菌的MIC均6.25 μmol·L-1)。这一结果表明, 通过结构改造可提高吩嗪类化合物的抗革兰阳性菌活性。同时, 作者还证明了1位酚羟基为活性必需基团, 替代为氨基或烷氧基会导致活性丧失, 但是与简单的羧酸成酯则可保留或增强活性[30]。进一步研究发现HP-1对临床分离株MRSA-2形成的生物膜具有清除活性(MBEC = 100~200 μmol·L-1), 并且其酯衍生物3 (图 5A) 的生物膜清除活性更优(MBEC = 62.5~100 μmol·L-1)[31]。这一发现表明该类化合物具有发展为新型生物膜清除剂的潜力。
随后该课题组以HP-1作为先导化合物, 探讨C-2位和C-4位的卤素取代以及C-7位和C-8位的取代对活性的影响(图 5B)[7]。其中, HP-14对于3种革兰阳性菌的生物膜清除活性最佳(MRSA, MBEC = 9.38 μmol·L-1; MRSE, MBEC = 2.35 μmol·L-1; VRE, MBEC = 0.20 μmol·L-1)[6]。当C-2位与C-4位均有Br取代时, 化合物的抗菌活性和生物膜清除活性较好, 当将C-2位的Br替换为H或C-4位的Br替换为甲基, 活性都会明显降低[7, 32, 33]。当C-7位引入取代时, 例如苯氧基、氯原子和叔丁基(化合物5~7), 化合物的生物膜清除活性有显著提高(例如对于MRSA生物膜, 这些化合物的清除活性相较于HP-1都有着 > 32倍的提高; 而对于MRSE生物膜, 除了化合物6外, 清除活性也都有着 > 20倍的提高)[32]。同样, C-6位引入取代基, 如甲基和乙基(化合物89) 时, 也大大改善了化合物对于3种革兰阳性菌的抗菌活性与生物膜清除活性。此外, 二甲基取代化合物1011的活性也均优于先导化合物(图 5B)[33]
近期, Huigens课题组又在C-3位引入Cl, 得到活性进一步提高的HP-29 (MRSA-1707, MIC = 0.08 μmol·L-1, MBEC = 2.35 μmol·L-1; MRSE, MBEC = 0.59 μmol·L-1; 对VRE, MBEC = 0.59 μmol·L-1), 其生物膜清除活性均优于相应C-3位为H的化合物8 (MRSA-1707, MIC = 0.30 μmol·L-1, MBEC = 6.25 μmol·L-1; MRSE, MBEC = 4.69 μmol·L-1; VRE, MBEC = 0.59 μmol·L-1) (图 5B), 而当Cl被替换为烷硫基后, 化合物的生物膜清除活性会明显降低。而在小鼠背部伤口感染模型实验中, 相对于空白对照组, HP-29连续处理3天后可分别将金葡菌UAMS-1和粪肠球菌OG1RF菌落数减少0.82 log10和1.73 log10[34]
同时, 作者也对卤代吩嗪类化合物的作用机制进行了探索。作者以HP-14为探针分子、以MRSA-1707生物膜为研究对象开展研究, 发现卤代吩嗪类化合物进入细菌细胞后可刺激与铁摄取相关的基因(如isdsbnsfa和MW0695等) 迅速上调。进一步研究揭示了该类化合物通过C-1位OH及其邻近的N与细胞内亚铁离子以2:1的比例发生螯合作用(图 6), 导致细菌内的亚铁离子浓度下降, 从而造成细胞铁饥饿而死亡和生物膜分散[35]
然而, 平面型多环芳烃分子结构导致该类化合物水溶性和脂溶性均很差。目前的解决方案是基于酚羟基开发前药, 例如含有寡聚乙二醇片段的碳酸酯衍生物, 如化合物1213 (图 7)[32, 33]。这些碳酸酯衍生物不仅显著提高了化合物的水溶性, 增强了其体外抗菌活性, 并维持其良好的生物膜清除活性和低细胞毒性的优点。但该类前药稳定性差、较短的半衰期(以化合物12为例, t1/2 < 1 min)。导致其半衰期短的原因可能为环境中的非特异性酯酶裂解因素(即哺乳动物和细菌酯酶的裂解) 导致这些碳酸酯前药快速水解释放出卤代吩嗪活性部分[5]。为此, Huigens课题组开发了醌烷氧基羰基氧基甲基(QuAOCOM) 型和醌甲醚型是两种释放机制相似的前药1415 (图 7)。它们都是借助细菌细胞内部的还原性环境, 使前药中缺电子的醌片段还原为氢醌中间体, 随后经过一系列裂解释放出卤代吩嗪活性成分。由于该类前药释放时间较长, 测试结果表明抗菌活性有一定程度的降低[5, 36]
Huigens课题组在保留吩嗪化合物药效团基础上通过骨架简化的方式设计了一系列卤代8-羟基喹啉(halogenated 8-hydroxyquinoline, HQ) 化合物。研究发现HQ-1具有良好抗菌活性(金葡菌, MIC = 0.39 μmol·L-1; 生物膜分散EC50 = 2.60 μmol·L-1)[37]; 进一步研究发现, HQ-1也具有生物膜清除功能。将HQ-1的C-2位的甲基替换为一系列氨甲基取代得到化合物16对MRSE的生物膜清除活性有很大提升, 而化合物17对VRE的MBEC仅为1 μmol·L-1 [38]。进一步的结构改造得到了化合物18, 该化合物不仅对3种革兰阳性菌的抗菌活性有很大提高, 同时与HQ-1相比, 对MRSA的生物膜清除活性提高了约10倍(图 8)[39]
综上所述, 无论是卤代吩嗪类化合物还是卤代喹啉类化合物都展现出了良好体外抗菌活性与生物膜清除活性。此外, 低细胞毒性也是这类化合物的一大优势。该课题组对部分卤代吩嗪的抗革兰阴性菌的活性也进行了探索, 但发现这些化合物对革兰阴性菌无生长抑制作用[6]。此外, 理化性质差也是制约这类化合物进一步发展的主要因素之一。
吡咯霉素类(pyrrolomycins) 化合物于20世纪80年代初从放线菌属和链霉菌属的发酵液中分离出来, 是一类多卤代抗菌剂(图 9), 对革兰阳性菌和部分革兰阴性菌展现出良好的抗菌活性, 其中吡咯霉素D展现出最强的抗革兰阳性菌活性(金葡菌, MIC ≤ 0.001 μg·mL-1; 表皮葡萄球菌, MIC ≤ 0.002 μg·mL-1)[40]。Schillaci等[41]首先报道了吡咯霉素Ⅰ (金葡菌, MBC = 3.1 μg·mL-1); 对表皮葡萄球菌, MBC = 0.37 μg·mL-1) 抗细菌生物膜活性。实验结果表明, 当吡咯霉素Ⅰ浓度为1 MBC时, 其对表皮葡萄球菌DSM 3269生物膜内细菌生长的抑制率高达96.3%; 当化合物浓度为1/2 MBC时, 对金葡菌ATCC 29213生物膜内细菌生长抑制率为89%。
Yang等[42]根据Lipinski五规则在吡咯环上引入F, 得到吡咯霉素4 (图 9, CLogP = 4.1)。该化合物展现出良好的体外抗菌活性(金葡菌, MIC = 0.073 μg·mL-1, MBC = 4.0 μg·mL-1)。值得注意的是, 该化合物在浓度为8.0 μg·mL-1时对金葡菌生物膜表现出100%的杀灭。而且该化合物在小鼠体内展现出较好的药代动力学性质, 口服生物利用度为35%, 通过静脉和口服给药消除半衰期分别为6.04和6.75 h。
近期, Huan等[43]将吡咯环替换为三氟甲基或氰基取代的吡唑环, 以提高化合物的类药性, 得到了抗菌活性与生物膜抑制活性较好的两个化合物1920 (图 9)。其中, 化合物19对MRSA (MIC = 0.062 5 μg·mL-1) 和VISA (MIC = 0.031 3 μg·mL-1) 的抗菌活性最好。浓度为0.125 μg·mL-1时, 这两种化合物都显著降低了金葡菌USA 300 LAC菌株的生物膜形成能力。此外, 这两个化合物显示出对哺乳动物细胞较低的细胞毒性和可接受的肝微粒体稳定性。虽然吡咯霉素类化合物显示出了一定的抗生物膜活性, 但是由于作用机制尚不清楚, 其结构改造在一定程度上受到制约。
细菌生物膜广泛存在, 是大多数慢性感染和反复感染的主要原因。生物膜的特殊结构不仅能使细菌逃脱免疫系统的清除和屏蔽抗菌药物, 而且使部分细菌在生物膜内部进入休眠状态成为持留菌, 进一步对抗生素产生耐受性和耐药性。由于持留菌的特殊性, 大部分作用于细菌细胞壁、蛋白质和核酸等合成过程的传统抗生素无法有效清除生物膜内的细菌, 因此开发新的、不依赖于传统抗生素作用机制的抗菌策略势在必行, 其中包括生物膜清除剂。
早期的生物膜清除剂研究集中在抗菌肽和季铵类阳离子化合物。这类化合物主要模拟靶向并改变细胞膜通透性的抗菌药物, 通过作用于细菌细胞膜而起作用。靶向细胞膜的化合物的主要问题之一是较强的细胞毒性, 但现有研究表明通过结构改造可有效降低细胞毒性。季铵类化合物是研究较早也是进展较快的一类生物膜清除剂, 其中XF-73已完成临床Ⅱ期试验。近几年通过对具有抗菌活性天然产物进行改造, 发现了多种机制新颖、抗生物膜活性优异的化合物, 包括酰基缩酚酸肽类、卤代吩嗪和卤代喹啉类、吡咯霉素类等。这些化合物具有显著优势, 如抗浮游菌和生物膜活性均较强、细胞毒性低等, 为进一步开发新型生物膜清除剂提供了新的方向。当然, 这些研究仍处于早期阶段, 面临着成药性较差、作用机制未完全阐明、部分化合物需与抗生素联用等问题, 需要更广泛深入的研究。
生物膜清除剂作为一种新的抗菌策略, 既能杀菌又能清除生物膜, 在治疗难治性、反复性、长期慢性感染方面具有巨大的优势和应用前景。随着对生物膜形成及耐受机制认识的增加和更多新结构、新机制化合物的出现, 研究人员将能更合理设计与改造化合物以克服现有问题, 使生物膜清除剂的研究迎来更大的进展。
作者贡献: 李茂成负责调研文献和撰写初稿; 张丹负责论文的选题与补充; 杨玉社负责论文的指导与修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明没有任何利益冲突。
  • 中国科学院青年创新促进会资助项目(2021275)
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2023年第58卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0164
  • 接收时间:2023-02-16
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-16
  • 修回日期:2023-03-14
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中国科学院青年创新促进会资助项目(2021275)
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    1.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
    2.中国科学院上海药物研究所, 上海 201203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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