Article(id=1198656146618810758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1045, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1662480000000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-07, revisedDate=1675785600000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711495308, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1694448000000, pubDateStr=2023-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711495308, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711495308, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711495308, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656143976399200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='9', pageStart='2541', pageEnd='2834', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1694448000000', pubDateStr='2023-09-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711494677, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763711620095, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2669, endPage=2676, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656147084378534, articleId=1198656146618810758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Protective effect of chrysin regulates AMPK-NLRP3 signaling mediated pyroptosis to alleviate hepatic fibrosis, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the protective effect of chrysin on hepatic fibrosis by regulating AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)-NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) mediated pyroptosis pathway. The hepatic fibrosis model of mice was established by thioacetamide (TAA) in vivo. Except the control and chrysin alone groups, the mice were injected intraperitoneally with TAA at 100 mg·kg-1, three times per week for the first week. From the 2nd to 5th week, mice were injected intraperitoneally with TAA at 200 mg·kg-1, three times per week for the next 4 weeks. Chrysin groups were intragastrically administrated once per day to 5th week. The histopathological changes were detected by HE and Masson staining. The levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were assessed by the kits. All animal experiments were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University (DWLL2019060). LX-2 cells were stimulated by (transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β) in vitro. The protein expressions of AMPKα, p-AMPKα, NLRP3, cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (caspase-1), gasdermin D (GSDMD) were detected by Western blot, and the mRNA levels of collagen-Ι, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-18, caspase-1, GSDMD were analysis by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Chrysin attenuated the increases in serum AST and ALT levels in the TAA group, while significantly improved the changes of liver morphology, reduced liver tissue inflammatory cell infiltration and inhibited collagens deposition. Compared with TAA group, chrysin effectively activated AMPKα phosphorylation and inhibited hepatic NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Additionally, the protein expressions and mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-18, caspase-1 and GSDMD in chrysin groups were decreased. Chrysin inhibited the expressions of collagen-Ι and α-SMA, enhanced the phosphorylation of AMPKα, and decreased the expressions of NLRP3 and GSDMD. Therefore, chrysin may inhibit inflammatory injury and pyroptosis possibly by activating AMPK and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome to alleviate hepatic fibrosis.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-xin ZHANG, Hao-lin GUO, Ji-feng LI, Ying DONG, Yong YANG, Ting BAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yong YANG, Ting BAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656151396123198, articleId=1198656146618810758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=白杨素调控AMPK-NLRP3通路介导细胞焦亡对肝纤维化的保护作用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究探讨白杨素(chrysin) 调控AMP活化激酶(AMP-activated kinase, AMPK)-NOD样受体蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3) 通路介导的细胞焦亡途径对肝纤维化的保护作用。体内实验采用腹腔注射硫代乙酰胺(thioacetamide, TAA) 建立小鼠肝纤维化模型, 除对照组和单独给药白杨素组外, 其余组第1周腹腔注射TAA (100 mg·kg-1) 3次, 第2~5周腹腔注射TAA (200 mg·kg-1), 每周3次。白杨素各给药组每天灌胃给药直至第5周。采用HE及Masson染色观察肝脏病理学变化, 测量小鼠血清中天冬氨酸转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、丙氨酸转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT) 水平。所有动物实验均经大连大学附属中山医院伦理委员会批准(DWLL2019060)。体外细胞实验采用转化生长因子-β (transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β) 诱导人肝星状细胞LX-2活化。Western blot法检测小鼠肝组织及LX-2细胞中AMPKα、p-AMPKα、NLRP3、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶-1 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1, caspase-1)、消皮素D (gasdermin D, GSDMD) 蛋白水平, 同时采用反转录酶-聚合酶链锁反应(reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR) 法检测肝组织中Ⅰ型胶原(collagen-Ι)、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin, α-SMA)、白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β)、IL-18、caspase-1、GSDMD mRNA表达水平。体内实验结果表明, 与对照组相比, TAA组小鼠血清AST、ALT水平升高, 肝组织炎性细胞浸润并有大量胶原沉积, 而白杨素给药组显著降低血清AST、ALT水平, 并且肝脏形态、炎性细胞浸润及胶原、纤维阳性表达也呈剂量依赖性, 优于TAA模型组。与TAA模型组相比, 白杨素各给药组提高了AMPKα的磷酸化水平, 抑制了NLRP3的表达。此外, 白杨素各给药组抑制了IL-1β、IL-18、caspase-1及GSDMD蛋白表达及mRNA水平。体外细胞实验结果表明, 白杨素能够抑制TGF-β诱导的肝星状细胞中collagen-Ι及α-SMA表达, 增强AMPKα及其磷酸化水平, 抑制NLRP3及GSDMD的蛋白表达。因此, 白杨素可能通过激活AMPK抑制NLRP3炎性小体, 减轻炎症和细胞焦亡, 从而缓解肝纤维化进程。

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*杨勇, E-mail: ;
白婷, Tel: 86-411-87403419, E-mail:
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TGF-<i>β</i>: Transforming growth factor-<i>β</i> (5 ng·mL<sup>-1</sup>) , figureFileSmall=eiVxSSsjz1zSZjMBtVZEmA==, figureFileBig=vwq7YlWD5M2H2imGB1a3+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960226079703644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656146618810758, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Species Primer sequence (5′ to 3′) Product length/bp
Collagen-Ⅰ Mus musculus F: TGAGTCAGCAGATTGAGAAC 301
R: TACTCGAACGGGAATCCATC
α-SMA Mus musculus F: CATCAGGGAGTAATGGTTGG 339
R: TACTCGAACGGGAATCCATC
IL-1β Mus musculus F: GTACATCAGCACCTCACAAG 268
R: CACAGGCTCTCTTTGAACAG
IL-18 Mus musculus F: GATCAAAGTGCCAGTGAACC 233
R: AACTCCATCTTGTTGTGTCC
Caspase-1 Mus musculus F: ACAAGGCACGGGACCTATG 237
R: TCCCAGTCAGTCCTGGAAATG
GSDMD Mus musculus F: CCATCGGCCTTTGAGAAAGTG 170
R: ACACATGAATAACGGGGTTTCC
GAPDH Mus musculus F: AGCCAAAAGGGTCATCATCT 229
R: GGGGCCATCCACAGTCTTCT
), ArticleFig(id=1198960226184561255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656146618810758, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences of PCR. α-SMA: α-Smooth muscle actin; IL: Interleukin; Caspase-1: Cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteases-1; GSDMD: Gasdermin D

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Species Primer sequence (5′ to 3′) Product length/bp
Collagen-Ⅰ Mus musculus F: TGAGTCAGCAGATTGAGAAC 301
R: TACTCGAACGGGAATCCATC
α-SMA Mus musculus F: CATCAGGGAGTAATGGTTGG 339
R: TACTCGAACGGGAATCCATC
IL-1β Mus musculus F: GTACATCAGCACCTCACAAG 268
R: CACAGGCTCTCTTTGAACAG
IL-18 Mus musculus F: GATCAAAGTGCCAGTGAACC 233
R: AACTCCATCTTGTTGTGTCC
Caspase-1 Mus musculus F: ACAAGGCACGGGACCTATG 237
R: TCCCAGTCAGTCCTGGAAATG
GSDMD Mus musculus F: CCATCGGCCTTTGAGAAAGTG 170
R: ACACATGAATAACGGGGTTTCC
GAPDH Mus musculus F: AGCCAAAAGGGTCATCATCT 229
R: GGGGCCATCCACAGTCTTCT
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白杨素调控AMPK-NLRP3通路介导细胞焦亡对肝纤维化的保护作用
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张宇欣 , 郭浩林 , 李纪丰 , 董颖 , 杨勇 * , 白婷 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(9): 2669-2676
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (9) : 2669 -2676
白杨素调控AMPK-NLRP3通路介导细胞焦亡对肝纤维化的保护作用
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张宇欣, 郭浩林, 李纪丰, 董颖, 杨勇* , 白婷*
作者信息
  • 大连大学, 慢性病研究中心大连市重点实验室, 辽宁 大连 116622
通讯作者:
*杨勇, E-mail: ;
白婷, Tel: 86-411-87403419, E-mail:
Protective effect of chrysin regulates AMPK-NLRP3 signaling mediated pyroptosis to alleviate hepatic fibrosis
Yu-xin ZHANG, Hao-lin GUO, Ji-feng LI, Ying DONG, Yong YANG* , Ting BAI*
Affiliations
  • Dalian Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Research Center, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
出版时间: 2023-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1045
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本研究探讨白杨素(chrysin) 调控AMP活化激酶(AMP-activated kinase, AMPK)-NOD样受体蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3) 通路介导的细胞焦亡途径对肝纤维化的保护作用。体内实验采用腹腔注射硫代乙酰胺(thioacetamide, TAA) 建立小鼠肝纤维化模型, 除对照组和单独给药白杨素组外, 其余组第1周腹腔注射TAA (100 mg·kg-1) 3次, 第2~5周腹腔注射TAA (200 mg·kg-1), 每周3次。白杨素各给药组每天灌胃给药直至第5周。采用HE及Masson染色观察肝脏病理学变化, 测量小鼠血清中天冬氨酸转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、丙氨酸转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT) 水平。所有动物实验均经大连大学附属中山医院伦理委员会批准(DWLL2019060)。体外细胞实验采用转化生长因子-β (transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β) 诱导人肝星状细胞LX-2活化。Western blot法检测小鼠肝组织及LX-2细胞中AMPKα、p-AMPKα、NLRP3、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶-1 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1, caspase-1)、消皮素D (gasdermin D, GSDMD) 蛋白水平, 同时采用反转录酶-聚合酶链锁反应(reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR) 法检测肝组织中Ⅰ型胶原(collagen-Ι)、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin, α-SMA)、白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β)、IL-18、caspase-1、GSDMD mRNA表达水平。体内实验结果表明, 与对照组相比, TAA组小鼠血清AST、ALT水平升高, 肝组织炎性细胞浸润并有大量胶原沉积, 而白杨素给药组显著降低血清AST、ALT水平, 并且肝脏形态、炎性细胞浸润及胶原、纤维阳性表达也呈剂量依赖性, 优于TAA模型组。与TAA模型组相比, 白杨素各给药组提高了AMPKα的磷酸化水平, 抑制了NLRP3的表达。此外, 白杨素各给药组抑制了IL-1β、IL-18、caspase-1及GSDMD蛋白表达及mRNA水平。体外细胞实验结果表明, 白杨素能够抑制TGF-β诱导的肝星状细胞中collagen-Ι及α-SMA表达, 增强AMPKα及其磷酸化水平, 抑制NLRP3及GSDMD的蛋白表达。因此, 白杨素可能通过激活AMPK抑制NLRP3炎性小体, 减轻炎症和细胞焦亡, 从而缓解肝纤维化进程。

白杨素  /  肝纤维化  /  细胞焦亡  /  腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶  /  NOD样受体蛋白3  /  消皮素D

This study investigated the protective effect of chrysin on hepatic fibrosis by regulating AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)-NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) mediated pyroptosis pathway. The hepatic fibrosis model of mice was established by thioacetamide (TAA) in vivo. Except the control and chrysin alone groups, the mice were injected intraperitoneally with TAA at 100 mg·kg-1, three times per week for the first week. From the 2nd to 5th week, mice were injected intraperitoneally with TAA at 200 mg·kg-1, three times per week for the next 4 weeks. Chrysin groups were intragastrically administrated once per day to 5th week. The histopathological changes were detected by HE and Masson staining. The levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were assessed by the kits. All animal experiments were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University (DWLL2019060). LX-2 cells were stimulated by (transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β) in vitro. The protein expressions of AMPKα, p-AMPKα, NLRP3, cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (caspase-1), gasdermin D (GSDMD) were detected by Western blot, and the mRNA levels of collagen-Ι, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-18, caspase-1, GSDMD were analysis by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Chrysin attenuated the increases in serum AST and ALT levels in the TAA group, while significantly improved the changes of liver morphology, reduced liver tissue inflammatory cell infiltration and inhibited collagens deposition. Compared with TAA group, chrysin effectively activated AMPKα phosphorylation and inhibited hepatic NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Additionally, the protein expressions and mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-18, caspase-1 and GSDMD in chrysin groups were decreased. Chrysin inhibited the expressions of collagen-Ι and α-SMA, enhanced the phosphorylation of AMPKα, and decreased the expressions of NLRP3 and GSDMD. Therefore, chrysin may inhibit inflammatory injury and pyroptosis possibly by activating AMPK and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome to alleviate hepatic fibrosis.

chrysin  /  hepatic fibrosis  /  pyroptosis  /  AMP-activated kinase  /  NOD-like receptor protein 3  /  gasdermin D
张宇欣, 郭浩林, 李纪丰, 董颖, 杨勇, 白婷. 白杨素调控AMPK-NLRP3通路介导细胞焦亡对肝纤维化的保护作用. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2669 -2676 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1045
Yu-xin ZHANG, Hao-lin GUO, Ji-feng LI, Ying DONG, Yong YANG, Ting BAI. Protective effect of chrysin regulates AMPK-NLRP3 signaling mediated pyroptosis to alleviate hepatic fibrosis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2669 -2676 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1045
肝纤维化(hepatic fibrosis, HF) 是肝脏组织损伤的自我修复反应, 以细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM) 的过度积累为病理特征, 导致纤维疤痕, 重建肝小叶, 形成假小叶和结节, 最终导致肝纤维化和肝功能障碍[1]。肝纤维化作为进一步发展为肝硬化的关键环节, 临床并发症包括肝细胞脂肪变性、炎症、代偿性瘢痕组织形成、肝硬化, 甚至发展为肝癌[2]。如何有效地阻断肝纤维化的病理进程是多年以来的研究热点之一, 目前研究表明肝纤维化属于可逆性病变, 一旦进展为纤维化的终末期肝硬化, 通常不可逆[3]。因此, 寻求新的治疗靶点和有效的抗肝纤维化治疗方法迫在眉睫。
腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated kinase, AMPK) 被认为是体内脂质代谢和葡萄糖平衡的中枢调节因子[4, 5]。活化的AMPK可磷酸化下游信号, 并抑制ATP合成, 促进其分解。研究表明, ATP可使肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cells, HSCs) NOD样受体蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3) 炎性小体激活, 促进纤维化标志物α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin, α-SMA) 和Ⅰ型胶原(collagen-Ⅰ) 的沉积而导致肝纤维化[6]。NLRP3炎性小体在肝纤维化中具有重要作用, 抑制NLRP3可介导肝细胞焦亡, 减轻炎症反应, 改善小鼠肝纤维化作用[7]。另有研究表明, 抑制AMPK通路可促进NLRP3/天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-1 (cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteases-1, caspase-1) 小体活化, 启动细胞焦亡(pyroptosis), 使促炎因子白细胞介素-β (interleukin, IL-1β) 和IL-18释放并放大炎性级联, 进而推动纤维化的进展[8]。细胞焦亡是一种新型促炎细胞程序性死亡方式, 依赖于caspase-1活化, 随后介导消皮素D (gasdermin D, GSDMD) 水解活化, 嵌入细胞膜形成微孔, 使细胞内外渗透压改变, 最终导致细胞肿胀破裂、胞质内容物和促炎细胞因子的大量释放, 从而参与机体免疫炎性反应[9]
白杨素(chrysin, CHR), 是一种天然黄酮类化合物, 主要从紫葳科植物木蝴蝶中提取得到, 具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗糖尿病和抗癌等药理作用[10]。研究发现, 白杨素对四氯化碳(carbon tetrachloride, CCl4) 肝损伤[11]以及通过抑制NLRP3炎性小体对抑郁症大鼠[12]有一定保护作用。但是, 白杨素缓解肝损伤及其与NLRP3炎性小体调控细胞焦亡的关系尚未完全了解, 因此本研究旨在探索白杨素对硫代乙酰胺(thioacetamide, TAA) 诱导小鼠肝纤维化的潜在作用和机制。
实验动物  8~10周龄C57BL/6雄性小鼠, 购于辽宁长生生物技术股份有限公司[SCXK (辽) 2020-0001]。实验小鼠安置于大连大学医学院标准化饲养动物房, 相对湿度40%~60%, 温度(22 ± 2) ℃, 12 h光照/12 h黑暗周期中自由进食和饮水。动物实验经大连大学附属中山医院伦理委员会批准(批准号DWLL2019060)。
药物与试剂  白杨素(HY-14589), MCE上海皓元生物医药科技有限公司; TAA (163678), 美国Sigma公司; TGF-β (HZ-1011), 美国Proteintech公司; 谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST) 试剂盒(C010-2-1)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT) 试剂盒(C009-2-1), 南京建成生物工程研究所; Masson三色染色试剂盒(G1340), 北京索莱宝科技有限公司; AMPKα (5831)、p-AMPKα (2535)、IL-1β (12242)、IL-18 (57058)、β-actin (8457) 抗体, Cell Signaling Technology公司; caspase-1 (392736) 抗体, Santa Cruz Biotechnology公司; collagen-Ⅰ (88147)、α-SMA (5694)、NLRP3 (214185)、GSDMD (219800), 英国Abcam公司; TRNzol Universal总RNA提取试剂(DP424), 天根生化科技有限公司。DMEM, 美国Hyclone公司; 胎牛血清(FBS), 美国Gibco公司。人肝星状细胞LX-2 (CC-Y1606), 上海酶研生物科技有限公司。
实验仪器  蛋白电泳转印系统(美国Bio-Rad公司); Multiskan FC酶标仪、高速冷冻离心机(美国Thermo Fisher公司); 荧光定量PCR仪(德国Eppendorf公司)。
动物分组给药及造模  C57BL/6小鼠适应8天后, 采用随机数字表将小鼠随机分为5组: 对照组(control)、单独给药白杨素组(CHR 50 mg·kg-1)、模型组(TAA)、白杨素低剂量组(TAA + CHR 25 mg·kg-1)、白杨素高剂量组(TAA + CHR 50 mg·kg-1), 每组8只。模型组第1周腹腔注射给予100 mg·kg-1 TAA 3次, 第2~5周腹腔注射给予200 mg·kg-1 TAA, 每周3次。白杨素低、高剂量组分别腹腔注射给予TAA和灌胃给予25和50 mg·kg-1白杨素, 单独给药白杨素组灌胃给予50 mg·kg-1白杨素, 每天1次。给药5周后, 采用乙醚麻醉小鼠, 眼球采血, 颈椎脱臼牺牲小鼠, 分离肝脏, 取出肝脏左前叶用多聚甲醛固定, 其余置-80 ℃冻存备用。
细胞培养与药物处理  人肝星状细胞LX-2培养在含10%胎牛血清(FBS)、100 u·mL-1青霉素、100 mg·mL-1链霉素的DMEM培养基中, 于37 ℃、5% CO2的培养箱中培养。LX-2接种在6孔板中, 密度为5×105个/孔, 用TGF-β (5 ng·mL-1)刺激2 h, 然后用白杨素(12.5、25或50 μmol·L-1) 培养24 h, 收集细胞, 提取蛋白, 用于Western blot检测分析。
血清生化分析  将采集的小鼠血浆离心30 min (3 000 r·min-1, 4 ℃), 收集上清液得血清, 使用检测试剂盒测定血清中AST、ALT含量。
肝组织病理检测  将多聚甲醛中固定好的肝组织, 石蜡包埋, 切成厚度为5 μm的肝脏薄片, 进行HE染色, 200倍光镜下观察病理变化。
Masson染色  将熔蜡透明脱水后的肝脏切片, 使用Masson三色染色试剂盒进行染色, 再脱水封片, 镜检, 采集图像。
免疫组织化学染色  将脱蜡透明脱水后的肝脏切片抗原修复, 经过氧化物酶封闭后一抗孵育过夜(4 ℃), 二抗室温孵育30 min, 加显色剂DAB后苏木精复染, 脱水、封片, 于倒置显微镜下观察p-AMPKα、NLRP3阳性表达情况。
Western blot检测蛋白表达  取约50 mg肝组织或刮取细胞培养板中细胞, 充分裂解提取肝脏总蛋白。SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳, 转印, 封闭, 加入collagen-Ⅰ (1∶1 000)、α-SMA (1∶1 000)、IL-1β (1∶500)、IL-18 (1∶500)、AMPKα (1∶500)、p-AMPKα (1∶500)、NLRP3 (1∶1 000)、caspase-1 (1∶1 000)、GSDMD (1∶1 000)、β-actin (1∶1 000), 4 ℃冰箱过夜孵育。次日充分洗膜后, 加入二抗室温孵育1 h, 充分洗膜后ECL显色, 显影、定影, 采集图像。
反转录酶-聚合酶链锁反应(reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR) 检测小鼠肝脏mRNA表达量  使用试剂盒提取肝组织总RNA, 并反转录成cDNA, 进行RT-PCR分析。实验所用相关蛋白基因collagen-Ⅰ、α-SMA、IL-1β、IL-18、caspase-1、GSDMD、GAPDH序列, 由上海生工生物工程股份有限公司代为设计并合成引物, 引物序列见表 1
统计学分析  使用GraphPad Prism 9.0程序通过单因素方差分析(ANOVA) 和Tukey多重比较检验评价组间差异, 进行统计分析。
图 1所示, 腹腔注射TAA 5周后, 与正常组比较, TAA模型组血清中AST、ALT水平显著升高(P < 0.001), 与TAA组比较, 白杨素高、低剂量组均明显降低血清中AST、ALT水平(P < 0.001), 且单独给药白杨素组与正常组比较, 无显著性差异, 说明白杨素无毒性。
HE染色结果(图 2A) 显示, 对照组及单独给药白杨素组小鼠肝小叶完整, 排列规则。TAA组小鼠肝小叶结构紊乱, 纤维间隔区域增加, 炎性细胞浸润增多。Masson结果(图 2B) 可见, 对照组及单独给药白杨素组肝组织结构完整, TAA模型组汇管区可见胶原纤维, 并出现明显的纤维间隔。白杨素各给药组随浓度增加, 可明显改善肝组织病理变化及胶原沉积, 说明白杨素在一定程度上能够减轻炎性细胞浸润, 缓解TAA所致肝组织损伤。
Western blot及RT-PCR结果显示(图 3), 与对照组比较, TAA模型组collagen-Ι、α-SMA蛋白表达及mRNA水平均显著升高(P < 0.001), 白杨素高、低剂量组均能够明显抑制二者表达(P < 0.001)。
IL-1β作为肝纤维化进程中的重要媒介, 能够促进肝星状细胞的增殖和分化, 使成纤维标志物水平上调。如图 4所示, 与对照组相比, TAA模型组IL-1β、IL-18蛋白表达及mRNA水平明显增加(P < 0.001); 与TAA模型组相比, 白杨素给药组显著降低IL-1β、IL-18蛋白表达及mRNA水平(P < 0.001)。
图 5AB免疫组化染色结果显示, 与对照组比较, TAA模型组小鼠肝脏p-AMPKα棕褐色阳性表达明显减少, NLRP3棕黄色阳性表达明显增加, 而白杨素各给药组能够显著增加p-AMPKα阳性表达, 降低NLRP3阳性表达。同时, 图 5C Western blot结果显示, TAA模型组p-AMPKα表达显著降低, NLRP3表达显著升高, 白杨素给药组能够显著逆转二者表达(P < 0.001)。
研究认为, GSDMD为炎性caspases的关键底物, 是最终执行细胞焦亡的效应蛋白[13]。如图 6结果显示, 与对照组比较, TAA组caspase-1、GSDMD蛋白表达及mRNA水平增高, 与TAA组比较, 白杨素各给药组caspase-1、GSDMD蛋白表达及mRNA水平显著降低(P < 0.001)。
HSCs作为肝纤维化发展中的重要靶细胞, 其可被促进纤维化因子TGF-β激活, 并将其转化为肌成纤维样细胞。在体外实验中, 采用TGF-β激活LX-2细胞, collagen-Ι及α-SMA表达增加, 说明细胞外基质蛋白的产生与沉积。给予白杨素处理后, collagen-Ι及α-SMA表达显著降低, 表明白杨素可以抑制HSCs中ECM的沉积(图 7A)。
为了进一步检测白杨素对HSCs细胞中AMPK-NLRP3-GSDMD通路的影响, 采用Western blot实验检测了LX-2细胞中p-AMPKα、AMPKα、NLRP3、GSDMD蛋白的表达水平。如图 7B结果表明, TGF-β抑制p-AMPKα、AMPKα蛋白水平, 给予白杨素处理后, p-AMPKα、AMPKα蛋白水平显著增加。在活化的LX-2中, TGF-β显著增加了NLRP3和GSDMD的表达, 而白杨素能够显著降低NLRP3和GSDMD蛋白的表达水平。以上结果说明, 白杨素可能通过调节AMPK和NLRP3的表达介导细胞焦亡的发生, 从而抑制HSCs的活化。
肝纤维化是一种肝脏炎症后的自我修复的病理过程, 炎症的控制对其治疗和转归起到关键作用。TAA诱导的肝纤维化模型在形态学和生化改变上与人肝纤维化有很高的相似性, 因此被广泛用于诱导动物肝纤维化[14]。本研究结果表明, TAA造成肝损伤小鼠血清AST、ALT显著升高, 白杨素能够降低AST、ALT水平, 减轻肝组织病理改变。此外, 白杨素能够抑制促纤维化因子collagen-Ι、α-SMA的表达, 说明白杨素对TAA所致肝纤维化具有保护作用。
目前研究发现, AMPK在肝纤维化发生发展中起重要作用。AMPK在真核细胞生物体内广泛存在, 由αβγ 3种亚基组成, 可以感受细胞能量状态并应答, 参与调节耗能的炎症、凋亡和增殖等病理过程[15]。AMPKα亚基在机体多种组织中发挥催化活性, 相关激酶可以通过磷酸化α亚基的Thr172位点实现对AMPK的激活。研究表明, AMPK参与肝纤维化过程中的HSCs增殖、转化、迁移及凋亡等不同过程。AMPK活化并促进ECM相关基因的表达, 增加HSCs胞内脂质, 从而抑制HSCs向肌成纤维细胞的转化。研究发现, 白杨素通过抑制细胞因子TGF-β的表达, 减轻炎症反应, 从而将活化的HSCs转变成静止状态, 使其产生的炎症反应得到缓解, 最终让ECM蛋白的形成放缓[16]。在CCl4小鼠模型中, AMPK以剂量和时间依赖性方式抑制TGF-βα-SMA的表达并抑制HSCs的增殖, 从而减轻肝纤维化[17]。此外, 有研究显示白杨素能够抑制炎症及调控AMPK信号通路改善糖和脂质代谢[18]。本研究结果显示, TAA诱导的肝纤维化小鼠肝组织AMPKα磷酸化作用降低, 给予白杨素后, 可以增加AMPK的磷酸化作用, 同时白杨素能够抑制由TGF-β诱导的HSCs中collagen-Ι及α-SMA蛋白表达, 说明白杨素能够抑制HSCs激活进而减缓肝纤维化进程。
肝损伤时, 坏死的肝细胞能够募集嗜酸粒细胞, 使促炎细胞因子IL-1β和IL-18释放, 进一步诱发肝细胞死亡、周围组织炎症、肝纤维化进展。而caspase-1抑制剂可抵消这一过程, 表明嗜酸粒细胞浸润可发生细胞焦亡对肝细胞产生影响, 并诱导肝纤维化的发展[19]。研究发现, 肝细胞发生焦亡并释放炎症小体复合物, 细胞外炎症小体可被HSCs内吞, 最终导致HSCs活化并促进体内肝脏炎症和纤维化[20]。在细胞焦亡发生时, 细胞内释放IL-1β和IL-18。其中IL-1β能够将单核细胞、巨噬细胞和树突状细胞等募集到肝脏中, 这些细胞可以与HSCs相互作用, 促进肝纤维化的发展[21]。目前的研究发现, 白杨素能够抑制TAA诱导的IL-1β及IL-18水平, 说明白杨素能够减轻TAA诱导的炎症反应而缓解肝纤维化。研究揭示, 在肝损伤中NLRP3炎性小体的激活导致HSCs异常激活及增殖, 可使caspase-1、ASC激活及IL-1β产生, 从而加剧肝损伤进程[22]。在细胞焦亡过程中, 炎性小体的装配是关键酶caspase-1激活的前提, NLRP3与caspase-1相互作用, 组装为炎性小体复合物, 进而导致组织损伤及炎症反应[23, 24]。与此同时, GSDMD被催化裂解, 结合细胞质膜中磷酸肌醇, 形成低聚致死孔, 导致与炎症相关的细胞焦亡, 而此过程会受到AMPK的调控[25]。本研究结果表明, 白杨素能够降低TAA诱导的NLRP3、caspase-1、GSDMD的表达, 抑制HSCs中NLRP3、caspase-1、GSDMD的蛋白表达, 提示白杨素可以促进AMPK激活, 抑制NLRP3炎性小体形成, 减轻细胞焦亡, 从而发挥对TAA所致肝纤维化的保护作用。
综上所述, 白杨素可能通过激活AMPK抑制NLRP3炎性小体形成, 减轻炎症和细胞焦亡, 从而改善小鼠肝纤维化。本文探究了AMPK-NLRP3通路在白杨素对TAA小鼠肝纤维化中的保护作用, 进一步丰富了白杨素的药理作用, 为更好地预防和治疗肝纤维化, 提供更科学合理的实验依据。
作者贡献: 张宇欣和郭浩林负责完成相关实验研究; 张宇欣、李纪丰和董颖负责数据采集与处理分析工作; 张宇欣和白婷负责完成撰写论文工作; 杨勇和白婷负责对本课题实验设计思路进行指导与修改论文工作。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81900532)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81700523)
  • 中央引导地方科技发展资金自由探索类基础研究项目
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2023年第58卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1045
  • 接收时间:2022-09-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-07
  • 修回日期:2023-02-08
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81900532)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81700523)
中央引导地方科技发展资金自由探索类基础研究项目
作者信息
    大连大学, 慢性病研究中心大连市重点实验室, 辽宁 大连 116622

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*杨勇, E-mail: ;
白婷, Tel: 86-411-87403419, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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