Article(id=1198656145696063853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0235, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1677513600000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-28, revisedDate=1681228800000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711495088, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1694448000000, pubDateStr=2023-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711495088, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711495088, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711495088, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656143976399200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='9', pageStart='2541', pageEnd='2834', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1694448000000', pubDateStr='2023-09-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711494677, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763711620095, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2560, endPage=2568, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656145960305012, articleId=1198656145696063853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Current advances of CRISPR/Cas system in antibacterial field, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A breakthrough in molecular biology for the twenty-first century is CRISPR/Cas gene editing, which has been used in a variety of fields due to its simplicity, adaptability, and targeting. Given the current global challenge of severe bacterial resistance, difficulties in detecting antimicrobial resistance, and slow development of antimicrobial drugs, CRISPR/Cas gene-editing technology offers a promising avenue for the development of antibacterial treatments. On the one hand, CRISPR/Cas gene editing technology helps advance the study of bacterial functions and serves as a toolbox. For instance, Cas proteins and exogenous repair systems enable efficient and precise gene editing, nCas proteins and deaminase systems facilitate template-free and single base precision editing, dCas proteins and reverse transcriptase allow for repair-free gene editing, and dCas proteins and modified sgRNA enable gene expression level regulation and gene function analysis. On the other hand, its specific gene recognition and targeted DNA cleavage characteristics can be used for pathogen detection, elimination of drug-resistant bacteria and genes, and hold promise as a new strategy for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

, authors=null, authorsList=Zong-ti SUN, Lang SUN, Xue-fu YOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lang SUN, Xue-fu YOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656146874663318, articleId=1198656145696063853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=CRISPR/Cas系统在抗细菌感染领域的应用现状与进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

CRISPR/Cas基因编辑技术是21世纪分子生物学领域的一次重大突破, 该技术的便捷性、通用性、靶向性将其应用的范围推向各个领域。在目前细菌耐药形势严峻、耐药菌检测手段局限、抗感染药物研发缓慢的全球大背景下, CRISPR/Cas基因编辑技术为抗细菌感染领域的发展提供了一些新的思路。一方面, CRISPR/Cas基因编辑技术有助于对细菌功能研究的展开, 起到工具箱的作用, 如利用Cas蛋白和外源修复系统实现高效、精准的基因编辑, nCas蛋白和脱氨酶系统实现无模板、单碱基精准编辑, dCas蛋白和反转录酶实现免修复基因编辑, 以及dCas蛋白和改造后的sgRNA实现基因表达水平调控、基因功能解析。另一方面, 它特异性识别基因、靶向切割DNA的特点可用于病原体检测、消除耐药菌及耐药基因, 有望成为临床诊断和治疗的新策略。

, authors=null, authorsList=孙宗倜, 孙琅, 游雪甫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙琅, 游雪甫, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*孙琅, Tel: 86-10-67061033, E-mail: ;
游雪甫, Tel: 86-10-67010489, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=cQqKDuFSD+qnFy08Krl1+g==, magXml=huKb1zUr7R3BgnSUaa1MlA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=GntWaxSOF8WR3lt9cswdrA==, pdfFileSize=815275, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=1hMsg/nXrTs99+AKXMKaQg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=yYTqR163mpqwAbAMIH1geg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1198960244337504411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198960244505276587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, authorId=1198960244337504411, language=EN, stringName=Zong-ti SUN, firstName=Zong-ti, middleName=null, lastName=SUN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1198960244622717111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, authorId=1198960244337504411, language=CN, stringName=孙宗倜, firstName=宗倜, middleName=null, lastName=孙, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染药物研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960244199092360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960244211675273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, companyId=1198960244199092360, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960244220063882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, companyId=1198960244199092360, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染药物研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)])]), Author(id=1198960244748546246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=sunlang@imb.pumc.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198960244920512732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, authorId=1198960244748546246, language=EN, stringName=Lang SUN, firstName=Lang, middleName=null, lastName=SUN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1198960245088284907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, authorId=1198960244748546246, language=CN, stringName=孙琅, firstName=琅, middleName=null, lastName=孙, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染药物研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960244199092360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960244211675273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, companyId=1198960244199092360, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960244220063882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, companyId=1198960244199092360, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染药物研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)])]), Author(id=1198960245373497605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xuefuyou@imb.pumc.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198960245549658393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, authorId=1198960245373497605, language=EN, stringName=Xue-fu YOU, firstName=Xue-fu, middleName=null, lastName=YOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1198960245734207792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, authorId=1198960245373497605, language=CN, stringName=游雪甫, firstName=雪甫, middleName=null, lastName=游, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染药物研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960244199092360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960244211675273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, companyId=1198960244199092360, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960244220063882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, companyId=1198960244199092360, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染药物研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1198960246044586324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=CRISPR/Cas system), Keyword(id=1198960246141055326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=gene editing), Keyword(id=1198960246266884457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=bacteria), Keyword(id=1198960246434656630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=drug resistance), Keyword(id=1198960246589845896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=treatment), Keyword(id=1198960246728257935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=CRISPR/Cas系统), Keyword(id=1198960246837309854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=基因编辑), Keyword(id=1198960246929584558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=细菌), Keyword(id=1198960247030247865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=耐药), Keyword(id=1198960247168659915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=治疗)], refs=[Reference(id=1198960248485671514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1038/nrmicro3569, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=722, pageEnd=736, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Rev Microbiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Alkhnbashi OS, et al. An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems[J]. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2015, 13: 722-736., articleTitle=An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960248607306338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1016/j.cell.2022.10.020, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=185, issue=null, pageStart=4574, pageEnd=4586.e16, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Al-Shayeb B, Skopintsev P, Soczek KM, et al. Diverse virus-encoded CRISPR-Cas systems include streamlined genome editors[J]. Cell, 2022, 185: 4574-4586.e16., articleTitle=Diverse virus-encoded CRISPR-Cas systems include streamlined genome editors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960248766689908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1017/S0033583519000052, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=52, issue=null, pageStart=e6, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=Q Rev Biophys, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang F. Development of CRISPR-Cas systems for genome editing and beyond[J]. Q Rev Biophys, 2019, 52: e6., articleTitle=Development of CRISPR-Cas systems for genome editing and beyond, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960248921879171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1128/jb.169.12.5429-5433.1987, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1987, volume=169, issue=null, pageStart=5429, pageEnd=5433, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=J Bacteriol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ishino Y, Shinagawa H, Makino K, et al. Nucleotide sequence of the IAP gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product[J]. J Bacteriol, 1987, 169: 5429-5433., articleTitle=Nucleotide sequence of the IAP gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960249060291217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1007/s00239-004-0046-3, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=60, issue=null, pageStart=174, pageEnd=182, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=J Mol Evol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mojica FJ, Diez-Villasenor C, Garcia-Martinez J, et al. Intervening sequences of regularly spaced prokaryotic repeats derive from foreign genetic elements[J]. J Mol Evol, 2005, 60: 174-182., articleTitle=Intervening sequences of regularly spaced prokaryotic repeats derive from foreign genetic elements, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960249215480484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1099/mic.0.27437-0, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=151, issue=null, pageStart=653, pageEnd=663, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pourcel C, Salvignol G, Vergnaud G. CRISPR elements in Yersinia pestis acquire new repeats by preferential uptake of bacteriophage DNA, and provide additional tools for evolutionary studies[J]. Microbiology, 2005, 151: 653-663., articleTitle=CRISPR elements in Yersinia pestis acquire new repeats by preferential uptake of bacteriophage DNA, and provide additional tools for evolutionary studies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960249387446965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1126/science.1138140, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=315, issue=null, pageStart=1709, pageEnd=1712, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Barrangou R, Fremaux C, Deveau H, et al. CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes[J]. Science, 2007, 315: 1709-1712., articleTitle=CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960249551024839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1126/science.1159689, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=321, issue=null, pageStart=960, pageEnd=964, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Brouns SJJ, Jore MM, Lundgren M, et al. Small CRISPR RNAs guide antiviral defense in prokaryotes[J]. Science, 2008, 321: 960-964., articleTitle=Small CRISPR RNAs guide antiviral defense in prokaryotes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960249748157149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1126/science.1225829, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=337, issue=null, pageStart=816, pageEnd=821, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, et al. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity[J]. Science, 2012, 337: 816-821., articleTitle=A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960249873986284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1126/science.1231143, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=339, issue=null, pageStart=819, pageEnd=823, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cong L, Ran FA, Cox D, et al. Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems[J]. Science, 2013, 339: 819-823., articleTitle=Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960249987232502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1038/s41579-019-0299-x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=18, issue=null, pageStart=67, pageEnd=83, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Rev Microbiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Iranzo J, et al. Evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems: a burst of class 2 and derived variants[J]. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2020, 18: 67-83., articleTitle=Evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems: a burst of class 2 and derived variants, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960250121450244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.3109/10408410903489576, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=36, issue=null, pageStart=146, pageEnd=167, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=Crit Rev Microbiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ruiz B, Chávez A, Forero A, et al. Production of microbial secondary metabolites: regulation by the carbon source[J]. Crit Rev Microbiol, 2010, 36: 146-167., articleTitle=Production of microbial secondary metabolites: regulation by the carbon source, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960250268250901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.013, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=30, issue=null, pageStart=1102, pageEnd=1107, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=Biotechnol Adv, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen R. Bacterial expression systems for recombinant protein production: E. coli and beyond[J]. Biotechnol Adv, 2012, 30: 1102-1107., articleTitle=Bacterial expression systems for recombinant protein production: E. coli and beyond, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960250389885732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1038/nrmicro.2016.32, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=14, issue=null, pageStart=288, pageEnd=304, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Rev Microbiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liao JC, Mi L, Pontrelli S, et al. Fuelling the future: microbial engineering for the production of sustainable biofuels[J]. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2016, 14: 288-304., articleTitle=Fuelling the future: microbial engineering for the production of sustainable biofuels, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960250503131952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1038/nbt.2508, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=31, issue=null, pageStart=233, pageEnd=239, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Biotechnol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jiang W, Bikard D, Cox D, et al. RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems[J]. Nat Biotechnol, 2013, 31: 233-239., articleTitle=RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960250654126915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1186/s12934-018-0910-2, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=17, issue=null, pageStart=63, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=Microb Cell Fact, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang B, Hu Q, Zhang Y, et al. A RecET-assisted CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in Corynebacterium glutamicum[J]. Microb Cell Fact, 2018, 17: 63., articleTitle=A RecET-assisted CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in Corynebacterium glutamicum, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960250905785174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1126/science.aba8853, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=368, issue=null, pageStart=290, pageEnd=296, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Walton RT, Christie KA, Whittaker MN, et al. Unconstrained genome targeting with near-PAMless engineered CRISPR-Cas9 variants[J]. Science, 2020, 368: 290-296., articleTitle=Unconstrained genome targeting with near-PAMless engineered CRISPR-Cas9 variants, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960251048391526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1007/s00253-021-11243-9, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=105, issue=null, pageStart=2981, pageEnd=2990, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Meliawati M, Schilling C, Schmid J. Recent advances of Cas12a applications in bacteria[J]. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2021, 105: 2981-2990., articleTitle=Recent advances of Cas12a applications in bacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960251178414961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1186/s12934-020-01431-z, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=19, issue=null, pageStart=172, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=Microb Cell Fact, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Z, Dong H, Cui Y, et al. Application of different types of CRISPR/Cas-based systems in bacteria[J]. Microb Cell Fact, 2020, 19: 172., articleTitle=Application of different types of CRISPR/Cas-based systems in bacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960251295855487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1038/ncomms13330, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=7, issue=null, pageStart=13330, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Commun, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang L, Briggs AW, Chew WL, et al. Engineering and optimising deaminase fusions for genome editing[J]. Nat Commun, 2016, 7: 13330., articleTitle=Engineering and optimising deaminase fusions for genome editing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960251467821969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1038/nature24644, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=551, issue=null, pageStart=464, pageEnd=471, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gaudelli NM, Komor AC, Rees HA, et al. Programmable base editing of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage[J]. Nature, 2017, 551: 464-471., articleTitle=Programmable base editing of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960251564290974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1038/nature17946, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=533, issue=null, pageStart=420, pageEnd=424, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Komor AC, Kim YB, Packer MS, et al. Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage[J]. Nature, 2016, 533: 420-424., articleTitle=Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960251702703022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1073/pnas.1913493116, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=116, issue=null, pageStart=20366, pageEnd=20375, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tong Y, Whitford CM, Robertsen HL, et al. Highly efficient DSB-free base editing for streptomycetes with CRISPR-BEST[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2019, 116: 20366-20375., articleTitle=Highly efficient DSB-free base editing for streptomycetes with CRISPR-BEST, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960251983721403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1038/s41564-017-0102-6, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=3, issue=null, pageStart=423, pageEnd=429, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Microbiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Banno S, Nishida K, Arazoe T, et al. Deaminase-mediated multiplex genome editing in Escherichia coli[J]. Nat Microbiol, 2018, 3: 423-429., articleTitle=Deaminase-mediated multiplex genome editing in Escherichia coli, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960252151493570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.09.003, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=26, issue=null, pageStart=1732, pageEnd=1742.e5, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=Cell Chem Biol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Y, Wang Z, Chen Y, et al. A highly efficient CRISPR-Cas9-based genome Engineering platform in Acinetobacter baumannii to understand the H2O2-sensing mechanism of OxyR[J]. Cell Chem Biol, 2019, 26: 1732-1742.e5., articleTitle=A highly efficient CRISPR-Cas9-based genome Engineering platform in Acinetobacter baumannii to understand the H2O2-sensing mechanism of OxyR, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960252289905620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1016/j.isci.2018.07.024, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=6, issue=null, pageStart=222, pageEnd=231, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=iScience, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, et al. CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and cytidine deaminase-mediated base editing in Pseudomonas species[J]. iScience, 2018, 6: 222-231., articleTitle=CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and cytidine deaminase-mediated base editing in Pseudomonas species, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960252386374622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=84, issue=null, pageStart=e01834, pageEnd=18, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=Appl Environ Microbiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Y, Wang S, Chen W, et al. CRISPR-Cas9 and CRISPR-assisted cytidine deaminase enable precise and efficient genome editing in Klebsiella pneumoniae[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2018, 84: e01834-18., articleTitle=CRISPR-Cas9 and CRISPR-assisted cytidine deaminase enable precise and efficient genome editing in Klebsiella pneumoniae, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960252520592362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1039/C9SC03784E, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=1657, pageEnd=1664, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=Chem Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang Z, et al. Programmable adenine deamination in bacteria using a Cas9-adenine-deaminase fusion[J]. Chem Sci, 2020, 11: 1657-1664., articleTitle=Programmable adenine deamination in bacteria using a Cas9-adenine-deaminase fusion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960252625449974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1126/science.aax7063, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=365, issue=null, pageStart=382, pageEnd=386, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Abudayyeh OO, Gootenberg JS, Franklin B, et al. A cytosine deaminase for programmable single-base RNA editing[J]. Science, 2019, 365: 382-386., articleTitle=A cytosine deaminase for programmable single-base RNA editing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960252780638213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1021/acssynbio.1c00561, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=3644, pageEnd=3656, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=ACS Synth Biol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tian K, Hong X, Guo M, et al. Development of base editors for simultaneously editing multiple loci in Lactococcus lactis[J]. ACS Synth Biol, 2022, 11: 3644-3656., articleTitle=Development of base editors for simultaneously editing multiple loci in Lactococcus lactis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960252914855955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1711-4, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=576, issue=null, pageStart=149, pageEnd=157, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Anzalone AV, Randolph PB, Davis JR, et al. Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA[J]. Nature, 2019, 576: 149-157., articleTitle=Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960253053268007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=6, issue=null, pageStart=27, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=Cell Discov, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Y, Li X, He S, et al. Efficient generation of mouse models with the prime editing system[J]. Cell Discov, 2020, 6: 27., articleTitle=Efficient generation of mouse models with the prime editing system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960253166514227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1038/s41587-020-0455-x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=38, issue=null, pageStart=582, pageEnd=585, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Biotechnol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin Q, Zong Y, Xue C, et al. Prime genome editing in rice and wheat[J]. Nat Biotechnol, 2020, 38: 582-585., articleTitle=Prime genome editing in rice and wheat, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960253363646529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1038/s41467-021-25541-3, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=null, pageStart=5206, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Commun, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tong Y, Jørgensen TS, Whitford CM, et al. A versatile genetic engineering toolkit for E. coli based on CRISPR-prime editing[J]. Nat Commun, 2021, 12: 5206., articleTitle=A versatile genetic engineering toolkit for E. coli based on CRISPR-prime editing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960253514641491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1126/science.aax9181, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=365, issue=null, pageStart=48, pageEnd=53, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Strecker J, Ladha A, Gardner Z, et al. RNA-guided DNA insertion with CRISPR-associated transposases[J]. Science, 2019, 365: 48-53., articleTitle=RNA-guided DNA insertion with CRISPR-associated transposases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960253757911144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1093/nar/gkac554, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=50, issue=null, pageStart=7739, pageEnd=7750, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=Nucleic Acids Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cheng ZH, Wu J, Liu JQ, et al. Repurposing CRISPR RNA-guided integrases system for one-step, efficient genomic integration of ultra-long DNA sequences[J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 2022, 50: 7739-7750., articleTitle=Repurposing CRISPR RNA-guided integrases system for one-step, efficient genomic integration of ultra-long DNA sequences, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960253917294707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109635, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=36, issue=null, pageStart=109635, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=Cell Rep, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen W, Ren ZH, Tang N, et al. Targeted genetic screening in bacteria with a Cas12k-guided transposase[J]. Cell Rep, 2021, 36: 109635., articleTitle=Targeted genetic screening in bacteria with a Cas12k-guided transposase, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960254131204229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1021/acssynbio.7b00462, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=7, issue=null, pageStart=1085, pageEnd=1094, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=ACS Synth Biol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cho S, Choe D, Lee E, et al. High-level dCas9 expression induces abnormal cell morphology in Escherichia coli[J]. ACS Synth Biol, 2018, 7: 1085-1094., articleTitle=High-level dCas9 expression induces abnormal cell morphology in Escherichia coli, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960254261227664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.3390/ijms19041089, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=19, issue=null, pageStart=1089, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=Int J Mol Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cho S, Shin J, Cho BK. Applications of CRISPR/Cas system to bacterial metabolic engineering[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2018, 19: 1089., articleTitle=Applications of CRISPR/Cas system to bacterial metabolic engineering, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960254420611230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.022, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=152, issue=null, pageStart=1173, pageEnd=1183, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qi LS, Larson MH, Gilbert LA, et al. Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-guided platform for sequence-specific control of gene expression[J]. Cell, 2013, 152: 1173-1183., articleTitle=Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-guided platform for sequence-specific control of gene expression, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960254550634663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1038/s41467-018-04901-6, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=2489, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Commun, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dong C, Fontana J, Patel A, et al. Synthetic CRISPR-Cas gene activators for transcriptional reprogramming in bacteria[J]. Nat Commun, 2018, 9: 2489., articleTitle=Synthetic CRISPR-Cas gene activators for transcriptional reprogramming in bacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960254693241014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1186/s12934-017-0802-x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=16, issue=null, pageStart=188, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=Microb Cell Fact, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kim SK, Seong W, Han GH, et al. CRISPR interference-guided multiplex repression of endogenous competing pathway genes for redirecting metabolic flux in Escherichia coli[J]. Microb Cell Fact, 2017, 16: 188., articleTitle=CRISPR interference-guided multiplex repression of endogenous competing pathway genes for redirecting metabolic flux in Escherichia coli, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960254852624580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1016/j.ymben.2016.08.006, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=38, issue=null, pageStart=228, pageEnd=240, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=Metab Eng, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kim SK, Han GH, Seong W, et al. CRISPR interference-guided balancing of a biosynthetic mevalonate pathway increases terpenoid production[J]. Metab Eng, 2016, 38: 228-240., articleTitle=CRISPR interference-guided balancing of a biosynthetic mevalonate pathway increases terpenoid production, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960255028785368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1016/j.chom.2020.10.001, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=29, issue=null, pageStart=107, pageEnd=120.e6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=Cell Host Microbe, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu X, Kimmey JM, Matarazzo L, et al. Exploration of bacterial bottlenecks and Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenesis by CRISPRi-Seq[J]. Cell Host Microbe, 2021, 29: 107-120.e6., articleTitle=Exploration of bacterial bottlenecks and Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenesis by CRISPRi-Seq, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960255200751854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1038/s41596-021-00639-6, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=17, issue=null, pageStart=252, pageEnd=281, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Protoc, refType=null, unstructuredReference=De Bakker V, Liu X, Bravo AM, et al. CRISPRi-seq for genome-wide fitness quantification in bacteria[J]. Nat Protoc, 2022, 17: 252-281., articleTitle=CRISPRi-seq for genome-wide fitness quantification in bacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960255305609471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1093/nar/gkt520, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=41, issue=null, pageStart=7429, pageEnd=7437, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=Nucleic Acids Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bikard D, Jiang W, Samai P, et al. Programmable repression and activation of bacterial gene expression using an engineered CRISPR-Cas system[J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 2013, 41: 7429-7437., articleTitle=Programmable repression and activation of bacterial gene expression using an engineered CRISPR-Cas system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960255527907594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1038/s41467-019-11479-0, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=10, issue=null, pageStart=3693, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Commun, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Y, Wan X, Wang B. Engineered CRISPRa enables programmable eukaryote-like gene activation in bacteria[J]. Nat Commun, 2019, 10: 3693., articleTitle=Engineered CRISPRa enables programmable eukaryote-like gene activation in bacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960255683096859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.15252/msb.20199427, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=16, issue=null, pageStart=e9427, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=Mol Syst Biol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ho HI, Fang JR, Cheung J, et al. Programmable CRISPR-Cas transcriptional activation in bacteria[J]. Mol Syst Biol, 2020, 16: e9427., articleTitle=Programmable CRISPR-Cas transcriptional activation in bacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960255842480423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.3390/antibiotics10070756, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=10, issue=null, pageStart=756, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=Antibiotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=González De Aledo M, González-Bardanca M, Blasco L, et al. CRISPR-Cas, a revolution in the treatment and study of ESKAPE infections: pre-clinical studies[J]. Antibiotics, 2021, 10: 756., articleTitle=CRISPR-Cas, a revolution in the treatment and study of ESKAPE infections: pre-clinical studies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960255985086770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.05.011, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=30, issue=null, pageStart=929, pageEnd=934, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=J Crit Care, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Khwannimit B, Bhurayanontachai R. The direct costs of intensive care management and risk factors for financial burden of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock[J]. J Crit Care, 2015, 30: 929-934., articleTitle=The direct costs of intensive care management and risk factors for financial burden of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960256140276030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1038/s41467-021-22757-1, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=null, pageStart=2435, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Commun, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ellabaan MMH, Munck C, Porse A, et al. Forecasting the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes across bacterial genomes[J]. Nat Commun, 2021, 12: 2435., articleTitle=Forecasting the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes across bacterial genomes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960256324825419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1093/jac/dkz246, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=74, issue=null, pageStart=2559, pageEnd=2565, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=J Antimicrob Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang P, He D, Li B, et al. Eliminating mcr-1-harbouring plasmids in clinical isolates using the CRISPR/Cas9 system[J]. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2019, 74: 2559-2565., articleTitle=Eliminating mcr-1-harbouring plasmids in clinical isolates using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960256459043157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=64, issue=null, pageStart=e00843, pageEnd=20, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hao M, He Y, Zhang H, et al. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated carbapenemase gene and plasmid curing in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2020, 64: e00843-20., articleTitle=CRISPR-Cas9-mediated carbapenemase gene and plasmid curing in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960256635203941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.15252/msb.202110335, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=17, issue=null, pageStart=e10335, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=Mol Syst Biol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Neil K, Allard N, Roy P, et al. High-efficiency delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 by engineered probiotics enables precise microbiome editing[J]. Mol Syst Biol, 2021, 17: e10335., articleTitle=High-efficiency delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 by engineered probiotics enables precise microbiome editing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960256849113465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003454, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=e1003454, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=PLoS Genetics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Vercoe RB, Chang JT, Dy RL, et al. Cytotoxic chromosomal targeting by CRISPR/Cas systems can reshape bacterial genomes and expel or remodel pathogenicity islands[J]. PLoS Genetics, 2013, 9: e1003454., articleTitle=Cytotoxic chromosomal targeting by CRISPR/Cas systems can reshape bacterial genomes and expel or remodel pathogenicity islands, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960256995914114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1038/nbt.3011, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=32, issue=null, pageStart=1141, pageEnd=1145, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Biotechnol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Citorik RJ, Mimee M, Lu TK. Sequence-specific antimicrobials using efficiently delivered RNA-guided nucleases[J]. Nat Biotechnol, 2014, 32: 1141-1145., articleTitle=Sequence-specific antimicrobials using efficiently delivered RNA-guided nucleases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960257125937551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=5, issue=null, pageStart=e00928, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=mBio, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gomaa AA, Klumpe HE, Luo ML, et al. Programmable removal of bacterial strains by use of genome-targeting CRISPR-Cas systems[J]. mBio, 2014, 5: e00928-13., articleTitle=Programmable removal of bacterial strains by use of genome-targeting CRISPR-Cas systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960257293709720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1016/j.mib.2020.02.002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=53, issue=null, pageStart=35, pageEnd=43, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=Curr Opin Microbiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mcinnes RS, Mccallum GE, Lamberte LE, et al. Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in the human gut microbiome[J]. Curr Opin Microbiol, 2020, 53: 35-43., articleTitle=Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in the human gut microbiome, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960257415344547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=e00019, pageEnd=20, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=mBio, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Selle K, Fletcher J R, Tuson H, et al. In vivo targeting of Clostridioides difficile using phage-delivered CRISPR-Cas3 antimicrobials[J]. mBio, 2020, 11: e00019-20., articleTitle=In vivo targeting of Clostridioides difficile using phage-delivered CRISPR-Cas3 antimicrobials, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960257545367982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1038/nbt.3043, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=32, issue=null, pageStart=1146, pageEnd=1150, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Biotechnol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bikard D, Euler CW, Jiang W, et al. Exploiting CRISPR-Cas nucleases to produce sequence-specific antimicrobials[J]. Nat Biotechnol, 2014, 32: 1146-1150., articleTitle=Exploiting CRISPR-Cas nucleases to produce sequence-specific antimicrobials, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960257679585721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1128/jcm.35.4.907-914.1997, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=35, issue=null, pageStart=907, pageEnd=914, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[61], rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=J Clin Microbiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kamerbeek J, Schouls L, Kolk A, et al. Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology[J]. J Clin Microbiol, 1997, 35: 907-914., articleTitle=Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960257851552200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[62], rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pourcel C, Drevet C. Occurrence, diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems and genotyping implications [M] // Barrangou R, Van Der Oost J. CRISPR-Cas Systems: RNA-mediated Adaptive Immunity in Bacteria and Archaea. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013: 33-59., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960258023518678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2021.04.032, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=83, issue=null, pageStart=54, pageEnd=60, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=J Infect, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sam IK, Chen YY, Ma J, et al. TB-QUICK: CRISPR-Cas12b-assisted rapid and sensitive detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis[J]. J Infect, 2021, 83: 54-60., articleTitle=TB-QUICK: CRISPR-Cas12b-assisted rapid and sensitive detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960258195485155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1126/science.aam9321, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=356, issue=null, pageStart=438, pageEnd=442, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gootenberg JS, Abudayyeh OO, Lee JW, et al. Nucleic acid detection with CRISPR-Cas13a/C2c2[J]. Science, 2017, 356: 438-442., articleTitle=Nucleic acid detection with CRISPR-Cas13a/C2c2, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960258342285805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1126/science.aaq0179, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=360, issue=null, pageStart=439, pageEnd=444, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[65], rfOrder=64, authorNames=null, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gootenberg JS, Abudayyeh OO, Kellner MJ, et al. Multiplexed and portable nucleic acid detection platform with Cas13, Cas12a, and Csm6[J]. Science, 2018, 360: 439-444., articleTitle=Multiplexed and portable nucleic acid detection platform with Cas13, Cas12a, and Csm6, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960258451337724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1021/acssensors.1c00686, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=6, issue=null, pageStart=2920, pageEnd=2927, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[66], rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=ACS Sens, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ma L, Peng L, Yin L, et al. CRISPR-Cas12a-powered dual-mode biosensor for ultrasensitive and cross-validating detection of pathogenic bacteria[J]. ACS Sens, 2021, 6: 2920-2927., articleTitle=CRISPR-Cas12a-powered dual-mode biosensor for ultrasensitive and cross-validating detection of pathogenic bacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960258606526990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.3390/microorganisms9040844, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=844, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[67], rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=Microorganisms, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Arroyo-Olarte RD, Bravo Rodríguez R, Morales-Ríos E. Genome editing in bacteria: CRISPR-Cas and beyond[J]. Microorganisms, 2021, 9: 844., articleTitle=Genome editing in bacteria: CRISPR-Cas and beyond, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960258723967515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.3390/cells9071608, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=1608, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[68], rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=Cells, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Naeem M, Majeed S, Hoque MZ, et al. Latest developed strategies to minimize the off-target effects in CRISPR-Cas-mediated genome editing[J]. Cells, 2020, 9: 1608., articleTitle=Latest developed strategies to minimize the off-target effects in CRISPR-Cas-mediated genome editing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960258883351082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1016/j.molcel.2017.05.024, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=67, issue=null, pageStart=117, pageEnd=127.e5, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[69], rfOrder=68, authorNames=null, journalName=Mol Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang H, Patel DJ. Inhibition mechanism of an anti-CRISPR suppressor AcrIIA4 targeting SpyCas9[J]. Mol Cell, 2017, 67: 117-127.e5., articleTitle=Inhibition mechanism of an anti-CRISPR suppressor AcrIIA4 targeting SpyCas9, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960258979820081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.1093/nar/gkab126, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=49, issue=null, pageStart=3584, pageEnd=3598, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=69, authorNames=null, journalName=Nucleic Acids Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Reuter A, Hilpert C, Dedieu-Berne A, et al. Targeted-antibacterial-plasmids (TAPs) combining conjugation and CRISPR/Cas systems achieve strain-specific antibacterial activity[J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 2021, 49: 3584-3598., articleTitle=Targeted-antibacterial-plasmids (TAPs) combining conjugation and CRISPR/Cas systems achieve strain-specific antibacterial activity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960259122426433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, doi=10.7717/peerj.11996, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=e11996, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[71], rfOrder=70, authorNames=null, journalName=PeerJ, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wongpayak P, Meesungnoen O, Saejang S, et al. A highly effective and self-transmissible CRISPR antimicrobial for elimination of target plasmids without antibiotic selection[J]. PeerJ, 2021, 9: e11996., articleTitle=A highly effective and self-transmissible CRISPR antimicrobial for elimination of target plasmids without antibiotic selection, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960247852331548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, awardId=32141003, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(32141003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960247948800548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, awardId=82104249, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(82104249), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960248083018288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, awardId=2022-I2M-2-002, language=CN, fundingSource=中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-2-002), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960248162710076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, awardId=2021-1-I2M-030, language=CN, fundingSource=中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-1-I2M-030), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960244199092360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960244211675273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, companyId=1198960244199092360, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960244220063882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, companyId=1198960244199092360, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染药物研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960247537758704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+ZV65GCwvNBG+VGvnfP+JQ==, figureFileBig=vcvaO+ufP1R2C30H2Y35FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960247625839100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Specific immunity mechanism of <i>Streptococcus thermophilus</i> CRISPR/Cas system. CRISPR: Clustered regularly interspaced short-palindromic repeat; Cas: CRISPR-associated endonuclease , figureFileSmall=+ZV65GCwvNBG+VGvnfP+JQ==, figureFileBig=vcvaO+ufP1R2C30H2Y35FA==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1761643429151, updatedTime=1788948913902, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13041195026, firstLetterCn=Y, firstLetterEn=Y, subjectCode=Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, subjectName=Life Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, picEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1304509553505227679, language=CN, name=药学学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=中国科学技术协会, sponsoredBy=中国药学会、中国医学科学院药物研究所, publishedBy=《药学学报》编辑委员会编辑出版, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788948914171, updatedTime=1788948914171, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1304509553559753632, language=EN, name=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788948914184, updatedTime=1788948914184, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1189982191388893191, websiteList=[Website(id=1189982271588340489, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761643482348, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643498101, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=药学学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982873114448678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643625763, updateTime=1761643625763, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873093477155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643625758, updateTime=1761643625758, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873135420201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625768, updateTime=1761643625768, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873085088546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643625756, updateTime=1761643625756, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873152197419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625772, updateTime=1761643625772, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873110254373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761643625762, updateTime=1761643625762, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873143808810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625770, updateTime=1761643625770, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873101865764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761643625760, updateTime=1761643625760, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873122837287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643625765, updateTime=1761643625765, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873127031592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643625766, updateTime=1761643625766, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1189982271655449355, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761643482364, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643514085, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982903015633534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643632892, updateTime=1761643632892, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902990467707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643632886, updateTime=1761643632886, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903036605057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632897, updateTime=1761643632897, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902982079098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643632884, updateTime=1761643632884, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903053382275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632901, updateTime=1761643632901, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903007244925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761643632890, updateTime=1761643632890, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903044993666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632899, updateTime=1761643632899, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902998856316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761643632888, updateTime=1761643632888, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903019827839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643632893, updateTime=1761643632893, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903028216448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643632895, updateTime=1761643632895, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=药学学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/aps, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, journalPhotoCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPhotoEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, journalFirstLetter=Y, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0235, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0235, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0235, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0235, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1694448000000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
CRISPR/Cas系统在抗细菌感染领域的应用现状与进展
收藏切换
PDF下载
孙宗倜 , 孙琅 * , 游雪甫 *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(9): 2560-2568
收起
收藏切换
药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (9) : 2560 -2568
CRISPR/Cas系统在抗细菌感染领域的应用现状与进展
全屏
[Author(id=1198960244337504411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198960244505276587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, authorId=1198960244337504411, language=EN, stringName=Zong-ti SUN, firstName=Zong-ti, middleName=null, lastName=SUN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1198960244622717111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, authorId=1198960244337504411, language=CN, stringName=孙宗倜, firstName=宗倜, middleName=null, lastName=孙, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染药物研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960244199092360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960244211675273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, companyId=1198960244199092360, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960244220063882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, companyId=1198960244199092360, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染药物研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)])]), Author(id=1198960244748546246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=sunlang@imb.pumc.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198960244920512732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, authorId=1198960244748546246, language=EN, stringName=Lang SUN, firstName=Lang, middleName=null, lastName=SUN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1198960245088284907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, authorId=1198960244748546246, language=CN, stringName=孙琅, firstName=琅, middleName=null, lastName=孙, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染药物研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960244199092360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960244211675273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, companyId=1198960244199092360, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960244220063882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, companyId=1198960244199092360, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染药物研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)])]), Author(id=1198960245373497605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xuefuyou@imb.pumc.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198960245549658393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, authorId=1198960245373497605, language=EN, stringName=Xue-fu YOU, firstName=Xue-fu, middleName=null, lastName=YOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1198960245734207792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, authorId=1198960245373497605, language=CN, stringName=游雪甫, firstName=雪甫, middleName=null, lastName=游, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染药物研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960244199092360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960244211675273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, companyId=1198960244199092360, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960244220063882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656145696063853, companyId=1198960244199092360, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染药物研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)])])]
孙宗倜, 孙琅* , 游雪甫*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染药物研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050
通讯作者:
*孙琅, Tel: 86-10-67061033, E-mail: ;
游雪甫, Tel: 86-10-67010489, E-mail:
Current advances of CRISPR/Cas system in antibacterial field
Zong-ti SUN, Lang SUN* , Xue-fu YOU*
Affiliations
  • Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2023-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0235
文章导航
收藏切换

CRISPR/Cas基因编辑技术是21世纪分子生物学领域的一次重大突破, 该技术的便捷性、通用性、靶向性将其应用的范围推向各个领域。在目前细菌耐药形势严峻、耐药菌检测手段局限、抗感染药物研发缓慢的全球大背景下, CRISPR/Cas基因编辑技术为抗细菌感染领域的发展提供了一些新的思路。一方面, CRISPR/Cas基因编辑技术有助于对细菌功能研究的展开, 起到工具箱的作用, 如利用Cas蛋白和外源修复系统实现高效、精准的基因编辑, nCas蛋白和脱氨酶系统实现无模板、单碱基精准编辑, dCas蛋白和反转录酶实现免修复基因编辑, 以及dCas蛋白和改造后的sgRNA实现基因表达水平调控、基因功能解析。另一方面, 它特异性识别基因、靶向切割DNA的特点可用于病原体检测、消除耐药菌及耐药基因, 有望成为临床诊断和治疗的新策略。

CRISPR/Cas系统  /  基因编辑  /  细菌  /  耐药  /  治疗

A breakthrough in molecular biology for the twenty-first century is CRISPR/Cas gene editing, which has been used in a variety of fields due to its simplicity, adaptability, and targeting. Given the current global challenge of severe bacterial resistance, difficulties in detecting antimicrobial resistance, and slow development of antimicrobial drugs, CRISPR/Cas gene-editing technology offers a promising avenue for the development of antibacterial treatments. On the one hand, CRISPR/Cas gene editing technology helps advance the study of bacterial functions and serves as a toolbox. For instance, Cas proteins and exogenous repair systems enable efficient and precise gene editing, nCas proteins and deaminase systems facilitate template-free and single base precision editing, dCas proteins and reverse transcriptase allow for repair-free gene editing, and dCas proteins and modified sgRNA enable gene expression level regulation and gene function analysis. On the other hand, its specific gene recognition and targeted DNA cleavage characteristics can be used for pathogen detection, elimination of drug-resistant bacteria and genes, and hold promise as a new strategy for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

CRISPR/Cas system  /  gene editing  /  bacteria  /  drug resistance  /  treatment
孙宗倜, 孙琅, 游雪甫. CRISPR/Cas系统在抗细菌感染领域的应用现状与进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2560 -2568 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0235
Zong-ti SUN, Lang SUN, Xue-fu YOU. Current advances of CRISPR/Cas system in antibacterial field[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2560 -2568 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0235
规律成簇间隔短回文序列(clustered regularly interspaced short-palindromic repeat, CRISPR)/CRISPR相关核酸内切酶(CRISPR-associated endonuclease, Cas) 系统是细菌和古细菌的一种适应性免疫系统, 在大约50%的细菌和几乎所有的古菌, 甚至在0.4%的噬菌体中都有发现[1, 2]。CRISPR/Cas系统是由相邻的两部分组成, 一部分是含有多个Cas基因的操纵子, 另一部分是一段非编码的CRISPR RNA (crRNA)[3]。CRISPR/Cas系统可以靶向切割外源侵入的DNA, 保护微生物免受噬菌体和外来质粒的侵袭, 保护遗传物质的完整性。
下面将对CRISPR/Cas系统的发现史、分类、作用机制及应用领域进行阐述。
CRISPR序列的报道最早在1987年, Nakata研究组在大肠杆菌中发现一组有规律间隔的重复序列, 此后相似结构的重复序列陆续被报道发现, 但具体的功能仍不清楚[4]。直到2005年, CRISPR序列中的间隔序列被Mojica研究组和Pourcel研究组[5, 6]发现可匹配上噬菌体序列且携带有噬菌体同源间隔序列的菌株不会被对应的噬菌体感染, CRISPR/Cas系统逐渐与细菌免疫功能产生了联系。在随后的2007年, 嗜热链球菌CRISPR序列中特定间隔序列改变影响细菌对噬菌体的抗性, 证实CRISPR序列参与细菌的获得性免疫[7]。2008年, CRISPR/Cas系统切割DNA的分子作用机制被报道—Cas蛋白复合体Cascade在crRNA的引导下切割DNA[8]。自此, CRISPR系统的神秘面纱被逐渐揭露, 细菌的特异性免疫功能颠覆了人们对微生物的传统认知。
CRISPR/Cas系统时代的到来是在实现体内外基因编辑之后。Emmanuelle与Jennife的研究组[9]合作在2012年首先实现了CRISPR/Cas系统的体外编辑, 利用Cas9蛋白和反式激活crRNA (trans-activating crRNA, tracrRNA)、crRNA组成的向导RNA (guide RNA, gRNA), 成功靶向切割体外DNA, 两人因此获得了2020年诺贝尔化学奖。而张峰团队[10]在2013年利用化脓性链球菌的CRISPR/Cas9系统首次完成了体内基因编辑, 此后CRIPSR/Cas基因编辑技术风靡全球。
近年来, 随着在各类细菌、古细菌、噬菌体中的CRISPR/Cas系统的研究, CRISPR/Cas系统的数量和种类大幅增加, 根据Cas蛋白组成差异、效应器中蛋白组合序列可将CRISPR/Cas系统分为两大类, 第一大类的特点是由多个Cas蛋白复合物组成的生物效应器, 其中能够发挥DNA切割功能的是Cas蛋白与crRNA复合体, 目前第一大类有Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型, 可细分为16个亚型[11]。而第二大类系统所涵盖的Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ型可分为17个亚型, 不同于第一大类的是, 第二大类的效应器是单一的多结合域的蛋白质, 目前在基因编辑领域广泛应用的Cas9、Cas12、Cas13都属于第二大类[11]
CRISPR/Cas系统特异性免疫机制包括3个阶段, 分别是适应(adaption)、合成(biogenesis) 和干扰(interference)。以现在应用最多的嗜热链球菌CRISPR/Cas9系统为例, 它包括CRISPR序列、编码Cas蛋白的操纵子、编码tracrRNA的序列(图 1)。CRISPR序列包括重复的短回文序列(repeats) 和重复序列之间的特异间隔序列(spacer); 编码Cas蛋白的操纵子可表达Cas9、Cas1、Cas2、Csn2四个Cas蛋白。当病毒激活细菌适应性免疫后, 细菌通过Cas蛋白Cas1、Cas2、Csn2识别入侵病毒DNA中的protospacer序列并将这一段序列整合到CRISPR序列中形成spacer, 获得该入侵核酸的识别码; 在crRNA识别过程中, CRISPR序列和tracrRNA序列被转录成相应的crRNA前体(precursor CRISPR RNA, pre-crRNA) 和tracrRNA, 这两种RNA序列通过互补杂交后再被Cas9和RNase Ⅲ修饰成含有特异性spacer的crRNA, 从而形成crRNA、tracrRNA、Cas9的复合物, 当病毒再次入侵时, crRNA通过序列互补识别入侵核酸的protospacer, 将复合物引导至目标靶点。最后, Cas9蛋白与protospacer下游的PAM (proto-spacer adjacent motifs) 序列结合, 在PAM序列上游3个碱基的位置切割DNA, 达到消灭入侵核酸的目的[9]
Cas9蛋白在crRNA的引导下能特异性靶向切割外来的DNA序列, 这种特性让CRISPR/Cas9系统在crRNA引导下, 切割任意目标位点实现基因编辑。目前基因编辑的CRISPR/Cas9系统主要包括Cas9蛋白和单向导RNA (single-guide RNA, sgRNA), sgRNA由tracrRNA和crRNA两部分组成。sgRNA通过序列互补识别protospacer, 引导Cas9蛋白精准定位至下游的PAM序列, 切割目的核酸造成双链断裂(double-strand break, DSB), 宿主通过非同源末端连接或同源修复模板的方式修复DSB, 实现基因插入或敲除[10]
2012年CRISPR/Cas系统被证明可以进行基因编辑后, 分子生物学开启了CRISPR/Cas系统基因编辑时代。CRISPR/Cas技术如同一个基因编辑工具箱, 包含多种基因编辑工具, 可应用于细菌领域的各个方面。基于Cas蛋白切割特性的CRISPR/Cas基因编辑技术可实现细菌基因的敲除、插入、点突变; 基于Cas蛋白的变体nCas (nickase Cas, partially dead) 蛋白的CRISPR/Cas基因编辑技术可实现无模板、单碱基精准编辑; 基于失去核酸酶活性的dCas (dead Cas) 蛋白的CRISPR/Cas基因编辑技术可实现无模板基因编辑、基因表达水平调控、基因功能解析等。
细菌作为生物生产的重要平台, 如生产次级代谢产物[12]、重组蛋白[13]和生物燃料[14]等, 对细菌基因进行改造有助于释放生产潜力, 因此设计合适的CRISPR/Cas基因编辑工具尤为重要。基于CRISPR/Cas系统的细菌基因编辑技术通常将Cas蛋白、sgRNA、重组酶系统构建到外源的质粒上, 将外源质粒导入细菌, 通过sgRNA上的spacer靶向切割目的基因造成双链断裂, 然后重组酶系统利用外源模板实现同源重组, 最终达到敲除、敲入的目的。在被发现的CRISPR/Cas系统中, 应用最广泛的是化脓链球菌的CRISRP/Cas9系统, 研究人员将它和外源性的DSB修复方式进行组合, 同时又对Cas9蛋白结构进行改造, 以获得更高效、更精准、更简洁的基因编辑工具。目前, 常用的修复方式是利用噬菌体衍生的重组酶系统提高基因编辑的成功率, 最早使用的重组酶是λ Red噬菌体重组酶系统[15], 后来又筛选出谷氨酸棒状杆菌的RecT (recombinase T) 重组酶系统[16]。此外, 化脓链球菌的Cas9蛋白(Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9, SpCas9) 的变体SpG, 消除了PAM位点的要求, 提高了基因编辑的灵活性[17]。除了Cas9蛋白, 后来发现的Cas12a蛋白也有基因编辑的能力, 它通过识别富含T的序列5'-TTTV, 在PAM的远端位点发挥切割作用, 虽然只有一个核酸酶结构域RuvC, 但是具有独立的RNase活性, 并且在发挥切割功能时只需要crRNA引导, 在靶点处形成交错的双链断裂, 更有利修复[18], 但它的切割活性较弱[19]。所以, 研究者可以在系统评估Cas9和Cas12a的特点后, 根据不同菌株特点使用不同类型的CRISPR/Cas系统, 来实现基因编辑的目的。
由于CRISPR/Cas技术对细菌必要基因进行编辑可能会影响细菌基本的生理功能, 甚至无法存活。在修复DSB时使用的DNA模板可能会在基因编辑过程中导致细菌基因组中某些序列被意外改变。为了细菌的基因能够在完成编辑后稳定表达且其他基本生理功能不受影响, 科研人员在CRISPR/Cas系统基础上研发了不需要使用外源性模板的DNA免修复编辑技术, 碱基编辑器(base editing, BE) 是其中之一, 该技术提出的初衷是在不造成目标基因组受损的情况下, 利用改造后的脱氨酶完成精准的基因编辑[20]
目前的研究主要有胞苷碱基编辑系统(cytidine deaminase-mediated base editing, CBE) 和腺苷碱基编辑系统(adenine deaminase-mediated base editing, ABE), 它们设计思路是诱导外源性质粒在细菌内表达nCas蛋白、脱氨酶和sgRNA, 缺乏核酸酶活性的nCas蛋白在sgRNA的引导下结合在DNA靶点处解离局部双链, 在没有外源性DNA模板、不造成DNA双链断裂的情况下, 通过脱氨酶在靶点将一对碱基转换成另一对碱基—CBE系统实现碱基C到T的替换, ABE系统实现A到G的替换[21, 22]。CBE系统已经广泛应用在真核生物和一部分细菌的基因编辑, 但是ABE系统应用主要还是在真核生物中。在链霉菌中, Tong和Christopher的团队[23]开发了Cas9n: sgRNA为递送系统的CRISPR-BEST基因编辑平台, 其中包含胞苷脱氨酶rAPOBEC1的CRISPR-cBEST和腺苷脱氨酶ecTadA的CRISPR-aBEST两个系统, 在实验中表现出了很低的脱靶率。在大肠杆菌中, Banno等[24]把胞苷脱氨酶PmCDA1融合到核酸酶缺陷型CRISPR/Cas9系统中, 实现了将C转化为T的特异性点突变。季泉江团队[25-27]不仅利用胞苷脱氨酶rAPOBEC1开发了鲍曼不动杆菌、假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的CBE系统, 他们还将腺嘌呤脱氨酶ABE7.10和spCas9 D10A蛋白结合, 开发出大肠杆菌和金葡菌的ABE系统[28]。除了作用在DNA, 张峰团队[29]将部分失活的CRISPR/Cas13系统和腺嘌呤脱氨酶ADAR2结合, 开发出RNA碱基编辑工具—用于C到U的转换(RNA editing for specific C to U exchange, RESCUE)。
随着Cas蛋白和脱氨酶的新组合不断被开发, 可编辑目标从DNA拓展到RNA, CRISPR/Cas碱基编辑技术在细菌中的适用范围不断扩大, 但是细菌的生理代谢活动是受到多基因控制的, 因此开发一个能有效、系统地对多个基因同时进行原位编辑的工具是必要的。最近有一款乳酸乳球菌的多位点碱基编辑器—CRISPR-脱氨酶辅助碱基编辑器(CRISPR-deaminase-assisted base editor, CRISPR-DBE) 被开发出来, 并且它的基因编辑效率高于单碱基编辑[30], 可见多位点碱基编辑器的开发是CRISPR/Cas系统基因编辑工具的前进方向之一。
BE虽然是一种强大的基因编辑工具, 但它只能进行单核苷酸的替换, 不能进行大片段的基因插入与敲除, 这就限制了它在免修复基因编辑中的应用范围。柳暗花明的是, 研究人员根据另一种缺少核酸酶活性的dCas蛋白设计了一套新的基因编辑系统—引物编辑器(prime editing, PE), 该系统通过dCas9蛋白与逆转录酶的复合体在引物编辑向导RNA (prime editing guide RNA, pegRNA) 的引导下, 到达基因靶点处后切割DNA的一条链, 然后反转录酶利用RT模板(RT template, RTT) 进行反转录, 实现碱基转换和基因的插入、敲除、突变[31]。PE已在动植物细胞中实现了无DSB、无模板编辑[32, 33], 如在HEK293T细胞中, PE系统可以实现插入、敲除等多碱基编辑和靶向单碱基替换, 并且它脱靶率低于CRISPR/Cas9系统, 单碱基编辑效果又优于BE系统[31]。虽然PE在真核生物中表现出良好的效果, 但在细菌中的研究进展缓慢, 最近的一项研究表明, PE系统在大肠杆菌中使用时, 在宿主细胞内表现出极高的保真度, 但是编辑效率随着插入或敲除基因片段大小的增加而急剧下降[34]。PE提供了一种细菌基因编辑的新方法, 可以用来解决CRISPR/Cas9系统造成的细胞毒性和脱靶的问题。
除了BE/PE系统外, 2020年出现了一款基于转座子设计的霍氏双歧蓝细菌CRISPR相关转座酶(Scytonema hofmanni CRISPR-associated transposase, ShCAST) 系统, ShCAST系统由一种来自霍氏双歧蓝细菌(Scytonema hofmanni) 的Tn7转座子、一种V型Cas蛋白(Cas12k) 和sgRNA组成, 该系统通过双质粒系统发挥作用, 一个质粒用于表达由转座子酶、Cas蛋白和sgRNA组成的复合物, 另一个携带有目的基因的转座子序列, 当复合物定位在靶点处时, 转座子酶在PAM序列下游60~66 bp处插入目的基因, 它成功地将一段2.5 kb的片段插入到大肠杆菌基因组中的靶点位置[35], 2022年, ShCAST系统成功将30 kb的超长序列插入到奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1 (Shewanella oneidensis MR-1) 的基因组中[36]。虽然现在ShCAST系统只能插入不超过30 kb的序列, 插入位点受到转座子位点限制, 并且其脱靶率较高等[36], 但是它也提供了一种无须使用同源重组修复机制的基因编辑的新方法。除了基因编辑之外, ShCAST系统还可以进行高通量分析细菌的基因型与表型的关系, 在此基础上开发的特异性位点转座子辅助基因工程(site-specific transposon-assisted genome engineering, STAGE) 平台, 对临床耐药铜绿假单胞菌的抗性相关基因进行了鉴定, 其中又新发现了rsmA、dksA、hptB和ampDh2四个与亚胺培南、头孢他啶抗性相关基因[37]。总之, STAGE不仅具有基因编辑的潜力, 还是一种高通量筛选鉴别基因型表型可靠、有效的工具。
CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术可以根据需要敲除或插入目的基因, 对细菌进行基因改造后的应用是一劳永逸, 但是由于DSB、过表达引起的细胞毒性, 不能适应于大部分细菌中[38]。由上文得知, BE/PE系统中的dCas9蛋白结合到基因组的靶点位置时, 不能切割DNA或者只能切割单链[39], 在此基础上, 可以利用该特点设计出调控细菌转录水平的工具, 以达到了解、运用细菌的目的。
CRISRP/Cas系统调控细菌转录水平的研究, 主要有抑制基因表达的CRISPR (CRISPR interference, CRISPRi) 系统和激活基因表达的CRISPR (CRISPR activation, CRISPRa) 系统。CRISPRi/a系统构成相对简单, 只需诱导外源性质粒表达dCas9蛋白和sgRNA两部分, CRISPRi系统通过dCas9蛋白在sgRNA引导下靶向结合目的DNA, 利用物理隔离的方式阻止RNA聚合酶的延伸, 起到抑制转录起始或延伸的作用[40]。而CRISPRa系统在dCas9蛋白与sgRNA组成的复合体的基础上对sgRNA进行修饰, 增加RNA结合酶(RNA binding proteins, RBPs) 位点, 通过RBPs募集转录激活因子激活RNA聚合酶(RNA polymerase, RNAP) 实现靶向转录激活的作用[41]
CRISPRi系统在细菌中应用比较广泛, 不仅可以控制生物反应器合成正丁醇、萜类化合物、聚羟基链烷酸酯等工业产品, 同时还可以通过抑制不同基因实现多基因转录水平的控制[42, 43]。除此之外, CRISPRi系统还可以检测细菌基因功能, 与传统的转座子测序(transposon sequencing, Tn-seq) 研究相比, CRISPRi-seq建库简单、靶向基因范围广, 可检测细菌全基因在不同条件下表达情况[44, 45]。而CRISPRa由于缺乏有效的基因转录激活因子, 导致它在细菌的应用发展缓慢, 最初是针对dCas9蛋白进行改造, 如利用RNAP结合σ因子启动转录的机制, 将dCas9蛋白与RNAP酶的ω亚基结合来激活转录[46], 之后又将细菌增强子结合蛋白(bacterial enhancer binding protein, bEBP) 与dCas9复合体结合后, 通过识别σ54增强转录水平[47]。后来又有针对于sgRNA的研究, 在2018年, sgRNA被改造成支架RNA (scaffold RNA, scRNA) 后, 通过识别转录因子SoxS实现基因的转录激活[41]。最近, 一个筛选细菌CRISPR/Cas转录激活因子的系统被开发出来[48], 并通过该系统研发出了一种新型CRISPRa激活剂—dCas9-AsiA, 它在与不同启动子结合后, 能够激活基因表达超过200倍。总之, 随着CRISPRa/i技术越来越成熟, 可以利用二者选择性激活和抑制的特点实现基因的程序化表达, 能帮助研究者更好地控制细菌代谢过程。
至此, CRISPR/Cas系统像一条线把之前联系甚少的事物连接到了一起, 如利用脱氨酶和反转录酶建立起BE/PE系统, 利用转座子系统建立的ShCAST系统, 利用dCas蛋白建立起调控细菌转录水平的CRISPRi/a系统等。CRISPR/Cas系统不仅是一种基因编辑的新方法, 更是一种解决问题的新思路, 可以让研究者更充分地运用以往的研究, 利用不同的CRISPR/Cas系统与不同的组分相结合, 开发出更适合了解、改造细菌的工具。
抗生素的不合理使用引起耐药菌种类和耐药机制不断更新, 新型有效的抗菌药物研发缓慢, 导致细菌耐药已经成为全球的公共卫生安全问题之一。2017年世界卫生组织发布了新型抗生素研发重点病原体清单, 用以指导新的抗菌药物的研发, 因为细菌耐药性、毒力特征不同, 在临床上以肠杆菌属、金葡菌等为代表的ESKAPE (Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) 病原菌最为棘手[49], 因此急需新的有效的治疗方法。除此之外, 清楚耐药菌种类、耐药机制对于治疗事半功倍, 但是现在如纸片法、肉汤稀释法、PCR技术、质谱法等诊断方法需要时间、设备成本, 不能做到现场快速诊断, 尤其在治疗脓毒血症时不能及时甄别病原菌常导致病情延误[50]
CRISPR/Cas系统的特异性识别、切割DNA的特点提供了一种治疗、诊断耐药菌的新方向, 在治疗细菌感染时能做到传统抗生素做不到的靶向消灭目的病原菌不损害原有的微生物群落, 还可以破坏耐药基因、恢复细菌对现有抗生素的敏感性, 有望缓解目前细菌耐药和新药研发缓慢的问题。此外, 在诊断病原菌类型时可以做到又快又准, 降低临床检测的时间、经济成本, 减少抗生素治疗细菌感染的盲目性, 如下文即将提到的TB-QUICK、SHERLOCK系统。CRISPR/Cas系统为基础研发的抗菌剂在消除、抑制细菌方面有着很大潜力, 虽大多还停留在实验阶段, 但它仍是解决细菌耐药的一个突破点。
在同一环境中, 耐药基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs) 往往在细菌之间通过转导、转化或接合等方式传播, 从而导致大面积的细菌耐药。2021年, 通过预测已知ARG的传播潜力, 发现β-内酰胺类、磺胺类、氨基糖苷类和四环素类耐药基因更容易在革兰阴性菌中进行传播, 从而引起细菌高度耐药, 其中肠杆菌科的耐药基因交换最为频繁[51], 所以消除耐药基因可以降低耐药菌的产生。CRISPR/Cas系统要发挥作用, 首要解决的是将改造后的CRISPR/Cas系统送入细菌内, 实验室常用电转化的方式递送, 通过高压电脉冲送入细菌内, 除此之外, 还有将CRISPR/Cas系统插入到噬菌体的基因组中, 通过病毒感染传递, 以及通过细菌的接合转移递送含有CRISPR/Cas系统的质粒。下面将结合递送方式阐述CRISPR/Cas系统实现耐药基因及耐药菌的消除。
2019年, 细菌作为供体携带能表达Cas9基因的质粒—pMBLcas9-sgRNA, 成功消除了受体菌中的mcr-1质粒[52]。2020年, 一种质粒介导的新型CRISPR/Cas9系统—pCasCure, 通过电转化进入到临床分离的耐碳青霉烯的肠杆菌科(Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, CRE) 中, 有效地消除几种流行的携带碳青霉烯类耐药基因的质粒, 如携带blaKPCblaOXA-48blaNDM的质粒[53]。向环境中引入携带CRISPR/Cas系统的细菌也可以实现消除耐药基因的作用, 接合质粒TP114与CRISPR/Cas9系统进行组合, 以可接合型工程菌(conjugative probiotic, COP) 作为质粒载体, 通过细菌间的接合转移成功消除了小鼠肠道中超过99.9%耐氯霉素的菌株[54]
CRISPR/Cas系统不仅可以用于消除耐药基因, 还能通过靶向染色体和质粒上的基因发挥特异性杀菌作用[55, 56], 含有CRISPR/Cas系统的质粒通过电转化的方式递送到细菌内, 再通过诱导剂诱导外源性pCasA-E、pCas3表达, 携带目的基因spacer的pCRISPR质粒合成gRNA引导Cas蛋白切割目的基因, 可以在有大量基因组高度同源不同菌株的菌液中杀死目的菌株[57]。通常在人体中有大量的共生菌参与生理活动、维持机体稳态, 在肠道菌群中耐药基因传播是普遍存在的, 由于大多数抗生素缺乏特异性, 大剂量的使用一定会破坏正常菌群, 从而又引起肠道菌群紊乱[58]。在住院的患者中, 接受长期抗菌治疗导致的艰难梭菌(Clostridium difficile) 感染引起的急性腹泻非常常见, 继续使用抗生素治疗又会导致艰难梭菌耐药, 引起腹泻反复, 所以保护共生菌、消除致病菌是治疗的关键。目前, 通过噬菌体携带CRISPR序列利用艰难梭菌内源性CRISPR/Cas系统, 在不影响其他正常菌群的情况下, 成功消除了小鼠肠道内艰难梭菌和耐药基因[59]。除对肠道菌群的研究外, 噬菌体还将化脓链球菌CRISPR/Cas9系统和CRISPR序列导入细菌内, 成功杀死了小鼠皮肤模型中携带耐药基因的金葡菌, 而正常定植的金葡菌没有受到牵连[60]
最初结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis) 可根据CRISPR序列进行分型, 在PCR技术基础上建立的Spoligotyping (Spacer OLIGOnucleotide TYPING) 平台可以通过CRISPR序列, 甄别出与牛支原体(Mycoplasma bovis) 混合的结核分枝杆菌, 这是传统方法做不到的[61], 此后相继出现了鼠疫耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia pestis)、化脓性链球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa) 种属鉴定的技术模型[62]。2021年, 报道了一种用于诊断结核分枝杆菌的方法—TB-QUICK, 该方法将环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP) 技术与CRISPR/Cas12b系统进行组合, 通过CRISPR/Cas系统结合并识别扩增后的靶基因IS6110, 再利用侧流检测(LFT-lateral flow test) 反馈结果, 实现快速精准识别[63]。Gootenberg和张峰的团队[64]在Cas13a蛋白可以切割RNA的基础上建立了SHERLOCK (sperific high sensitivity enzymatic reporter unlocking) 检测平台, 成功鉴别出具有碳青霉烯酶基因和NDM-1基因的肺炎克雷伯菌临床分离株, 该平台具有灵敏度高、特异性强、成本低的优点。在第二年, SHERLOCK平台进行优化升级, 将Cas13与Csm6 (一种CRISPR系统辅助因子) 结合, 得到了SHERLOCKv2, 检测的灵敏度提高了3.5倍, 新平台的重复利用率高、检测限更低并且可以用试纸观察结果[65]。此外, 还有一款CRISPR/Cas12a为基础设计的生物传感器, 可以检测食物中的沙门氏菌, 检测时间短、迅速、检测线灵敏、结果特异性高, 十分有希望发展为临床病原菌新的检测技术[66]
由此看来, CRISPR/Cas系统可塑性极强, 具有治疗、预防、检验的潜力, 可以根据它的特点改进现在的技术手段, 使之更快地实现临床价值。
在CRISPR/Cas技术出现之前的细菌基因编辑如自杀质粒虽然成本低、可以大范围破坏基因, 但是效率很低、假阳性率高、筛选难度高[67]; λ-red重组虽然效率高于自杀质粒, 但是需要外源性重组酶、抗性标记基因难清除[67]; ClosTron方法目前只在梭状芽孢杆菌中进行了测试, 而且成本高[67]。CRISPR/Cas9技术在基因编辑时可以做到精准、高效、便捷, 极大节约了时间、经济成本, 降低了准入门槛, 让基因编辑这项技术实现了“平民”化[67]。限制CRISPR/Cas系统应用的主要问题有脱靶效应、递送系统和细胞毒性。在基因编辑中, 脱靶是必须解决的问题, 现在可以通过对gRNA的GC含量、长度、磷酸骨架进行修饰, 或改造Cas蛋白, 或改良CRISPR系统递送方法去降低脱靶的概率[68]。最近发现的由噬菌体基因编码合成的抗CRISPR蛋白可以准确高效地调节CRISPR/Cas系统的活性, 减少脱靶后的影响, 如李斯特菌的噬菌体编码的AcrIIA2和AcrIIA4蛋白可以降低化脓性链球菌Cas9的活性[69]。2021年报道了一种基于靶向抗菌质粒(targeted-antibacterial-plasmids, TAPs) 的抗菌方法, 并设计了一种算法—CSTB (Crispr Search Tool for Bacteria, https://cstb.ibcp.fr.) 可以提高CRISRP/Cas系统靶向的精准度[70]
CRISPR/Cas系统起效的关键是设计合适的递送系统, 噬菌体作为常见的递送系统, 可以将CRISPR/Cas系统导入到宿主细菌中, 达到杀灭病原微生物及消除耐药基因的目的, 但细菌也会对噬菌体产生耐受降低递送效率[56]。用携带有多质粒系统的细菌植入可以更有效地解决环境中耐药菌, 但质粒的不相容性导致细菌不容易携带多个质粒系统, 甚至会影响目标质粒进入耐药菌中[71], 因此如何提高递送的效率仍需继续探索。
CRISPR/Cas系统的过表达和造成的DSB是引起细胞毒性的主要原因[67], 目前出现了很多的解决方法, 如前文讲的PE/BE系统、ShCAST系统、CRISPR/Cas12a系统、CRISPRi/a调控等。虽然在一定程度上缓解了细胞毒性, 但缺点如无法进行大片段编辑、适应范围窄等依然存在, 至今仍缺少一种完美解决的方法。
总之, 在大自然长期的进化筛选中, 研究者发现了细菌特异性免疫系统—CRISPR/Cas系统, 古人云: “师夷长技以制夷”, 它不仅可以用于细菌的基因编辑, 还可以用于代谢工程、耐药菌防治等, 但缺陷仍是存在的, 如脱靶、毒性等, 需要继续深入研究, 相信终有一天研究者可以灵活应用在每一个领域。
作者贡献: 孙宗倜负责文献收集整理、阅读、文章构思、撰写和审阅; 孙琅参与文章构思, 并负责内容讨论、审阅和校对; 游雪甫参与文章审阅和校对。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明本研究内容无任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(32141003)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82104249)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-2-002)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-1-I2M-030)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Alkhnbashi OS, et al. An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems[J]. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2015, 13: 722-736.
[2]
Al-Shayeb B, Skopintsev P, Soczek KM, et al. Diverse virus-encoded CRISPR-Cas systems include streamlined genome editors[J]. Cell, 2022, 185: 4574-4586.e16.
[3]
Zhang F. Development of CRISPR-Cas systems for genome editing and beyond[J]. Q Rev Biophys, 2019, 52: e6.
[4]
Ishino Y, Shinagawa H, Makino K, et al. Nucleotide sequence of the IAP gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product[J]. J Bacteriol, 1987, 169: 5429-5433.
[5]
Mojica FJ, Diez-Villasenor C, Garcia-Martinez J, et al. Intervening sequences of regularly spaced prokaryotic repeats derive from foreign genetic elements[J]. J Mol Evol, 2005, 60: 174-182.
[6]
Pourcel C, Salvignol G, Vergnaud G. CRISPR elements in Yersinia pestis acquire new repeats by preferential uptake of bacteriophage DNA, and provide additional tools for evolutionary studies[J]. Microbiology, 2005, 151: 653-663.
[7]
Barrangou R, Fremaux C, Deveau H, et al. CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes[J]. Science, 2007, 315: 1709-1712.
[8]
Brouns SJJ, Jore MM, Lundgren M, et al. Small CRISPR RNAs guide antiviral defense in prokaryotes[J]. Science, 2008, 321: 960-964.
[9]
Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, et al. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity[J]. Science, 2012, 337: 816-821.
[10]
Cong L, Ran FA, Cox D, et al. Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems[J]. Science, 2013, 339: 819-823.
[11]
Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Iranzo J, et al. Evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems: a burst of class 2 and derived variants[J]. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2020, 18: 67-83.
[12]
Ruiz B, Chávez A, Forero A, et al. Production of microbial secondary metabolites: regulation by the carbon source[J]. Crit Rev Microbiol, 2010, 36: 146-167.
[13]
Chen R. Bacterial expression systems for recombinant protein production: E. coli and beyond[J]. Biotechnol Adv, 2012, 30: 1102-1107.
[14]
Liao JC, Mi L, Pontrelli S, et al. Fuelling the future: microbial engineering for the production of sustainable biofuels[J]. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2016, 14: 288-304.
[15]
Jiang W, Bikard D, Cox D, et al. RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems[J]. Nat Biotechnol, 2013, 31: 233-239.
[16]
Wang B, Hu Q, Zhang Y, et al. A RecET-assisted CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in Corynebacterium glutamicum[J]. Microb Cell Fact, 2018, 17: 63.
[17]
Walton RT, Christie KA, Whittaker MN, et al. Unconstrained genome targeting with near-PAMless engineered CRISPR-Cas9 variants[J]. Science, 2020, 368: 290-296.
[18]
Meliawati M, Schilling C, Schmid J. Recent advances of Cas12a applications in bacteria[J]. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2021, 105: 2981-2990.
[19]
Liu Z, Dong H, Cui Y, et al. Application of different types of CRISPR/Cas-based systems in bacteria[J]. Microb Cell Fact, 2020, 19: 172.
[20]
Yang L, Briggs AW, Chew WL, et al. Engineering and optimising deaminase fusions for genome editing[J]. Nat Commun, 2016, 7: 13330.
[21]
Gaudelli NM, Komor AC, Rees HA, et al. Programmable base editing of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage[J]. Nature, 2017, 551: 464-471.
[22]
Komor AC, Kim YB, Packer MS, et al. Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage[J]. Nature, 2016, 533: 420-424.
[23]
Tong Y, Whitford CM, Robertsen HL, et al. Highly efficient DSB-free base editing for streptomycetes with CRISPR-BEST[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2019, 116: 20366-20375.
[24]
Banno S, Nishida K, Arazoe T, et al. Deaminase-mediated multiplex genome editing in Escherichia coli[J]. Nat Microbiol, 2018, 3: 423-429.
[25]
Wang Y, Wang Z, Chen Y, et al. A highly efficient CRISPR-Cas9-based genome Engineering platform in Acinetobacter baumannii to understand the H2O2-sensing mechanism of OxyR[J]. Cell Chem Biol, 2019, 26: 1732-1742.e5.
[26]
Chen W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, et al. CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and cytidine deaminase-mediated base editing in Pseudomonas species[J]. iScience, 2018, 6: 222-231.
[27]
Wang Y, Wang S, Chen W, et al. CRISPR-Cas9 and CRISPR-assisted cytidine deaminase enable precise and efficient genome editing in Klebsiella pneumoniae[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2018, 84: e01834-18.
[28]
Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang Z, et al. Programmable adenine deamination in bacteria using a Cas9-adenine-deaminase fusion[J]. Chem Sci, 2020, 11: 1657-1664.
[29]
Abudayyeh OO, Gootenberg JS, Franklin B, et al. A cytosine deaminase for programmable single-base RNA editing[J]. Science, 2019, 365: 382-386.
[30]
Tian K, Hong X, Guo M, et al. Development of base editors for simultaneously editing multiple loci in Lactococcus lactis[J]. ACS Synth Biol, 2022, 11: 3644-3656.
[31]
Anzalone AV, Randolph PB, Davis JR, et al. Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA[J]. Nature, 2019, 576: 149-157.
[32]
Liu Y, Li X, He S, et al. Efficient generation of mouse models with the prime editing system[J]. Cell Discov, 2020, 6: 27.
[33]
Lin Q, Zong Y, Xue C, et al. Prime genome editing in rice and wheat[J]. Nat Biotechnol, 2020, 38: 582-585.
[34]
Tong Y, Jørgensen TS, Whitford CM, et al. A versatile genetic engineering toolkit for E. coli based on CRISPR-prime editing[J]. Nat Commun, 2021, 12: 5206.
[35]
Strecker J, Ladha A, Gardner Z, et al. RNA-guided DNA insertion with CRISPR-associated transposases[J]. Science, 2019, 365: 48-53.
[36]
Cheng ZH, Wu J, Liu JQ, et al. Repurposing CRISPR RNA-guided integrases system for one-step, efficient genomic integration of ultra-long DNA sequences[J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 2022, 50: 7739-7750.
[37]
Chen W, Ren ZH, Tang N, et al. Targeted genetic screening in bacteria with a Cas12k-guided transposase[J]. Cell Rep, 2021, 36: 109635.
[38]
Cho S, Choe D, Lee E, et al. High-level dCas9 expression induces abnormal cell morphology in Escherichia coli[J]. ACS Synth Biol, 2018, 7: 1085-1094.
[39]
Cho S, Shin J, Cho BK. Applications of CRISPR/Cas system to bacterial metabolic engineering[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2018, 19: 1089.
[40]
Qi LS, Larson MH, Gilbert LA, et al. Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-guided platform for sequence-specific control of gene expression[J]. Cell, 2013, 152: 1173-1183.
[41]
Dong C, Fontana J, Patel A, et al. Synthetic CRISPR-Cas gene activators for transcriptional reprogramming in bacteria[J]. Nat Commun, 2018, 9: 2489.
[42]
Kim SK, Seong W, Han GH, et al. CRISPR interference-guided multiplex repression of endogenous competing pathway genes for redirecting metabolic flux in Escherichia coli[J]. Microb Cell Fact, 2017, 16: 188.
[43]
Kim SK, Han GH, Seong W, et al. CRISPR interference-guided balancing of a biosynthetic mevalonate pathway increases terpenoid production[J]. Metab Eng, 2016, 38: 228-240.
[44]
Liu X, Kimmey JM, Matarazzo L, et al. Exploration of bacterial bottlenecks and Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenesis by CRISPRi-Seq[J]. Cell Host Microbe, 2021, 29: 107-120.e6.
[45]
De Bakker V, Liu X, Bravo AM, et al. CRISPRi-seq for genome-wide fitness quantification in bacteria[J]. Nat Protoc, 2022, 17: 252-281.
[46]
Bikard D, Jiang W, Samai P, et al. Programmable repression and activation of bacterial gene expression using an engineered CRISPR-Cas system[J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 2013, 41: 7429-7437.
[47]
Liu Y, Wan X, Wang B. Engineered CRISPRa enables programmable eukaryote-like gene activation in bacteria[J]. Nat Commun, 2019, 10: 3693.
[48]
Ho HI, Fang JR, Cheung J, et al. Programmable CRISPR-Cas transcriptional activation in bacteria[J]. Mol Syst Biol, 2020, 16: e9427.
[49]
González De Aledo M, González-Bardanca M, Blasco L, et al. CRISPR-Cas, a revolution in the treatment and study of ESKAPE infections: pre-clinical studies[J]. Antibiotics, 2021, 10: 756.
[50]
Khwannimit B, Bhurayanontachai R. The direct costs of intensive care management and risk factors for financial burden of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock[J]. J Crit Care, 2015, 30: 929-934.
[51]
Ellabaan MMH, Munck C, Porse A, et al. Forecasting the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes across bacterial genomes[J]. Nat Commun, 2021, 12: 2435.
[52]
Wang P, He D, Li B, et al. Eliminating mcr-1-harbouring plasmids in clinical isolates using the CRISPR/Cas9 system[J]. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2019, 74: 2559-2565.
[53]
Hao M, He Y, Zhang H, et al. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated carbapenemase gene and plasmid curing in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2020, 64: e00843-20.
[54]
Neil K, Allard N, Roy P, et al. High-efficiency delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 by engineered probiotics enables precise microbiome editing[J]. Mol Syst Biol, 2021, 17: e10335.
[55]
Vercoe RB, Chang JT, Dy RL, et al. Cytotoxic chromosomal targeting by CRISPR/Cas systems can reshape bacterial genomes and expel or remodel pathogenicity islands[J]. PLoS Genetics, 2013, 9: e1003454.
[56]
Citorik RJ, Mimee M, Lu TK. Sequence-specific antimicrobials using efficiently delivered RNA-guided nucleases[J]. Nat Biotechnol, 2014, 32: 1141-1145.
[57]
Gomaa AA, Klumpe HE, Luo ML, et al. Programmable removal of bacterial strains by use of genome-targeting CRISPR-Cas systems[J]. mBio, 2014, 5: e00928-13.
[58]
Mcinnes RS, Mccallum GE, Lamberte LE, et al. Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in the human gut microbiome[J]. Curr Opin Microbiol, 2020, 53: 35-43.
[59]
Selle K, Fletcher J R, Tuson H, et al. In vivo targeting of Clostridioides difficile using phage-delivered CRISPR-Cas3 antimicrobials[J]. mBio, 2020, 11: e00019-20.
[60]
Bikard D, Euler CW, Jiang W, et al. Exploiting CRISPR-Cas nucleases to produce sequence-specific antimicrobials[J]. Nat Biotechnol, 2014, 32: 1146-1150.
[61]
Kamerbeek J, Schouls L, Kolk A, et al. Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology[J]. J Clin Microbiol, 1997, 35: 907-914.
[62]
Pourcel C, Drevet C. Occurrence, diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems and genotyping implications [M] // Barrangou R, Van Der Oost J. CRISPR-Cas Systems: RNA-mediated Adaptive Immunity in Bacteria and Archaea. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013: 33-59.
[63]
Sam IK, Chen YY, Ma J, et al. TB-QUICK: CRISPR-Cas12b-assisted rapid and sensitive detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis[J]. J Infect, 2021, 83: 54-60.
[64]
Gootenberg JS, Abudayyeh OO, Lee JW, et al. Nucleic acid detection with CRISPR-Cas13a/C2c2[J]. Science, 2017, 356: 438-442.
[65]
Gootenberg JS, Abudayyeh OO, Kellner MJ, et al. Multiplexed and portable nucleic acid detection platform with Cas13, Cas12a, and Csm6[J]. Science, 2018, 360: 439-444.
[66]
Ma L, Peng L, Yin L, et al. CRISPR-Cas12a-powered dual-mode biosensor for ultrasensitive and cross-validating detection of pathogenic bacteria[J]. ACS Sens, 2021, 6: 2920-2927.
[67]
Arroyo-Olarte RD, Bravo Rodríguez R, Morales-Ríos E. Genome editing in bacteria: CRISPR-Cas and beyond[J]. Microorganisms, 2021, 9: 844.
[68]
Naeem M, Majeed S, Hoque MZ, et al. Latest developed strategies to minimize the off-target effects in CRISPR-Cas-mediated genome editing[J]. Cells, 2020, 9: 1608.
[69]
Yang H, Patel DJ. Inhibition mechanism of an anti-CRISPR suppressor AcrIIA4 targeting SpyCas9[J]. Mol Cell, 2017, 67: 117-127.e5.
[70]
Reuter A, Hilpert C, Dedieu-Berne A, et al. Targeted-antibacterial-plasmids (TAPs) combining conjugation and CRISPR/Cas systems achieve strain-specific antibacterial activity[J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 2021, 49: 3584-3598.
[71]
Wongpayak P, Meesungnoen O, Saejang S, et al. A highly effective and self-transmissible CRISPR antimicrobial for elimination of target plasmids without antibiotic selection[J]. PeerJ, 2021, 9: e11996.
2023年第58卷第9期
PDF下载
733
373
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0235
  • 接收时间:2023-02-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-09-12
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2023-02-28
  • 修回日期:2023-04-12
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(32141003)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82104249)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-2-002)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-1-I2M-030)
作者信息
    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染药物研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*孙琅, Tel: 86-10-67061033, E-mail: ;
游雪甫, Tel: 86-10-67010489, E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0235
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏