Article(id=1198656144802677089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0425, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1680796800000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-07, revisedDate=1683129600000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711494875, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1694448000000, pubDateStr=2023-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711494875, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711494875, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711494875, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656143976399200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='9', pageStart='2541', pageEnd='2834', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1694448000000', pubDateStr='2023-09-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711494677, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763711620095, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2569, endPage=2580, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656145108861285, articleId=1198656144802677089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanisms and research progress of targeted therapies on regulation of autophagy by natural compounds from traditional Chinese medicine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Autophagy is an important physiological process that can degrade cell components and maintain cell homeostasis, divided into three types including macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperon-mediated autophagy generally, and macroautophagy is the most common form. Autophagy can affect the progression of a variety of diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, heart-related diseases, and autoimmune diseases, etc. However, autophagy can promote or inhibit diseases in different circumstances because of the dual roles of autophagy. Therefore, targeted regulating autophagy may be a potential treatment plan for diseases in specific stages of disease development. Now, with the development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) resources and the deepening of researches on the modern utilization of TCM, many active compounds from TCM have been discovered that can target autophagy to exert pharmacological activity. Most of the natural compounds activate or inhibit autophagy by affecting the classical PI3K/AKT/mTOR autophagy pathway. In addition, some compounds can also affect autophagy through MAPKs signaling pathways such as MEK/ERK, JNK and p38MAPK. These active compounds exert various biological activities by regulating autophagy, including anti-tumor, inhibiting neurodegenerative diseases, protecting cardiomyocytes, and relief of inflammatory response. In this review, we summarized the active compounds in TCM that affect autophagy by targeting different signaling pathways and their mechanisms of regulating autophagy, also introduced the effects of active compounds on diseases after affecting autophagy. Finally, this paper summarized and prospected the development of targeted autophagy for the treatment of diseases by TCM compounds, hoping to provide clues for subsequent exploration and research.

, authors=null, authorsList=Lei-lei FU, Yuan-yuan YANG, Bo LIU, Hai-yang YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bo LIU, Hai-yang YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656146274877818, articleId=1198656144802677089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=中药来源的天然化合物调控自噬机制及靶向治疗研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

细胞自噬是一种可以降解细胞自身成分的维持细胞稳态的重要生理过程。通常自噬被分为巨自噬、微自噬和分子伴侣介导的自噬3种类型, 巨自噬是其中最常见的形式。自噬可以影响多种疾病的进展如癌症、神经退行性疾病、心脏相关疾病和自身免疫性疾病等, 但因自噬的双重作用, 在不同的情况下自噬对疾病可以表现出促进或抑制两种相反的作用, 因此, 在具体的疾病发展阶段, 靶向调节自噬可能是一种有潜力的疾病治疗方案。现在随着对中药资源的开发和中药现代化利用研究的深入, 已经发现了许多可以靶向自噬从而产生药理活性的中药来源化合物。大部分中药来源天然化合物可以通过影响PI3K/AKT/mTOR这一经典自噬通路来激活或抑制自噬, 此外, 还有部分化合物可以通过MEK/ERK、JNK、p38MAPK等MAPKs信号通路来影响自噬。这些中药来源天然化合物通过调节自噬来发挥抗肿瘤、抑制神经退行疾病、保护心肌细胞、缓解炎症反应等多种生物活性。本文总结了可以靶向不同信号通路从而影响自噬的中药来源天然化合物及其调节自噬的机制, 并介绍了这些化合物影响自噬后对疾病的影响。最后, 对开发中药来源化合物靶向自噬治疗疾病进行了总结和展望, 希望可以为后续探索和研究提供线索。

, authors=null, authorsList=符雷蕾, 杨媛媛, 刘博, 于海洋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘博, 于海洋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘博, Tel: 15708469925, E-mail: ;
于海洋, E-mail:
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Canonical autophagy: autophagy-inducing signals trigger the activation of AMPK, simultaneously inhibit mTOR and activate the pre-initiation complex. This complex, in turn, phosphorylates components in the autophagy initiation complex composed. The activity and coordination of the ATG5-ATG12 system and the LC3 system facilitate the curvature and sealing of the autophagosome. The resulting autophagosomes then fuse to lysosomes (forming autolysosomes), resulting in digestion of the autophagosome contents loaded by the LC3 binding proteins. Non-canonical autophagy: the non-canonical autophagy pathway also functions to lipidate LC3 family proteins on a single membrane. LAP and LANDO process independently of the autophagy ULK1 complex, and utilize a different initiation complex composed of VPS34, VPS15, Beclin 1, UVRAG and Rubicon without requirements for ATG14 or AMBRA1. 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The compounds in the blue box can activate autophagy, and the red box can inhibit autophagy. 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中药来源的天然化合物调控自噬机制及靶向治疗研究进展
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符雷蕾 1 , 杨媛媛 1, 2 , 刘博 2, * , 于海洋 3, *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(9): 2569-2580
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (9) : 2569 -2580
中药来源的天然化合物调控自噬机制及靶向治疗研究进展
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符雷蕾1, 杨媛媛1, 2, 刘博2, * , 于海洋3, *
作者信息
  • 1.西南交通大学生命科学与工程学院, 四川 成都 610031
  • 2.四川大学生物治疗国家重点实验室, 四川 成都 610041
  • 3.天津中医药大学中医药研究院、组分中药国家重点实验室, 天津 301617
通讯作者:
*刘博, Tel: 15708469925, E-mail: ;
于海洋, E-mail:
Mechanisms and research progress of targeted therapies on regulation of autophagy by natural compounds from traditional Chinese medicine
Lei-lei FU1, Yuan-yuan YANG1, 2, Bo LIU2, * , Hai-yang YU3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
  • 3. State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
出版时间: 2023-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0425
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细胞自噬是一种可以降解细胞自身成分的维持细胞稳态的重要生理过程。通常自噬被分为巨自噬、微自噬和分子伴侣介导的自噬3种类型, 巨自噬是其中最常见的形式。自噬可以影响多种疾病的进展如癌症、神经退行性疾病、心脏相关疾病和自身免疫性疾病等, 但因自噬的双重作用, 在不同的情况下自噬对疾病可以表现出促进或抑制两种相反的作用, 因此, 在具体的疾病发展阶段, 靶向调节自噬可能是一种有潜力的疾病治疗方案。现在随着对中药资源的开发和中药现代化利用研究的深入, 已经发现了许多可以靶向自噬从而产生药理活性的中药来源化合物。大部分中药来源天然化合物可以通过影响PI3K/AKT/mTOR这一经典自噬通路来激活或抑制自噬, 此外, 还有部分化合物可以通过MEK/ERK、JNK、p38MAPK等MAPKs信号通路来影响自噬。这些中药来源天然化合物通过调节自噬来发挥抗肿瘤、抑制神经退行疾病、保护心肌细胞、缓解炎症反应等多种生物活性。本文总结了可以靶向不同信号通路从而影响自噬的中药来源天然化合物及其调节自噬的机制, 并介绍了这些化合物影响自噬后对疾病的影响。最后, 对开发中药来源化合物靶向自噬治疗疾病进行了总结和展望, 希望可以为后续探索和研究提供线索。

细胞自噬  /  中药  /  天然化合物  /  PI3K/AKT/mTOR  /  丝裂原活化蛋白激酶

Autophagy is an important physiological process that can degrade cell components and maintain cell homeostasis, divided into three types including macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperon-mediated autophagy generally, and macroautophagy is the most common form. Autophagy can affect the progression of a variety of diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, heart-related diseases, and autoimmune diseases, etc. However, autophagy can promote or inhibit diseases in different circumstances because of the dual roles of autophagy. Therefore, targeted regulating autophagy may be a potential treatment plan for diseases in specific stages of disease development. Now, with the development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) resources and the deepening of researches on the modern utilization of TCM, many active compounds from TCM have been discovered that can target autophagy to exert pharmacological activity. Most of the natural compounds activate or inhibit autophagy by affecting the classical PI3K/AKT/mTOR autophagy pathway. In addition, some compounds can also affect autophagy through MAPKs signaling pathways such as MEK/ERK, JNK and p38MAPK. These active compounds exert various biological activities by regulating autophagy, including anti-tumor, inhibiting neurodegenerative diseases, protecting cardiomyocytes, and relief of inflammatory response. In this review, we summarized the active compounds in TCM that affect autophagy by targeting different signaling pathways and their mechanisms of regulating autophagy, also introduced the effects of active compounds on diseases after affecting autophagy. Finally, this paper summarized and prospected the development of targeted autophagy for the treatment of diseases by TCM compounds, hoping to provide clues for subsequent exploration and research.

autophagy  /  traditional Chinese medicine  /  natural compound  /  PI3K/AKT/mTOR  /  mitogen-activated protein kinases
符雷蕾, 杨媛媛, 刘博, 于海洋. 中药来源的天然化合物调控自噬机制及靶向治疗研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2569 -2580 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0425
Lei-lei FU, Yuan-yuan YANG, Bo LIU, Hai-yang YU. Mechanisms and research progress of targeted therapies on regulation of autophagy by natural compounds from traditional Chinese medicine[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2569 -2580 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0425
细胞自噬是一种利用溶酶体来消化自身成分的过程。自噬对于细胞适应代谢应激, 维持细胞生长和稳定, 以及除去细胞中潜在危险因素如受损的细胞器和错误折叠的蛋白有着关键作用。根据捕获待降解物的方式, 可以将自噬分为微自噬、巨自噬和分子伴侣介导的自噬3种类型, 而根据自噬底物的不同又可以将自噬分为线粒体自噬、过氧化物酶体自噬和内质网自噬等。巨自噬是自噬的常见类型, 因此本文集中于巨自噬(本文简称为自噬)[1]
中药一直是治疗各种疾病的宝贵资源, 如从黄花蒿中提取出的青蒿素对疟疾具有很好的治疗作用; 来源于红豆杉的紫杉醇被广泛用于乳腺癌的治疗等。并且随着中药的现代化发展, 对中药来源的活性化合物的提取分离、鉴定以及机制研究已经日益深入。现有多篇研究已经报道了多种从中药中发现的通过靶向细胞自噬来治疗疾病的天然化合物, 如姜黄素、白藜芦醇和厚朴酚等。本文总结了多个靶向自噬的中药来源化合物及其机制研究进展, 以期为开发中药来源活性化合物靶向自噬治疗疾病的研究提供线索。
自噬小体的形成在自噬过程中至关重要, 有两种途径可以诱导其形成, 分别是经典自噬途径和非经典自噬途径(图 1)。经典自噬途径由营养剥夺或能量危机引起, 在这种情况下会导致腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, AMPK) 被激活, 激活的AMPK可以抑制负调控自噬的雷帕霉素靶标(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR) 复合物的活性, 在mTOR和AMPK的共同作用下, 激活下游自噬启动前unc-51-like激酶(unc51-like kinase 1, ULK1) 复合物。该ULK1复合物由ULK1、自噬相关基因13 (autophagy-related gene 13, ATG13)、ATG101、200 kD的黏着斑激酶家族相互作用蛋白(focal adhesion kinase family interacting protein of 200 kD, FIP200) 组成。非经典自噬途径则不依赖于AMPK和mTOR对该复合物的激活。而后ULK1复合物可以通过磷酸化由空泡蛋白分拣蛋白34 (vacuolar protein sorting 34, VPS34)、VPS15、Beclin 1、ATG14和自噬/苄氯素1调节因子1 (activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1, AMBRA1) 组成的自噬起始复合物来启动自噬小体的膜的形成。起始复合物可以作为E3连接酶, 将微管相关蛋白1轻链3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, LC3) 与磷脂酰乙醇胺(phosphatidyl ethanolamine, PE) 相连(形成LC3-PE)。接着自噬体与溶酶体融合形成自噬溶酶体, 最终降解错误折叠的蛋白或功能异常的细胞器[2]
磷脂酰肌醇三激酶/丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶/mTOR (phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B/mTOR, PI3K/AKT/mTOR) 是常见的调节自噬的信号途径, 磷酸酯酶与张力蛋白同源物(phosphatase and tensin homolog, PTEN) 可以减弱该信号通路来促进自噬的发生(图 2)。PI3K是G蛋白偶联受体和生长因子与受体酪氨酸激酶(receptor tyrosine kinase, RTK) 下游的主要效应器, 可以产生磷脂从而传递信息并激活下游AKT, 同时促进AKT迁移至细胞膜, 而后AKT激活mTOR复合物1 (mTORC1, 对雷帕霉素敏感), 而mTOR复合物2 (mTORC2, 对雷帕霉素不敏感) 又可以磷酸化AKT。p-AKT可以使得结节性硬化症蛋白复合体1 (tuberous sclerosis complex 1, TSC1) 从复合物中解离下来, 从而激活mTOR[3]。mTOR是自噬的关键负调节因子, 可以通过下游的ULK1以及VPS34来抑制自噬的进展, 同时, mTOR还可以直接磷酸化核糖体S6蛋白激酶(ribosome S6 protein kinase, p70S6), 从而抑制自噬小体的形成。磷酸酶和PTEN是PI3K/AKT的主要拮抗剂并在多种疾病中发挥作用, 如在多种癌症中, PTEN的缺失使得PTEN磷酸酯酶的功能丧失, 从而导致AKT的过度激活, 这对癌细胞具有重要影响[4]
AMPK是另一个可以调控PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路的关键因素。AMPK是一种细胞内的能量传感器, 在葡萄糖饥饿的情况下, AMPK可以通过对AKT激活mTOR的抑制来阻断PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路。AMPK还可以通过磷酸化TSC1使其不能从复合物中解离或者直接抑制mTORC1来诱导自噬。此外, AMPK可以直接通过Ser 317和Ser 777的磷酸化, 进而直接激活ULK1, 最后诱导自噬的发生[5]
大鼠肉瘤蛋白/丝裂原活化的细胞外信号调节激酶/细胞外调节蛋白激酶(rat sarcoma/mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase/extracellular regulated protein kinases, RAS/MEK/ERK)、Jun氨基末端激酶(Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK)/c-Jun、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, p38MAPK) 都是MAPK通路下的不同类型, MAPK信号通路在调控细胞自噬中发挥着关键作用。其中, RAS/MEK/ERK可以通过细胞膜受体将细胞外的信号传递到细胞核中, 从而影响细胞对外界各种刺激的反应。当有外界刺激时, RAS可以与三磷酸鸟苷(guanosine triphosphate, GTP) 结合使得RAF被磷酸化而激活, 激活的RAF又可以直接激活MEK/ERK并上调下游自噬相关蛋白LC3和p62的表达[6]。p38MAPK通常可以诱导自噬的发生, 有多种天然化合物可以通过直接激活p38MAPK来促进自噬, 并且通常它们都会同时激活其他MAPK信号通路如MEK/ERK或JNK。
众所周知, 自噬在多种疾病中都发挥着重要作用, 并且自噬对疾病的作用常常是一把双刃剑。在不同的环境下, 自噬有时发挥其清除细胞内的危险因素如错误折叠的蛋白或功能障碍的细胞器等, 从而起到保护细胞免受危险因素的损害的作用。另一方面, 自噬还可以作为一种细胞死亡的方式来杀死细胞。在不同的疾病中自噬的作用差异较大, 需要根据不同情况来具体研究。
在癌症中, 自噬对癌症的影响根据肿瘤类型、肿瘤发展情况、肿瘤微环境以及遗传背景而展示出促进肿瘤生长或抑制肿瘤生长的不同作用。在某些癌症发展的早期, 自噬可以通过维持细胞稳态, 防止细胞损伤和炎症, 抑制包括p62在内的致癌蛋白的聚集来抑制癌症的起始、增殖和转移[7]。此外, 自噬相关基因或蛋白的缺失可以促进某些肿瘤的发展, 如在肝癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌和前列腺癌等癌症中, 自噬相关基因Beclin 1缺失并且其表达被下调[8, 9]。这些都提示自噬可以抑制肿瘤的发展, 然而当肿瘤发展至晚期, 自噬又可以通过降解受损细胞器、减少DNA损伤、去除错误蛋白来提高肿瘤细胞对各种应激的适应能力, 发挥着保护肿瘤细胞的作用, 并促进肿瘤细胞发展[10]。此外, 还有研究报道自噬介导了肿瘤对某些药物的耐药性[11]。在许多研究天然药物治疗肿瘤的过程中, 研究者发现天然化合物诱导自噬通常具有保护肿瘤细胞的作用, 如与化合物诱导的细胞凋亡相互拮抗从而抑制肿瘤细胞的死亡, 有研究[12]报道了一种从中药酸枣中提取出的化合物physalin A可以诱导人黑色素瘤细胞A375-S2发生凋亡和自噬, 并且自噬可以减缓凋亡对癌细胞的杀伤作用。此外, 自噬还可以影响癌症转移的过程。自噬可以抑制早期的转移, 而在转移后期, 自噬可以帮助癌细胞克服各种环境压力包括缺氧和营养缺乏等, 还可以促进癌细胞从细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM) 扩散到血液中从而促进肿瘤转移[13]。因此, 在不同情况下, 靶向自噬可能是一种有效的肿瘤治疗策略。
自噬在神经退行性疾病中也发挥重要作用, 神经退行性疾病是一种由神经元结构和功能障碍而引起的疾病, 常见的神经退行性疾病有阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer disease, AD)、帕金森病(Parkinson disease, PD) 和肌萎缩侧索硬化症(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS) 等[14]。在许多神经退行性疾病中都有异常的神经元蛋白质聚集, 如在AD中β淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β-protein, Aβ) 异常聚集, PD中α-突触核蛋白异常聚集, ALS中以TAR DNA结合蛋白43 (TAR DNA binding protein-43, TDP-43) 为主的包涵体等[15-17]。因此, 自噬可以通过清除这些异常聚集的蛋白质而发挥治疗作用。此外, 在许多神经退行性疾病中自噬功能障碍还可能与其发生密切相关, 如在多种神经退行性疾病中都发现了mTOR的激活、自噬体的积累和泛素结合蛋白1 (sequestosome 1, SQSTM1) 的有限降解等[18]。因此激活自噬可能会缓解神经退行性疾病的进展, 是一种潜在的治疗方案。
除了癌症和神经退行性疾病以外, 自噬还在多种疾病中发挥重要作用, 如心衰、炎症及病毒感染等[19, 20]。并且在这些疾病中已经发现许多可以通过靶向自噬来发挥作用的中药来源天然化合物, 作者已在下文中进行总结。此外, 在不同的疾病和情况下, 自噬通过细胞内的危险因素“清洁者”或诱导细胞死亡的“刽子手”的双重身份来或促进或抑制疾病的发生和发展, 因此靶向自噬来治疗疾病成为当下最具潜力的途径之一。
现已发现许多中药来源的化合物可以通过靶向PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路来调节细胞自噬, 如从传统活血化瘀中药川芎中提取分离的生物碱ligustrazine被报道可以通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路来抑制小鼠视网膜神经节RGC-5细胞的自噬, 同时研究发现自噬的抑制可以保护小鼠视网膜神经节细胞免于急性损伤[21]。从白毛夏枯草中提取出的天然黄酮luteolin也可以通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路来抑制自噬, 与ligustrazine不同, luteolin还可以抑制Beclin 1-VPS34复合物从而抑制自噬。在自噬失调引起的哮喘中, 抑制自噬可以缓解哮喘患者的气道炎症和超敏反应, 因此luteolin是一种潜在的哮喘治疗药物[22]。从山竹中提取出的α-mangostin可以通过抑制自噬来减轻因对乙酰氨基酚过量使用而造成的肝毒性。研究报道, α-mangostin通过上调AKT/mTOR来抑制细胞自噬[23]。从八角莲中提取得到的单萜醇geraniol也具有抑制自噬并保护心肌细胞的作用, geraniol通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号来抑制心肌细胞自噬, 从而减轻炎症并抑制细胞凋亡[24]。除了PI3K以外, 磷酸二酯酶5A (phosphodiesterase 5A, PDE5A) 也可以激活下游AKT/mTOR, 如AC和3,5-DiCQA是清热解毒方剂四妙勇安汤中鉴定出的活性成分, 它们可以通过抑制PDE5A/AKT/mTOR/ULK1途径来抑制异丙肾上腺素(isoprenaline, ISO) 诱导的自噬依赖细胞死亡, 从而达到对心力衰竭心肌细胞的保护作用[25]。这几种中药来源的天然化合物都可以通过抑制自噬来保护细胞免于某些损伤。
除了以上可以通过PI3K激活AKT从而激活mTOR以外, 还可以直接激活mTOR从而抑制自噬。如一种从长叶桔梗中提取出的类甾体二萜类化合物eurycomanone可以在结直肠癌细胞中直接激活mTOR从而抑制自噬, 最终抑制结直肠癌细胞的增殖[26]
此外, 还有化合物可以通过抑制AMPK来激活mTOR, 从而抑制细胞自噬, 如从收涩药五味子中提取出的木脂素类化合物五味子甲素可以通过降低AMPK的磷酸化来上调mTOR的水平, 从而抑制自噬的发生, 最终保护氧-葡萄糖剥夺/再氧合(oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation, OGD/R) 诱导的PC12细胞损伤[27]。这提示五味子甲素可以通过AMPK/mTOR来抑制自噬从而保护神经损伤。一种从莲子心中提取出的生物碱neferine可以通过影响Ca2+来调节AMPK/mTOR信号通路从而抑制自噬的发生, 最终发挥对脑缺血大鼠的保护作用[28]。值得注意的是, 这些通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR来抑制细胞自噬的中药来源化合物大多都表现出对细胞的保护作用, 这可能提示研究者抑制自噬可能对某些细胞损伤性疾病具有治疗效果, 如心肌损伤、过敏反应和炎症等, 同时也有化合物表现出抑制肿瘤细胞的保护性自噬的作用。
异甘草素是从中药甘草中提取出的一种黄酮类化合物, 有研究报道异甘草素可以通过直接靶向p38并诱导p38磷酸化来阻断p38MAPK信号通路, 从而抑制了胰腺癌细胞的自噬[29]。在胰腺癌细胞中抑制细胞自噬可以抑制其生长和发展。
活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 在细胞内参与了多种生物过程, 也对细胞自噬有着重要影响, 有研究报道了从桔梗中提取出的桔梗多糖可以通过抑制ROS水平并恢复线粒体膜电位来抑制由铬诱导的细胞线粒体自噬[30]。同样, 一种生姜中提取出的化合物6‑shogaol也可以降低ROS的水平以及p53的表达, 从而抑制细胞自噬[31]。此外, 从远志中提取纯化出的多糖RP02-1可以通过抑制自噬来抑制胰腺导管癌的生长, RP02-1是通过影响自噬相关蛋白Beclin 1、ATG5和LC3B的表达来抑制自噬[32]。但是, RP02-1多糖抑制自噬的具体机制还需要进一步研究。
地黄是一种清热凉血、解毒止痛的中药, 有研究报道了一种从地黄中提取出的环烯醚萜苷类化合物梓醇可以在结直肠癌细胞中抑制自噬, 并促进癌细胞凋亡。梓醇是通过降低微小RNA 34a (microRNA 34a, miR-34a) 的表达来激活沉默信息调节因子1 (silent information regulator 1/sirtuin 1, SIRT1) 从而抑制自噬[33]。和厚朴酚是一种从厚朴中提取得到的联苯酚类化合物, 被报道为一种治疗肝纤维化的潜在药物。在LX-2人肝星状细胞中, 和厚朴酚可以通过抑制TGF-β1/SMAD (transforming growth factor beta 1/drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic) 信号通路来抑制自噬, 从而降低细胞的活化和胶原的表达[34]
众所周知, 溶酶体在自噬过程中发挥了不可替代的作用, 因此溶酶体功能的障碍必然影响自噬的发生, 现在有研究已经报道了某些天然化合物可以通过影响溶酶体功能来抑制自噬。此外, 有研究报道了一种从中药酸浆中提取出的化合物physakengose G (PG), PG可以通过影响溶酶体酸化情况以及溶酶体相关膜蛋白1 (lysosome-associated membrane protein 1, LAMP1) 水平来诱导溶酶体功能障碍从而抑制自噬的发生[35]。除了直接影响溶酶体功能来抑制自噬以外, 还可以通过影响自噬小体与溶酶体结合从而抑制自噬, 如从香茶菜属植物中提取出的二萜类化合物enanderinin J可以增加溶酶体的pH值, 同时抑制自噬小体和溶酶体的融合从而阻断自噬的发生[36]
目前, 已经发现有多种天然化合物可以通过抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR来抑制肿瘤细胞的生长和转移。从唇形科植物丹参中提取出的丹参酮Ⅰ可以通过抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR来诱导卵巢癌细胞的自噬和凋亡, 从而抑制肿瘤细胞的生长[37]。相似地, 从甘草中分离得到的查尔酮类化合物echinatin也可以通过使AKT/mTOR失活来诱导自噬和凋亡, 并抑制食管鳞状细胞癌的生长和转移[38]。翻白委陵菜中提取出的五环三萜类化合物PDB-1可以通过下调PI3K/AKT/mTOR来诱导A549细胞自噬并抑制其增殖[39]
Tubeimoside-1是一种从中药土贝母中提取出的三萜皂苷, 最近有研究报道它可以通过直接靶向AKT/mTOR/真核延伸因子2激酶(eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase, eEF2k) 通路来诱导乳腺癌细胞自噬, 同时AKT还下调凋亡抑制蛋白髓样细胞白血病序列1 (mean control limit 1, Mcl-1)、B淋巴细胞瘤-xl蛋白(B-cell lymphoma-xl, Bcl-xl) 和Bcl-2从而诱导细胞凋亡[40]。值得注意的是, tubeimoside-1诱导的自噬与凋亡是拮抗关系, 因此这暗示抑制tubeimoside-1诱导的细胞保护性自噬可能会提高其抗乳腺癌的活性。与tubeimoside-1相似的、可以通过诱导自噬发挥保护癌细胞并抑制凋亡的化合物, 与自噬抑制剂联用可能是一种有效的提高其抗肿瘤活性的策略。
然而, 在另一些疾病中, 自噬的保护性作用又可以展现出强大的治疗效果, 如大黄素在肝细胞L02中通过抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR而诱导自噬, 也与其诱导的凋亡相互拮抗, 并且此时自噬起到保护作用, 这提示研究者可以通过在肝细胞中增强自噬来减轻大黄素的肝毒性[41]。大黄素是掌叶大黄的主要蒽醌类活性成分, 它还可以通过诱导自噬来发挥肾脏保护活性。大黄素可能是通过激活AMPK/mTOR信号通路增强细胞自噬同时抑制细胞凋亡来发挥肾脏保护活性的[42]。三氧化二砷作为毒药砒霜的主要成分被报道可以通过诱导氧化应激从而激活多种细胞死亡程序, 如自噬、凋亡和坏死。三氧化二砷在巨噬细胞中可以通过促进ROS的产生来抑制转录因子EB (transcription factor EB, TFEB) 的核转位和PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路, 并最终促进巨噬细胞自噬, 这可以在动脉粥样硬化早期时减少病变从而减缓其发展[43, 44]。但三氧化二砷可以诱导肝毒性, 从具有调和诸药功效的甘草中提取出的黄酮类化合物liquiritigenin可以激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR诱导自噬, 发挥抗氧化和抗炎活性, 从而还可以预防三氧化二砷诱导肝毒性[45]
除了直接靶向该信号通路本身, 还可以靶向其调节因子, 如百里香醌是传统中药黑草种子的主要活性成分, 有研究报道它可以通过激活AMPK阻断PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路, 从而诱导肾癌细胞的自噬, 并且抑制的自噬还可以抑制肾癌细胞的增殖和转移[46]。与百里香醌类似, 从青钱柳中提取得到的arjunolic acid也可以通过调节AMPK来诱导自噬从而达到保护视网膜细胞免受氧化应激和炎症的损伤[47]。同样, 从葛根中提取的葛根素和从甘草中提取的licochalcone D激活自噬也依赖对AMPK的调节[48, 49]。AMPK除了可以通过抑制mTOR来诱导自噬以外, 还可以直接激活ULK1从而启动自噬。从传统香料八角中提取分离得到的异丁烯醇isodunnianol在治疗心肌损伤时可以通过激活AMPK/ULK1来诱导自噬, 此时激活自噬可以抑制心肌细胞的凋亡从而对心肌细胞产生保护作用。多柔比星的应用因其对心脏的毒性而受到限制, 而isodunnianol对心肌细胞的保护作用可以缓解多柔比星的心脏毒性, 因此isodunnianol与多柔比星的联用为多柔比星的应用提供了更多可能[50]。此外, 也有化合物可以直接通过ULK1来诱导自噬的发生, 如从传统中药阿魏中提取得到的倍半萜化合物ferulin C可以通过作用于ULK1来诱导乳腺癌细胞自噬, 并且与其诱导的细胞凋亡相互协同, 从而抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖和转移[51]
此外, 有研究报道了从罂粟壳中提取出的化合物norswertianin可以诱导胶质母细胞瘤细胞周期阻滞, 其抑制细胞增殖的机制可能与抑制AKT/mTOR诱导的自噬有关[52]。表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechingallate, EGCG) 是一种存在于茶叶中的儿茶素类单体, 同时它也可以从多种中药中获得, 如白果、枇杷叶及余甘子等, 有研究报道长期摄入EGCG可以增加自噬, 这可能与其减弱AMPK/AKT信号传导有关[53]。这些化合物诱导自噬的详细机制还需要深入探究。
中药来源的天然化合物还可以与其他药物联用, 并且通过自噬来增加其抗肿瘤的疗效。从传统中药陈皮中提取分离得到的化合物tangeretin可以与5-FU联用治疗结直肠癌, 其具体机制是通过抑制miR-21的水平来上调PTEN的表达, 从而抑制AKT/mTOR通路, 最终诱导细胞自噬[54]。值得注意的是5-FU治疗结直肠癌容易产生耐药性, 有研究报道了存在于山豆根中的萜类化合物withaferin-A可以与5-FU联用来诱导结直肠癌细胞自噬, 同时降低癌细胞对5-FU的耐药性[55]
Cucurbitacin Ⅰ是一种从胡黄连中提取得到的三萜类化合物, 可以抑制ERK并降低下游mTOR和信号转导和转录激活因子3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3) 的磷酸化水平来诱导细胞自噬依赖性死亡[56]。与cucurbitacin Ⅰ相似, 从黄芩中提取出的oroxylin A可以抑制ERK以及mTOR和STAT3的下游磷酸化水平从而激活细胞自噬。此外, oroxylin A还可以抑制AKT的活性, 因此其可以通过影响ERK/AKT/mTOR/STAT3/Notch信号通路来诱导自噬[57]。从中药肉苁蓉中提取出的甾体皂苷RCE-4可以通过下调Ras、p‑MEK1/2和p‑ERK1/2来诱导自噬, 此外研究还报道RCE-4在诱导自噬的过程中也涉及到上调AMPK而后抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR[58]。从红大戟中提取出一种蒽醌类化合物damnacanthal可以抑制卵巢癌细胞SKVO3和A2780的迁移和侵袭并诱导细胞自噬, 其具体机制与抑制ERK/mTOR通路的活性有关[57]
在研究减弱diosbulbin-B (DB) 肝毒性的过程中, 有研究发现了一种从补血活血药当归中提取出的多糖Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) 可以通过抑制MEK/ERK信号通路来诱导细胞自噬, 从而降低高剂量DB的肝毒性[59]。这与前文提到的通过诱导自噬来发挥细胞保护作用而降低与其联用药物的毒性相同。
卫矛科植物南蛇藤的果实是一种具有养血安神的传统中药, pristimerin是从其中提取出的一种醌甲基三萜类化合物, 有研究报道了它可以通过诱导乳腺癌细胞自噬和凋亡来发挥抑制乳腺癌生长的作用。Pristimerin可以上调ROS的水平, 而后ROS激活凋亡信号调控激酶1 (arabidopsis serine/threonine kinase 1, ASK1)/JNK信号通路从而诱导自噬[60]。直接通过JNK/c-Jun来激活自噬的中药来源化合物较少, 这还需要进一步研究来丰富化合物诱导自噬的机制。
重楼是云南地区一种著名传统中药, 最近有研究报道了一种从重楼中分离纯化出的单体化合物PP-22, 它可以抑制鼻咽癌细胞CNE-2的增殖。研究发现PP-22可以通过激活p38MAPK来诱导自噬的发生, 同时该化合物还可以抑制ERK来促进自噬的发生[61]。从中药白芷中提取出的天然化合物falcarindiol可以通过p38MAPK来促进口腔鳞癌细胞自噬, 此外ERK1/2也参与了falcarindiol诱导的自噬[62]。此外, 一些化合物可以通过ROS来激活p38MAPK从而诱导自噬, 如紫草素是一种从紫草中提取得到的萘醌, 具有强大的抗肿瘤活性, 有研究报道紫草素可以诱导细胞内ROS的增加导致线粒体功能障碍, 从而激活p38MAPK以及JNK, 最后诱导细胞自噬和凋亡。值得注意的是, p38MAPK和JNK在调节细胞自噬和凋亡时存在着拮抗作用, 具体作用机制还需要更深入的研究[63]
从山茱萸中提取出的multioside可以通过诱导细胞自噬而表现出强大的抗肿瘤作用, 并且有多种途径参与到了诱导自噬的过程中, 包括前文提到的AKT/mTOR、ERK及MAPK信号通路[64]。与multioside相似, 从具有利肺平喘功效的传统中药桑白皮中提取出了一种活性成分mulberroside A可以通过多种信号通路从而在软骨细胞中促进自噬, 包括抑制MAPK、核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB) 和PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路。激活的自噬可以调节软骨细胞的炎症反应, 因此mulberroside A具有治疗骨关节炎的潜力[65]。另一种从桑白皮中提取出的重要多酚白藜芦醇也可以通过多种途径来诱导细胞自噬并发挥强大的抗肿瘤活性包括抗乳腺癌、结肠癌、肝癌和非小细胞肺癌等。有研究报道, 白藜芦醇可以通过抑制AKT/mTOR, 同时激活p38MAPK来促进非小细胞肺癌细胞自噬[66]。此外, 白藜芦醇可以通过抑制神经生长因子受体(nerve growth factor receptor, NGFR) 来影响下游AMPK/mTOR从而增强A549细胞的自噬[67]。除了抗肿瘤活性以外, 白藜芦醇还在神经损伤大鼠体内通过增强自噬来减轻由髓系细胞触发受体2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2, TREM2) 引起的神经性疼痛及其炎症[68]。最近还有研究报道了白藜芦醇具有一定治疗自身免疫性疾病的潜力。它可以通过阻断AKT/mTOR诱导自噬来抑制B细胞活化因子(B cell activating factor, BAFF) 对正常细胞和肿瘤B细胞的刺激[69]。与白藜芦醇相似, 植物多酚类化合物姜黄素也可以通过抑制AKT/mTOR途径诱导ACHN细胞自噬和凋亡, 并抑制癌细胞的增殖[70]。姜黄素是从中药姜黄中提取得到的一种具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗炎及抗病毒等多种生物活性的天然化合物。姜黄素可以通过促进非小细胞肺癌自噬依赖性细胞死亡来拮抗肿瘤细胞对吉非替尼的耐药性[71]。姜黄素还可以激活AMPK和TFEB核转位从而诱导Parkin依赖性的线粒体自噬, 最终增强肠道屏障功能[72]。有研究报道姜黄素与probucol联用可以通过阻断PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路来诱导软骨细胞保护性自噬, 从而减轻炎症细胞因子对软骨细胞造成的应激损伤, 因此姜黄素与probucol联用可以作为一种治疗骨关节炎的潜在方案[73]。此外, 姜黄素还可通过自噬来缓解动脉粥样硬化中的炎症[74]。此外, 姜黄素可以通过阻断PI3K/AKT/mTOR的激活, 并恢复LAMP-2、Beclin和LC3 Ⅰ/Ⅱ水平来激活自噬, 从而抑制神经细胞内错误蛋白的聚集并降解异常的蛋白, 因此姜黄素还是一种治疗神经退行性疾病的潜力化合物[75]
除了可以同时影响多种经典途径来诱导自噬以外, 还有许多中药来源的天然化合物可以通过p53、ROS、线粒体功能及溶酶体功能等途径来影响自噬。Protopine是一种从白屈菜中提取得到的异喹啉生物碱, 可以通过增加LC3的水平来诱导结直肠癌细胞HCT116自噬, 同时通过增加p53介导的转录活性以及稳定性从而抑制HCT116细胞增殖[76]。Protopine诱导自噬的详细机制以及自噬和凋亡之间的关系还需要更进一步的研究。
从麻疯树中提取出的化合物jatrogosone A可以通过增加ROS水平并影响线粒体膜电位而后来诱导线粒体自噬[77]。与jatrogosone A类似, 从金丝桃中提取出的8, 8-bis-(dihydroconiferyl)-diferulate (DHCF2) 也可以引起细胞线粒体膜电位的变化和ROS的积累, 从而激活自噬。激活的自噬可以显著抑制白血病细胞CCRF-CEM增殖, 因此DHCF2可能是一种潜在的白血病治疗药物[78]。此外, 从黄花蒿中提取的黄酮类化合物chrysosplenol D也可以通过增加ROS来诱导自噬的发生, 从而发挥抑制三阴性乳腺癌增殖和转移的作用[79]
ROS的积累与线粒体功能密切相关, 影响线粒体也是诱导自噬的重要方式。例如, 从芸香科植物吴茱萸中提取得到的生物碱类化合物10-hydroxyevodiamine具有显著的抗肿瘤作用, 然而其具体的机制仍不清楚。有研究通过对该化合物进行修饰使其带有荧光探针, 从而发现其可以定位于线粒体和溶酶体, 增加ROS并下调线粒体膜电位, 从而诱导自噬。但同时研究发现抑制保护性自噬可以增加肿瘤细胞的凋亡, 因此该化合物与自噬抑制剂联用可能具有更好的疗效[80]。除了在癌症中可以通过影响线粒体来诱导自噬从而抗肿瘤外, 在心衰中也可以通过诱导自噬来保护心肌细胞, 如从败酱草中提取的黄酮类化合物acacetin可以通过激活SIRT1及SIRT6/AMPK信号通路来增强线粒体自噬从而发挥保护线粒体功能的作用[81]。与acacetin相似, 从白术中提取出的一种倍半萜类化合物atractylenolide Ⅰ也可以通过激活SIRT1来诱导自噬。Atractylenolide Ⅰ通过激活SIRT1来诱导p53脱乙酰化, 同时下调D-DT从而激活自噬, 最终发挥抑制结直肠腺瘤形成的作用[82]
8-Paradol是从药食同源的生姜中提取出的一种天然酚类化合物, 它可以靶向诱导胃癌细胞线粒体自噬从而抑制癌细胞的增殖。8-Paradol是通过靶向PTEN诱导激酶1 (PTEN induced putative kinase, PINK1)/Parkin来促进细胞线粒体自噬, 并且其诱导自噬可以进一步介导细胞凋亡[83]。Astragaloside Ⅳ (AS-Ⅳ) 是一种从黄芪中提取出的活性化合物, 具有抑制宫颈癌细胞增殖和侵袭的作用并且可以通过上调自噬相关蛋白脱帽mRNA 1A (decapping mRNA 1A, DCP1A) 和胸腺素β4 (thymosin beta 4 X-linked, TMSB4X) 的表达来诱导细胞自噬[84]
除了以上化合物之外, 还有许多具有诱导自噬作用的中药来源化合物, 如(+)-bornyl p-coumarate是一种从药食同源的胡椒中提取出的活性成分, 有研究报道它可以诱导细胞自噬, 并且上调了自噬相关蛋白Beclin-1、Atg3、Atg5、p62、LC3-Ⅰ和LC3-Ⅱ的水平[85]。从海南崖豆藤中获得的compound 9, 从刺皂角中提取的fisetin, 从山柰中提取的kaempferide等都可以诱导细胞自噬[86-88]。但这些化合物只被简单验证出具有诱导自噬的活性, 但其诱导自噬的具体机制仍需更深入的研究。
综上所述, 目前已有许多研究报道了中药来源的天然化合物具有靶向自噬来影响疾病发生发展的潜力, 然而自噬对于不同疾病, 甚至同一疾病的不同发展时期的影响差异巨大。这可能是由自噬本身具有“双重身份”导致的, 一方面自噬可以通过去除细胞内的危险因素如错误折叠的蛋白和功能异常的细胞器等来维持细胞的稳定, 另一方面自噬也可以作为一种细胞死亡方式来杀死细胞并且有时还可以与其他细胞死亡方式协同如细胞凋亡和坏死性凋亡等。因此, 探索自噬本身的机制及其与其他生物过程的相互作用是十分关键的, 如自噬对肿瘤细胞的具体影响方式, 自噬清除神经退行性疾病毒蛋白的详细机制, 自噬与其他程序性细胞死亡方式的串扰等。在具体疾病和特殊细胞环境中, 深入地研究自噬与疾病进展的相互作用可以为后续制定适宜的治疗方案提供先决条件。
随着中药开发和利用的深入, 已经发现许多中药来源天然化合物可以靶向自噬来发挥疾病治疗作用。值得注意的是, 因为自噬作为一种细胞程序性死亡方式, 与其他细胞死亡方式存在着相互影响, 而且天然产物往往具有多靶点的特点, 因此研究中有许多中药来源天然化合物可以同时影响细胞的自噬和其他细胞程序性死亡方式, 其中凋亡是研究最多的细胞程序性死亡方式之一, 部分化合物可以通过影响自噬来诱导或抑制细胞的凋亡, 但在某些具体癌症中天然化合物诱导的自噬和凋亡之间的关系和作用机制仍不清楚。除凋亡以外, 自噬与其他细胞程序性死亡方式如坏死性凋亡、铁死亡、焦亡等的相互串扰也在越来越多的天然化合物研究中被发现, 但同样存在着相互作用机制不够清晰的挑战, 这需要更深入的研究。中药来源天然化合物除了直接调控自噬来影响疾病进展以外, 还可以与其他药物联用, 来降低原来药物的毒性或提高药物的疗效。一些化合物可以通过调节自噬来降低其他化疗药物的肝毒性或者降低肿瘤细胞对其的耐药性, 如前文提到的从甘草中提取的liquiritigenin可以降低三氧化二砷的肝脏毒性。而值得注意的是甘草作为中药本身就具有调和诸药的功效, 这可能也为基于中药药效展开现代化药理研究提供了一些启示。然而, 从中药中提取分离化合物靶向自噬虽然已有许多研究, 但仍存在着需要继续探索的课题。例如目前大多数化合物的机制研究仍围绕着PI3K/AKT/mTOR这一经典自噬调节通路, 而其他机制研究较少, 还有大量的中药来源化合物影响自噬的具体机制仍不清楚, 因此需要更多研究来系统地探索具有活性的化合物调节自噬的机制。此外, 具有活性的中药来源天然化合物很多, 但真正进入临床试验的比例极低, 这可能是因为许多中药来源化合物虽然具有较好的活性但其毒性和不良反应也较为明显, 因此以这些化合物为母核来进行改构以提高其生物活性同时降低其不良反应, 这可能会为加速它们进入临床提供更多可能。同时, 这种改构还可以使得某些提取效率低且因结构复杂而难以合成的化合物更容易获得, 这也为其后续开发提供了基础。
作者贡献: 符雷蕾负责综述撰写工作; 杨媛媛完成文献查阅工作和作图; 刘博、于海洋完成文章修改、校对和审核。
利益冲突: 作者声明本文不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFE0203100)
  • 现代中医药海河实验室科技项目(HH2022X1008)
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2023年第58卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0425
  • 接收时间:2023-04-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-07
  • 修回日期:2023-05-04
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国家重点研发计划(2021YFE0203100)
现代中医药海河实验室科技项目(HH2022X1008)
作者信息
    1.西南交通大学生命科学与工程学院, 四川 成都 610031
    2.四川大学生物治疗国家重点实验室, 四川 成都 610041
    3.天津中医药大学中医药研究院、组分中药国家重点实验室, 天津 301617

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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