Article(id=1198652616424128983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0451, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1681142400000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-11, revisedDate=1684425600000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763710653644, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1691769600000, pubDateStr=2023-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763710653644, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763710653644, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763710653644, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198652605778985059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='8', pageStart='0', pageEnd='2540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1691769600000', pubDateStr='2023-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763710651106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763710739504, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2292, endPage=2299, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198652617321710126, articleId=1198652616424128983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress of ionizable lipid nanoparticles for siRNA delivery, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is the initiator of RNA interference and inhibits gene expression by targeted degradation of specific messenger RNA. siRNA-mediated gene regulation has high efficiency and specificity and exhibits great significance in the treatment of diseases. However, the naked or unmodified siRNA has poor stability, easy to degrade by nuclease, short half-life, and low intracellular delivery. As an emerging non-viral nucleic acid delivery system, ionizable lipid nanoparticles play an important role in improving the druggability of siRNA. At present, one siRNA drug based on ionizable lipid nanoparticles has been approved for the treatment of rare disease. This review introduces the research progress in ionizable lipid nanoparticles for siRNA delivery, focusing on the effect of each component of lipid nanoparticles on the efficiency of siRNA-mediated gene silencing, which provides new references for the studies on ionizable lipid nanocarriers for siRNA delivery.

, authors=null, authorsList=Ya-nan ZHAO, Wei HE, Quan-lin SHAO, Hua-yu LIU, Ming-qi LIU, Ran MO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ran MO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198652619473388221, articleId=1198652616424128983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=可电离脂质纳米粒用于siRNA递送的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

小干扰RNA (small interfering RNA, siRNA)是RNA干扰的引发物, 通过靶向降解特定信使RNA, 抑制基因表达。siRNA对基因调控的高效性与特异性, 在疾病治疗方面有重要意义。然而, 裸露或未经修饰的siRNA存在稳定性差、易被核酸酶降解、体内半衰期短、入胞效率低等诸多缺陷, 导致其成药性低。可电离脂质纳米粒作为新兴的非病毒类核酸递送系统, 在提升siRNA成药性上发挥了重要作用。目前已有一款基于可电离脂质纳米粒的siRNA药物获批上市, 用于罕见病的治疗。本文介绍了可电离脂质纳米粒在siRNA递送中的研究进展, 重点讨论脂质纳米粒各组分对siRNA介导的基因沉默效率的影响, 为可电离脂质纳米粒递送siRNA的研究提供参考。

, authors=null, authorsList=赵雅楠, 何伟, 邵泉林, 刘华宇, 刘铭琦, 莫然, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=莫然, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*莫然, Tel: 86-25-83271159, E-mail:
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Name Disease Target Company/Institute Phase Clinical trial identifier
Onpattro TTR-mediated amyloidosis TTR Alnylam Approved NCT03862807
Givlaari Acute hepatic porphyrias ALAS1 Alnylam Approved NCT03338816
Lumasiran Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 HAO1 Alnylam Approved NCT03681184
Vutrisiran Amyloidosis TTR Alnylam Approved NCT03759379
Inclisiran Hypercholesterolemia PCSK9 Alnylam; Novartis Approved NCT03060577
Fitusiran Hemophilia AT Alnylam; Genzyme Phase Ⅲ NCT03549871
Cemdisiran Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria C5 Regeneron Phase Ⅲ NCT05133531
ALN-AAT02 AATD AAT Alnylam Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ NCT03767829
ARO-HBV Hepatitis B HBV Arrowhead Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ NCT03365947
ALN-AGT Hypertension AGT Alnylam Phase Ⅰ NCT03934307
siRNA-EphA2-DOPC Advanced malignant solid neoplasm EphA2 M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Phase Ⅰ NCT01591356
SXL01 Prostatic cancer AR Institute Claudius Regaud Phase Ⅰ NCT02866916
), ArticleFig(id=1198960107775164739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652616424128983, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Representative siRNA-based therapeutics. TTR: Transthyretin; ALAS1: δ-Aminolevulinic acid synthase 1; HAO1: Hydroxyacid oxidase 1; PCSK9: Proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9; AT: Antithrombin; C5: Complement C5; AATD: α-1 Antitrypsin deficiency; AAT: α-1 Antitrypsin; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; AGT: Angiotensinogen; EphA2: Erythropoietin-producing hepatoma receptor A2; AR: Androgen receptor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Name Disease Target Company/Institute Phase Clinical trial identifier
Onpattro TTR-mediated amyloidosis TTR Alnylam Approved NCT03862807
Givlaari Acute hepatic porphyrias ALAS1 Alnylam Approved NCT03338816
Lumasiran Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 HAO1 Alnylam Approved NCT03681184
Vutrisiran Amyloidosis TTR Alnylam Approved NCT03759379
Inclisiran Hypercholesterolemia PCSK9 Alnylam; Novartis Approved NCT03060577
Fitusiran Hemophilia AT Alnylam; Genzyme Phase Ⅲ NCT03549871
Cemdisiran Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria C5 Regeneron Phase Ⅲ NCT05133531
ALN-AAT02 AATD AAT Alnylam Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ NCT03767829
ARO-HBV Hepatitis B HBV Arrowhead Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ NCT03365947
ALN-AGT Hypertension AGT Alnylam Phase Ⅰ NCT03934307
siRNA-EphA2-DOPC Advanced malignant solid neoplasm EphA2 M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Phase Ⅰ NCT01591356
SXL01 Prostatic cancer AR Institute Claudius Regaud Phase Ⅰ NCT02866916
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可电离脂质纳米粒用于siRNA递送的研究进展
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赵雅楠 , 何伟 , 邵泉林 , 刘华宇 , 刘铭琦 , 莫然 *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(8): 2292-2299
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (8) : 2292 -2299
可电离脂质纳米粒用于siRNA递送的研究进展
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赵雅楠, 何伟, 邵泉林, 刘华宇, 刘铭琦, 莫然*
作者信息
  • 中国药科大学, 高端药物制剂与材料研究中心, 江苏 南京 210009
通讯作者:
*莫然, Tel: 86-25-83271159, E-mail:
Research progress of ionizable lipid nanoparticles for siRNA delivery
Ya-nan ZHAO, Wei HE, Quan-lin SHAO, Hua-yu LIU, Ming-qi LIU, Ran MO*
Affiliations
  • Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
出版时间: 2023-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0451
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小干扰RNA (small interfering RNA, siRNA)是RNA干扰的引发物, 通过靶向降解特定信使RNA, 抑制基因表达。siRNA对基因调控的高效性与特异性, 在疾病治疗方面有重要意义。然而, 裸露或未经修饰的siRNA存在稳定性差、易被核酸酶降解、体内半衰期短、入胞效率低等诸多缺陷, 导致其成药性低。可电离脂质纳米粒作为新兴的非病毒类核酸递送系统, 在提升siRNA成药性上发挥了重要作用。目前已有一款基于可电离脂质纳米粒的siRNA药物获批上市, 用于罕见病的治疗。本文介绍了可电离脂质纳米粒在siRNA递送中的研究进展, 重点讨论脂质纳米粒各组分对siRNA介导的基因沉默效率的影响, 为可电离脂质纳米粒递送siRNA的研究提供参考。

药物递送  /  小干扰RNA  /  可电离脂质  /  脂质纳米粒  /  基因沉默

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is the initiator of RNA interference and inhibits gene expression by targeted degradation of specific messenger RNA. siRNA-mediated gene regulation has high efficiency and specificity and exhibits great significance in the treatment of diseases. However, the naked or unmodified siRNA has poor stability, easy to degrade by nuclease, short half-life, and low intracellular delivery. As an emerging non-viral nucleic acid delivery system, ionizable lipid nanoparticles play an important role in improving the druggability of siRNA. At present, one siRNA drug based on ionizable lipid nanoparticles has been approved for the treatment of rare disease. This review introduces the research progress in ionizable lipid nanoparticles for siRNA delivery, focusing on the effect of each component of lipid nanoparticles on the efficiency of siRNA-mediated gene silencing, which provides new references for the studies on ionizable lipid nanocarriers for siRNA delivery.

drug delivery  /  small interfering RNA  /  ionizable lipid  /  lipid nanoparticle  /  gene silencing
赵雅楠, 何伟, 邵泉林, 刘华宇, 刘铭琦, 莫然. 可电离脂质纳米粒用于siRNA递送的研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2292 -2299 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0451
Ya-nan ZHAO, Wei HE, Quan-lin SHAO, Hua-yu LIU, Ming-qi LIU, Ran MO. Research progress of ionizable lipid nanoparticles for siRNA delivery[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2292 -2299 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0451
RNA干扰(RNA interference, RNAi)[1]是近年来生命科学领域最为重大的发现之一, 通过小干扰RNA (small interfering RNA, siRNA) 特异性地降解信使RNA (messenger RNA, mRNA), 从而抑制特定基因表达。RNAi的发现获得了2006年诺贝尔生理学/医学奖, 激发了siRNA药物研发的热潮[2]。针对疾病的致病基因, 设计作用于该基因mRNA的siRNA, 抑制或沉默该致病基因的表达, 从而达到治疗疾病的目的。siRNA通常是长度为21~23个核苷酸的双链RNA[3], 在细胞质中与RNA诱导沉默复合物(RNA-induced silencing complex, RISC) 结合, 结合后siRNA解旋, 正义链被降解, 并激活RISC, 活化的RISC选择性地结合siRNA反义链碱基互补的mRNA, 引发靶mRNA的降解, 从而阻断mRNA的翻译并抑制基因表达。与传统化学药物相比, siRNA具有高效性和特异性等优点。siRNA药物的研发涉及多个治疗领域[4-7], 包括遗传性疾病、病毒感染、癌症和自身免疫性疾病等(表 1)。
尽管RNAi疗法展现出巨大的潜力, 但是将siRNA有效递送至靶细胞内存在诸多挑战[4]。例如, 裸露或未经修饰的siRNA在血液中易被核酸酶降解, 导致体内半衰期短; siRNA易被网状内皮系统吞噬或经肾脏随尿液排出体外, 无法到达靶器官或靶组织[8]; 由于分子量较大以及高亲水性和强负电性, siRNA难以穿过细胞膜, 造成入胞效率低; siRNA从内吞囊泡(如内涵体) 成功“逃逸”转运至细胞质中也极大影响其基因沉默效率等[9]。因此, 亟需开发高效递送技术将siRNA输送到靶器官及靶细胞内。理想的siRNA递送载体需满足以下要求[10]: 提高siRNA的稳定性, 保护其不被核酸酶降解, 降低血浆蛋白的非特异性吸附及网状内皮系统的捕获, 促进靶细胞的摄取, 实现内涵体逃逸并在细胞质中释放siRNA发挥作用, 同时载体自身有着低毒性和免疫原性[11]。目前常用的siRNA递送载体分为病毒和非病毒载体两类[12]。病毒载体具有较高的转染效率, 但由于载量低、安全性及免疫原性等问题限制了其在基因治疗中的应用。相比之下, 非病毒载体[13]具有低成本、高载量、高安全性、低免疫原性以及便于大规模生产等优点得到了广泛研究, 推动了基因治疗的发展[14]
脂质纳米载体是研究及应用最广的非病毒核酸递送系统。早期研究主要使用阳离子脂质, 如1,2-双十八烯氧基-3-甲基铵-丙烷(DOTMA) 和1,2-二油酰基-3-三甲基铵-丙烷(DOTAP)[15], 与带负电的核酸通过静电作用形成正电性纳米粒, 来提高基因的递送效率。其中, DOTMA是商用转染试剂lipofectamine 2000的关键脂质。然而, 阳离子脂质具有较强的毒性和免疫原性, 并且正电性纳米粒易与血浆蛋白结合, 继而被网状内皮系统快速清除, 极大地限制了体内应用[16]。可电离阳离子脂质是一类新型脂质, 具有pH敏感性。基于可电离脂质构建的脂质纳米粒(lipid nanoparticle, LNP) 被广泛用于siRNA的递送并已应用于临床疾病的治疗[17]。2018年, 美国食品药品监督管理局批准了全球首个基于LNP递送技术的siRNA药物Onpattro (Patisiran)[18], 用于治疗遗传性甲状腺素运载蛋白淀粉样变性引发的多发性神经病变(表 1)。该药物借助LNP将siRNA递送至肝脏, 在肝细胞内通过siRNA介导的基因沉默, 抑制甲状腺素运载蛋白(TTR) 的表达[19]
可电离LNP由可电离脂质、辅助磷脂、胆固醇和PEG化脂质组成(图 1)[20]。LNP的内部结构模型主要分为多层囊泡和纳米结构核心等[21]。多层囊泡模型认为siRNA规律排布在可电离脂质和外层脂质双层之间。纳米结构核心模型认为siRNA存在于LNP内部的“反胶束”中。LNP的内部结构以及包封的siRNA与脂质组分之间的相互作用仍有待深入研究。常用的LNP制备方法包括薄膜分化法、乙醇注入法、挤出法和纳米沉淀法等[22]。目前, 最先进的LNP制备技术为微流控混合技术, 其具有条件温和、可重复性高、制备速度快、易于生产放大且制得的颗粒单分散性高等优点[23]。可电离脂质是LNP中最主要的成分, 一般占比约50 mol%左右, 分子结构通常含有一个可电离的氨基, 在生理条件(pH 7.4) 下不带电, 但在酸性条件下带正电。可电离脂质的pH敏感性有利于siRNA的体内递送, 在血液中呈电中性, 减少与血浆蛋白等生物分子的非特异性吸附, 提高生物相容性[24], 在胞内内涵体的酸性条件下发生质子化带正电, 与带负电的脂质相互作用, 易形成不稳定的倒六角相[25], 促进LNP与内涵体膜融合, 或通过“质子海绵效应”[26], 实现LNP的内涵体逃逸, 将siRNA释放到细胞质中发挥基因沉默作用。本文综述了基于可电离脂质的LNP在siRNA递送中的研究进展, 重点探讨LNP各组分对siRNA基因沉默效率的影响, 以期为相关研究者提供参考。
可电离脂质的结构一般分为三部分: 含可电离氨基的亲水头基、连接键和疏水尾链(图 2)。1,2-二油酰基-3-二甲基铵-丙烷(DODAP) 和1,2-二油氧基-N,N-二甲基-3-氨基丙烷(DODMA) 是最早用于RNA递送的可电离脂质[27], 由二甲氨基头基和两条不饱和烷烃尾链组成。在DODMA基础上, 通过合理的结构设计, 开发了DLin-DMA和DLin-MC3-DMA。后者是siRNA药物Onpattro中的可电离脂质成分[28]。围绕可电离脂质的头基、连接键和疏水尾链进行了大量的修饰和优化, 进一步探究可电离脂质结构对siRNA递送效率的影响。
头基的种类会影响LNP的表观酸解离常数(pKa)、粒径和内涵体逃逸效率等(图 2)。
Jayaraman等[29]通过对亲水性头基进行系统性结构筛选, 调节了可离子化脂质的pKa, 并研究了pKa值与活性的关系。设计了不同的头基包括伯胺、仲胺、叔胺、季铵和吡啶盐等, 半数有效量(ED50) 随pKa值变化的曲线显示递送效果较好的可电离脂质的pKa范围为6.2~6.5, 其中最佳pKa为6.44的DLin-MC3-DMA脂质在小鼠模型上对凝血因子Ⅶ具有最高的体内基因沉默效力, ED50值为0.03 mg·kg-1。进一步研究发现, 头基结构的变化影响亲水性区域的尺寸, 其中可电离脂质DLin-MC3-DMA含有体积较小的二甲氨基类头基, 在形成LNP时倾向于采用倒置的非双层结构, 有助于破坏内涵体膜, 将siRNA释放到细胞质中。
Semple等[25]以DLin-K-DMA为基础, 研究了头基变化对siRNA递送效率的影响。与含二甲氨基头基的DLin-K-DMA相比, 发现含有哌嗪基的DLin-K-MPZ和吗啉基的DLin-K-MA的LNP在小鼠模型中对凝血因子Ⅶ的沉默效率较低, ED50分别为1.5和 > 15 mg·kg-1, 而在头基中引入亚甲基获得DLin-KC2-DMA, ED50值为0.1 mg·kg-1, 与DLin-K-DMA相比, 体内沉默效率提高了3倍。
氨基酸是构成蛋白质的基本结构单位, 作为内源性分子, 具有高生物相容性和低毒性的特点。Patel等[30]将组氨酸引入到头基中合成了8种可电离脂质, 构建LNP用于siRNA的递送。结果显示, 在人前列腺癌(PC3) 细胞中, 100 nmol·L-1 siRNA浓度下, 优选脂质LHHK可沉默细胞中70%的荧光素酶的表达, 与Lipofectamine 2000相当。随着头基中组氨酸残基数的增加, LNP的沉默活性逐渐提高。体外细胞毒性实验结果表明, 可电离脂质的安全性显著高于Lipofectamine 2000, 8种脂质制备的LNP的细胞存活率约为80%, 而Lipofectamine 2000的存活率仅为40%。此外, LHHK LNP在100 nmol·L-1浓度下可成功实现胰腺癌(PANC-1) 和(PANC02) 细胞中的基因沉默。负载IKBKE siRNA的LHHK LNP在胰腺癌荷瘤小鼠模型上能够有效沉默肿瘤内IKBKE的表达, 显著抑制肿瘤生长, 表明氨基酸头基脂质构建的可电离LNP在siRNA递送和肿瘤治疗方面具有巨大潜力。
在脂质结构中, 常见的亲水头基与疏水尾链间的连接键包括酯键、醚键、氨基甲酸酯、硫醚键、肼、羟胺、乙醇胺和酰胺等, 对siRNA递送效率也有着重要影响(图 2)[31]
Semple等[25]合成了头基尾链相同, 而连接键分别为酯键、醚键、氨基甲酸酯键和硫醚键的DLin-DAP、DLin-DMA、DLin-C-DAP和DLin-S-DMA, 研究连接键对转染效率的影响。以连接键为醚键的DLin-DMA制得的LNP (~71 nm) 在小鼠模型上沉默凝血因子Ⅶ的效率最高, ED50值为1 mg·kg-1。而以连接键为酯键的DLin-DAP制得的LNP (~65 nm) 的体内基因沉默效率最差, ED50值仅为45 mg·kg-1
Ramishetti等[32]构建了基于可电离脂质DLin-MC3-DMA的脂质库, 包含肼、羟胺和乙醇胺等连接键, 制得的LNP粒径约为100 nm, 并将整合素β7抗体修饰到负载CD45 siRNA的LNP表面, 用于靶向体内CD4+和CD8+的T淋巴细胞。结果显示, 小鼠尾静脉注射剂量为1 mg·kg-1时, 含肼连接键脂质的LNP几乎无沉默效果, 而含羟胺键脂质和含乙醇胺键脂质的LNP在T淋巴细胞中表现出显著的基因沉默作用, 沉默效率约为40%。该研究为有效递送siRNA至体内特定细胞提供了新方法。
Akinc等[33]构建了以酰胺键和酯键为连接键的系列可电离脂质库, 在头基和尾链相同的情况下, 探究连接键改变对LNP沉默效果的影响。体外筛选实验结果显示, 在人源宫颈癌(HeLa) 细胞中, 以酯键为连接键脂质构建的LNP的体外沉默效率优于60%的可电离脂质有2个, 而以酰胺键为连接键脂质制得的LNP的体外沉默效率优于60%的可电离脂质有12个。在小鼠模型中, 连续两天注射2.5 mg·kg-1 siRNA剂量下, 含有酰胺连接键的脂质98N12的LNP具有最强的体内基因沉默效率, 对凝血因子Ⅶ的沉默效率达到95%。
疏水性尾链的长度和不饱和度会影响亲脂性、流动性、融合性和pKa等, 进而影响LNP的形成和效力。不同饱和度的8到18个碳数的烷烃链、胆固醇衍生物或生育酚衍生物均可作为脂质的疏水部分[31] (图 2)。
Heyes等[34]研究了脂质饱和度、流动性与胞内核酸递送效率的关系, 构建了含有叔胺头基尾链饱和度不同的DSDMA、DODMA、DLinDMA和DLenDMA四种可电离脂质。该系列脂质在体外成功将Luciferase siRNA递送至小鼠脑神经瘤(Neuro2A) 细胞中。研究发现, 随着不饱和度从0增加到6, 脂质从层状相到倒六边形H (Ⅱ) 相的相变温度由35 ℃降低至20 ℃, 流动性增加。在体外转染实验中, 以DLinDMA脂质(每条尾链含有两个双键) 制得的LNP在1 μg·mL-1浓度下的基因沉默效率达到80%, 而以饱和脂质DSDMA制备的LNP未见基因沉默作用。因此, 通过增加脂质疏水域的不饱和度可提高LNP的转染效率。Metwally等[35]构建了含有不同饱和度的不对称尾链脂质库, 在体外将siRNA递送至HeLa细胞中。研究发现, 具有一个和两个不饱和度的C18酰基尾链脂质LinOS和DOS产生高效的基因沉默, 在15 nmol·L-1 siRNA浓度下, 脂质浓度为每孔3和6 μg时, 显著抑制绿色荧光蛋白的表达, 绿色荧光蛋白的表达率分别为24%和30%。初步安全性实验证明, 筛选出的脂质具有良好的生物安全性, 在15 nmol·L-1 siRNA浓度下, 脂质浓度分别为每孔0.3和0.6 μg, LinOS脂质组的细胞存活率为88%, DOS脂质组的存活率为85%, 显著优于Lipofectamine 2000。
Tao等[36]在尾链不同位置引入疏水性的胆固醇构建CLinDMA系列脂质, 通过静脉给药方式将Luciferase siRNA递送到小鼠肝脏。在小鼠模型中, 距连接键8个碳长度处引入胆固醇的脂质对凝血因子Ⅶ具有最佳的基因沉默效率。筛选获得的最优脂质LNP02L构建的LNP在3 mg·kg-1 siRNA剂量下能够沉默肝脏中90%的荧光素酶表达, 且沉默效果可持续10天, 表明该体系在肝脏疾病治疗中有较好的应用潜力。
Wang等[37]通过迈克尔加成法合成了6种尾链中含有二硫键的脂质, 在肿瘤细胞内可实现响应性释放。优选脂质1-O16B制备的LNP粒径约为160 nm, 在人源乳腺癌(MDA-MB-231) 细胞中, 体外基因沉默效率达到72%, 而Lipofectamine 2000的基因沉默效率为40%。负载Polo样激酶1 (Polo-like kinase 1, PLK1) siRNA的1-O16B LNP在HeLa细胞和鼠源三阴性乳腺癌(4T1) 细胞中PLK1的沉默效率显著优于Lipofectamine 2000, 表明设计响应性脂质来调控siRNA的胞内递送是一种很有前景的方法。
为了减少脂质蓄积带来的潜在不良反应, 可电离LNP需具有良好的生物降解性, 降解为无毒的代谢物[38]。由于DLin-MC3-DMA尾链的降解速度较慢, Maier等[39]通过将酯键引入到可电离脂质DLin-MC3-DMA的疏水尾链中合成了6种可电离脂质, 探究了酯键在烷基链不同位置(C4、C6、C8、C10和C18) 对转染效率的影响。制得的LNP的粒径约为60 nm, 包封率在90%以上, 表明存在疏水烷基尾链中的酯键不会影响包封率。体内实验研究结果显示, 最优脂质L319的LNP在0.01 mg·kg-1剂量下, 对小鼠凝血因子Ⅶ的沉默效率达75%, 而在0.1 mg·kg-1剂量下, 对大鼠凝血因子Ⅶ的沉默效率高达90%。当酯键位置向头部基团靠近会导致转染效率显著降低。脂质L356 (酯键在C6) 对小鼠凝血因子Ⅶ的ED50值为0.12 mg·kg-1, 与L319脂质(酯键在C8) 相比, 提高了10倍以上。含L319的LNP在小鼠中给药4 h后药物浓度下降到0.1%, 8 h后浓度下降到0.8 pmol·mL-1, 表明该LNP能够从血浆中快速清除。用14C标记L319脂质后, 大鼠尾静脉注射0.37 mg·kg-1的LNP, 给药12 h后在尿液中检测到30%的L319, 12~24 h内在粪便中检测到40%, 72 h内被全部清除。含L319的LNP在大鼠体内的耐受性良好, 给药剂量10 mg·kg-1, 大鼠无明显的不良临床体征和毒理学参数变化, 证明其有着良好的生物相容性。因此, 生物可降解类可电离脂质在未来的RNAi治疗中具有巨大的应用前景。
在递送过程中, LNP穿过细胞膜和内涵体膜是影响转染效率的主要因素。辅助磷脂可以调节LNP双分子层的流动性, 通过增强LNP与生物膜的融合来提高递送效率[40]。研究表明, DOTAP脂质虽然能结合siRNA, 但由于其内涵体逃逸能力有限, 大多在内涵体中被降解, 导致转染效率较低[41]。因此, 合适的辅助磷脂有助于LNP有效地从内涵体中逃逸出来, 进而释放siRNA发挥作用。常用的辅助磷脂有1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱(DSPC)、1,2-二油酰基-sn-甘油-3-磷酰乙醇胺(DOPE)、1,2-二棕榈酰-sn-甘油-3-磷酰胆碱(DPPC) 等[42]。其中, DOPE有一个较小的磷酸乙醇胺头基和两条不饱和的尾链, 易形成不稳定的倒六边形H (Ⅱ) 相, 这种不稳定结构能够促进LNP的内涵体逃逸以及药物的释放[43]
磷脂酰胆碱是生物膜的天然组成成分, 在LNP形成过程中起稳定作用[44]。饱和的磷脂酰胆碱如DSPC具有较高的相变温度, 可以形成较稳定的纳米粒[45]。DSPC具有饱和尾链, 其相变温度为54 ℃, 是SARS-CoV-2疫苗mRNA-1273和BNT162b2的组成成分[17]。然而, DSPC的高稳定性在一定程度上不利于内涵体逃逸从而影响基因的递送效率。不饱和的磷脂酰胆碱如1,2-二油酰基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱(DOPC) 具有较低的相变温度, 为-20 ℃, 在生理状态下是液体[20]。Wang等[46]将6种胆碱类磷脂加入到LNP中, 考察不同辅助磷脂对LNP转染效率的影响。在人源肝癌(SK-Hep-1) 细胞中, 100 nmol·L-1 siRNA的浓度下, 相比于以DOPC、氢化大豆磷脂酰胆碱(HSPC)、1-棕榈酰基-2-油酰基-sn-甘油-3-磷酰胆碱(POPC) 或DSPC为辅助磷脂的LNP, 含有蛋黄磷脂酰胆碱(EPC) 和DPPC为辅助磷脂的LNP的基因沉默效率较高, 可沉默50%细胞中荧光素酶的表达, 与阳性对照Lipofectamine 2000相当, 说明胆碱类磷脂成分的选择影响LNP的疗效。
Hashimoto等[47]构建了以DOP-DEDA为可电离脂质的LNP, 分别考察了以DPPC和二氢鞘磷脂(DHSM) 为辅助磷脂对LNP转染的影响。体外实验表明在siRNA浓度为10 nmol·L-1, 在人纤维肉瘤(HT1080) 细胞中, 以DPPC为辅助磷脂的LNP的基因沉默效率为40%, 而以DHSM为辅助磷脂的LNP为60%。进一步测定了LNP的pKa, 发现含有DPPC的LNP的pKa为5.42, 而含有DHSM的LNP的表观pKa为6.43, 结果表明, 辅助磷脂可影响LNP的pKa, 进而影响LNP的递送效率。Wagner等[48]研发的含DOPC的LNP (EPHARNA) 已进入Ⅰ期临床试验。该siRNA靶向EphA2 (编码一种酪氨酸激酶) 并在晚期癌症患者中进行评估。
胆固醇通过填充磷脂间的空隙来调节膜的流动性, 当与相变温度低的磷脂结合时, 降低膜流动性, 增加双层膜的厚度; 当与相变温度高的脂质结合时, 能够提高膜流动性并使双层膜变窄[49]。此外, 胆固醇的加入可以调节膜的完整性和硬度, 减少LNP中药物的渗漏[50]。胆固醇结构变化也显著影响LNP的转染效率。Hattori等[51]开发了6种胆固醇类似物与DOPE制备脂质体, 结果表明在人源乳腺癌(MCF-7) 细胞中, 50 nmol·L-1 siRNA浓度下, LP-OH、LP-OH-C、LP-HAPC组转染效率较高, 可抑制80%的荧光素酶的表达, LP-DMAPC和LP-MHAPC组可以抑制50%~70%的蛋白的表达, LP-DMHAPC组基本上无抑制效果。Hattori等[52]用DOPE和氨基甲酸酯胆固醇类似物制备纳米粒, 体外结果显示LP-NC脂质体可显著抑制MCF-7细胞中荧光素酶的活性, 在5 nmol·L-1浓度下, 可实现60%的基因沉默。
PEG化脂质占LNP中构成脂质成分的最小摩尔比(通常为1.5 mol%), 但其影响LNP的性质, 如粒径、分散性以及制备和储存期间的粒子稳定性等[53]。此外, PEG化脂质还影响LNP的体内半衰期、生物分布和免疫反应等。PEG化脂质的含量影响LNP的粒径, 在LNP形成时, 亲水性PEG层通过限制脂质融合调节LNP的大小, 防止聚集, 提高稳定性。Bao等[54]制备了不同PEG-C-DMA含量的7种LNP, PEG-C-DMA的含量由0.1 mol%增加到10 mol%, 所得LNP的粒径由2 067.3 nm减小至65 nm, 表明增加PEG-C-DMA摩尔比有助于形成更小的LNP。含0.1 mol% PEG-C-DMA的LNP不稳定, 存在聚集性和分层性, 粒径约为2 000 nm。PEG-C-DMA的含量为(0.5~10) mol%的LNP在4 ℃下放置一年后仍有着较好的稳定性。在小鼠模型中, 静脉注射剂量为3 mg·kg-1 siRNA时, PEG-C-DMA含量为0.5 mol%的LNP对凝血因子Ⅶ的沉默效率最高, 达90%, 而PEG-C-DMA含量为10 mol%的LNP的体内沉默效率最低, 仅为20%。
PEG化脂质的脂链长度影响LNP的循环时间和递送效率。通常来说, 脂质的碳链长度为10到18个碳。PEG2000-DMG和PEG2000-DSG均为中性的PEG化脂质[55], 其饱和烷基链的碳数分别为14和18。PEG2000-DSG修饰的LNP的体内半衰期约为27 h, 而PEG2000-DMG的LNP的半衰期为约1 h。虽然PEG2000-DMG LNP的循环时间更短, 但具有更高的体外基因沉默效率。在HeLa细胞中, 1 nmol·L-1 siRNA浓度下, PEG2000-DSG LNP的基因沉默效率为40%, PEG2000-DMG LNP为60%, 可能原因是PEG2000-DMG从LNP表面快速解离, 增加了靶细胞的摄取。综上所述, PEG化脂质在调节LNP的理化性质及生理学特性方面起着重要作用。但PEG化脂质也存在一些局限, 如产生快速血液清除(accelerated blood clearance, ABC) 现象[56], 即首次注射的PEG化纳米粒产生了抗PEG IgM, 二次注射PEG化纳米粒后, 抗PEG IgM快速识别并结合纳米粒, 激活补体系统, 加快单核吞噬系统对PEG化纳米粒的捕获, 导致其快速从血液中清除。Abu Lila等[57]采用聚甘油(PG) 代替PEG, 减少加速血液清除现象的发生。在大鼠模型上, 分别二次注射PG化脂质体和PEG化脂质体。五天后检测血清中IgM的水平发现, 不同剂量(0.001、0.1、5 μmol·kg-1) 的PG化脂质体组的血清中几乎未检测到IgM, 而PEG化脂质体组诱导大量IgM的产生。因此, 开发PEG有效替代物来减少PEG介导的免疫原性相关不良反应也是LNP递送技术的一个重要研究方向。
自RNAi现象发现以来, siRNA具有高效性和特异性等优点, 在疾病治疗方面有着重要的意义, 但裸露或未经修饰的siRNA存在稳定性差、易被核酸酶降解、体内半衰期短、入胞效率低等诸多缺陷阻碍了药物的开发。2018年全球首个基于LNP递送技术的siRNA药物Onpattro获批, 标志着RNAi疗法从概念走向实际应用。虽然可电离化LNP递送siRNA的研究已经取得了一些进展[58], 但是仍存在诸多挑战。首先, LNP的体内安全性和药代动力学等特征仍需进一步的探究; 其次, LNP在体内易被网状内皮系统捕获, 因此其靶向递送效率需进一步提高; 此外, 通过对载体结构的设计修饰实现LNP对靶器官和靶细胞特异性递送是当前研发新型递送系统的迫切需要[59]。目前, 研究人员已开发设计智能响应性材料包括pH敏感性脂质等用于增强siRNA的靶向功能[60]、研究多组分反应快速合成脂质库以及将一些生物相容性配体等引入头部基团改善siRNA的递送。此外, 研究LNP的理化性质、形态等为未来LNP的设计提供参考[61]。随着研究的不断深入, LNP介导的siRNA高效递送技术将会为疾病的靶向治疗提供新方法。
作者贡献: 赵雅楠、刘华宇、刘铭琦负责文献检索及文稿撰写; 邵泉林负责图片绘制; 莫然和何伟负责文稿修改和检查。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82273876)
  • 江苏省卓越博士后计划资助(2022ZB290)
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2023年第58卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0451
  • 接收时间:2023-04-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-11
  • 修回日期:2023-05-19
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82273876)
江苏省卓越博士后计划资助(2022ZB290)
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    中国药科大学, 高端药物制剂与材料研究中心, 江苏 南京 210009

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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