Article(id=1198652615178416907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0534, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1682784000000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-30, revisedDate=1685894400000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763710653347, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1691769600000, pubDateStr=2023-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763710653347, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763710653347, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763710653347, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198652605778985059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='8', pageStart='0', pageEnd='2540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1691769600000', pubDateStr='2023-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763710651106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763710739504, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2402, endPage=2414, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198652615551709981, articleId=1198652615178416907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Limonin inhibits apoptosis, promotes autophagy and improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by promoting oxidative metabolism of fatty acids through PPARα, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a very common chronic liver disease in clinic, which can further develop into liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, eventually hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. Limonin is a natural triterpenoid compound containing furan rings. Previous studies have found that limonin has good anti-inflammatory, analgesic and liver protective functions. However, the mechanism of action of limonin on NAFLD has not been clarified. Based on the background, C57BL/6J male mice were fed with high fat diet (HFD) to establish NAFLD model (the experiment was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Hefei University of Technology, the approval number is HFUT20220429001), and limonin was added to the mice for administration by intragastric administration (i.g.). The results showed that HFD can induce typical NAFLD phenotypes, including impaired liver function, increased fat accumulation, and increased serum aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in mice. Mice were treated with limonin (50 and 100 mg·kg-1) for 10 weeks, and it was found that limonin could restore dyslipidemia and improve fat accumulation in liver cells of mice. In addition, we conducted in vitro experiments with human hepatoma cell line HepG2 cells, and found that limonin can promote the expression of oxidative metabolism and autophagy related genes and inhibit apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Mechanistically, limonin improves high-fat food-induced NAFLD by promoting the expression of oxidative metabolism genes transcriptional coactivator of peroxisome proliferator activating receptor γ (PPARγ) (PGC1α) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 alpha (CPT1α) through peroxisome proliferator activates receptor alpha (PPARα). These results indicate that limonin can inhibit apoptosis, promote autophagy and improve NAFLD by promoting oxidative metabolism of fatty acids through PPARα.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yang ZHA, Feng ZHANG, Jie ZHOU, Shuang ZHANG, Ya-jun DUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ya-jun DUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198652619146228723, articleId=1198652615178416907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=柠檬苦素抑制凋亡、促进自噬并通过PPARα促进脂肪酸氧化代谢改善非酒精性脂肪性肝病, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD) 是临床上十分常见的慢性肝病, 严重的还会进一步发展成肝纤维化、肝硬化甚至肝细胞癌、肝衰竭。柠檬苦素(limonin) 是一种天然含呋喃环的三萜类化合物, 既往研究发现柠檬苦素具有良好的抗炎镇痛、保护肝脏的功能, 然而柠檬苦素对于NAFLD的作用机制尚未明确。基于此, 本文采用高脂食物(high fat diet, HFD) 喂食C57BL/6J雄性小鼠构建NAFLD模型(实验获得合肥工业大学动物伦理委员会批准, 批准号为HFUT20220429001), 并添加柠檬苦素以灌胃(i.g.) 的给药形式进行治疗。实验结果显示, HFD可以诱导典型的NAFLD表型, 包括小鼠肝脏功能受损, 脂肪积累增加, 血清中天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT) 和碱性磷酸酶(ALP) 水平上升; 给予造模小鼠柠檬苦素(50和100 mg·kg-1) 10周进行治疗, 发现柠檬苦素可以恢复血脂异常并改善小鼠肝细胞内脂肪过度堆积。此外, 本研究利用人肝癌细胞系HepG2细胞进行体外实验, 发现柠檬苦素能够促进HepG2细胞氧化代谢和自噬相关基因的表达并抑制凋亡; 机制上, 柠檬苦素通过过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α (PPARα) 促进氧化代谢基因过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ (PPARγ) 的转录辅助活化因子(PGC1α) 和肉毒碱棕榈酰基转移酶1α (CPT1α) 的表达来改善HFD诱导的NAFLD。以上结果显示, 柠檬苦素可以抑制凋亡、促进自噬并通过PPARα促进脂肪酸氧化代谢来改善NAFLD。

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*段亚君, Tel: 13820168100, E-mail:
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Endocr Rev, 2018, 39: 760-802., articleTitle=Molecular actions of PPARα in lipid metabolism and inflammation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960118223176029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, awardId=8217130156, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(8217130156), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960118386753901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, awardId=JZ2023HGTB0288, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(JZ2023HGTB0288), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960110954447466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960110962836075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, companyId=1198960110954447466, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960110971224684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, companyId=1198960110954447466, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.合肥工业大学食品与生物工程学院, 安徽 合肥 230601)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960111264825979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960111273214589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, companyId=1198960111264825979, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei 230022, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960111281603199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, companyId=1198960111264825979, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国科学技术大学第一附属医院 (安徽省立医院), 安徽 合肥 230022)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960115639484462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=9VCIDFYYHdkx276OmQxqSA==, figureFileBig=o7Efs1Y1tqFNkgVDzNcptA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960115756924986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= The chemical structure of limonin (<i>M</i><sub>W</sub> = 470.53) , figureFileSmall=9VCIDFYYHdkx276OmQxqSA==, figureFileBig=o7Efs1Y1tqFNkgVDzNcptA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960115949862988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=GhcT3Fnld5ESNp44vYpDjw==, figureFileBig=Bg40lSLudxUsQDE/wTkmSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116075692121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The schedule of <i>in vivo</i> experiment. C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups (<i>n</i> = 5 each). Ctrl group and HFD group were given placebo once daily; HFD group, L50 group and L100 group were fed with high-fat diet; L50 group and L100 group were given limonin 50 and 100 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, after 2 weeks of high fat feeding, daily gavage for 10 weeks. Ctrl: Control group; HFD: High fat group; L50: Limonin low-dose group; L100: Limonin high-dose group , figureFileSmall=GhcT3Fnld5ESNp44vYpDjw==, figureFileBig=Bg40lSLudxUsQDE/wTkmSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116197326954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dg8PkNcA0gcXO6Rh+VTGBw==, figureFileBig=gEeAI1stTDNhFCCxg1gsrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116348321918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Limonin can improve HFD-induced weight gain, liver fat accumulation and liver fibrosis in mice. A: Weight changes of mice in Ctrl, HFD, L50 and L100 groups at 12 weeks; B: Photo of mice liver; C: Changes in liver weight to body weight ratio in mice; D: Changes in epididymal white fat weight to body weight ratio in mice; E: Oil red O staining of mouse liver tissue. Scale bar: 50 μm; Masson staining of mouse liver tissue. Scale bar: 100 μm; H&E staining of mouse liver tissue. Scale bar: 20 μm; F-H: Mice serum were collected and determined AST (F), ALT (G) and ALP (H) levels; I-K: The serum levels of Glu (I), TG (J) and CHO (K) were determined. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Ctrl group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> HFD group. AST: Aspartate amino transferase; ALT: Alanine transaminase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; Glu: Glucose; TG: Triglyceride; CHO: Cholesterol , figureFileSmall=dg8PkNcA0gcXO6Rh+VTGBw==, figureFileBig=gEeAI1stTDNhFCCxg1gsrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116507705492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yGtXjKOZdNFUa8Cj2LLusA==, figureFileBig=h4NvkQSEjHz4yK44lyJDig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116616757409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Limonin can improve HFD-induced hepatic apoptosis in mice. A: TUNEL staining of mice liver tissues. Scale bar: 50 μm; B: The expression levels of BCL2, BAD and BAX in liver were detected by Western blot; C: Statistical ratio of protein gray scale of BCL2 and BAX; D-F: RT-qPCR was used to analyze the mRNA levels of <i>BCL2</i>, <i>BAX</i> and <i>BAD</i> in mouse liver tissues; G: The <i>BCL2</i>/<i>BAX</i> ratio of different groups were calculated. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Ctrl group; <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> HFD group , figureFileSmall=yGtXjKOZdNFUa8Cj2LLusA==, figureFileBig=h4NvkQSEjHz4yK44lyJDig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116725809328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8ZOX48U86X2Ee2PtCymGDw==, figureFileBig=s6YrgkNtGo0aQVmT8Ps9Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116834861248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Limonin improved HFD-induced NAFLD by promoting oxidative metabolism, inhibiting inflammation and enhancing autophagy. A: The expression levels of PPAR<i>α</i>, CPT1<i>α</i>, PGC1<i>α</i> and NLRP3 in mice liver were detected by Western blot; B: The expression levels of Beclin-1, P62/SQSTM1, LC3B and m-TOR in liver tissue were detected by Western blot; C-F: RT-qPCR was used to analyze the expression levels of <i>PPARα</i>, <i>CPT1α</i>, <i>PGC1α</i> and <i>NLRP3</i> in mouse liver tissues; G-I: RT-qPCR was used to analyze the expression levels of <i>Beclin</i>-<i>1</i>, <i>P62</i>/<i>SQSTM1</i> and <i>m</i>-<i>TOR</i> in mouse liver tissues. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Ctrl group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> HFD group , figureFileSmall=8ZOX48U86X2Ee2PtCymGDw==, figureFileBig=s6YrgkNtGo0aQVmT8Ps9Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960116931330253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Y8KMAg9PPWGnJZ5S0yfp3Q==, figureFileBig=JqP4NsbhZbAdRtoN8Zhadw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960117057159387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Limonin can improve HFD-induced NAFLD by promoting oxidative metabolism of fatty acids and enhancing autophagy <i>in vitro</i>. A: HepG2 cells viability detection (OD 490 nm absorbance); B: HepG2 cells were stained with oil Red O staining to explore the effect of limonin on fat. Scale bar: 50 μm; C: The expression levels of PPAR<i>α</i>, CPT1<i>α</i>, PGC1<i>α</i> and NLRP3 in HepG2 cells were detected by Western blot; D: The expression levels of Beclin-1, P62/SQSTM1, LC3B and m-TOR in HepG2 cells were detected by Western blot; E-H: The expression levels of <i>PPARα</i>, <i>CPT1α</i>, <i>PGC1α</i> and <i>NLRP3</i> in HepG2 cells were detected by RT-qPCR; I-K: RT-qPCR was used to analyze the expression levels of <i>Beclin</i>-<i>1</i>, <i>P62</i>/<i>SQSTM1</i> and <i>m</i>-<i>TOR</i> in mouse liver tissues. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Ctrl group; <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> FFA group. FFA: Free fatty acid group; CL50: Ctrl group was supplemented with 50 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> limonin; FL50: FFA group was supplemented with 50 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> limonin , figureFileSmall=Y8KMAg9PPWGnJZ5S0yfp3Q==, figureFileBig=JqP4NsbhZbAdRtoN8Zhadw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960117220737258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2wpknBOMLmzwSuEowXsL3Q==, figureFileBig=AE9zf/vJM50fxT8OjIJcZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960117363343614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Limonin can improve FFA-induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells. A: TUNEL staining of HepG2 cell. Scale bar: 20 μm; B: The expression of BAD, BCL2 and BAX in the cells was detected by Western blot; C: Statistical ratio of protein gray scale of BCL2 and BAX; D-F: RT-qPCR was used to analyze the expression levels of <i>BAX</i>, <i>BCL2</i> and <i>BAD</i> in HepG2 cells; G: The <i>BCL2</i>/<i>BAX</i> values of different groups were calculated by RT-qPCR to compare the anti-apoptosis ability. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Ctrl group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> FFA group , figureFileSmall=2wpknBOMLmzwSuEowXsL3Q==, figureFileBig=AE9zf/vJM50fxT8OjIJcZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960117451424009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=R+F0zJx9+YdLMbIHMotzMA==, figureFileBig=1ntFPIB2UsC61YCEyelBhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960117585641752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= Limonin can regulate fatty acid oxidative metabolism through PPAR<i>α</i> to improve lipid accumulation in cells. A: The location and content of PPAR<i>α</i> in HepG2 cells were determined by immunofluorescence assay. Scale bar: 50 μm; B: The expressions of PPAR<i>α</i>, PGC1<i>α</i> and CPT1<i>α</i> in the cells were detected by Western blot; C: RT-qPCR was used to analyze the expression levels of <i>PPARα</i>, <i>CPT1α</i> and <i>PGC1α</i> in HepG2 cells. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> C group; <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CP group; <sup>$$$</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> FP group. C: Control group; CP: 0.24 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> PPAR<i>α</i> inhibitor GW6471 was added to control group; CPL: Control group added 0.24 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> PPAR<i>α</i> inhibitor GW6471 and 50 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> limonin treatment; F: Free fatty acid group; FP: 0.24 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> PPAR<i>α</i> inhibitor GW6471 was added to free fatty acid group; FPL: Free fatty acid group added 0.24 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> PPAR<i>α</i> inhibitor GW6471 and 50 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> limonin treatment , figureFileSmall=R+F0zJx9+YdLMbIHMotzMA==, figureFileBig=1ntFPIB2UsC61YCEyelBhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960117736636713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene (M/H) Forward primer Reverse primer
PGC1α (M) 5'-GATGACCCTCCTCACACCAA-3' 5'-AGTTGTGGGAGGAGTTAGGC-3'
CPT1α (M) 5'-GGGCTACTCAGAGGATGGAC-3' 5'-TGCCAAAGGTGTCAAATGGG-3'
PPARα (M) 5'-ACCTTGTGTATGGCCGAGAA-3' 5'-AAGGAGGACAGCATCGTGAA-3'
NLRP3 (M) 5'-CTCGCATTGGTTCTGAGCTC-3' 5'-AGTAAGGCCGGAATTCACCA-3'
BAD (M) 5'-TCCTGGGGAGCAACATTCAT-3' 5'-ACCCTCAAACTCATCGCTCA-3'
BCL2 (M) 5'-CTTCAGGGATGGGGTGAACT-3' 5'-ATCAAACAGAGGTCGCATGC-3'
BAX (M) 5'-GAGACACCTGAGCTGACCTT-3' 5'-CCCCAGTTGAAGTTGCCATC-3'
P62/SQSTM1 (M) 5'-CCAGTGATGAGGAGCTGACA-3' 5'-CCGTTGCAACCATCACAGAT-3'
Beclin-1 (M) 5'-AGCTTTTCTGGACTGTGTGC-3' 5'-CTTGAGCGCTTTTGTCCACT-3'
m-TOR (M) 5'-CGCTACTGTGTCTTGGCATC-3' 5'-GGTTCATGCTGCTTAGTCGG-3'
β-actin (M) 5'-ATGGAGGGGAATACAGCCC-3' 5'-TTCTTTGCAGCTCCTTCGTT-3'
PGC1α (H) 5'-AGCCTCTTTGCCCAGATCTT-3' 5'-GGCAATCCGTCTTCATCCAC-3'
CPT1α (H) 5'-CAGCATATGTATCGCCTCGC-3' 5'-CTGGACACGTACTCTGGGTT-3'
PPARα (H) 5'-CCCTCCTCGGTGACTTATCC-3' 5'-CACCAGCTTGAGTCGAATCG-3'
NLRP3 (H) 5'-GTTTGACCCCGATGATGAGC-3' 5'-CTTGTGGATGGGTGGGTTTG-3'
BAD (H) 5'-GAGGACGACGAAGGGATGG-3' 5'-AAGTTCCGATCCCACCAGG-3'
BCL2 (H) 5'-GCCTTCTTTGAGTTCGGTGG-3' 5'-GAAATCAAACAGAGGCCGCA-3'
BAX (H) 5'-AAGAAGCTGAGCGAGTGTCT-3' 5'-GTTCTGATCAGTTCCGGCAC-3'
m-TOR (H) 5'-CCTGCCTTTGTCATGCCTTT-3' 5'-CTGGGTTTGGATCAGGGTCT-3'
P62/SQSTM1 (H) 5'-CCCAATGTGATCTGCGATGG-3' 5'-GTGTCCGTGTTTCACCTTCC-3'
Beclin-1 (H) 5'-GACACTCAGCTCAACGTCAC-3' 5'-CTGCCACTATCTTGCGGTTC-3'
β-actin (H) 5'-CTCCATCCTGGCCTCGCTGT-3' 5'-GCTGTCACCTTCACCGTTCC-3'
), ArticleFig(id=1198960117870854456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652615178416907, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequence used for RT-qPCR: PGC1α: Peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha; PPARα: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; CPT1α: Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 alpha; BCL2: B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2; BAD: BCL2-associated agonist of cell death; BAX: BCL2-associated X protein; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor protein 3; m-TOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; P62/SQSTM1: Autophagy flux index; Beclin-1: B‐cell lymphoma‐2‐interacting myosin‐like coiled‐coil protein 1; β-actin: Beta-actin; M: Mouse primers; H: Human primers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene (M/H) Forward primer Reverse primer
PGC1α (M) 5'-GATGACCCTCCTCACACCAA-3' 5'-AGTTGTGGGAGGAGTTAGGC-3'
CPT1α (M) 5'-GGGCTACTCAGAGGATGGAC-3' 5'-TGCCAAAGGTGTCAAATGGG-3'
PPARα (M) 5'-ACCTTGTGTATGGCCGAGAA-3' 5'-AAGGAGGACAGCATCGTGAA-3'
NLRP3 (M) 5'-CTCGCATTGGTTCTGAGCTC-3' 5'-AGTAAGGCCGGAATTCACCA-3'
BAD (M) 5'-TCCTGGGGAGCAACATTCAT-3' 5'-ACCCTCAAACTCATCGCTCA-3'
BCL2 (M) 5'-CTTCAGGGATGGGGTGAACT-3' 5'-ATCAAACAGAGGTCGCATGC-3'
BAX (M) 5'-GAGACACCTGAGCTGACCTT-3' 5'-CCCCAGTTGAAGTTGCCATC-3'
P62/SQSTM1 (M) 5'-CCAGTGATGAGGAGCTGACA-3' 5'-CCGTTGCAACCATCACAGAT-3'
Beclin-1 (M) 5'-AGCTTTTCTGGACTGTGTGC-3' 5'-CTTGAGCGCTTTTGTCCACT-3'
m-TOR (M) 5'-CGCTACTGTGTCTTGGCATC-3' 5'-GGTTCATGCTGCTTAGTCGG-3'
β-actin (M) 5'-ATGGAGGGGAATACAGCCC-3' 5'-TTCTTTGCAGCTCCTTCGTT-3'
PGC1α (H) 5'-AGCCTCTTTGCCCAGATCTT-3' 5'-GGCAATCCGTCTTCATCCAC-3'
CPT1α (H) 5'-CAGCATATGTATCGCCTCGC-3' 5'-CTGGACACGTACTCTGGGTT-3'
PPARα (H) 5'-CCCTCCTCGGTGACTTATCC-3' 5'-CACCAGCTTGAGTCGAATCG-3'
NLRP3 (H) 5'-GTTTGACCCCGATGATGAGC-3' 5'-CTTGTGGATGGGTGGGTTTG-3'
BAD (H) 5'-GAGGACGACGAAGGGATGG-3' 5'-AAGTTCCGATCCCACCAGG-3'
BCL2 (H) 5'-GCCTTCTTTGAGTTCGGTGG-3' 5'-GAAATCAAACAGAGGCCGCA-3'
BAX (H) 5'-AAGAAGCTGAGCGAGTGTCT-3' 5'-GTTCTGATCAGTTCCGGCAC-3'
m-TOR (H) 5'-CCTGCCTTTGTCATGCCTTT-3' 5'-CTGGGTTTGGATCAGGGTCT-3'
P62/SQSTM1 (H) 5'-CCCAATGTGATCTGCGATGG-3' 5'-GTGTCCGTGTTTCACCTTCC-3'
Beclin-1 (H) 5'-GACACTCAGCTCAACGTCAC-3' 5'-CTGCCACTATCTTGCGGTTC-3'
β-actin (H) 5'-CTCCATCCTGGCCTCGCTGT-3' 5'-GCTGTCACCTTCACCGTTCC-3'
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柠檬苦素抑制凋亡、促进自噬并通过PPARα促进脂肪酸氧化代谢改善非酒精性脂肪性肝病
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查杨 1 , 张丰 1 , 周洁 1 , 张爽 1 , 段亚君 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(8): 2402-2414
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (8) : 2402 -2414
柠檬苦素抑制凋亡、促进自噬并通过PPARα促进脂肪酸氧化代谢改善非酒精性脂肪性肝病
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查杨1, 张丰1, 周洁1, 张爽1, 段亚君2, *
作者信息
  • 1.合肥工业大学食品与生物工程学院, 安徽 合肥 230601
  • 2.中国科学技术大学第一附属医院 (安徽省立医院), 安徽 合肥 230022
通讯作者:
*段亚君, Tel: 13820168100, E-mail:
Limonin inhibits apoptosis, promotes autophagy and improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by promoting oxidative metabolism of fatty acids through PPARα
Yang ZHA1, Feng ZHANG1, Jie ZHOU1, Shuang ZHANG1, Ya-jun DUAN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
  • 2. The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei 230022, China
出版时间: 2023-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0534
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非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD) 是临床上十分常见的慢性肝病, 严重的还会进一步发展成肝纤维化、肝硬化甚至肝细胞癌、肝衰竭。柠檬苦素(limonin) 是一种天然含呋喃环的三萜类化合物, 既往研究发现柠檬苦素具有良好的抗炎镇痛、保护肝脏的功能, 然而柠檬苦素对于NAFLD的作用机制尚未明确。基于此, 本文采用高脂食物(high fat diet, HFD) 喂食C57BL/6J雄性小鼠构建NAFLD模型(实验获得合肥工业大学动物伦理委员会批准, 批准号为HFUT20220429001), 并添加柠檬苦素以灌胃(i.g.) 的给药形式进行治疗。实验结果显示, HFD可以诱导典型的NAFLD表型, 包括小鼠肝脏功能受损, 脂肪积累增加, 血清中天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT) 和碱性磷酸酶(ALP) 水平上升; 给予造模小鼠柠檬苦素(50和100 mg·kg-1) 10周进行治疗, 发现柠檬苦素可以恢复血脂异常并改善小鼠肝细胞内脂肪过度堆积。此外, 本研究利用人肝癌细胞系HepG2细胞进行体外实验, 发现柠檬苦素能够促进HepG2细胞氧化代谢和自噬相关基因的表达并抑制凋亡; 机制上, 柠檬苦素通过过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α (PPARα) 促进氧化代谢基因过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ (PPARγ) 的转录辅助活化因子(PGC1α) 和肉毒碱棕榈酰基转移酶1α (CPT1α) 的表达来改善HFD诱导的NAFLD。以上结果显示, 柠檬苦素可以抑制凋亡、促进自噬并通过PPARα促进脂肪酸氧化代谢来改善NAFLD。

非酒精性脂肪性肝病  /  柠檬苦素  /  过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α  /  氧化代谢  /  凋亡  /  自噬

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a very common chronic liver disease in clinic, which can further develop into liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, eventually hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. Limonin is a natural triterpenoid compound containing furan rings. Previous studies have found that limonin has good anti-inflammatory, analgesic and liver protective functions. However, the mechanism of action of limonin on NAFLD has not been clarified. Based on the background, C57BL/6J male mice were fed with high fat diet (HFD) to establish NAFLD model (the experiment was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Hefei University of Technology, the approval number is HFUT20220429001), and limonin was added to the mice for administration by intragastric administration (i.g.). The results showed that HFD can induce typical NAFLD phenotypes, including impaired liver function, increased fat accumulation, and increased serum aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in mice. Mice were treated with limonin (50 and 100 mg·kg-1) for 10 weeks, and it was found that limonin could restore dyslipidemia and improve fat accumulation in liver cells of mice. In addition, we conducted in vitro experiments with human hepatoma cell line HepG2 cells, and found that limonin can promote the expression of oxidative metabolism and autophagy related genes and inhibit apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Mechanistically, limonin improves high-fat food-induced NAFLD by promoting the expression of oxidative metabolism genes transcriptional coactivator of peroxisome proliferator activating receptor γ (PPARγ) (PGC1α) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 alpha (CPT1α) through peroxisome proliferator activates receptor alpha (PPARα). These results indicate that limonin can inhibit apoptosis, promote autophagy and improve NAFLD by promoting oxidative metabolism of fatty acids through PPARα.

nonalcoholic fatty liver  /  limonin  /  peroxisome proliferator activates receptor alpha  /  oxidative metabolism  /  apoptosis  /  autophagy
查杨, 张丰, 周洁, 张爽, 段亚君. 柠檬苦素抑制凋亡、促进自噬并通过PPARα促进脂肪酸氧化代谢改善非酒精性脂肪性肝病. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2402 -2414 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0534
Yang ZHA, Feng ZHANG, Jie ZHOU, Shuang ZHANG, Ya-jun DUAN. Limonin inhibits apoptosis, promotes autophagy and improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by promoting oxidative metabolism of fatty acids through PPARα[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2402 -2414 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0534
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD) 是一种无过量饮酒史、以肝细胞内脂肪堆积为最显著特征的临床病理综合征, 其主要特征为肝细胞内脂肪变性和脂质蓄积。作为最常见的慢性肝病, NAFLD在我国的发病率约为29.2%, 并且呈逐渐上升趋势[1]。如今NAFLD患者已达到1.73~3.1亿人, 且患病率依然快速上升[2]。NAFLD患者肝脏脂肪代谢功能出现障碍, 使得大量脂肪类物质蓄积于肝细胞, 其病理变化随病程的进展而表现为单纯性脂肪肝、高脂血症、高血压, 其中单纯性脂肪肝还可以进展为非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH)[3]。伴随着氧化应激和肝脏炎症, 如果不进行及时干预, NAFLD最终可能发展成肝纤维化、肝硬化甚至肝细胞癌、肝衰竭[4]。因此, NAFLD的进展与脂肪变性、氧化应激和炎症密切相关, 从相关角度出发进行NAFLD相关治疗策略的研究具有潜力。
柠檬苦素(limonin) 又称吴茱萸内酯或黄柏内酯, 分子式为C26H30O8, 分子质量为470.53 kDa, 其在植物中生物活性较高, 主要富集在柑橘属植物的果实中, 特别是在种子中浓度最高, 可以从枳实[5]、黄柏[6]及柑橘果实[7]等中分离出来。近年来, 越来越多的研究表明柠檬苦素具有广泛的生理活性和药理作用, 如酸橙汁提取物柠檬苦素可以抑制人胰腺Panc-28癌细胞的生长[8]; 柠檬苦素能够降低小鼠软骨细胞肿瘤坏死因子alpha (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL) -1β和IL-6的水平, 并抑制炎症因子的表达[9]; 此外, 在抗氧化功能上, 柠檬苦素能够提高血清和脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD) 以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px) 的活性, 并增强脑组织中总抗氧化物T-AOC的活性[10]。然而, 研究表明柠檬苦素也具有肝毒性, Cai等[11]采用6、12和24 g·kg-1柠檬苦素给予大鼠, 发现大鼠肝脏随着柠檬苦素剂量上升表现出线粒体肿胀、细胞色素C释放, 造成肝毒性损伤。关于柠檬苦素毒性的报道相对较少, 低剂量的柠檬苦素反而具有保肝活性。在肝脏保护方面, 柠檬苦素可显著减轻D-半乳糖胺诱导的肝损伤和氧化应激水平的上升[12], 柠檬苦素还可以缓解CCl4诱导的小鼠肝纤维化[13]; 此外, 通过Nod样受体蛋白3 (Nod-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3)/细胞焦亡成孔蛋白(cell pyrogenesis into porin, gasdermin D) 信号通路, 柠檬苦素可以改善脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 诱导的肝毒性[14]。柠檬苦素也可以通过下调Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor, TLR)-2、TLR-4及其接头蛋白来抑制TLR信号传导, 从而减轻大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注后的肝细胞损伤[15]; 上述研究结果提示, 低剂量的柠檬苦素具有较好的抗炎、减轻氧化应激和肝脏保护作用, 可能在NAFLD中发挥改善作用。因此, 本文分别采用体内和体外实验进行相关验证, 体内采用高脂食物(high fat diet, HFD) 喂食C57BL/6J小鼠12周构建NAFLD模型, 体外采用棕榈酸和油酸处理人源肝癌细胞系HepG2细胞构建NAFLD模型, 并采用柠檬苦素对小鼠和细胞进行处理, 探究柠檬苦素在NAFLD中的作用, 并揭示其改善NAFLD的分子机制, 为NAFLD的治疗提供理论依据。
实验动物  C57BL/6J野生型(WT) 小鼠[动物生产许可证号: SCXK (苏) 2018-0008; 动物合格证号: 202011422] 购自江苏集萃药康生物科技股份有限公司, 所有实验均在合肥工业大学SPF级动物实验中心进行, 饲养环境温度控制在22~24 ℃, 实验小鼠可自由进食和饮水, 本实验获得合肥工业大学动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: HFUT20220429001)。
药品和试剂  柠檬苦素(货号: E101247) 购自中国Aladdin公司, 其结构式如图 1所示; MEM培养基和胎牛血清(FBS) 购自美国Gibco公司; 高脂饲料(HFD, 货号: MD12033) 购自江苏美迪森生物医药有限公司; 羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na, 货号: C8620) 购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司; 噻唑蓝(MTT, 货号: EZ5679C133) 购自德国BioFroxx公司; 过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α (peroxisome proliferator activates receptor alpha, PPARα) 抑制剂(GW6471, 货号: 880635-03-0) 购自美国Selleckchem公司。兔抗-PPARα (货号: A6697)、NLRP3 (货号: A5652)、β-actin兔单抗(β-actin, 货号: AC026) 一抗均购自武汉Abclonal公司; 兔抗B细胞淋巴瘤-2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2, BCL2, 货号: 12789-1-AP)、B细胞淋巴瘤-2基因相关启动子(BCL2-associated agonist of cell death, BAD, 货号: 10435-1-AP)、BCL2家族细胞凋亡促进因子(BCL2 family of apoptosis-promoting factors, BAX, 货号: 50599-2-Ig)、B细胞淋巴瘤-2蛋白相互作用中心卷曲螺旋蛋白1 (B‐cell lymphoma‐2‐interacting myosin‐like coiled‐coil protein 1, Beclin-1, 货号: 11306-1-AP)、泛素结合蛋白(ubiquitin-binding protein, P62/SQSTM1, 货号: 18420-1-AP)、酶标亲和纯山羊兔抗IgG (HRP-conjugated affinitive goat anti-rabbit IgG, 货号: SA00001-2) 均购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司; 兔抗-肉毒碱棕榈酰基转移酶1α (carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 alpha, CPT1α, 货号: DF12004)、雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, m-TOR, 货号: AF6308)、自噬微管相关蛋白轻链3抗体(autophagy microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 antibody, LC3B, 货号: AF4650)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ (PPARγ) 的转录辅助活化因子[transcriptional coactivator of peroxisome proliferator activating receptor γ (PPARγ), PGC1α, 货号: AF5395] 一抗均购自美国Affinity Biosciences公司。
实验分组及药物干预  选取健康SPF级8周龄WT小鼠20只, 适应性喂养1周后随机分为4组, 每组5只, 分别为: 对照组(Ctrl)、模型组(HFD)、柠檬苦素低剂量组(L50, HFD + 50 mg·kg-1 limonin)、柠檬苦素高剂量组(L100, HFD + 100 mg·kg-1 limonin)。柠檬苦素溶于DMSO中配制储液, 然后用CMC-Na进行稀释。实验开始后, Ctrl和HFD组每天灌胃1次安慰剂, 连续12周; HFD组、L50组和L100组采用高脂饲料喂养, L50组和L100组在高脂饲料喂养2周后每天灌胃50和100 mg·kg-1柠檬苦素持续10周, 实验结束前, 均禁食12 h后处死小鼠并收集组织、血清。实验如图 2所示。
H&E染色  取小鼠肝脏组织并切成立方体, 用4%多聚甲醛固定24 h以上, 脱水机(德国Leica公司, HistoCore Pear Ⅰ) 脱水, 石蜡包埋并制备5 μm石蜡切片。切片烘干之后进行脱蜡水化, 按二甲苯、无水乙醇、蒸馏水、苏木素(30 s)、蒸馏水、伊红(3 min)、无水乙醇和二甲苯的顺序进行染色, 并用中性树脂封片。显微镜下观察肝脏组织病理学变化并拍照记录。
油红O染色  同样取出小鼠肝脏组织修剪成块状, 放入30%蔗糖水溶液中脱水, 过夜后取出组织, 加入适量聚乙二醇和聚乙烯醇的水溶性混合物(optimal cutting temperature compound, OCT) 包埋剂浸没组织, 于冰冻切片机(德国Leica公司, CM1950) 内冻结成块并切片, 制备5 μm冰冻切片。
油红染色时, 先将冰冻切片室温解冻30 min, 油红O染色50 min, 迅速用60%异丙醇溶液脱色, 然后用苏木素染小鼠肝脏组织中的细胞核1 min并返蓝, 完成后甘油封片, 于显微镜下观察并拍照记录。
细胞培养及加药  人肝癌细胞HepG2细胞系, 购自ATCC公司, 采用MEM培养基添加10%胎牛血清和1%双抗, 在37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中进行常规培养。称取235.3 μg柠檬苦素粉末溶于DMSO中形成1 mmol·L-1母液并梯度稀释, 通过添加MTT测定不同柠檬苦素浓度下HepG2细胞活力。游离脂肪酸(free fatty acids, FFA) 造模是常用于体外诱导NAFLD模型的一种方法[16], 它是指将等浓度的油酸(oleic acid, OA) 和棕榈酸(palmitic acid, PA) 按体积比2∶1的比例混合在一起, 最终引起HepG2细胞脂质积累。HepG2细胞分组及处理如下: ①对照组(Ctrl): 添加DMSO作为对照; ②对照+ 药物组(CL50): 添加50 μmol·L-1柠檬苦素处理HepG2细胞24 h; ③模型组(FFA): 添加FFA及DMSO处理细胞24 h以诱导NAFLD模型; ④模型+ 药物组(FL50): 添加FFA和50 μmol·L-1柠檬苦素处理细胞24 h。通过添加PPARα抑制剂GW6471来探究柠檬苦素是否通过脂肪酸氧化代谢改善脂肪肝的机制并分组如下: ①对照组(Ctrl): 添加DMSO作为对照; ②对照+ 抑制组(CP): 对照组添加0.24 μmol·L-1 GW6471处理24 h; ③对照药物组+ 抑制组(CPL50): 对照组添加50 μmol·L-1柠檬苦素和0.24 μmol·L-1 GW6471处理细胞24 h; ④模型组(FFA): 添加FFA及DMSO处理细胞24 h以诱导NAFLD模型; ⑤模型+ 抑制组(FP): 模型组添加0.24 μmol·L-1 GW6471处理24 h; ⑥模型药物组+ 抑制组(FPL50): 添加FFA、50 μmol·L-1柠檬苦素和0.24 μmol·L-1 GW6471处理细胞24 h。
小鼠血清生化指标检测  实验结束后, 对小鼠进行安乐死, 收集小鼠全血, 于室温静置2 h之后, 2 000 ×g离心20 min, 小心收集上清即为血清。用生化分析仪(日本东京HITACHI公司, 日立3100) 测量血清中天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate amino transferase, AST)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase, ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)、葡萄糖(glucose, Glu)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG) 和胆固醇(cholesterol, CHO) 水平, 其余血清于-80 ℃冻存。
Western blot检测目的基因蛋白表达  取适量小鼠肝脏组织或处理后的HepG2细胞, 加入相对应的组织或细胞裂解液, 用钢珠研磨或将细胞吹打下来, 于4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 其上清即为组织或细胞蛋白原液; 使用BCA法测定蛋白浓度并计算, 根据计算的蛋白浓度进行混样并开始SDS-PAGE变性电泳实验, 在一抗孵育过夜后用1×PBST清洗并孵二抗, 最后经ECL显色, 在化学发光成像分析系统(上海勤翔科学仪器有限公司, ChemiScope 3000 mini系列) 进行曝光成像。
细胞免疫荧光检测  将无菌的圆形小玻片平铺于48孔板中, 待细胞密度适宜时加药处理细胞; 实验结束后加入4%多聚甲醛固定30 min并用0.1% Triton X-100进行破膜处理, 在BSA封闭后加入PPARα抗体孵育过夜; 在避光条件下, 滴加荧光标记的二抗作为探针室温孵育2 h后, 在DAPI中浸泡8 min, 采用防荧光淬灭封片剂封片, 并在荧光显微镜(日本Zeiss公司, Axio Scope A1) 下观察并拍照。
RT-qPCR检测目的基因mRNA表达  小鼠肝脏组织或加药24 h后的HepG2细胞经Trizol处理之后得到总RNA, 经反转录合成cDNA, 引物序列如表 1所示。采用SYBR Green Master Mix扩增引物, RT-qPCR检测组织及细胞的mRNA表达。将相应样本中所有基因的mRNA水平用内参进行归一化。
统计学分析  本实验中涉及到的所有数据均采用平均数±标准差形式表示, 采用GraphPad Prism软件进行绘图和统计学分析, 数据分析方式采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA), 将P < 0.05定义为具有显著差异。
为了探究柠檬苦素在HFD诱导的小鼠NAFLD中的作用, 本研究使用HFD喂养小鼠12周, 期间分别用低剂量50 mg·kg-1和高剂量100 mg·kg-1的柠檬苦素溶液对小鼠进行灌胃处理, 发现与对照组相比, HFD组小鼠体重明显增加, 而柠檬苦素减少了HFD小鼠的体重增加(图 3A)。实验结束后收集小鼠肝脏和附睾白脂肪进行拍照和称重, 发现HFD组小鼠肝脏明显变白, 而柠檬苦素治疗具有明显的改善效果(图 3B); 不仅如此, 柠檬苦素也改善了由HFD诱导的小鼠肝重和附睾白脂重量的增加(图 3CD)。进一步地, 本研究采用Masson染色、油红O染色和H&E染色来检测小鼠肝脏的病理变化。结果显示, 柠檬苦素改善了HFD诱导的小鼠肝脏脂质累积、肝损伤和肝脏纤维化, 表现为柠檬苦素处理后肝细胞形态变完整, 脂肪空泡减少, 肝纤维化面积显著减少, 肝损伤得到明显好转(图 3E); 此外, 柠檬苦素还可以缓解HFD诱导的小鼠血清AST、ALT和ALP水平的增加, 改善肝损伤(图 3F~H); 同样地, 柠檬苦素也恢复了HFD引起的小鼠Glu、TG和CHO含量的增加(图 3I~K)。
为了进一步探究柠檬苦素在NAFLD中的作用, 本研究利用小鼠肝脏切片进行TUNEL染色, 结果显示, HFD引起小鼠肝脏中凋亡细胞数量显著增多, 柠檬苦素治疗后细胞凋亡情况得到了显著改善(图 4A)。此外, 在蛋白水平上, 本研究发现HFD组小鼠肝脏中凋亡相关基因的表达量显著上调, 柠檬苦素处理则显著拮抗了HFD引起的凋亡相关基因BADBAX表达的上调(图 4BC)。在转录水平上, 柠檬苦素可以促进抗凋亡基因BCL2的表达(图 4D), 降低促凋亡基因BAXBAD的表达(图 4EF)。值得注意的是, BAX的表达在体内容易受到外界影响而变化, 而其又与BCL2相互调节, 共同调节凋亡途径, 因此可以通过BCL2/BAX的比率来判断其抗凋亡情况。BCL2/BAX比率越大, 其抗凋亡能力越强, 从图 4G可以看出, 柠檬苦素可以提高HFD组小鼠抗凋亡能力, 从而抑制凋亡, 改善小鼠NAFLD相关症状。
机体内脂质平衡依赖于脂质摄入、体内从头合成、脂质氧化、脂质分泌排泄4个过程的平衡。有研究指出柠檬苦素可以减少脂质进而达到改善NAFLD的作用[17], 然而其是否能够调节脂质氧化进而改善NAFLD还需要进一步的探究。结果表明, HFD抑制了小鼠肝脏的脂质代谢, 表现为PPARα、CPT1α和PGC1α等脂质氧化代谢分子表达的显著下降, 柠檬苦素治疗后小鼠脂质代谢得到了显著改善(图 5A); 同时, 本研究采用RT-qPCR方法对脂质代谢基因的mRNA水平进行检测, 如图 5C~F所示, HFD小鼠在经过柠檬苦素治疗后, PPARαCPT1αPGC1α等氧化代谢相关基因显著上调, 而NLRP3等炎症因子相关基因表达下降, 表明柠檬苦素可以通过促进脂肪酸氧化代谢并降低炎症反应来改善肝脏功能。此外, 结果显示HFD抑制了小鼠肝脏自噬相关基因的表达, 而柠檬苦素治疗后又恢复了自噬基因Beclin-1、P62/SQSTM1、LC3B和m-TOR的水平(图 5B); 同时, 在分子水平上柠檬苦素可以促进Beclin-1的表达(图 5G), 降低自噬通量指标P62/SQSTM1和负调控因子m-TOR的表达(图 5HI), 促进自噬体的形成, 增强自噬从而改善小鼠NAFLD。
为了在体外验证柠檬苦素对于NAFLD的作用和分子机制, 本研究接下来采用人源肝癌HepG2细胞系进行相关探究。首先, 采用MTT法来测定不同柠檬苦素浓度对HepG2细胞活力的影响, 结果显示柠檬苦素在490 nm吸光值下对HepG2细胞产生显著毒理性效果的浓度为100 μmol·L-1, 因此确定了在HepG2细胞上柠檬苦素加药终浓度为50 μmol·L-1 (图 6A)。接下来, 本研究采用FFA造模并利用柠檬苦素处理细胞, 油红O染色结果显示FFA诱导的细胞脂肪含量显著增多, 脂质堆积明显, 而柠檬苦素处理后脂质堆积得到了明显的改善(图 6B)。然后, 通过Western blot检测细胞中炎症和脂肪酸氧化代谢相关蛋白的表达, 发现柠檬苦素不仅降低了由FFA诱导的细胞中NLRP3的表达增加, 还恢复了模型组PPARα、CPT1α和PGC1α等脂肪酸氧化代谢基因的表达的下降(图 6C)。同时, RT-qPCR结果也验证了柠檬苦素对HepG2细胞的改善作用: 柠檬苦素不仅降低了造模组NLRP3的mRNA水平, 也增加了PPARα等脂肪酸氧化代谢类的mRNA水平(图 6E~H)。同时, 结果显示在FFA诱导细胞产生过多脂肪酸后, 细胞自噬能力下降, 而柠檬苦素可以提高Beclin-1和LC3B蛋白水平, 降低P62/SQSTM1和m-TOR的表达(图 6D); 在分子水平上柠檬苦素也可以增强自噬通量, 加快体外自噬的表达(图 6I~K)。以上结果提示, 柠檬苦素可以有效促进HepG2细胞中脂肪酸氧化代谢、自噬相关分子的表达。
同样地, 本研究在体外水平上验证了柠檬苦素对于FFA诱导的细胞凋亡的作用。TUNEL染色结果显示, FFA组与Ctrl组相比凋亡细胞数量显著增多, 而柠檬苦素处理则明显减少了凋亡细胞的数量, 同时, 柠檬苦素单独处理对HepG2细胞无显著影响(图 7A)。接下来, 研究检测了细胞中与凋亡相关蛋白的表达, 发现柠檬苦素处理显著降低促凋亡因子BAD和BAX表达的同时, 提高了抗凋亡因子BCL2的表达水平(图 7BC), 上述趋势同样表现在转录水平上(图 7D~G)。综上所述, 柠檬苦素可以提高HepG2细胞的抗凋亡能力, 改善FFA诱导的HepG2细胞凋亡。
前面的实验结果发现, 柠檬苦素可以通过增加脂肪酸氧化代谢来改善NAFLD, 且显著增加PPARα的表达水平。而在脂肪酸氧化代谢中, PPARα作为调节的关键因子, 在脂肪酸氧化水平高的细胞中表达较高。为了探究柠檬苦素促进脂肪酸氧化代谢是否通过PPARα发挥作用, 本研究进行了如下验证: 在对照组和FFA诱导的模型组分别添加PPARα抑制剂GW6471, 并添加柠檬苦素处理24 h来探究其治疗效果。结果发现在添加GW6471后, PPARα在细胞内的表达明显降低, 而添加柠檬苦素治疗后, 细胞PPARα含量得到上升; 在通过FFA诱导的脂肪酸模型中添加GW6471后, 细胞PPARα的含量达到最低, 而加药处理后PPARα的表达得到了回升; 因此, 柠檬苦素可以缓解GW6471对PPARα的影响, 提高PPARα在细胞中的表达(图 8A)。同时, 在添加GW6471导致PPARα表达降低的同时, PGC1α和CPT1α在蛋白和mRNA水平上的表达也受到了不同程度的抑制; 因为柠檬苦素具有促进脂肪酸氧化代谢的效果, 所以在加药后脂肪酸氧化代谢类基因的表达得到了提升; 接下来, 在FFA造模后添加GW6471并加药治疗, 发现柠檬苦素不仅恢复了PPARα在细胞内的表达, 还在蛋白和分子水平上恢复了PGC1α和CPT1α的抑制(图 8BC), 从而验证了柠檬苦素可以调节PPARα来促进脂肪酸氧化代谢, 加快脂质分解速率, 改善细胞脂质积累的猜想。
本文的实验结果表明, 在HFD诱导的小鼠NAFLD模型中, 小鼠肝脏脂肪积累增加, 血清AST、ALT和ALP水平上升, 血糖、血清胆固醇等代谢失衡, 引起肝功能受损, 而柠檬苦素治疗10周后可以减少肝脏脂肪堆积, 改善肝功能; 在FFA诱导的人肝癌HepG2细胞中诱导NAFLD模型, 柠檬苦素还可以通过改善凋亡, 促进细胞脂肪酸氧化代谢和自噬来改善NAFLD, 上述结果还表明柠檬苦素还可以通过PPARα来调控脂肪酸氧化代谢等相关基因的表达, PPARα在NAFLD的改善过程当中可能发挥重要作用。
NAFLD作为常见肝病之一, 其涵盖了广泛的疾病, 从简单的脂肪变性, 到非酒精性脂肪性肝炎, 再到纤维化, 最终发展为肝硬化和肝细胞癌, 其进展因个体差异有很大区别, 个体环境与易感基因宿主之间的相互作用决定了疾病的表型和进展情况[18]。因此, 对NAFLD治疗的方法也各不相同; 研究发现阿糖醇可以抑制关键的脂肪生成酶硬脂酰辅酶α去饱和酶1 (SCD1) 的表达并改善肝脏损伤[19]; 抑制巨噬细胞分泌的促炎因子IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α的相对表达水平可以改善NAFLD[20]; 此外, 运动也可以抑制NAFLD中的活性氧(ROS) 过剩所导致的氧化应激, 缓解肝脏氧化损伤, 改善小鼠NAFLD[21]。有研究发现柠檬苦素可以通过抑制细胞能量代谢和增加ADP∶ATP比率激活AMPK, 并诱导AMPK介导的SREBP1/2转录活性抑制, 从而抑制脂质合成相关基因(FASN、SCD1) 的表达, 抑制脂质合成过程[22]。AMPK可以积极调节自噬的启动, 在细胞和肝脏可以有效清除脂滴并减少肝脏脂质积聚[23, 24]。自噬作为一种重要的保护机制, 它将破损的细胞器靶向到溶酶体进行降解以维持生存; 关于如何靶向移动到溶酶体进行降解, 最初会将部分细胞质或细胞器包裹起来形成自噬体, 自噬体会与溶酶体融合形成自噬溶酶体, 从而进行降解破损细胞器并回收能量。自噬体的形成有3个步骤: ①自噬启动因子ULK1在起始阶段帮助自噬体双膜结构的形成; ② Beclin-1促进初始吞噬细胞膜的成核和组装; ③ LC3在脂化作用下延长隔离膜[25]。因此, 本实验研究了柠檬苦素对自噬过程的影响: 柠檬苦素降低了雷帕霉素激酶(m-TOR) 的表达, 增加了Beclin-1蛋白和RNA水平; 同时, 柠檬苦素还可以增加LC3B的蛋白水平, 促进隔离膜的延长; LC3B作为哺乳动物LC3亚型中的一种, 它是一种RNA结合蛋白, 在自噬激活状态下, LC3B可与靶mRNA结合并触发mRNA的快速降解[26]。此外, LC3B拥有胞质形式的LC3B Ⅰ以及C端经过泛素化修饰的LC3B Ⅱ两种形态, LC3B Ⅱ定位在自噬体内外膜上, 在自噬激活状态下, 自噬体与溶酶体融合, LC3B Ⅱ会被Atg4所酶切, 因此LC3B常被认为是细胞自噬信号通路的标志性蛋白[27]。P62/SQSTM1作为自噬的选择性底物, 通常也是自噬通量受损的指标[28], P62/SQSTM1在柠檬苦素处理下表达较低, 表明加药可以增强自噬。本文验证了HFD喂食及FFA诱导细胞模型会降低体内和体外自噬的表达, 而柠檬苦素处理增强了自噬相关基因的表达, 促进了自噬体的形成, 加快了脂质清除速率, 改善了NAFLD。
凋亡是一种维持内环境稳定, 由基因控制的细胞自主有序的死亡。它可以靶向消除组织内的细胞而不影响该组织的生物功能, 因此, 凋亡是一种高度控制细胞死亡的机制[29]。细胞凋亡过多可以导致过度细胞死亡, 而肝细胞凋亡所导致细胞死亡过多是NAFLD常见的病理表现; 细胞凋亡过弱会引发细胞过度增殖, 肝细胞上过度的细胞增殖可能会导致肝癌[30]。因此, 调节肝脏细胞凋亡途径平衡是治疗NAFLD的一个重要途径。而这种平衡是需要促凋亡和抗凋亡基因在凋亡途径上持续进行整合来实现的, BAD和BAX在凋亡途径中都起到促凋亡的作用, 而BAD还可以介导caspase-3依赖性凋亡[31, 32]; BAD-BAX-caspase-3级联不仅是一条典型的凋亡途径, 并且细胞发生凋亡时, BAD和BAX在细胞中的蛋白含量都会增加[33, 34]。BCL2作为一种线粒体外膜蛋白, 在凋亡途径中发挥着抗凋亡的作用, 原因是它可以与促凋亡因子BAX结合, 从而阻止其在凋亡过程中发生的构象变化并控制细胞凋亡[35]。因此, 需要比较BCL2与BAX蛋白之间的比例来反映出细胞的凋亡状态。事实上, 很多人将BCL2/BAX比值称为“凋亡开关”。当BAX蛋白含量高时, 细胞发生凋亡; 当BCL2蛋白占据主导地位时, 细胞便可以存活下来[36]。本实验表明, 高脂饮食组与正常组相比, 促凋亡基因BAD和BAX的表达都得到了显著提高, 并且降低了抗凋亡基因BCL2的表达和下调了BCL2/BAX比率; 而柠檬苦素处理后, BAD、BAX和BCL2的表达都恢复了正常, 这种抗凋亡蛋白水平的升高和促凋亡蛋白水平的降低都表明着细胞对凋亡的抵抗性增强, BCL2/BAX比率的恢复也证明了柠檬苦素降低肝脏凋亡, 改善小鼠NAFLD的积极作用。
脂质稳态的动态平衡主要依赖于脂质的摄取、脂质从头合成、脂肪酸氧化和脂质的输出4个部分。NAFLD主要特征就是肝细胞内脂肪堆积, 而肝脏脂肪堆积是脂质获取和脂质处理之间的不平衡造成的; 在NAFLD中, 肝脏摄取和脂肪生成增加, 脂肪酸氧化和脂质输出的速度不足以维持脂质稳态, 从而导致脂肪积累。因此, 改善NAFLD大多是从抑制脂质合成, 促进脂肪酸氧化和脂质分泌输出开始。PPAR具有一系列调节作用, PPAR可以增殖过氧化物酶体, 进而影响脂肪酸代谢和磷酸戊糖途径, 从而在能量代谢中起重要作用[37]; PPAR信号通路涉及广泛, 其在线粒体中表达显著, 作为脂肪酸代谢中的关键因子, PPAR除了能够调节葡萄糖和能量代谢以外, 还具有抗炎和抗纤维化的作用[38]。PPAR已被确认有3种同型: αβ/δγ以及两种亚型: γ1和γ2[39, 40]。PPAR-β/δ可以激活肝脏中葡萄糖利用和从头脂肪生成的途径并参与先天免疫和炎症的关键基因的表达[41]; PPAR-γ主要在脂肪组织中表达, 它在促进脂肪生成和脂质代谢中起到重要作用[42]; 其中, 亚型γ1广泛存在于骨骼肌、心肌、巨噬细胞和脂肪组织等中, 而亚型γ2主要分布在脂肪组织中[40]。PPARα主要在脂肪酸氧化率高的组织中表达, 如骨骼肌、肝脏和棕色脂肪组织等[43]。它可以与饱和脂肪酸以及不饱和脂肪酸结合从而激活脂肪酸氧化, 作为脂肪酸代谢的关键因子, PPARα可以减少肝脏中富含甘油三酯的脂质胆固醇以及甘油三酯的积累, 具有调节脂肪酸运输, 促进线粒体β-氧化和脂肪分解的功能[44]。因此, 本实验研究了柠檬苦素对于脂肪酸氧化代谢的影响: HFD喂食和体外FFA造模降低了小鼠肝脏及HepG2细胞脂肪酸氧化代谢类基因的表达, 而柠檬苦素处理增强了PPARα、PGC1α和CPT1α等脂肪酸氧化代谢类基因的表达, 促进了脂肪酸氧化, 加快了脂质分解速率, 从而改善了脂肪堆积。通过在人肝癌HepG2细胞上添加PPARα抑制剂GW6471并加药处理, 研究发现在PPARα表达下降的同时, PGC1α和CPT1α在蛋白和mRNA水平上的表达也受到了抑制; 而柠檬苦素不仅恢复了细胞PPARα的水平, 同时也恢复了其他氧化代谢类基因PGC1α和CPT1α的表达。因此, 本研究证明了柠檬苦素可以部分通过促进PPARα来提高PGC1α和CPT1α在细胞中的水平, 从而促进脂肪酸氧化代谢以及脂质分解, 进而改善NAFLD。
综上所述, 柠檬苦素可以改善NAFLD, 其机制可能与减轻肝细胞凋亡、促进自噬并通过PPARα来促进脂肪酸氧化代谢, 进而改善肝细胞脂肪积累有关。
作者贡献: 查杨负责文献查阅、设计方案、实验操作、数据分析及文章撰写; 张丰和周洁负责查阅文献设计实验方案; 段亚君和张爽负责实验方案设计和指导论文写作及修改。
利益冲突: 本文中所有作者声明无任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(8217130156)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(JZ2023HGTB0288)
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2023年第58卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0534
  • 接收时间:2023-04-30
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-30
  • 修回日期:2023-06-05
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(8217130156)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(JZ2023HGTB0288)
作者信息
    1.合肥工业大学食品与生物工程学院, 安徽 合肥 230601
    2.中国科学技术大学第一附属医院 (安徽省立医院), 安徽 合肥 230022

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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