Article(id=1198652614796735224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0337, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1679328000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-21, revisedDate=1682006400000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763710653256, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1691769600000, pubDateStr=2023-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763710653256, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763710653256, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763710653256, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198652605778985059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='8', pageStart='0', pageEnd='2540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1691769600000', pubDateStr='2023-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763710651106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763710739504, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2260, endPage=2270, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198652615094530820, articleId=1198652614796735224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Considerations on investigation on quality standard of Chinese patent medicine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Chinese patent medicine (CPM) is an important part of traditional and Chinese medicine (TCM). Its quality has direct impact on the safety and effectiveness of clinical use. The quality standard is the pivotal approach to guarantee the quality of CPM. Due to the complex material basis, multitudinous quality influencing factors and unveiled active ingredients, dose-effect relationship and action mechanism, the investigation on quality standard faces many difficulties. This paper surveys the current quality status of CPM and the general situation of CPM standards. At present, the dosing problem has the crucial impact on the quality of CPM. The current quality standard system of CPM is confirmed and the limitations are indicated. Based on the above analysis, the principles and considerations on investigation of quality standard are proposed as follows: ① Adhere to safety as the bottom line, strengthen the risk-control ability of the standard of CPM; ② Adhere to theory of TCM and comprehensive quality, improve the integrative control level of the CPM standard; ③ Emphasize technological development and innovation, promote the quality control competence of CPM standard; ④ Facilitate planning and coordination, optimize the management of the CPM standard system; ⑤ Reinforce investigation on evaluation method, develop grade evaluation standard, accelerate high-quality development of CPM. Finally, the future perspective on investigation of CPM quality standard is prospected.

, authors=null, authorsList=Li-xing NIE, Yan-pei WU, Jing LIU, Xiao-ru HU, Feng-yan HE, Ya-dan WANG, Qi WANG, Jian-dong YU, Zhong DAI, Feng WEI, Shuang-cheng MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Feng WEI, Shuang-cheng MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198652615534932764, articleId=1198652614796735224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=中成药质量标准研究有关问题思考, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中成药是中医药的重要组成部分, 其质量直接影响临床用药的安全性和有效性。中成药质量标准是保证中成药质量的重要措施。中成药物质基础复杂, 质量影响因素众多, 活性成分、量效关系、作用机制有待阐明, 因而其标准研究难度较大。本文梳理了中成药的质量现状和中成药标准概况, 认为投料问题是当前影响中成药质量的关键问题, 充分肯定现行中成药质量标准体系的同时, 也要看到仍然存在一定的局限性。基于以上分析, 提出了中成药质量标准研究的原则和思路: ①坚持以安全为底线, 强化中成药标准的风险防控水平; ②坚持中医药理论及整体质量观, 提高中成药标准的整体控制水平; ③注重科技发展和创新, 提升中成药标准的质量控制水平; ④促进统筹协调, 优化中成药标准的管理体系水平; ⑤加强评价方法研究, 建立等级评价标准, 推动中成药高质量发展。最后, 对中成药质量标准研究的未来发展方向做出了展望。

, authors=null, authorsList=聂黎行, 吴炎培, 刘静, 胡晓茹, 何风艳, 王亚丹, 汪祺, 于健东, 戴忠, 魏锋, 马双成, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=魏锋, 马双成, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*魏锋, Tel: 86-10-53852020, E-mail: ;
马双成, Tel: 86-10-53852076, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ebJRrxJFrJ0pEn3mqZ1J7w==, magXml=w1+Y6lakRtRMCyUuoOjtVw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=DIWwG+04uv7VvzABi0kqjw==, pdfFileSize=688381, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=EBq/sLtnJI6p3JPjlQ8WXw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1198960095817199925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652614796735224, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198960096169521476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652614796735224, authorId=1198960095817199925, 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J Shenyang Pharm Univ (沈阳药科大学学报), 2021, 38: 1327-1333., articleTitle=Discussion on principle and method for quality rating standard of Chinese patent medicine, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960104079978586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652614796735224, awardId=2018ZX09735006, language=CN, fundingSource=国家十三五“重大新药创制”专项(2018ZX09735006), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960104264527977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652614796735224, awardId=GJJS-2022-7-1, language=CN, fundingSource=中国食品药品检定研究院关键技术研究基金资助项目(GJJS-2022-7-1), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960095607484705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652614796735224, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960095653622052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652614796735224, companyId=1198960095607484705, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960095666204965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652614796735224, companyId=1198960095607484705, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960103316615206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652614796735224, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Type of harmful residues Name of Chinese material medica
Heavy metals and harmful elements Scutellariae Radix, Lycll Fructus, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, Crataegi Fructus, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Panacis Quinquefolii Radix, Ziziphi Spinosae Semen, Gardeniae Fructus, Corni Fructus, Persicae Semen, Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Ginseng Radix et Hizoma, Polygonati Rhizoma, Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Angellcae Dahuricae Radix
Mycotoxins Platycladi Semen, Nelumbinis Semen, Arecae Semen, Quisqualis Fructus, Hordei Fructus Germinatus, Myristicae Semen, Cassiae Semen, Aspongopus, Eupolyphaga Steleophaga, Strychni Semen and Vespae Nidus
Pesticide residues Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Lycii Fructus, Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, Chrysanthemi Flos, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Panacis Quinquefolii Radix and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra
Sulfur dioxide Codonopsis Radix, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Bletillae Rhizoma, Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Trichosanthis Radix, Asparagi Radix, Gastrodiae Rhizoma and Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix
), ArticleFig(id=1198960103484387374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652614796735224, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Selected Chinese material medica with high risk of exogenous harmful residues

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Type of harmful residues Name of Chinese material medica
Heavy metals and harmful elements Scutellariae Radix, Lycll Fructus, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, Crataegi Fructus, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Panacis Quinquefolii Radix, Ziziphi Spinosae Semen, Gardeniae Fructus, Corni Fructus, Persicae Semen, Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Ginseng Radix et Hizoma, Polygonati Rhizoma, Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Angellcae Dahuricae Radix
Mycotoxins Platycladi Semen, Nelumbinis Semen, Arecae Semen, Quisqualis Fructus, Hordei Fructus Germinatus, Myristicae Semen, Cassiae Semen, Aspongopus, Eupolyphaga Steleophaga, Strychni Semen and Vespae Nidus
Pesticide residues Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Lycii Fructus, Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, Chrysanthemi Flos, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Panacis Quinquefolii Radix and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra
Sulfur dioxide Codonopsis Radix, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Bletillae Rhizoma, Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Trichosanthis Radix, Asparagi Radix, Gastrodiae Rhizoma and Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix
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Name of Chinese material medica Typical endogenous toxic component
Asari Radix et Rhizoma, Aristolochiae Herba, Aristolochiae Cinnabarinae Radix, Aristolochiae Fructus, Aristolochiae Radix, Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix, Cocculi Orbiculate Radix, Aristolochia Moupinensis Franch, Aristolochiae Kwangsiensis Radix, Aristolochiae Mollissimae Herba, Herba Asari, Asari Caulescentis Hebra, Asari Ichangensi Radix et Rhizome, Asari Himalaici Herba and Asari Insignis Herba Aristolochic acids
Senecionis Scandentis Hebra, Senecionis Cannabifolius Herba, Farfarae Flos, Eupatorii Herba, Emiliae Sonchifoliae Herba, Asteris Radix et Rhizoma, Artemisiae Scopariae Herba, Arnebiae Radix, Arnebiae Radix, Sennae Folium, Mel, Hyperici Perforati Herba, Gynurae Segeti Radix, Ligulariae Achyrotrichae Herba, Ligulariae Radix et Rhizoma, Crotalariae Sessiliflorae Herba, Cynoglossi Furca Radix, Tephroser Kirilowii Herba, Senecionis Laeti Herba and Agerati Conyzoidis Herba Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Ginkgo Folium and Ginkgo Semen Ginkgolic acids
Xanthii Fructus Atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside
Kansui Radix Ingenane diterpene
Euphorbiae Semen Euphorbiasteroid and 20-hexadecanoylingenol
Crotonis Fructus Croton oil and insecticidal protein
Mylabris Cantharidin
Bufonis Venenum Cinobufagin and resibufogenin
Aconiti Radix, Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix and Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata Aconitum alkaloids
Tripterygii Radix and
Tripterygii Hypoglauci Radix
Triptolide and tripterine
Ephedrae Herba Ephedra alkaloids
Strychni Semen Brucine and strychnine
Alangii Radix Atriplexine
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Typical endogenous toxic components in common Chinese material medica

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Name of Chinese material medica Typical endogenous toxic component
Asari Radix et Rhizoma, Aristolochiae Herba, Aristolochiae Cinnabarinae Radix, Aristolochiae Fructus, Aristolochiae Radix, Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix, Cocculi Orbiculate Radix, Aristolochia Moupinensis Franch, Aristolochiae Kwangsiensis Radix, Aristolochiae Mollissimae Herba, Herba Asari, Asari Caulescentis Hebra, Asari Ichangensi Radix et Rhizome, Asari Himalaici Herba and Asari Insignis Herba Aristolochic acids
Senecionis Scandentis Hebra, Senecionis Cannabifolius Herba, Farfarae Flos, Eupatorii Herba, Emiliae Sonchifoliae Herba, Asteris Radix et Rhizoma, Artemisiae Scopariae Herba, Arnebiae Radix, Arnebiae Radix, Sennae Folium, Mel, Hyperici Perforati Herba, Gynurae Segeti Radix, Ligulariae Achyrotrichae Herba, Ligulariae Radix et Rhizoma, Crotalariae Sessiliflorae Herba, Cynoglossi Furca Radix, Tephroser Kirilowii Herba, Senecionis Laeti Herba and Agerati Conyzoidis Herba Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Ginkgo Folium and Ginkgo Semen Ginkgolic acids
Xanthii Fructus Atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside
Kansui Radix Ingenane diterpene
Euphorbiae Semen Euphorbiasteroid and 20-hexadecanoylingenol
Crotonis Fructus Croton oil and insecticidal protein
Mylabris Cantharidin
Bufonis Venenum Cinobufagin and resibufogenin
Aconiti Radix, Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix and Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata Aconitum alkaloids
Tripterygii Radix and
Tripterygii Hypoglauci Radix
Triptolide and tripterine
Ephedrae Herba Ephedra alkaloids
Strychni Semen Brucine and strychnine
Alangii Radix Atriplexine
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中成药质量标准研究有关问题思考
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聂黎行 , 吴炎培 , 刘静 , 胡晓茹 , 何风艳 , 王亚丹 , 汪祺 , 于健东 , 戴忠 , 魏锋 * , 马双成 *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(8): 2260-2270
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (8) : 2260 -2270
中成药质量标准研究有关问题思考
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Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960095666204965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652614796735224, companyId=1198960095607484705, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050)])])]
聂黎行, 吴炎培, 刘静, 胡晓茹, 何风艳, 王亚丹, 汪祺, 于健东, 戴忠, 魏锋* , 马双成*
作者信息
  • 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050
通讯作者:
*魏锋, Tel: 86-10-53852020, E-mail: ;
马双成, Tel: 86-10-53852076, E-mail:
Considerations on investigation on quality standard of Chinese patent medicine
Li-xing NIE, Yan-pei WU, Jing LIU, Xiao-ru HU, Feng-yan HE, Ya-dan WANG, Qi WANG, Jian-dong YU, Zhong DAI, Feng WEI* , Shuang-cheng MA*
Affiliations
  • National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2023-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0337
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中成药是中医药的重要组成部分, 其质量直接影响临床用药的安全性和有效性。中成药质量标准是保证中成药质量的重要措施。中成药物质基础复杂, 质量影响因素众多, 活性成分、量效关系、作用机制有待阐明, 因而其标准研究难度较大。本文梳理了中成药的质量现状和中成药标准概况, 认为投料问题是当前影响中成药质量的关键问题, 充分肯定现行中成药质量标准体系的同时, 也要看到仍然存在一定的局限性。基于以上分析, 提出了中成药质量标准研究的原则和思路: ①坚持以安全为底线, 强化中成药标准的风险防控水平; ②坚持中医药理论及整体质量观, 提高中成药标准的整体控制水平; ③注重科技发展和创新, 提升中成药标准的质量控制水平; ④促进统筹协调, 优化中成药标准的管理体系水平; ⑤加强评价方法研究, 建立等级评价标准, 推动中成药高质量发展。最后, 对中成药质量标准研究的未来发展方向做出了展望。

中成药  /  质量标准研究  /  原则  /  思路  /  质量现状  /  标准概况

Chinese patent medicine (CPM) is an important part of traditional and Chinese medicine (TCM). Its quality has direct impact on the safety and effectiveness of clinical use. The quality standard is the pivotal approach to guarantee the quality of CPM. Due to the complex material basis, multitudinous quality influencing factors and unveiled active ingredients, dose-effect relationship and action mechanism, the investigation on quality standard faces many difficulties. This paper surveys the current quality status of CPM and the general situation of CPM standards. At present, the dosing problem has the crucial impact on the quality of CPM. The current quality standard system of CPM is confirmed and the limitations are indicated. Based on the above analysis, the principles and considerations on investigation of quality standard are proposed as follows: ① Adhere to safety as the bottom line, strengthen the risk-control ability of the standard of CPM; ② Adhere to theory of TCM and comprehensive quality, improve the integrative control level of the CPM standard; ③ Emphasize technological development and innovation, promote the quality control competence of CPM standard; ④ Facilitate planning and coordination, optimize the management of the CPM standard system; ⑤ Reinforce investigation on evaluation method, develop grade evaluation standard, accelerate high-quality development of CPM. Finally, the future perspective on investigation of CPM quality standard is prospected.

Chinese patent medicine  /  investigation on quality standard  /  principle  /  consideration  /  current quality status  /  general situation of standard
聂黎行, 吴炎培, 刘静, 胡晓茹, 何风艳, 王亚丹, 汪祺, 于健东, 戴忠, 魏锋, 马双成. 中成药质量标准研究有关问题思考. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2260 -2270 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0337
Li-xing NIE, Yan-pei WU, Jing LIU, Xiao-ru HU, Feng-yan HE, Ya-dan WANG, Qi WANG, Jian-dong YU, Zhong DAI, Feng WEI, Shuang-cheng MA. Considerations on investigation on quality standard of Chinese patent medicine[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2260 -2270 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0337
中成药是为了预防及治疗疾病的需要, 在中医药理论指导下, 以中药材(饮片) 为原料, 由生产企业按照批准的处方和制剂工艺批量生产的, 具有一定规格、剂型、用法用量的药品, 是经国家药品监督管理部门批准的商品化的中药制剂。中成药继承了传统中医药的理论和经验, 又吸纳了现代制药工业的先进技术, 具有剂量准确、使用储存方便、剂型丰富等特点。中成药品种众多, 市场份额远超饮片, 是中医临床用药的主要形式和手段。作为临床直接使用的药品, 其质量直接关系用药安全与疗效, 因此, 对其进行严格的质量控制意义重大。中成药标准是保证中成药安全、有效、稳定、均一的技术规范。本文基于中成药的质量现状和中成药标准研究概况, 略陈管见, 探讨、总结中成药质量标准研究的思路, 以期为中成药标准制修订和中药科学监管提供参考。
质量是药品疗效的根本保证, 随着人民群众健康需求日渐增长, 药品监管制度改革全面深化, 中成药产业快速发展和结构调整, 以及上游中药材及饮片质量逐步提升[1], 中成药的质量整体向好[2]。2008~2021年中成药国家药品抽检各品种标准检验总合格率分别为91.4%、95.5%、97.5%、95.9%、97.3%、98.2%、97.3%、97.4%、99.0%、98.4%、98.7%、99.6%、99.5%、99.7%[3], 呈现稳中有升、长期向好的基本趋势。
尽管如此, 受原材料价格上涨、资源短缺, 生产和人力成本增加, 市场竞争激烈, 集采招标政策变化等因素影响, 部分中成药出现了质量下滑风险, 值得警惕[2]。同样以国家药品抽检为例, 一些标准检验高合格率的品种, 通过深入的探索性研究和全面的质量分析, 往往会发现诸多安全隐患和质量问题[4-6], 涉及原料、辅料、包装材料、生产工艺等多个方面。原料方面, 中药材(饮片) 中含有的马兜铃酸、吡咯里西啶等内源性毒性成分, 药材种植、加工、贮藏过程中引入的重金属及有害元素、农药、真菌毒素等外源性污染物, 均可能向中成药转移。此外, 近年国家药品抽检多次发现参苓白术颗粒、脑灵素、参桂鹿茸丸等含人参制剂中掺入西洋参边角料[6], 川贝枇杷制剂其他贝母掺伪川贝母投料或川贝母投料不足[5], 小柴胡颗粒等含柴胡制剂中违规使用藏柴胡替代柴胡投料[6], 含血竭、乳香、沉香、没药等树脂类药材的中成药中检出松香掺伪[4], 山银花代替或掺伪金银花投料[4]等问题。辅料方面, 炼蜜掺伪、违规添加或超量使用防腐剂等现象偶有发生。包装材料方面, 虽然胶囊壳中铬超标问题已得到有效遏制, 但也发现个别企业使用违规添加色素的囊壳。另外, 部分颗粒剂和散剂的内包装袋材料会导致有效成分吸附、降解、挥发。生产工艺等方面, 生产过程使用的溶剂和树脂的残留均可能进入制剂。
总体而言, 原料问题是当前影响中成药质量的关键问题。药品生产成本不断上涨, 尤其是中药材(饮片) 成本逐年攀升, 而中成药定价和招标采购, 以价格为主要依据, 原料涨价和成品降价的矛盾可能导致企业通过压低原料质量的方式维持利润[7]。另一方面, 患者在购买和选用中成药时, 常受价格引导, 难以针对药品内在质量做出合理选择。原料质量的降低必然导致中成药质量下降, 因此, 亟需制订能够真正反映中成药安全性和有效性的标准, 对其质量进行科学评价和严格控制。
标准是按照规定程序, 经协商一致执行, 为各种活动或其结果提供规则、指南或特征的文件, 目的在于获得最佳秩序和共同效益[8]。中成药质量标准是中成药质量规格及检验方法的法定技术规范, 为中成药研制、生产、经营、使用、检验、监督、管理提供可遵循的参照文件。中成药标准通过评价和控制中成药质量、服务药品监管, 保障最佳秩序, 另一方面, 通过保障临床用药安全有效、提高产品竞争力、推动和引领产业发展, 追求共同效益。
据不完全统计, 已上市中成药品种约有9 000多个质量标准, 包括《中华人民共和国药典》、部颁标准、局颁标准、新药注册标准、进口中成药标准。与中药材(饮片) 不同, 中成药不存在地方标准, 由省级药品监督管理部门审批的医疗机构成方制剂标准仅限于在本医疗机构使用。
中成药多源于中药方剂, 体现了中医的整体观念与配伍规律, 其独特疗效已经由长期人用经验证实, 但复方配伍的复杂性也给其质量评价和检测造成了困难, 因而自古以来就有“膏丹丸散, 神仙难辨”的说法。伴随时代变迁, 中成药的质量标准也经历了“依赖感官评价的传统经验鉴别——借助仪器分析的简单定性定量测定——综合运用多种手段的整体质量控制”的发展过程。特别是近年, 得益于中成药化学物质基础、药效药动、作用机制等研究的不断深入和药品分析检测技术的迅猛发展, 中成药标准取得了长足进步, 并为引导产品质量提升、保障临床用药安全有效、促进监管效能提升提供了技术支撑。具体进展可归纳为以下3点。
国家药典委员会、国家食品药品监督管理局药品审评中心、中国食品药品检定研究院及各药品标准相关产学研单位勠力同心, 中成药标准制修订工作稳中有进。《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版一部新增中成药品种116个, 中药注射剂标准全面提高, 《中药新药质量标准研究技术指导原则(试行)》《中药新药质量研究技术指导原则(试行)》《中药生物效应检测研究技术指导原则(试行)》《同名同方药研究技术指导原则(试行)》《按古代经典名方目录管理的中药复方制剂药学研究技术指导原则(试行)》等引导性文件陆续出台。
处方药味名称尤其是饮片名称基本明确, 非国家保密品种公开处方、制法, 中药注射剂制法得到统一和规范。复方制剂质量控制项目更加全面, 检测的药味数量增加。多指标含量测定模式持续扩大。中西药合剂中的化药成分、含毒性药味制剂中“毒效一体”成分大多制定了限度范围。同系列品种的质量标准有序统一。
薄层扫描、理化鉴别等专属性不强、重复性不佳的检测方法已基本被取代。指纹图谱、特征图谱、一板多测、一测多评、超高效液相色谱、液质联用等先进成熟的现代分析手段和技术在中成药标准中得到运用。减少了有毒溶剂的使用, 体现绿色环保的理念。
中药材(饮片) 来源于自然界的植物、动物、矿物, 本身就是一个含有多种成分的复杂体系, 且种质、产地、生长环境、生长年限、采收时间、产地加工方式、炮制工艺、贮藏方式等因素均会对其内在质量产生影响。由中药材(饮片) 制成的中成药, 其物质基础更加复杂, 影响产品质量的因素更为繁多, 加之部分中成药中活性成分尚不清楚, 量效关系还不明确, 作用机制有待阐明, 使其质量控制研究难度更大。充分肯定现行中成药质量标准体系的同时, 也要看到目前仍然存在一定的局限性[9], 主要体现在以下几个方面。
非药典品种的标准质量控制水平普遍偏低。由于历史原因, 一些中成药品种的执行标准过于老旧。《国家基本药物目录》收录的中成药, 尚有个别品种的质量标准未收入药典。这些标准往往较为粗放, 存在检测药味数少, 鉴别、检查、含量测定项缺失, 方法落后, 指标专属性差, 限度不合理等问题, 已滞后于中药生产现状和药品检验工作实际, 很难有效控制中成药质量[10]
系列和相近品种的质量控制项目和限度有待进一步统一。同品种不同规格、同药味不同剂型品种标准不统一的现象仍然存在。每当国家药品抽检涉及系列品种时, 往往会出现执行标准质控项目有多有少, 检测指标各不相同的情况。当承检机构按更高的标准对执行标准水平较低的品种质量进行考察时, 往往会发现不投料或少投料的情况, 按相同的尺度对所有品种的内在质量进行全面分析时, 经常出现“标准高质量高, 标准低质量低”的规律。如: 葛根芩连丸和葛根芩连片处方完全相同, 但前者葛根素限度仅为后者的14% (按每g含量统一折算)[10]。另一方面, 相近品种中同一指标的限度不一致问题也应引起关注。如, 二妙丸、三妙丸、四妙丸制法相同, 但含量测定项下小檗碱限度与黄柏在各自处方中的占比不成比例, 差异较大[10]
检测项目不够完善, 难以反映中成药的整体质量。主要表现为: ①大部分中成药尤其是大处方中成药标准检测的药味数占处方比重仍然偏低, 一般都低于1/3, 存在质控盲区[11]。特别是对处方中的动物药等指标成分尚不明确的中药材(饮片), 或者经水提取的药味, 常常缺乏相应的检测项目。②多数中成药标准的检查项仅包括制剂通则规定的例行检查, 缺乏针对外源性有害残留或内源性毒性成分的检查项目, 安全控制不够全面。③单一成分为指标的含量测定形式仍大量存在, 缺乏多指标或大类成分的整体控制, 难以全面反映中成药的内在质量。
检测指标不合理, 给标准实施造成困扰。主要表现为: ①检测指标与中药材(饮片) 质量现状脱节。一些中成药标准在起草时仅针对制剂开展研究, 其质控指标的选择, 常取决于中国食品药品检定研究院相应对照品供应情况[1]。如枳壳中橙皮苷含量低, 柚皮苷和新橙皮苷含量高[12], 《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版一部收载的枳壳药材以柚皮苷和新橙皮苷为指标, 同系列品种血府逐瘀口服液、血府逐瘀丸和血府逐瘀胶囊均选择柚皮苷为质控指标, 但局颁标准收载的血府逐瘀软胶囊以橙皮苷为指标鉴别枳壳, 部分样品虽然可检出柚皮苷, 却因难以检出橙皮苷被判为不合格。②检测指标和方法与处方比例不匹配。中成药的配伍比例基于传统中医药理论确定, 并经长期临床实践证实, 很多方剂中均包含占比很低的药味。另一方面, 大多数中药中指标性成分的绝对含量不高是客观存在的现实, 一些成分在制剂放置过程中还会发生变化。如果方法不够灵敏, 则检验犹如“大海捞针”。如止咳桃花散以薄荷脑为指标对处方中薄荷进行鉴别, 但薄荷在处方中占比很低, 且薄荷脑易挥发, 薄层色谱斑点不易检出[6]。提示药品的稳定性也应作为质量标准的重要考察内容。③检测指标和限度未充分考虑生产工艺的影响。中成药的生产链条比中药材(饮片) 更长, 提取、分离、精制、浓缩、灭菌等工艺均可能使原料中固有的成分发生变化。一些中成药标准未充分考虑上述变化对制剂质量的影响, 机械地沿用原料药材(饮片) 的指标, 容易陷入“刻舟求剑”的误区。如红花的指标性成分羟基红花黄色素A对热极不稳定, 选其作为含红花制剂的含量测定指标时, 应尤其慎重。冰片挥发性极强, 在制剂生产过程中损失较大[13], 一些含冰片中成药含量测定项下龙脑限度偏高, 个别企业为了保证合格率, 大幅增加冰片投料量, 这种行为既不符合药品生产质量管理规范, 也会给临床用药带来不确定影响。④检测方法不适用或与分析技术发展不相适应。与中药材(饮片) 相比, 中成药的基质更加复杂, 处方药味之间还会存在相互影响, 开发简便可行的检测方法面临较大挑战, 部分标准在可操作性或专属性方面还存在问题。如心脑康胶囊中远志的显微鉴别特征草酸钙簇晶较难找到, 玄麦甘桔颗粒中麦冬的薄层色谱鉴别方法存在干扰。另一方面, 色谱和质谱技术发展日趋成熟, 但在中成药标准中的应用还有待扩展。例如, 早期为校正手动进样带来的误差, 采用气相色谱内标法测定挥发性成分的含量, 如今气相色谱自动进样早已普及, 仍有大量中成药标准在基质干扰较小的情况下, 采用内标法定量, 给检验带来麻烦。又如, 液相色谱柱固定相的性能已今非昔比, 分离机制也更加丰富, 过去难以分离的成分现在仅需简单提取后即可直接测定, 而一些中成药标准还在使用反复液液萃取或柱净化等方法进行前处理, 准确性和重复性差。
中成药的质量标准研究是在中医药理论的指导下, 利用多种技术、方法和手段, 结合处方药味的质量和标准现状及生产过程分析, 研究影响制剂的安全性、有效性、稳定性、一致性的因素, 科学表征和全面展示其质量内涵, 明确关键质量属性, 确定控制指标和可接受范围, 建立可行的检测方法的过程, 旨在为中成药的研发、生产、流通、使用提供依据, 保证药品安全、有效、质量可控。中成药品种正文项下根据品种和剂型不同, 可分别列有: 品名、处方、制法、性状、鉴别、检查、浸出物、特征图谱或指纹图谱、含量测定、炮制、性味与归经、功能与主治、用法与用量、注意、规格、贮藏、制剂、附注等。中成药科学内涵深奥、化学成分复杂、影响因素繁多, 好的中成药标准应项目科学、指标得当、方法实用、限度合理, 但要实现绝非易事, 需要深耕厚植, 开展更加广泛和深入的研究。
随着人民群众健康意识的提高和环境污染的加剧, 中药中外源性有害残留和内源性毒性成分日益受到关注和重视。《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版出台了一系列检测方法、限量标准制订和风险评估指导原则, 以风险控制为核心的中药外源性有害残留物标准建设初见成效。但上述举措和研究主要针对中药材[14]。中成药不经煎煮, 作为终产品直接为患者服用, 其安全性控制应更加严格, 中成药标准的风险评估意识和风险防控能力有待加强。中成药的风险评估应遵循科学规范、平稳高效、服务监管的原则, 通过识别危害、找出特征、评估可能、确定边界、制定对策, 以期为风险交流和风险监管提供技术支撑, 达到降低或消除安全隐患的目的。
中药材(饮片) 中存在的重金属及有害元素、农药残留、真菌毒素、二氧化硫等外源性有害残留物, 都可能向中成药传递。但中成药工艺复杂、生产链条长, 国家药品抽检结果显示, 终产品中污染情况较严重的是重金属及有害元素和真菌毒素[4], 尤以不经提取的中药原粉制剂风险较高[15]。反之, 经提取、分离等工艺精制的中成药, 由中药材(饮片) 引入的有害残留量大幅度降低, 但可能会出现溶剂和树脂残留。在制修订中成药标准时, 建议先分析处方药味的有害残留特征(部分外源性有害残留风险较高的中药材品种[14]表 1) 和制剂生产过程中的量质传递情况, 确定需要关注的有害残留类型, 开展多批次代表性中成药样品的全面筛查。在对测定结果进行评价时, 现有研究多参照中药材的限度, 没有考虑中成药与中药材在用量和服用方式等方面的差异, 不能客观反映中成药的实际安全风险。同时, 也不应盲目扩大中成药中外源性有害残留的检查范围, 增加检测成本。建议参考《中药中外源性有害残留物安全风险评估技术指导原则》[16], 根据有害物质的危害特征和中成药的暴露水平, 建立具体品种的风险评估模型, 并根据风险评估结果和《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版四部通则9302“中药有害残留物限量制定指导原则”, 确定合理的检查项目及限度。笔者首次提出了中成药中重金属及有害元素风险评估的通用步骤, 明确了中成药中重金属及有害元素的最大限量理论值计算公式及具体参数, 按危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露评估和风险特征描述4个基本步骤, 对276个品种14 787批次中成药中Pb、Cd、As、Hg、Cu、Cr元素进行了健康风险评估, 并对5个品种提出了限量建议, 研究思路和结果可供借鉴[17, 18]。需要指出的是, 鉴于《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版已经针对多个风险较高的中药材品种规定了较全面的有害残留限度, 如确实通过评估发现某中成药存在较高的健康风险, 为控制标准的检测成本, 在对外源性有害残留情况和风险进行全面细致的考察后, 可以仅针对风险高的单个或少数指标建立相应的方法和限度, 不必沿用中药材的一系列指标。
外源性有害残留可以通过加强原材料和生产过程的质量管理, 降低中成药受污染的风险。而内源性有毒成分由中药材在生长发育过程中经生物代谢产生, 不受人为干预, 因此更加需要在临床终端使用的中成药中加以严格把控, 也是中成药标准安全性相关研究的重点关注方向。药典委员会已将“重点研究建立基于中成药中马兜铃酸不得检出的检测方法”列入《中华人民共和国药典》2025年版编制大纲。中成药中的内源性有毒成分(常见中药材中含有的典型内源性有毒成分[19-22]表 2) 分为两种, 需要区别对待: 一种是单纯的毒性成分, 如细辛引入的马兜铃酸, 应严格控制, 建立检查方法, 根据毒理学数据和风险评估, 明确限量或规定不得检出; 另一种既是有毒成分也是有效成分, 如马钱子引入的马钱子碱和士的宁, 应综合分析, 根据毒理和药效学研究结果和风险效益评估确定治疗窗口, 制定含量范围(上下限)。随着液质联用等技术的发展和普及, 中成药中内源性毒性成分的检测手段已日臻成熟, 但相关的毒性机制、毒效关系、可接收摄入量、配伍减毒、风险效益评估等研究仍相对薄弱。亟需根据中医药理论和应用特点开展上述研究, 为制订合理的限度提供科学依据。
如前文所述, 现阶段中成药质量最突出的问题是投料问题。按规定正确、足量投料是中药生产企业和中成药监管必须坚守的底线, 完善中成药标准的整体控制模式则是坚守这一底线的有力手段, 也与中成药多组分多靶点协同发挥疗效的特点契合。中成药标准的整体控制模式研究是在中医药理论指导下, 综合利用多种分析技术和手段, 对中成药从宏观到微观进行多维度的全面质量分析, 现阶段切实可行的实施路径为全处方鉴别、指纹(特征) 图谱、多成分含量测定, 关键环节在于选择检测指标和厘清量质传递规律。坚持中成药标准的整体质量关, 可以填补空白、补齐短板, 有点有面、点面结合, 全面提高中成药标准整体控制水平。
除极少数单味制剂外, 中成药大多为复方制剂。君臣佐使、组方配伍是传统中医药理论的精髓之一, 中药复方的临床疗效通过所有药味的协同作用产生, 缺一不可。随着中药质量控制和科学监管需求的提高, 全处方(药味) 鉴别成为中成药标准研究和制定的必然追求和大势所趋, 《中药新药质量标准研究技术指导原则(试行)》也将“对处方中所有药味均应建立相应的鉴别方法”列入基本原则。根据处方药味自身质量特征及其在制剂过程的传递情况, 选择专属性强的指标, 并考虑多基源、伪品、混淆品的影响。在重现性和耐用性符合要求的前提下, 优选灵敏、简便、快速、经济的方法, 实现处方药味控制无盲点。以生药粉直接入药的药味, 传统的显微鉴别往往能发挥不可或缺的独特作用, 与化学方法相得益彰, 达到良好效果。以牛黄清胃丸为例[23], 笔者经过细致的研究, 建立了大黄、黄芩、甘草、连翘、黄柏、栀子、菊花、薄荷、番泻叶、桔梗、枳实、玄参、麦冬、牵牛子、石膏15个药味的显微鉴别方法和人工牛黄、冰片2个药味的薄层鉴别方法, 经简便操作即可实现17个药味大处方的全方鉴别。
薄层色谱可以快速直观地表征丰富的化学信息, 且操作成本低, 是中成药鉴别最常用的手段。得益于固相萃取和高效薄层技术的发展, 薄层鉴别可望发挥更强大的作用。在选择对照物质时, 如供试品溶液中有多个专属性主斑点与对照药材/提取物溶液对应, 则无必要再使用对照品作为对照; 反之, 如供试品溶液中仅有一个专属性斑点与对照药材/提取物和对照品溶液对应, 为避免检验时对“主斑点”理解不同造成分歧, 宜仅使用对照品作为对照。对于显微和薄层特征无法有效表达或受干扰严重的药味, 可利用分离能力更高的气相色谱(gas chromatography, GC)、(超) 高效液相色谱(ultra/high performance liquid chromatography, U/HPLC) 与不同类型检测器联用, 鉴别特征色谱峰, 或者采用X-射线衍射等光谱技术测定矿物药等的特征光谱。一些尚无专属性化学指标的药味(如部分动物药), 可以采用聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)、脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA) 条形码等生物学方法加以鉴别。
药味较多的中成药, 全处方鉴别无疑会增加检测成本, 做好实验设计, 能够达到事半功倍的效果。可使用同一供试品溶液在同一条件下鉴别多个药味, 或使用同一供试品溶液在不同条件下鉴别不同药味, 再或同一份样品经不同提取方法获得不同组分, 用于高、中、低极性成分的鉴别。如笔者采用乙醚提取活血止痛胶囊/散, 点样展开后置紫外光灯(365 nm) 下鉴别当归, 喷以5%茴香醛5%硫酸乙醇溶液显色后, 置日光下检视, 鉴别乳香和冰片, 剩余药渣经甲醇提取后还可用于三七的鉴别[24]。此外, 利用柱色谱建立的鉴别项目还可与指纹(特征) 图谱测定和/或含量测定同时开展, 既简化了操作, 提高了效率, 又可以减少化学试剂的使用。
中成药属复杂混合体系, 化学成分的多样性是其发挥疗效的物质基础, 同时也是质量评价的重点与难点。指纹(特征) 图谱可以宏观地表征被测样品化学特征全貌, 是最适合中成药标准整体质量控制的技术之一。具体评价方式可分为3种: 与随行对照物质比较、规定特征峰相对保留时间和相对峰面积的范围、与对照指纹图谱比较。与指纹图谱不同, 特征图谱不要求计算相似度, 当标准规定供试品中特征峰与对照品、对照药材或对照提取物一致时, 特征图谱实际上承载了鉴别的功能。《中华人民共和国药典》2010、2015、2020年版收载的成方制剂和单味制剂的指纹(特征) 图谱数量逐版增加, 分别为6、38、45个[25]。目前与中药指纹图谱相关的引导性文件还是2000年原国家食品药品监督管理总局下达的《中药注射剂指纹图谱研究的技术要求》和2002年国家药典委员会发布的《中药注射剂色谱指纹图谱实验研究技术指南》, 两个文件中部分内容已经落后于中药标准中指纹(特征) 图谱的实际应用现状, 亟需对20余年来不断发展的中药指纹(特征) 图谱研究思路和方法进行科学凝练, 建立相应的指导原则和通用技术要求, 收入《中华人民共和国药典》。在此笔者根据多年指纹图谱检验和研究实践, 提出几点拙见供参考: ①采用指纹图谱软件拟合对照指纹图谱时, 在兼顾多厂家多批次样品的代表性的同时, 还应预先对样品的质量进行全面分析, 质量有缺陷的样品的指纹图谱, 不能纳入拟合范围。此外还需要注意的是, 由于面积较大的色谱峰对相似度的贡献较大, 可能掩蔽其他成分的差异[26], 为更加全面细致地评价中成药整体质量, 可在计算相似度时将含量特别高或者响应特别强的组分对应色谱峰剪除。②中成药指纹(特征) 图谱的供试品溶液制备方法和色谱条件的选择, 应以能够全面反映产品质量特征为前提。对于组成特别复杂的样品, 灵活运用二极管阵列(diode array detector, DAD)、蒸发光散射(evaporative light scattering detector, ELSD)、电喷雾(charged aerosol detector, CAD) 等不同原理检测器, 提供尽可能多的信息, 必要时可建立“一药多谱”。③尽管“模糊”是指纹图谱的特色之一, 但在起草中成药标准指纹图谱方法时, 应尽量做到“清晰”, 采用高分辨液质联用技术对尽可能多的色谱峰进行药味归属和成分鉴定, 为特征峰的合理选择提供科学依据。④受益于双波长和二极管阵列检测器的普及和色谱柱性能的提高, 在指纹(特征) 图谱中选择分离度良好的指标成分, 同时进行含量测定, 即“定量指纹图谱”的操作, “既见树木、又见森林”, 可以有效提高检验效率。⑤近10年大量研究将各种模式识别技术用于指纹图谱信息的挖掘和表达, 但如何将研究“落地”, 形成规范实用的标准, 还需要解决参数固定、模型转移和算法共享等问题。
中成药药效发挥是由多药味、多组分共同作用的结果, 任何单一成分都无法全面表征其整体质量, 多成分含量测定是中成药标准整体控制的大势所趋。另一方面, 中成药生产链长、风险点多、体系复杂, 以上客观因素决定了中成药质量标准研究的辩证思路——紧扣主要矛盾, 兼顾次要矛盾。中成药由中药材(饮片) 制成, 其质量必然取决于中药材(饮片) 的质量, 在现阶段中药临床疗效与物质基础的关系尚未完全厘清的情况下, 中成药的含量测定标准也应以中药材(饮片) 的质量标准为依据, 体现二者的协调, 紧扣投料的真实性和投料量的准确性, 同时还应关注生产过程的规范性, 充分考虑工艺和稳定性引入的变化。测定指标的选择需摒弃以“易测、对照品易获得”为出发点的“为含测而含测”的思维, 而应在全面掌握品种质量特征和现状的基础上, 以问题为导向, “对症下药”。对于复方制剂, 一般应关注君药、贵细药、处方量大或与功能主治密切相关的药味的代表性成分, 但也需要具体问题具体分析。如牛黄清胃丸中人工牛黄既是君药又是贵细药, 但其处方量极低, 不足制剂原辅料总量的千分之一。18个厂家49批次样品的质量考察结果显示, 采用薄层色谱(thin layer chromatography, TLC) 法鉴别, 检出人工牛黄的样品, 高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectro-metry, HPLC-MS/MS) 法测得指标成分胆酸、猪去氧胆酸的含量均达到理论限度, 且差异不大; 而未检出人工牛黄的样品, TLC法和HPLC-MS/MS法结论一致, 说明通过快速、经济的TLC法鉴别即可有效控制人工牛黄的投料, 暂不需测定含量。一些挥发性、热敏性、易氧化、易水解的成分, 在选择其为含测指标时, 也要特别慎重, 需要详细考察药品生产和贮藏, 供试品溶液和对照品溶液放置过程中发生的变化。前体和分解产物等存在转化关系的成分, 也应在明晰转化规律后, 确定是否需要对转化前后的成分同时测定。在建立中成药的含量测定方法时, 应充分利用固相萃取、梯度洗脱、波长切换、多波长检测等技术, 力争简化操作步骤。当微观指标难以确定或不足以体现中成药的整体质量(如含量过低) 时, 可建立宏观指标的含量测定方法, 如类别成分的总量、浸出物等。中成药含量测定限度的制订, 应强调中药材的溯源, 重视饮片炮制和制剂生产等过程的量值传递, 考虑处方药味现行标准的含量测定限度、水分限度、处方量占比, 根据对应的原料和终产品计算被测成分的转移率, 再结合中成药样品实际测定结果的离散程度, 综合分析后确定。
分析方法的迅速发展、检测仪器的更新换代、学科交叉的加速融合, 为解决中药质量评价瓶颈问题提供了源源动力。锐意创新、砺行致远, 以现代科学研究为基础, 从技术层面提升检测实力是中成药标准发展的必由之路。研究人员应密切跟踪相关技术的最新发展趋势, 适时、严谨地将成熟的先进技术引入中成药标准。
以动物药为代表的部分中药材(饮片) 的主要成分为蛋白质、多肽、多糖、淀粉等大分子物质, 其专属性鉴别一直是中成药质量标准的卡脖子问题, 特别是对于生药粉经提取后入药的药味, 其显微特征也已无法利用。近年来, 分析科学家们不断尝试采用液质联用技术和分子生物学技术发现中药中专属性高、靶标性强的特征片段, 以解决常规方法难以区分真伪的问题。《中华人民共和国药典》已经收载了阿胶、龟甲胶、鹿角胶的特征多肽高效液相色谱-质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS) 鉴别项和川贝母、霍山石斛、蕲蛇、乌梢蛇、金钱白花蛇的PCR鉴别项, 扩充了中药标准的技术手段、提高了检测水平。但由于复方制剂的基质更加复杂, 且中药材(饮片) 原料的化学或生物学信息在生产过程可能损失, 上述方法还未收入中成药标准。未来应加强多学科交叉研究, 充分利用植物组学、蛋白组学等手段深度挖掘高分辨液质分析获得的海量信息, 灵活运用DNA条形码、特异性引物设计、TaqMan探针、高分辨率熔解曲线等分子生物学技术, 提高方法的灵敏度和特异性。相信随着相关研究的进一步成熟, 基于特征片段的专属性鉴别在中成药标准中的破冰应用指日可待。
与含动物药的中成药情况类似, 含矿物药的制剂的质量控制也一直是中成药标准的薄弱环节, 主要体现为含量测定项的缺失。《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版共收录成方制剂和单味制剂1 607种, 其中含有矿物药味的制剂376种, 占比达23%。据统计, 仅有22个品种各论项下收载了矿物药的含量测定项目[27], 占比不足2%, 尤其是一些含毒性矿物药味的成药, 并未对其含量进行严格控制。究其原因, 可能是因为矿物药中无机主成分的测定费时费力, 且存在一定的环境污染和人员伤害。以雄黄、朱砂为例, 现行中成药标准多采用氧化还原滴定法测定砷和汞的含量。该方法取样量大、灵敏度低, 且操作繁琐、误差较大。原子吸收、原子荧光、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、电感耦合等离子体质谱等仪器分析技术虽然检出限低、准确度高, 但由于中成药基质复杂, 需要加以消解, 导致前处理复杂、耗时长, 消解液中高浓度的重金属及有害元素还会对器皿、仪器和环境造成污染。X-射线荧光光谱(X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, XRFS) 利用原级X-射线光子或其他微观粒子激发待测物质中的原子, 后者发射出特征X荧光射线, 通过测定各衍射峰的位置和强度, 实现无机元素的定性定量分析。笔者以电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法为参比, 首次采用XRFS技术建立了中成药中As、Hg的分析新方法[28], 仅需2 min即可直接获得准确结果, 操作简便、快速无损、经济环保。随着仪器性能的提升, 该方法的灵敏度和准确性可望进一步提高, 为含矿物类中成药的含量测定提供了新的思路, 也为构建支撑“碳中和”目标的绿色药品标准体系做出了有益示范。
多指标含量测定是中药质量标准研究的大势所趋, 但其执行和推广受限于单体对照品的供应不足和价格昂贵。一测多评法采用一个定量用对照品, 辅以其他色谱峰定位手段, 基于相对校正因子同时测定多个成分的含量, 是中药定量分析领域的重点发展方向。随着一测多评理论和应用走向纵深, 分析化学家赋予了它更丰富的内涵和外延, 校正因子法、对照提取物法、双标多测法等标准物质替代技术[29]相继出现, 亟需建立权威、统一、细化的技术指导原则收入《中华人民共和国药典》, 规范一测多评技术在中药标准中的应用。中成药标准含量测定项引入一测多评法, 既可简化检验操作, 又能降低检测成本, 但对方法开发要求较高。不同品牌的色谱柱和色谱仪以及流动相比例、流速、柱温等的变化均可能影响相对校正因子和相对保留时间的准确性和重现性, 需要进行全面、细致考察, 并在标准正文中应尽可能详尽地描述实验条件与参数, 以保证方法的耐用性。定量用对照提取物可以完美满足色谱峰定位和含量测定的双重需求, 但对相应标准物质的赋值准确和批间传递要求极高。通过随行测定定性用对照提取物进行色谱峰定位, 以单个对照品测定含量的一测多评法, 受实验条件扰动的影响较小, 也是《美国药典》与《欧洲药典》普遍采用的方式。此外, 中药标准中使用一测多评法, 一般要求所有待测成分与定量用对照品为同类成分, 光谱特性基本一致或检测器响应无明显歧视效应。对于大量的复方中成药, 含量测定的多个指标一般与不同药味相关, 往往分属不同的化学成分类别, 一测多评法用于不同化学成分类型的多指标含量测定的可行性, 还需要积极探索和严格论证。
临床疗效是衡量中成药有效性的最终判定形式, 《中华人民共和国药典》2025年版编制大纲明确提出了持续完善能体现中药疗效的质量标准体系的目标任务。生物活性测定利用药物对模式生物、组织、器官、细胞以及相关生物因子等试验系所产生的生物活性, 以生物统计为工具, 运用特定的实验设计, 测定药物的有效性, 从而达到评价药品质量的目的。研究并建立符合中药特点的生物活性检验项目, 可解决目前中成药质量标准与临床疗效关联性不强的问题, 尤其是对于疗效确切但指标成分不明或含量过低的品种具有重要意义。与中药药效学研究的葳蕤蓬勃之势形成鲜明对比, 目前生物活性测定进入中药标准仍举步维艰, 《中华人民共和国药典》一部仅水蛭一个品种通过抗凝血酶活性测定含量。应鼓励标准制修订单位勇于创新, 加强生物活性测定法在中药标准中的可行性和适用性研究, 强化方法的设计、建立及验证, 提高专属性和稳定性, 保证实验室之间检测结果的重现性。以板蓝根颗粒为例, 其指标成分专属性差、专属性成分含量过低的特点一直是质量标准研究的痛点。笔者在充分的体内外药效学和量效关系研究的基础上[30, 31], 详细优化了样品的活性部位提取方法和测定参数, 分别采用流感病毒神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase, NA) 检测试剂盒和环氧化酶-2 (cyclooxygenase 2, COX-2) 抑制剂筛选试剂盒建立了板蓝根颗粒的抗流感病毒和抗炎生物活性测定方法, 商品化试剂盒的使用和板蓝根对照制剂的引入, 提高了方法的重现性, 实现了板蓝根颗粒的多靶点生物活性检测, 弥补了化学成分检测难以充分反映有效性的不足。
在提升中成药标准的检测技术实力的同时, 还应重视标准与标准之间、标准研究不同部门之间、标准制订和使用环节之间的统筹规划, 齐抓共管, 优化中成药标准的管理体系水平, 实现聚势共赢。
系列品种系处方相同但规格、剂型不同的中成药品种, 多源于经典方剂, 销售量大、使用范围广。由于历史原因, 目前仍有一些系列品种的质量标准的检测项目、指标和限度不统一或相称, 给临床用药带来不利影响。建议进一步扩大系列品种质量标准的统一, 在标准制修订时以系列为单位进行立项。根据不同剂型的制剂工艺和剂型特点, 综合研究考察不同工艺药效成分的变化及提取转移率, 制定项目方法统一、指标限度合理的系列品种相关标准, 使中成药标准更加科学、严谨、规范。
国家药品抽检(以下简称国抽) 是药品质量监督的重要手段, 由国家药品监督管理局组织中国食品药品检定研究院及各地方药检机构完成, 通过分散抽样、集中检验、探索研究、综合评价的工作模式, 全面考察上市后药品的质量总体水平和状态。国抽的大部分品种为基本药物, 样品批次多、代表性好, 可在市场监管、涉药企业监督检查、风险排查与防控、提高药品质量安全水平等方面发挥综合技术支撑作用。多年的实践表明, 国抽能够对药品质量进行综合、细致的评价, 及时发现潜在风险, 提出标准修订思路和草案, 能够为质量标准的进一步完善奠定基础[32]。建议合理利用探索性研究发现的关键线索和切入点, 充分借鉴、转化相应方法和成果, 加速发现重大质量问题品种的标准提高审批、立项流程, 及时更新和提升质量标准, 协同推进、形成合力, 持续提高中成药质量控制水平。
如前文所述, 目前中成药标准数量达9 000余个, 《中华人民共和国药典》收载的仅是其中一小部分。除年代较久远的《中华人民共和国卫生部药品标准中药成方制剂》和《国家中成药标准汇编》外, 其余非药典收载品种的标准多以散件形式发布, 并未集结成册。此外, 包括上述两个成册标准在内的众多非药典标准经修订提高后, 如未收入药典, 新标准也以散件形式发布, 如大部分中药注射剂标准。以上散件标准批准后, 一般经各地药监部门下达至个别单位, 目前尚缺乏权威、统一、公开的查询渠道。再者, 伴随着中药审评审批制度改革的阔步前行, 《中药新药质量标准研究技术指导原则(试行)》等一系列新的技术规范相继出台, 中药新药上市数量创新高, 其质量标准控制水平也大幅提升, 但作为中成药标准重要组成部分的中药新药注册标准的查询也同样困难。中成药标准的制订和修订, 集结了多个部门的集体智慧, 对于中成药的质量研究具有重要参考价值。建议健全完善标准制订与药品审评审批、药品检验等工作的联动机制, 全系统一盘棋, 推进中成药标准信息平台建设, 早日实现数字化和网络化, 为相关单位和社会公众提供及时、准确、便捷的信息服务。
中药材(饮片) 因种植生产加工方式不同, 其客观上存在质量差异, 以此为原料生产的中成药也不可避免地存在质量优劣之分。2023年2月28日, 国务院办公厅印发《中医药振兴发展重大工程实施方案》, 明确提出“开展中成药质量评价方法研究, 建立常用中成药质量优劣评价标准”的建设任务。中国食品药品检定研究院中药民族药检定所率先提出了构建中成药质量等级评价体系的构想, 笔者创建了中药对照制剂这一全新的标准物质理论, 系指采用道地、优质、规范加工的原料药材(饮片) 和辅料, 严格按照制法和生产工艺规程, 并遵循药品生产质量管理规范制备的实物对照。同时, 结合全处方鉴别、指纹(特征) 图谱、多成分含量测定、生物活性测定等手段, 将中药对照制剂用于多个中成药品种的质量评价新模式研究[33-40]。基于实践提出了《中药对照制剂研制指导原则和技术要求》[41]与《中成药质量等级标准研究原则和方法》[42], 针对中药对照制剂的制备、标定、应用, 中成药质量等级标准的基本原则、结构及要素、研究方法、质量评价方法的建立、质量等级标准的项目、分级思路等内容, 提出了研究思路。开展中成药的质量优劣评价标准研究, 并据此建立符合中医药特点的中成药价值评价体系, 对于规范市场秩序, 打击行业潜规则, 推动中成药高质量发展, 践行“四个最严”要求, 预防药品监管系统性风险, 保障人民用药安全有效, 具有重要和迫切的现实意义。
中成药质量标准是中成药质量的高度集成和体现, 持续提升中成药标准的风险防控、整体控制、检测技术和管理体系水平, 对于促进中药产业高质量发展, 满足人民群众的健康需求具有重要意义。同时也要看到, 质量源于设计, 只有规范的过程才能产生出优质的产品, 质量控制贯穿于中成药的全生命周期, 质量标准及依据其进行的质量检验是整个过程靠后的一个关键环节。中成药的质量受制于中药材(饮片) 的质量, 所谓“药材好, 药才好”, 应加强源头控制, 规范种植养殖和加工炮制, 保障下游中药制剂原料质量。药品生产企业和药品上市许可持有人应主动落实主体责任, 加强自我约束和行业道德规范, 坚持“修合无人见, 存心有天知”“炮制虽繁必不敢省人工, 品位虽贵必不敢减物力”的传统, 保证药品生产全过程持续符合法定要求。
总之, 中成药的质量标准研究是一个长期的系统工程, 未来还需要加强中成药复杂体系的药效物质基础、配伍规律、体内代谢过程、作用机制等基础研究, 促进系统生物学、整合药理学、多组学、生物信息学、大数据、真实世界研究等多学科前沿技术与中药分析学的深度交叉融合, 深入揭示中成药质量的科学内涵, 建设符合中医药理论、体现中医临床疗效的中成药标准体系, 服务中药科学监管, 推动中药高质量发展。
作者贡献: 马双成提出文章构思; 聂黎行完成初稿撰写; 吴炎培负责参考文献整理; 刘静、胡晓茹、何风艳、王亚丹、汪祺提供部分参考资料; 魏锋对文章的修改提供建议; 于健东、戴忠负责文章审核。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家十三五“重大新药创制”专项(2018ZX09735006)
  • 中国食品药品检定研究院关键技术研究基金资助项目(GJJS-2022-7-1)
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2023年第58卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0337
  • 接收时间:2023-03-21
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-21
  • 修回日期:2023-04-21
基金
国家十三五“重大新药创制”专项(2018ZX09735006)
中国食品药品检定研究院关键技术研究基金资助项目(GJJS-2022-7-1)
作者信息
    中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050

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*魏锋, Tel: 86-10-53852020, E-mail: ;
马双成, Tel: 86-10-53852076, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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