Article(id=1198652611814588604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0590, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683475200000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-08, revisedDate=1689091200000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763710652545, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1691769600000, pubDateStr=2023-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763710652545, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763710652545, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763710652545, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198652605778985059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='8', pageStart='0', pageEnd='2540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1691769600000', pubDateStr='2023-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763710651106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763710739504, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2180, endPage=2192, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198652612234019045, articleId=1198652611814588604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Recent advances in chemical fluorescent probes sensitive to tumor microenvironments, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cancer seriously threatens human life and health, it is urgent for the development of rapid detection, precise localization and effective treatment of tumors. Chemical fluorescent probes that are sensitive to tumor-specific microenvironments have important significance in tumor theranostics and a variety of such probes have been developed. In this review, we classified chemical fluorescent probes that are sensitive to tumor microenvironments according to biological characteristics and microenvironmental changes while combining spectroscopy or response mechanisms, and systematically introduced the research progress of chemical fluorescent probes with sensitivity to hypoxia, low polarity, high viscosity, abnormal pH values and abundant reactive oxygen species in tumor microenvironments, in order to provide references for the development and applications of these probes.

, authors=null, authorsList=Ke-liang LI, Yang LIU, Chun-yang LOU, Tian-le HUANG, Zhan-ying HONG, Shan-chao WU, Chun-quan SHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shan-chao WU, Chun-quan SHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198652618886185602, articleId=1198652611814588604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=肿瘤微环境敏感型化学荧光探针的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

恶性肿瘤严重威胁人类生命健康, 针对肿瘤发展快速检测、精确定位与有效治疗的策略有助于肿瘤的诊断与治疗。肿瘤微环境具有特异性, 基于肿瘤微环境开发敏感型化学荧光探针对于肿瘤诊疗具有重要意义, 目前已经开发出了多种诊疗一体化化学荧光探针。本文根据生物学特征和微环境的变化同时结合光谱或响应机制对肿瘤微环境敏感型化学荧光探针进行分类, 较为系统地综述了近年来基于缺氧、低极性、高黏度、异常pH、高活性氧等肿瘤微环境发展而来的敏感型化学荧光探针的研究进展, 以期为该类探针的研发和应用提供借鉴和参考。

, authors=

#共同第一作者.

, authorsList=李柯良, 刘杨, 楼春杨, 黄天乐, 洪战英, 武善超, 盛春泉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=武善超, 盛春泉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*武善超, Tel: 86-21-81871242, E-mail: ;
盛春泉, Tel: 86-21-81871201, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=JDGVePaHG+pqQZX3pm3VZg==, magXml=evCMZofGljaxOsn1ok6gVw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=zE8EGyCOe3El4padeHAp9w==, pdfFileSize=6130613, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=oqPBdi13QMt1uqRz2VVztw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=HlWBbbzy21sKfWhThB1Dvg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1198960107762581824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652611814588604, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198960107884216653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652611814588604, authorId=1198960107762581824, language=EN, stringName=Ke-liang LI, firstName=Ke-liang, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. 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Compound KD2/nmol·L-1 IC50/μmol·L-1
MIA PaCa-2 Capan-1
12 682 ± 91 37.7 ± 4.18 43.4 ± 8.83
13 440 ± 73 24.7 ± 4.48 30.9 ± 7.88
14 501 ± 82 15.9 ± 1.28 33.4 ± 8.25
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PDEδ binding affinity and in vitro antitumor activity of Probes 12-14

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compound KD2/nmol·L-1 IC50/μmol·L-1
MIA PaCa-2 Capan-1
12 682 ± 91 37.7 ± 4.18 43.4 ± 8.83
13 440 ± 73 24.7 ± 4.48 30.9 ± 7.88
14 501 ± 82 15.9 ± 1.28 33.4 ± 8.25
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肿瘤微环境敏感型化学荧光探针的研究进展
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李柯良 1, # , 刘杨 2, # , 楼春杨 1 , 黄天乐 1 , 洪战英 1 , 武善超 1, * , 盛春泉 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(8): 2180-2192
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (8) : 2180 -2192
肿瘤微环境敏感型化学荧光探针的研究进展
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李柯良1, #, 刘杨2, #, 楼春杨1, 黄天乐1, 洪战英1, 武善超1, * , 盛春泉1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国人民解放军海军军医大学药学院, 教育部医药基础研究创新中心, 上海 200433
  • 2.中国人民解放军海军第九七一医院药剂科, 山东 青岛 266071
通讯作者:
*武善超, Tel: 86-21-81871242, E-mail: ;
盛春泉, Tel: 86-21-81871201, E-mail:
Recent advances in chemical fluorescent probes sensitive to tumor microenvironments
Ke-liang LI1, Yang LIU2, Chun-yang LOU1, Tian-le HUANG1, Zhan-ying HONG1, Shan-chao WU1, * , Chun-quan SHENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
  • 2. Department of Pharmacy, No. 971 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Navy, Qingdao 266071, China
出版时间: 2023-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0590
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恶性肿瘤严重威胁人类生命健康, 针对肿瘤发展快速检测、精确定位与有效治疗的策略有助于肿瘤的诊断与治疗。肿瘤微环境具有特异性, 基于肿瘤微环境开发敏感型化学荧光探针对于肿瘤诊疗具有重要意义, 目前已经开发出了多种诊疗一体化化学荧光探针。本文根据生物学特征和微环境的变化同时结合光谱或响应机制对肿瘤微环境敏感型化学荧光探针进行分类, 较为系统地综述了近年来基于缺氧、低极性、高黏度、异常pH、高活性氧等肿瘤微环境发展而来的敏感型化学荧光探针的研究进展, 以期为该类探针的研发和应用提供借鉴和参考。

肿瘤  /  肿瘤微环境  /  诊疗一体化  /  化学荧光探针

Cancer seriously threatens human life and health, it is urgent for the development of rapid detection, precise localization and effective treatment of tumors. Chemical fluorescent probes that are sensitive to tumor-specific microenvironments have important significance in tumor theranostics and a variety of such probes have been developed. In this review, we classified chemical fluorescent probes that are sensitive to tumor microenvironments according to biological characteristics and microenvironmental changes while combining spectroscopy or response mechanisms, and systematically introduced the research progress of chemical fluorescent probes with sensitivity to hypoxia, low polarity, high viscosity, abnormal pH values and abundant reactive oxygen species in tumor microenvironments, in order to provide references for the development and applications of these probes.

tumor  /  tumor microenvironment  /  theranostics  /  chemical fluorescent probe
李柯良, 刘杨, 楼春杨, 黄天乐, 洪战英, 武善超, 盛春泉. 肿瘤微环境敏感型化学荧光探针的研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2180 -2192 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0590
Ke-liang LI, Yang LIU, Chun-yang LOU, Tian-le HUANG, Zhan-ying HONG, Shan-chao WU, Chun-quan SHENG. Recent advances in chemical fluorescent probes sensitive to tumor microenvironments[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2180 -2192 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0590
恶性肿瘤严重威胁人类生命健康, 全球每年有超过900万人死于不同类型的恶性肿瘤, 更为严重的是, 在部分国家、地区肿瘤死亡率已超过心血管疾病, 位居全球人类死亡病因首位[1]。因此, 除了发展抗肿瘤药物外, 临床上还亟待发展快速检测、精确定位兼具有效治疗肿瘤的手段。
化学荧光探针具有灵敏度高、响应快速、结构灵活多样等优势[2, 3], 在肿瘤诊疗一体化领域具有重要研究意义。其中, 肿瘤微环境敏感型化学荧光探针在肿瘤的局部特殊环境中表现出“开-关”样效应, 信噪比高, 与传统的化学荧光探针相比, 能够更加清晰地传递生物信息[4]。目前基于肿瘤微环境已经开发了多种诊疗一体化化学荧光探针, 并在肿瘤诊疗中发挥着重要作用。本文将通过介绍对缺氧、低极性、高黏度、异常pH、高活性氧肿瘤微环境敏感的代表性化学荧光探针, 综述近年来肿瘤微环境敏感型化学荧光探针的研究进展。
肿瘤细胞在快速增殖形成实体瘤时, 可用血管仍未形成, 而实体瘤的组织间质压力大, 氧气无法有效弥散至此, 实体瘤就处于缺氧环境中, 缺氧在肿瘤的增殖和代谢、基因的不稳定性、免疫应答、血管再生、患者预后、治疗抗性等方面具有重要影响[5]。在肿瘤的缺氧微环境中, 硝基还原酶(nitroreductase, NTR) 过度表达, 可将硝基芳香化合物催化还原为芳香胺, 是检测肿瘤缺氧状态的常用靶标, 当烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH) 或烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADP) 存在时, 可将硝基还原为羟胺或氨基(图 1A)[6]。基于此, 设计相应探针用以检测NTR, 可反映肿瘤侵袭性。
为评价肿瘤的缺氧程度, 同时能够对肿瘤成像, 深入研究肿瘤的发生发展机制, Chen等[7]发展了一种可特异性快速检测NTR的新型近红外荧光探针HNT-NTR (图 1A), 该探针在各浓度下对口底癌细胞HSC2和人舌鳞癌细胞Cal-27的毒性与DMSO相当, 组织病理学分析显示, 使用HNT-NTR给药(1.34 mg·kg-1) 24和48 h后, 小鼠的心脏、肝脏、肺、肾、脑等主要器官形态与空白组无明显差异, 说明HNT-NTR具有良好的生物相容性, 体内应用安全。经HNT-NTR染色, HSC2和Cal-27细胞在缺氧条件下的荧光强度明显高于常氧条件, 随后, HSC2、Cal27和HUVEC细胞(脐静脉内皮细胞) 经3D培养, 用HNT-NTR (20 μmol·L-1) 处理2 h后, HSC2细胞球体的荧光强度大于Cal27, HUVEC的荧光强度最弱, 说明HNT-NTR能够评价肿瘤的缺氧程度, 此外, 该探针还能够对裸鼠异种移植瘤进行成像, 皮下注射2~4 h后荧光强度达到最大, 综上, HNT-NTR为研究肿瘤的发生发展机制提供了有力工具。2018年, Zheng等[8]基于结构修饰开发了一种新型近红外荧光“开-关”探针Cy-NO2, 当花青素结构被对硝基苄基氨基甲酸酯基团修饰后, 对NTR表现出高灵敏度和优秀的选择性, 并通过动力学光学研究、质谱分析和对接计算阐明了NTR激活还原Cy-NO2的机制(图 1A), 该探针不仅能够有效检测NTR, 而且还靶向肿瘤细胞(非小细胞肺癌A549、肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤细胞PC-12) 的线粒体。此外, Kwon等[9]以磺基花青素为近红外荧光团, 在荧光团上连接一个、两个或三个2-硝基咪唑分别得到了新型多价近红外荧光探针1~3 (图 1B)。该类探针显示出适合体内外成像的光学特性, 并在血清中性质稳定, 可用于监测肿瘤内部的缺氧微环境。缺氧肿瘤细胞(神经母细胞瘤细胞SK-N-BE (2) 和结肠癌细胞SW620) 对该类探针的摄取率显著高于常氧细胞, 体内光学成像实验表明, 探针23在异种移植瘤(SK-N-BE (2) 和SW620) 小鼠模型中具有更高的摄取率。
以上近红外荧光探针均能在小鼠体内对缺氧肿瘤进行成像, 可用于检测NTR, 反映肿瘤侵袭性, 具有潜在临床应用价值。
近红外第二窗口荧光探针在活体和组织中荧光成像的光子散射和吸收减少且背景自荧光极其微弱, 因而具有更深的穿透能力和更高的时空分辨率[10], 但该类探针以NTR为靶点的研究较少, 因此, 开发近红外第二窗口NTR荧光探针对于肿瘤的体内灵敏成像具有重要意义。Zhang等[10]发展了可在近红外第二窗口成像的高灵敏度荧光探针RHC-NO2 (图 2), 对NTR的检测限仅为5.9 ng·mL-1, 并可对荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤边缘进行准确成像。
近年来, 一些非近红外荧光探针也可以通过监测NTR反映肿瘤的缺氧情况, 用于肿瘤成像, 设计策略为将硝基单元作为NTR响应位点结合到发光基团上, 当硝基被还原后, 呈现出不同的荧光, 进而实现肿瘤部位成像。例如, Kim等[11]开发了一种比率荧光探针4 (图 3A), 在非小细胞肺癌A549和宫颈癌HeLa细胞中的荧光强度较其在小鼠胚胎细胞NIH/3T3 (非肿瘤细胞) 中显著增加, 表明探针4在肿瘤细胞中对NTR具有高度的生物相容性和敏感性。Fan等[12]通过将硝基单元作为NTR响应位点结合到苯并噻唑衍生物中设计得到荧光探针NTNO, 该探针的荧光强度在NTR为0.5~8.0 μmol·L-1内具有良好线性, 检测限为48 ng·mL-1, 已成功用于缺氧水平的肿瘤细胞和组织成像(图 3A)。2020年, Adair等[13]基于4-氨基-1, 8-萘酰亚胺结构通过合理设计得到了荧光探针Asp-1NO2 (图 3B), 实现了对实体瘤缺氧和坏死区域的选择性成像。Wang等[14]通过一步合成得到了用于检测NTR的双光子荧光探针hTP-NNO2 (图 3C), 其荧光强度随着氧浓度的降低而增加, 且对脑部肿瘤的成像深度高达100 μm。
溶致变色荧光团在极性和/或亲水性环境中表现出微弱荧光, 但在非极性和/或疏水性环境中荧光显著增强[15], 常见的溶致变色荧光团有7-硝基-1, 2, 3-苯并噁二唑(7-nitro-1, 2, 3-benzoxadiazole, NBD) 或磺酰基苯并噁二唑(sulfonyl benzoxadiazole, SBD), 利用肿瘤细胞中靶蛋白空腔呈疏水性的特点, 将溶致变色荧光团与蛋白质特异性小分子配体连接得到荧光探针, 该类探针与靶蛋白结合后, 处于低极性环境中, 荧光开启, 信噪比显著提高, 从而更清晰地标记靶蛋白, 为蛋白质功能研究提供了有效的可视化工具[16-18]
p53蛋白可诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡, 其能够与鼠双微粒体-2 (mouse double minute 2, MDM2) 蛋白发生相互作用并被泛素化降解, 从而失去抗肿瘤功能[18], 因此, 研究p53-MDM2相互作用对于开发新型抗肿瘤药物具有重要意义。Liu等[18]开发了一类对p53-MDM2蛋白-蛋白相互作用具有开启效应的荧光探针5~7 (图 4A)。其中, 探针6对p53-MDM2相互作用的Ki值为0.03 μmol·L-1, 优于阳性对照nutlin-3 (Ki = 0.23 μmol·L-1), 显示出更好的结合亲和力。该系列探针已成功在微摩尔水平应用于A549细胞(p53野生型) 中p53-MDM2相互作用的成像。在此研究基础上, 经过结构优化, Dong等[19]又进一步设计得到了新一代具有优秀荧光性质的p53-MDM2荧光探针8~10 (图 4B)。该类探针对p53-MDM2相互作用的Ki值小于1 μmol·L-1, 其中, 探针910Ki值分别为126 nmol·L-1和74.8 nmol·L-1, 优于nutlin-3。探针8~10通过抑制p53-MDM2相互作用提高A549细胞系中p53和MDM2蛋白的表达水平, 特别是探针910对p53表达水平的提高优于nutlin-3。此外, 该类探针在肿瘤细胞和组织水平上对野生型p53-MDM2相互作用的成像效果良好, 有望用于p53-MDM2领域的生物成像、药物筛选以及病理和生理研究。
肿瘤中特异性高表达蛋白也是设计环境敏感型荧光探针的靶点。髓样细胞白血病-1 (myeloid cell leukemia-1, Mcl-1) 蛋白在恶性肿瘤中过度表达, 具有抗凋亡功能[20], 然而其抗凋亡机制尚不明确。Liu等[20]开发了靶向Mcl-1蛋白的探针11 (图 5A), 对Mcl-1表现出选择性结合亲和力(Ki = 2.6 μmol·L-1), 在HeLa细胞中实现了Mcl-1成像并能够检测Mcl-1抑制剂的细胞分布, 为开发靶向B淋巴细胞瘤-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2, Bcl-2) 家族蛋白的化学荧光探针提供了范例。
大鼠肉瘤病毒癌基因同源物(kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, KRAS) 在胰腺癌中突变率高达90%, 是胰腺癌发生发展的主要因素, 磷酸二酯酶δ (phosphodiesterase-delta, PDEδ) 蛋白在调节KRAS的功能中发挥重要作用, 然而现有的PDEδ抑制剂普遍抗肿瘤活性低且选择性差[21], 因此, PDEδ的生物学功能亟待深入研究。Dong等[21]首次报道了用于检测PDEδ蛋白的荧光探针12~14 (图 5B), 探针1214KD2值分别为682 nmol·L-1和501 nmol·L-1 (表 1), 较先导化合物SBVS-HBSS的结合力(KD2 = 467 nmol·L-1) 有所下降, 而探针13的结合力(KD2 = 440 nmol·L-1) 略有提高。该类探针对KRAS依赖的胰腺癌细胞MIA PaCa-2的抗增殖活性(IC50 = 15.9~37.7 μmol·L-1) 优于阳性药Deltazinone (IC50 = 61.6 μmol·L-1), 对胰腺癌细胞Capan-1 (IC50 = 30.9~43.4 μmol·L-1) 的抗增殖活性与阳性药(IC50 = 35.3 μmol·L-1) 相当, 表现一定的抗肿瘤效果, 并通过磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PI3K)/蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, AKT)/雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mechanistic target of rapamycin, mTOR) 和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK) 信号通路下调KRAS、PDEδ、AKT1、MAPK1、丝裂原活化的细胞外信号调节激酶7 (mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 7, MEK7)、核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶富集因子1 (rubisco accumulation factor 1, RAF1) 和mTOR的信使核糖核酸(messenger ribonucleic acid, mRNA) 表达。探针12~14在胰腺癌细胞和组织水平实现了PDEδ的可视化, 有望用于筛选靶向PDEδ的抗胰腺癌药物, 深入研究PDEδ的病理和生理作用。
针对酶或受体蛋白, 同样可设计相应探针。Zhou等[22]首次报道了一类具有开关机制的环境敏感型荧光探针6a6b11a11b (图 6A), 用以研究组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylases, HDACs) 的活性。其中, 6b的体外抗肿瘤活性适中(急性淋巴母细胞白血病细胞MOLT-4, IC50 = 7.84 μmol·L-1; 慢性髓原白血病细胞K562, IC50 = 11.0 μmol·L-1; 前列腺癌细胞PC-3, IC50 = 52.6 μmol·L-1), 体外抑酶活性(IC50 = 109 nmol·L-1) 优于阳性药SAHA (IC50 = 135 nmol·L-1), 并可在HDACs高表达的肿瘤细胞(PC-3、MOLT-4)和肿瘤组织(PC-3) 中选择性成像。因此, 6b可用于深入研究HDACs的病理和生理作用, 为HDACs相关疾病的诊断和治疗提供了新思路。Wang等[23]通过将环境敏感型荧光团NBD取代吉非替尼的吗啉基团, 得到了靶向人表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) 蛋白的代表性荧光探针GN3 (图 6B), 可用于过度表达EGFR的肿瘤细胞和荷瘤裸鼠的荧光成像, 并能够显著抑制皮肤鳞癌A431细胞中EGFR的磷酸化。
目前有研究发现, 由于肿瘤细胞异常的脂质代谢, 导致其脂滴的极性低于正常细胞, 因此, 可通过检测脂滴的极性, 用于肿瘤的诊断和深入研究[24]。基于扭曲的分子内电荷转移(twisted intramolecular charge transfer, TICT), Pei等[25]报道了一种对低极性和高黏度敏感的快速响应、高灵敏度荧光探针DPAR (图 7A), Pei等[26]设计得到了对极性和黏度变化敏感的荧光探针TPA-TRDN (图 7B), Samanta等[27]报道了低极性响应的近红外荧光探针L (图 7C), 以上探针在肿瘤细胞中通过对脂滴的特异性成像与正常细胞进行区分。基于分子内电荷转移(intramolecular charge transfer, ICT), Fan等[24]设计得到了对极性变化表现出高灵敏度的荧光探针LD-TTP (图 7D), 在癌症患者的手术标本中实现了脂滴异常极性的可视化。近期, Yan等[28]报道的新型荧光探针TzAr-N对低极性和高黏度环境敏感(图 7E), 该探针耐pH变化、斯托克斯位移大、靶向脂滴能力良好且生物毒性低, 可用于HeLa细胞中脂滴分布的荧光成像。
溶酶体在肿瘤的发生、发展和耐药中起着独特作用, 其已成为肿瘤诊断和治疗中最具吸引力的靶标之一, 最近的研究表明, 肿瘤细胞溶酶体较高的黏度和较低的pH值(3.8~4.7) 值具有作为肿瘤标志物的潜力[29]。Pal等[30]基于光致电子转移(photo induced electron transfer, PET) 设计得到了一种对极性敏感、耐pH变化的溶酶体特异性荧光探针LyPol (图 8A), 该探针的荧光核心通过脂肪链与吗啉基团连接, 使其能够靶向肿瘤细胞的溶酶体。Song等[29]基于扭曲的分子内电荷穿梭(twisted intramolecular charge shuttle, TICS) 设计得到了对肿瘤细胞溶酶体的黏度和pH值双重响应的荧光探针15 (图 8B), 能够选择性区分肿瘤细胞与正常细胞以及瘤体与正常器官。
肿瘤细胞线粒体较正常细胞的极性较低且pH值较高, Liang等[31]利用肿瘤细胞线粒体特殊的微环境开发了共激发荧光探针16~19 (图 9A), 仅在pH大于7.0和低极性条件同时存在下, 香豆素骨架才能水解并产生荧光信号, 肿瘤细胞线粒体较高的膜电位进一步增强了探针的亲和力。其中, 探针18在细胞和组织水平上实现了对癌症的特异性诊断。
细胞内环境的轻微变化可能会引起内质网的应激反应, 然而, 对于铁死亡过程中肿瘤细胞内质网微环境变化的研究相对较少, Song等[32]将监测黏度、pH和靶向内质网的三类基团通过哌嗪环连接, 得到了一种新型共激发荧光探针DSPI-3 (图 9B), 用以研究内质网黏度和pH的变化与肿瘤细胞铁死亡过程的关系。
质子在维持细胞的生命活动中起着重要作用, 然而肿瘤细胞过度活跃的磷酸戊糖途径会使CO2水平升高并生成碳酸, 导致肿瘤细胞的质子水平异常提高, 使肿瘤微环境的pH值通常低于正常细胞, 然而, 由于肿瘤细胞线粒体的氧化磷酸化水平高于正常细胞, 使其膜电位升高, 阳离子增加, 进而保持了较高的pH值[31, 33], 基于此, 研究人员设计了大量对肿瘤异常pH微环境敏感的荧光探针。
鉴于高度侵袭性肿瘤细胞的细胞膜表面质子非常丰富, Podder等[33]基于PET开发了荧光探针P1CS (图 10), 该探针的叔胺在酸性环境中发生质子化导致荧光增强, 且能够在碱性环境中释放质子进而监测pH值的波动, P1CS主要标记在肿瘤细胞的细胞膜上并以pH依赖性方式检测细胞膜的pH水平, 可通过荧光强度的定量分析将肿瘤细胞(乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231, 宫颈癌细胞HeLa) 与正常细胞(WI-38) 区分开, 同时能够标记3D培养条件下HeLa细胞球体的表面。
靶向细胞器的pH响应型荧光探针主要用于监测肿瘤细胞溶酶体或线粒体的pH值变化。基于咔唑结构, Ge等[34]报道了两种新型具有不同发射波长的高灵敏度比率荧光探针MCDI和MCDBI (图 11A), 用于溶酶体的pH监测。以吲哚或苯并吲哚为酸敏感位点的MCDI和MCDBI的pKa值分别为4.51和4.26, 适合定量分析活细胞中溶酶体的pH值变化, 可对微小的pH变化作出快速和线性响应。此外, MCDI和MCDBI具有优异的可逆性、光稳定性、溶酶体靶向性和细胞膜渗透性, 并可对肝癌细胞HepG2的溶酶体进行选择性比率成像, 经MCDI和MCDBI染色后的HepG2细胞在外源性刺激下溶酶体的pH值下降, 细胞荧光强度随之增加, 实现了对溶酶体pH波动的监测。Shi等[35]报道了一种靶向溶酶体的新型荧光探针NBOH (图 11B), 该探针具有BODIPY荧光团, 并可根据不同的pH环境区分肿瘤与正常组织, 其荧光强度在pH = 3.0~11.0内表现出显著的pH依赖性变化, 尤其在3.5~5.5之间最为敏感, 与肿瘤细胞溶酶体的酸性微环境相适应。NBOH的毒性低且细胞膜渗透性良好并已成功应用于小鼠肿瘤组织的成像, 有望应用于临床。Lin等[36]基于苯并噻唑结构设计得到了一种存在ICT的线粒体pH荧光探针HTBT2 (图 11C)。该探针的pKa为8.04 ± 0.02, 与线粒体基质的pH (约8.0) 接近, 并对pH的变化高度敏感、选择性良好且具有大的斯托克斯位移, 可用于监测肿瘤细胞线粒体的pH变化, 并区分肿瘤和正常细胞线粒体之间的pH差异。Kim等[37]报道了一种自组装荧光探针CS-1 (图 11D), 用于监测肿瘤细胞和组织内pH的波动, 该探针的叔氮原子可作为电子供体通过PET抑制碱性条件下CS-1的荧光强度。CS-1在肿瘤细胞的酸性环境中可发生自组装, 产生两亲结构, 率先定位在A549细胞的细胞膜, 后以时间依赖性方式标记溶酶体和线粒体, 并能够选择性标记小鼠的异种移植瘤(A549) 组织。
除了上述靶向性pH探针外, 人们还设计了其他类型的pH响应型荧光探针。Xu等[38]报道了两种新型高分辨率比率型双光子荧光探针PSIOH和PSIBOH (图 12A), 能够有效传感和监测生物系统中的酸性pH。当pH从碱性变为酸性时, PSIOH的最大的发射波长从435 nm偏移至604 nm, 其自身的pKa为6.6并在pH为6.2~7.0内作出线性响应, 已成功监测由各种外源性刺激引起的HeLa细胞的pH变化。Wang等[39]通过引入磺酸基团设计得到了对pH敏感的水溶性探针20 (图 12B)。该探针的pKa为5.79 ± 0.14, 随着溶液pH值的升高, 其最大吸收波长和荧光强度发生显著变化, 已成功应用于HepG2和HeLa细胞成像。此外, 该探针的结构中含有许多反应基团, 如羧基、酚羟基等, 可用于构建其他荧光探针, 扩展其应用。Li等[40]设计得到的新型pH敏感荧光探针pH-DCN (图 12C) 水溶性优秀, 在pH值为4~12时敏感, 尤其在碱性环境中敏感, 该探针选择性高、毒性低、可逆性和稳定性良好, 可通过监测细胞内不同的pH水平, 区分肿瘤与正常细胞。Chakraborty等[41]通过改进的Vilsmeier-Haack反应一步合成荧光团PS-OMe, 脱甲基得到“开启”式荧光探针PS-OH (图 12D), 用于监测肿瘤细胞凋亡过程中pH值的动态变化。
除仅对pH敏感的探针外, 人们针对肿瘤中其他因素和pH环境, 设计了双重响应型荧光探针。例如, Niu等[42]设计得到的近红外荧光探针NPCF (图 13A) 对SO2和pH值具有双重响应效应。该探针对HSO3-表现出高灵敏度(检测限为22.7 nmol·L-1), 且当pH值从9.21降为4.26时, 其在610 nm处的荧光强度显著增加, 可以通过双重指标区分肿瘤与正常细胞, 为癌症的早期诊断提供了简捷、实时的检测工具。She等[43]首次报道了一种连续检测H2S和H+的新型近红外荧光探针CyO-DNP, 用于癌症的早期诊断。该探针以2, 4-二硝基苯醚为识别基团(图 13B), 在H2S存在的条件下, CyO-DNP转化为CyO, 在663 nm处显示出强烈荧光, 随后, H+诱导CyO质子化得到CyOH, 在793 nm处的荧光强度明显增加, 最终实现连续监测肿瘤细胞中的内源性H2S和H+, 并可有效避免肝、肾引起的假阳性信号, 准确区分荷瘤与正常小鼠。
目前, 在各类肿瘤中已检测到活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 水平升高, 并已被证实具有多种生物功能, 如激活促肿瘤信号、利于细胞存活和增殖、导致DNA损伤和遗传不稳定等[44], 因此, 通过检测活性氧水平, 能够实现肿瘤的诊断和治疗评估。
Wang等[45]将用于检测超氧阴离子(O2·-) 的经典响应单元三氟甲磺酸酯和双光子荧光团TP-OH连接, 设计得到首次报道的比率荧光探针TP-Tfs, 可在肿瘤治疗过程中检测活细胞和体内的超氧阴离子(活性氧前体), 并有望用于抗癌药物筛选和肿瘤治疗评估(图 14A)。除单独检测超氧阴离子外, Gao等[46]基于串联反应报道了一种用于连续检测超氧阴离子(检测限90 nmol·L-1) 和多硫化氢(检测限100 nmol·L-1) 的荧光探针HCy-ONO (图 14B)。该探针成功应用于SH-SY5Y (神经母细胞瘤细胞) 荷瘤小鼠模型中超氧阴离子和多硫化氢的成像, 有助于阐明癌症的生理和病理过程。
Liu等[47]开发了一种新型荧光探针Mito-FBN (图 15A), 通过双猝灭效应降低背景荧光, 实现了对肿瘤细胞线粒体中内源性过氧化氢的高灵敏度检测。Wang等[48]以苯偶酰作为过氧化氢识别位点并以生物素作为靶向配体, 设计得到了荧光探针BBHP (图 15B), 用于选择性检测肿瘤细胞中的过氧化氢, 成功区分肿瘤和正常组织。
Liu等[49]以罗丹明B为荧光团, 以甲酰肼为HClO特异性识别受体设计得到了水溶性好、灵敏度高的荧光探针FH-HA (图 16A), 可对肿瘤细胞中的HClO进行快速响应。Chen等[50]以吩噻嗪作为供电子基团开发了一种响应快速、灵敏度高的探针PTZ-Et (图 16B), 用于监测RAW 264.7细胞中的内源性和外源性HClO。Wu等[51]通过连接1, 8-萘酰亚胺和吲哚磺酸盐得到了双通道比率荧光探针NASF (图 16C), 实现了对肿瘤细胞内源性ClO-的高灵敏度和高选择性检测。
受神经保护药物依达拉奉对羟基自由基(·OH) 清除机制的启发, Chen等[52]基于TICT开发了一种不受其他活性氧干扰的新型羟基自由基特异性荧光探针RH-EDA (图 17)。在促进活性氧产生的抗癌药物β-拉帕醌的作用下, RH-EDA的依达拉奉亚基转化为2-氧-3-(苯基腙)-丁酸, 荧光强度显著增加, 此外, RH-EDA对羟基自由基具有较高的敏感性和选择性, 不受其他活性氧的干扰, 可通过检测细胞内羟基自由基的水平区分肿瘤与正常细胞。
Li等[53]报道了一种基于蒽醌的荧光探针M (图 18A), 该探针的氨基为识别基团, 可被过氧亚硝酸盐氧化为亚硝基, 在肝癌细胞SMMC-7721中实现了对过氧亚硝酸盐的选择性快速检测(检测限13 nmol·L-1)。Wang等[54]利用1-甲基喹啉-2, 3-二酮修饰荧光染料DHQ-Rd设计得到的可激活双光子近红外荧光探针DHQ-Rd-PN, 该探针在过氧亚硝酸盐条件下可释放DHQ-Rd, 能够在小鼠体内实现对肿瘤中的过氧亚硝酸盐进行成像(图 18B)。Li等[55]基于ICT设计得到近红外比率荧光探针CDMS, 该探针的硫醚结构可被过氧亚硝酸盐氧化为亚砜, 吸收光谱和发射光谱发生蓝移, 能够在小鼠体内监测肿瘤发展过程中过氧亚硝酸盐水平的波动(图 18C)。
Zhang等[56]基于Si-罗丹明结构设计得到了荧光探针PSiR (图 19), 该探针的吡咯环可对高活性氧(HClO、·OH和ONOO-) 发生N-羟基化特异性反应, 680 nm处的荧光强度显著增加, 能够实现对肿瘤细胞溶酶体中的高活性氧进行选择性灵敏成像, 进而与正常细胞和组织进行区分。
化学荧光探针具有灵敏度高、响应快速、结构灵活多样等多种优势, 其中, 肿瘤微环境敏感型化学荧光探针具有更高的特异性和信噪比, 能够更加清晰直观地传递生物信息[4], 近年来发展迅速, 为肿瘤的诊疗提供了有效策略和物质基础。但现有的肿瘤诊疗一体化荧光探针仍存在诸多不足, 如相当一部分荧光探针仅适用于肿瘤成像, 治疗效果有限; 部分探针被激活后不可逆, 无法实现肿瘤的动态监测; 部分探针存在选择性差、不良反应大、水溶性不理想等问题, 限制了其在医学、生命科学等领域的应用; 有些探针荧光成像停留在肿瘤细胞或组织水平, 无法有效实现肿瘤体内成像等, 因而, 开发性质优异的诊疗一体化探针仍面临诸多挑战。可基于以下三方面开展深入研究:
① 针对靶点基于结构开展合理的探针设计, 选择活性优秀化合物, 在不影响抗肿瘤活性的前提下, 根据蛋白结构选择合适的化学位点, 根据上文提及的探针设计策略与相应的荧光团连接, 开发具有诊疗效果的环境敏感型荧光探针。
② 优化现有荧光探针的生物功能和理化性质, 如将药物设计策略引入探针设计中提升探针活性、改善探针性质等, 此外, 在设计探针时可引入光调控元件, 如偶氮苯, 实现肿瘤的可逆动态监测。
③ 开发新型荧光团, 对已报道的荧光团进行充分调研, 结合响应机制, 如光诱导电子转移、分子内电荷转移和荧光共振能量转移等, 开发新型荧光团克服肿瘤成像的缺陷。
总之, 肿瘤微环境敏感型化学荧光探针具有良好的发展前景, 随着人们对肿瘤发生发展过程中机制的阐明和新技术的应用, 具有更大优势的新型诊疗一体化探针分子也将随之被开发并应用于肿瘤的临床诊断和治疗。
作者贡献: 所有作者都参与了文献调研、手稿设计与撰写。李柯良、刘杨、楼春杨和黄天乐开展文献调研和手稿撰写; 洪战英、武善超、盛春泉获取经费资助并指导整个研究。所有作者都认可手稿的最终版本。
利益冲突: 不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22077138)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22107115)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81725020)
  • 上海市青年科技启明星计划(22QA1411300)
  • 山东省医药卫生科技发展计划项目(202013050490)
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2023年第58卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0590
  • 接收时间:2023-05-08
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-08
  • 修回日期:2023-07-12
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(22077138)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(22107115)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81725020)
上海市青年科技启明星计划(22QA1411300)
山东省医药卫生科技发展计划项目(202013050490)
作者信息
    1.中国人民解放军海军军医大学药学院, 教育部医药基础研究创新中心, 上海 200433
    2.中国人民解放军海军第九七一医院药剂科, 山东 青岛 266071

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*武善超, Tel: 86-21-81871242, E-mail: ;
盛春泉, Tel: 86-21-81871201, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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