Article(id=1198652610304639102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0552, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1682784000000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-30, revisedDate=1688486400000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763710652184, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1691769600000, pubDateStr=2023-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763710652184, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763710652184, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763710652184, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198652605778985059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='8', pageStart='0', pageEnd='2540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1691769600000', pubDateStr='2023-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763710651106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763710739504, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2239, endPage=2249, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198652610627600525, articleId=1198652610304639102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress of small molecule modulators targeting Toll-like receptor 2, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are the earliest discovered natural immune pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The abnormality of TLR signal transduction pathway is the key factor leading to chronic inflammatory, cancer, nervous system disease and cardiovascular diseases. The development of TLR agonists and inhibitors has attracted much attention. Currently known TLR2 agonists, such as lipopeptides or their derivatives, have certain limitations in drug development due to their difficult synthesis, easy hydrolysis, and triggering inflammatory cytokine storms, while inhibitors have been rarely reported. New small molecule TLR2 agonists or inhibitors with higher stability are more likely to be developed as tumor immunotherapy or anti-inflammatory drugs.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-hua KE, Dan-lei CHEN, Kui CHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kui CHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198652619603411662, articleId=1198652610304639102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=靶向Toll样受体2的小分子调节剂研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLRs) 是最早被发现的天然免疫模式识别受体(pattern-recognition receptors, PRRs)。TLR信号传导通路的异常是导致慢性炎症、癌症、神经系统疾病和心血管疾病等的关键因素, TLR的激动剂和抑制剂的开发都备受关注。目前已知的TLR2激动剂, 如脂肽或其衍生物, 由于合成困难、易水解、且易引发炎性细胞因子风暴, 存在一定的药物研发局限性, 抑制剂则少有报道。具有更高稳定性的新型小分子TLR2激动剂或抑制剂将更有可能开发成肿瘤免疫治疗或抗炎药物。

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*程魁, Tel: 86-20-61647192, Fax: 86-20-61648533, E-mail:
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Copyright © 2021 Hindawi , figureFileSmall=7R8rQ1Pq89PnGgBmWdyJWg==, figureFileBig=Jwb+opfXR6m1uDXkQIRyJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960107636752695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LMn88okHCYg0ehT48tAeBA==, figureFileBig=uND+anqXf7SA+6cFJAd8aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960107800330566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= TLRs signaling pathway<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b16')" rid="b16">16</a>]</sup>. Copyright © 2021 MDPI , figureFileSmall=LMn88okHCYg0ehT48tAeBA==, figureFileBig=uND+anqXf7SA+6cFJAd8aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960107951325527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=D/+56o0VWYlfzgaCevklIw==, figureFileBig=e1+ZJxHPRNqxQta7baWJfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960108064571744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= (A) Overall structure of the human TLR1-TLR2-Pam<sub>3</sub>CSK<sub>4</sub> complex<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b21')" rid="b21">21</a>]</sup>. Copyright © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. (B) Overall structure of the mouse TLR2-TLR6-Pam<sub>2</sub>CSK<sub>4</sub> complex<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b22')" rid="b22">22</a>]</sup> Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved , figureFileSmall=D/+56o0VWYlfzgaCevklIw==, figureFileBig=e1+ZJxHPRNqxQta7baWJfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960108177817959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=H+rQQx316o+wUB69DIGwrw==, figureFileBig=NcZAJgvRHU4Vp8AnEjhiRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960108349784438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Structures of TLR2 agonists , figureFileSmall=H+rQQx316o+wUB69DIGwrw==, figureFileBig=NcZAJgvRHU4Vp8AnEjhiRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960108500779394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=s6mjlkWWY7L4css58lx6wg==, figureFileBig=1QpeFromL9+vqyLNRHlUSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960108630802826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= The chemical structure of diprovocim and diprovocim induces heterodimerization of TLR2/TLR1<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b26')" rid="b26">26</a>]</sup>. (A) Structure of diprovocim. (B) Diprovocim induces heterodimerization of TLR2/TLR1 as well as homodimerization of TLR2/TLR2. Overall structure of the TLR2/TLR1 heterodimer (C) and TLR2 homodimer (D) induced by binding to diprovocim. Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society , figureFileSmall=s6mjlkWWY7L4css58lx6wg==, figureFileBig=1QpeFromL9+vqyLNRHlUSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960108853100958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QIZwyAqn2vk+Ue0dj7/QIQ==, figureFileBig=+WQNNp14zELLJdwbsUTHOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960109041844658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Stereo view of the hydrogen-bonding network between diprovocim and TLR2<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b26')" rid="b26">26</a>]</sup>. (A) Stereo view of the hydrogen-bonding network between diprovocim and TLR2. (B) Stereo view of the hydrophobic interactions between TLR2 and diprovocim. Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society , figureFileSmall=QIZwyAqn2vk+Ue0dj7/QIQ==, figureFileBig=+WQNNp14zELLJdwbsUTHOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960109180256705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Is2eU9WKHK9VfGekqYapYg==, figureFileBig=Li4uvgCnAGRfQFKpqyyKEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960109293502928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= (A) Chemical structure of the ZINC6662436. (B) Comparison of the initial hits in the TLR2 related secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) gene activation. (C) The nuclear factor <i>κ</i>B (NF-<i>κ</i>B) activation of SMU-127 compared with the positive control Pam3CSK4<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b28')" rid="b28">28</a>]</sup>. Copyright © 2018 Royal Society of Chemistry , figureFileSmall=Is2eU9WKHK9VfGekqYapYg==, figureFileBig=Li4uvgCnAGRfQFKpqyyKEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960109369000412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=XreT3RImDxpK6GAwf8VHzQ==, figureFileBig=Px2qSV4GAOwg+u5yWEjicA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960109503218152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= SMU127 was proved to be a specific ligand of TLR1/2, and not TLR2/6<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b28')" rid="b28">28</a>]</sup>. (A) SMU127 promoted TLR2 protein expression in HEK-Blue hTLR2 cells. Specificity results of SMU127 (B) and the positive control Pam<sub>2</sub>CSK<sub>4</sub> (C). Copyright © 2018 Royal Society of Chemistry , figureFileSmall=XreT3RImDxpK6GAwf8VHzQ==, figureFileBig=Px2qSV4GAOwg+u5yWEjicA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960109612270072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rIjXPYr+WHsaIXyzRF7big==, figureFileBig=NpatkQWT71PrKgzPz8bIeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960109767459332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=CN, label=Figure 9, caption= Structures of the hit compounds obtained from HTS, and bioactivity validation of the optimized compound SMU-Z1<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b29')" rid="b29">29</a>]</sup>. (A) Chemical structures of the hits from the HTS. (B) The initial hit compounds obtained for TLR2 activation. (C) Comparison of SMU-Z1 with RF04289 and Pam<sub>3</sub>CSK<sub>4</sub> for the SEAP activation in HEK-Blue hTLR2 cells. (D) Specificity of SMU-Z1 in HEK-Blue human TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, and TLR8 cells. (E) SMU-Z1 upregulated the TLR2 protein. Copyright © 2019 John Wiley and Sons , figureFileSmall=rIjXPYr+WHsaIXyzRF7big==, figureFileBig=NpatkQWT71PrKgzPz8bIeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960109859734028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LQwnnKJtc8lICKntcvcwtQ==, figureFileBig=zHcRjXMTJdVsFXWtJ6ELTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960109977174554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=CN, label=Figure 10, caption= SMU-Z1 is a TLR1/2, but not TLR2/6 agonist, and model of key cellular events mediating the anti-tumor effect of SMU-Z1<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b29')" rid="b29">29</a>]</sup>. (A) HEK-Blue hTLR2 cells were treated with SMU-Z1 and anti-hTLR1, anti-hTLR2, or anti-hTLR6 antibodies for 24 h. (B) The positive control Pam<sub>2</sub>CSK<sub>4</sub>, a TLR2/6 agonist, had different responses to TLR1, 2 and 6 specific antibodies compared to SMU-Z1. (C) Model of key cellular events mediating the anti-tumor effect of SMU-Z1. Copyright © 2019 John Wiley and Sons , figureFileSmall=LQwnnKJtc8lICKntcvcwtQ==, figureFileBig=zHcRjXMTJdVsFXWtJ6ELTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960110090420771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FVY6FrYGzMK6cCkPNXGeRQ==, figureFileBig=7c/N0yn0CEwCv8XjYnaDiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960110186889769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=CN, label=Figure 11, caption= Study on the structure-activity relationship of ZINC695420<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b30')" rid="b30">30</a>]</sup>. Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society , figureFileSmall=FVY6FrYGzMK6cCkPNXGeRQ==, figureFileBig=7c/N0yn0CEwCv8XjYnaDiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960110354661941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DoIxFxL01uQbS2G9kljB7Q==, figureFileBig=9bcg5qos4/bF9JU61ga4Qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960110568571466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=CN, label=Figure 12, caption= SMU-C80 functions as a specific agonist of TLR1/2<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b30')" rid="b30">30</a>]</sup>. (A) HEK-Blue hTLR2 cells were treated with SMU-C80 at the indicated concentrations for 24 h, and the absorbance was measured with a microplate reader at OD 620 nm. (B) Comparison of SMU-C80 and ZINC695420. The SEAP signals of HEK-Blue cells overexpressing (C) hTLR3, (D) hTLR4, (E) hTLR5, (F) hTLR7, or (G) hTLR8 were tested, using their corresponding ligands as positive controls. (H) The SEAP signals stimulated by SMU-C80 were treated with TLR1, TLR2, and TLR6 antibodies after incubation for 24 h in HEK-Blue hTLR2 cells. Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society , figureFileSmall=DoIxFxL01uQbS2G9kljB7Q==, figureFileBig=9bcg5qos4/bF9JU61ga4Qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960110715372118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Xa2KpSJy6EFj47pxxoDDfw==, figureFileBig=zQO9RsrQULztyWnA7976BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960110908310117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=CN, label=Figure 13, caption= SMU-C80 has a negligible toxicity and it's signaling pathway<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b30')" rid="b30">30</a>]</sup>. (A) HEK-Blue hTLR2 cells and (B) PBMC were treated with SMU-C80 at the indicated concentrations for 24 h. (C) The signaling pathway of SMU-C80. Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society , figureFileSmall=Xa2KpSJy6EFj47pxxoDDfw==, figureFileBig=zQO9RsrQULztyWnA7976BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960111088665202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/p79MoVB2XPzd3sTphGyqA==, figureFileBig=M3vwFj9WwthufR+oqCodhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960111399043715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=CN, label=Figure 14, caption= Chemical structures of C29, CU-CPT22, TX-33 and SMU-Y6 , figureFileSmall=/p79MoVB2XPzd3sTphGyqA==, figureFileBig=M3vwFj9WwthufR+oqCodhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960111596176019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ZLO+pUTvj83NFOr8Y/OeFw==, figureFileBig=zw6VTdFegi8jezVr68Ge/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960111789114022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652610304639102, language=CN, label=Figure 15, caption= (A) structure of INH14. (B) IC<sub>50</sub> of INH14 on NF-<i>κ</i>B (C) inhibitor of NF-<i>κ</i>B kinases <i>α</i> (IKK<i>α</i>) and (D) inhibitor of NF-<i>κ</i>B kinases <i>β</i> (IKK<i>β</i>)<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b36')" rid="b36">36</a>]</sup>. Copyright © 2019 John Wiley and Sons , figureFileSmall=ZLO+pUTvj83NFOr8Y/OeFw==, figureFileBig=zw6VTdFegi8jezVr68Ge/w==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1761643429151, updatedTime=1788948913902, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13041195026, firstLetterCn=Y, firstLetterEn=Y, 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靶向Toll样受体2的小分子调节剂研究进展
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柯嘉华 , 陈丹蕾 , 程魁 *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(8): 2239-2249
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靶向Toll样受体2的小分子调节剂研究进展
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柯嘉华, 陈丹蕾, 程魁*
作者信息
  • 南方医科大学药学院, 广东省新药筛选重点实验室, 广东 广州 510515
通讯作者:
*程魁, Tel: 86-20-61647192, Fax: 86-20-61648533, E-mail:
Research progress of small molecule modulators targeting Toll-like receptor 2
Jia-hua KE, Dan-lei CHEN, Kui CHENG*
Affiliations
  • Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
出版时间: 2023-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0552
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Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLRs) 是最早被发现的天然免疫模式识别受体(pattern-recognition receptors, PRRs)。TLR信号传导通路的异常是导致慢性炎症、癌症、神经系统疾病和心血管疾病等的关键因素, TLR的激动剂和抑制剂的开发都备受关注。目前已知的TLR2激动剂, 如脂肽或其衍生物, 由于合成困难、易水解、且易引发炎性细胞因子风暴, 存在一定的药物研发局限性, 抑制剂则少有报道。具有更高稳定性的新型小分子TLR2激动剂或抑制剂将更有可能开发成肿瘤免疫治疗或抗炎药物。

TLR2受体  /  激动剂  /  抑制剂  /  抗炎  /  肿瘤免疫

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are the earliest discovered natural immune pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The abnormality of TLR signal transduction pathway is the key factor leading to chronic inflammatory, cancer, nervous system disease and cardiovascular diseases. The development of TLR agonists and inhibitors has attracted much attention. Currently known TLR2 agonists, such as lipopeptides or their derivatives, have certain limitations in drug development due to their difficult synthesis, easy hydrolysis, and triggering inflammatory cytokine storms, while inhibitors have been rarely reported. New small molecule TLR2 agonists or inhibitors with higher stability are more likely to be developed as tumor immunotherapy or anti-inflammatory drugs.

TLR2 receptor  /  agonist  /  inhibitor  /  anti inflammation  /  tumor immunity
柯嘉华, 陈丹蕾, 程魁. 靶向Toll样受体2的小分子调节剂研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2239 -2249 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0552
Jia-hua KE, Dan-lei CHEN, Kui CHENG. Research progress of small molecule modulators targeting Toll-like receptor 2[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2239 -2249 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0552
天然免疫系统是机体抵御外界病原菌感染的第一道防线。Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLRs) 是最早被发现的天然免疫模式识别受体(pattern-recognition receptors, PRRs), 可以识别外源的病原菌相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs)、内源的损害相关分子模式(damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs) 和异源物相关分子模式(xenobiotic-associated molecular patterns, XAMPs), 从而参与诱导炎症免疫反应[1, 2], 在抵抗真菌、病毒和细菌等病原体方面有着重要意义。TLRs的结构、功能信号转导机制在进化演绎过程中十分保守。Toll蛋白最早发现于果蝇, 1980年生物学家Nüsslein-Volhard等[3]在研究黑腹果蝇的过程中发现了一种突变基因, 这种基因导致果蝇的胚胎发育发生变化, 同时还可介导真菌和革兰阳性细菌对果蝇的感染免疫反应, 并首次有了“Toll”这一概念。目前, 有13种TLRs在哺乳动物中被发现[4], 其中TLR2具有相对广泛的配体特异性, TLR2通过识别和结合广泛的微生物成分如脂肽、脂膜酸等, 激活先天免疫系统[5]。除此之外, 在非感染性组织损伤以及组织修复的过程中发挥重要作用, 如哮喘、肾病等, 其研究备受关注。
1988年Hashimoto等[6]研究发现, Toll样受体蛋白主要由3个经典部分组成: 跨膜区、胞内区及胞外区, TLR2[7] (图 1) 的基本结构是Ⅰ型跨膜蛋白, 跨膜区结构简单, 由一段富含半胱氨酸的结构域组成, 跨过细胞膜连接TLRs的胞内区及胞外区。TLRs的胞内区是一段约200个氨基酸残基构成的结构域, 因与白介素1受体(IL-1R) 的胞内区高度同源而被称为Toll-IL-1受体结构域(Toll-IL-1 receptor domain, TIR), 在TIR中有23个氨基酸位置是固定的, 即-D-K-YDAF-SYS…..GYKLCI-RD-PG…FWKK-, TIR结构域是该家族的标志性结构特征。同时TIR与TLRs与其下游蛋白激酶的相互作用密切相关, TLRs结合配体后, TIR结构域发生构象改变, 通过同型蛋白之间的相互作用进行细胞内信号转导, 招募胞浆内含有TIR结构域的接头蛋白分子, 激活胞内信号转导途径[8]。胞外区是一个位于蛋白N端的亮氨酸富集区域(leucine rich repeats, LRRS), 通常由17~31个LRRS组成。胞外域可直接结合配体, 也可结合辅助受体与配体的复合物, 胞外域与配体的结合可引发配体介导的受体多聚化, 该区域的差异性决定了各个TLR分子配体的特异性和专属性。胞外区识别广泛存在于病原体细胞表面的分子标志, 同PAMP结合启动信号转导过程[9], 研究提示胞外区结构域是TLR2识别病原微生物及其产物的结构基础[10]
TLR2能够参与识别许多不同的PAMP, 包括细菌脂肽、真菌的酵母聚糖、革兰阳性菌的肽聚糖和脂磷壁酸、分枝杆菌的脂阿拉伯甘露糖、克氏锥虫的tGPI-黏蛋白和来自麻疹病毒的血凝素等[11]。TLR2一般与TLR1或者TLR6形成异源二聚体。TLR2-TLR1异源二聚体能够特异性识别革兰阴性细菌和支原体的三酰脂肽, 而TLR2-TLR6异源二聚体则特异性识别革兰阳性细菌和支原体的二酰脂肽。此外, TLR2能与细胞表面其他协同受体一起发挥作用。这些协同受体包括CD36, 其与TLR2-TLR6异源二聚体一起介导TLR2的某些激动剂的传感[12]。在所有的TLRs中, TLR2识别的配体可能最多。TLR2不仅直接与受体结合, 而且TLR2能够与负责特异区别配体的内源性巨噬细胞蛋白结合, 最重要的是TLR2与其他TLRs聚合, 从而增加了配体结合的靶位。研究发现TLR2主要以TLR1或者TLR6结合成异源二聚体的形式来识别它们的配体, 二聚体形成后, 紧密排列的TIR区域与衔接蛋白髓样分化因子88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88, MyD88) 结合, 引起信号级联放大作用[13], 从而促进胞内配体识别信号的转导, 激活下游信号通路, 最终诱导促炎性细胞因子、抗炎性细胞因子和趋化因子的大量产生, 可以促进后续的获得性免疫应答反应。根据各种TLRs的细胞定位和配体, 可将脊椎动物TLRs分为两大类, TLR2主要表达在细胞表面并且主要识别微生物膜组分如脂质、脂蛋白和蛋白质。
TLR2最突出的生物功能就是直接或间接促进炎症因子的合成与释放, 具有显著的抗菌、抗病毒作用。当TLR2被激活时, 识别PAMP并快速激活细胞内信号级联, 包括衔接蛋白、信号复合物和转录因子复合物等, 最终导致机体产生各种炎性细胞因子, 从而加速病原体的清除[14]。但当TLR2被长时间激活时, 可能会产生致病作用[15], 尤其是慢性炎症、癌症、神经系统疾病和心血管疾病等。因此, TLR2信号通路的激活和抑制必须受到严格的调控。
根据TLR信号通路是否依赖MyD88接头蛋白分子, 可分为: 依赖于MyD88的信号通路(MyD88 dependent pathway) 和不依赖于MyD88的信号通路(MyD88 independent pathway)。其中, TLR1、TLR2、TLR5、TLR6、TLR7、TLR8和TLR9是依赖MyD88的信号通路; TLR3是不依赖MyD88的信号通路, 而TLR4有以上2种信号通路[16] (图 2)。MyD88依赖途径, 即活化的TLR2的胞内TIR结构域与MyD88羧基端相互作用而使后者活化。MyD88连接TLR到白介素受体相关激酶家族成员, 包括白介素受体相关激酶1 (IL-IR-associatd kinase 1, IRAK1) 和白介素受体相关激酶4 (IL-IR-associatd kinase 4, IRAK4), 进而激活肿瘤坏死因子α受体相关因子6 (TNF receptor-associatd factor 6, TRAF6)。活化后的TRAF6通过转化生长因子β活化激酶1和核转录因子NF-κB (nuclear factor κB, NF-κB) 抑制蛋白激酶信号级联, 最终使MyD88的核定位信号暴露, 激活基因转录[9]
TLR2介导的信号传导产生许多种细胞因子, 它们都是天然免疫所必需的, 可以有效地促进后续的获得性免疫应答反应。这些细胞因子中最重要的是巨噬细胞产生的肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α) 和白介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)。而且细菌的脂肽已经被证实能够促进树突状细胞成熟与TLR2作用产生IL-12[17], 但也有研究表明, TLR2的激活可能也会诱导癌症的发生, 25-羟基胆固醇(25-hydroxy cholesterol, 25-HC) 在体外可以剂量依赖方式促进AGS胃癌细胞系TLR2 mRNA表达, 并通过活化TLR2/NF-κB途径促进细胞基质金属蛋白酶类(metrix metalloproteinases, MMPs) 表达, 促进胃癌细胞在体外和体内的迁移[18]。因此, TLR2信号通路的激活必须受到严格的负调控, 以保持免疫系统的稳定。
可以识别TLR2的配体即为激活TLR2的激动剂, 研究表明, 这些激动剂在疫苗的免疫应答过程中起着重要作用。TLR2可以识别脂蛋白、脂多肽、脂磷壁酸、阿拉伯甘聚糖以及酵母多糖等多种成分[19]。为充分利用TLR2激动剂在免疫系统中的重要功能, 现已将TLR2激动剂开发为潜在的疫苗佐剂及抗肿瘤药物。
目前文献[20]报道的TLR2激动剂主要有3类: 一是细胞脂蛋白衍生的Pam3CSK4及其衍生物, 二是Pam2CSK4及其衍生物, 三是基于高通量筛选发现的小分子激动剂, 其中细菌脂蛋白的简化物二脂肽CBLB6124正在进行抗辐射抗癌的Ⅱ期临床研究, 是进展最快的TLR2激动剂。
TLR1-TLR2-Pam3CSK4的晶体结构表明, 这个复合物的整体形状与大写字母M[21] (图 3A) 是相似的。两个TLR胞外域的N-末端伸向相反的方向, 而其两个C-末端在中间聚合。三酰脂肽Pam3CSK4的三个脂链中的两个结合至TLR2胞外域中部凸面的一个疏水口袋内, 而第三条脂链则插入到TLR1胞外域凸面一个窄的疏水孔道中。TLR2和TLR1的疏水口袋在它们二聚化交界面处被连接, 形成了一个长的、连续的疏水口袋。配体三条脂链连接的TLR异源二聚体进一步被TLR1-TLR2直接的相互作用稳定了。
TLR2-TLR6-Pam2CSK4的晶体结构表明, 与TLR1相似, 在结合二酰脂肽之后, TLR6与TLR2形成一个M型的异源二聚体[22] (图 3B)。二酰化脂肽的两条脂链都结合在TLR2胞外域的疏水口袋中。在TLR1-TLR2三酰脂肽复合物中, 脂链和TLR1胞外域疏水口袋之间的疏水作用对TLR异源二聚化有重要作用。但是TLR6相应的脂质通道被343位和365位的苯丙氨酸阻塞了。突变TLR6的这些苯丙氨酸为TLR1的相应氨基酸, 可以使TLR6不仅能充分应答二酰脂肽, 也能充分应答三酰脂肽。
TLR2和TLR6仍然能形成稳定的异源二聚体, 因为这两个TLR之间的疏水作用面增加了, 这可能补偿了脂质链相互作用减少的影响。另外, 在TLR1或TLR6不存在时, TLR2口袋的形状与TLR1-TLR2或TLR2-TLR6复合体中相应口袋的形状没有显著不同。
但由于Pam2CSK4和Pam3CSK4类激动剂结构复杂、合成难度大、水溶性较差、体内代谢不稳定等因素, 成为开发缓慢的主要原因。因此, 寻找结构简单、化学合成便利、生物利用度高、免疫激活效果好的小分子化合物是研发TLR2激动剂的主要方向。Cheng等[23]发现了小分子化合物CU-T12-9 (图 4)。各项生物物理学实验显示, CU-T12-9可以促进TLR1/2异二聚化复合物的形成和稳定, 通过激活NF-κB通路, 促进下游效应因子, 如TNF-α、IL-10和诱导性一氧化氮合酶(iNOS) 的释放。实验显示: CU-T12-9可以剂量依赖性地激活NF-κB信号传导, 浓度为5 μmol·L-1时的激活效果与浓度为100 μmol·L-1的Pam2CSK4相当。利用酶联免疫实验测得该化合物能激活TNF-α信号, 其EC50为(60.46 ± 16.99) nmol·L-1, 活性大大提高。Hu等[24]通过筛选发现了一种含有喹诺酮结构的TLR2激动剂(63, 图 4), 为系统探索三环核心的二氢吡啶类和喹诺酮类的构效关系指明了方向。
目前的TLR2激动剂, 如从蘑菇中提取的多糖krestin (PSK), 是一种选择性的TLR激动剂, 正在进行第二阶段临床试验, 因为被认为具有免疫增强作用而用于乳腺癌的治疗, PSK治疗的抗肿瘤效果依赖于T细胞和NK细胞的活性[25]。研究[26, 27]发现了一种新的TLR1/2激活剂diprovocim (图 5A), 通过体外生物物理、结构和计算方法研究发现diprovocim在体外可以诱导TLR2/TLR1异源二聚体和TLR2同源二聚体的形成(图 5B~D)。对晶体结构的研究发现, 两个diprovocim分子结合到两个TLR2胞外结构域之间形成的配体结合口袋上。在确定的配体结合口袋内观察到广泛的疏水相互作用和蛋白质与diprovocim之间的氢键网络(图 6AB), 结果, 这两个diprovocim分子以一种高度特异的方式将两个TLR2胞外结构域“钉”在一起, 这可能是diprovocim高活性的基础。Diprovocim在人类细胞中显示出比Pam3CSK4更强的活性(EC50 = 110 pmol·L-1)。在B16小鼠黑色素瘤的模型中, 使用diprovocim作为佐剂, 与免疫检查点抑制剂PD-L1抗体联用时, 可完全抑制肿瘤的生长, 诱导长期的抗肿瘤记忆, 并显著延长了荷瘤小鼠的生存时间。
研究指出, diprovocim靶向TLR1/TLR2, 激活下游丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK) 和NF-κB信号通路。为了确定diprovocim的分子靶点, 分析了它对野生型C57BL/6J小鼠和缺乏各种TLR信号成分的C57BL/6J小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的影响。实验表明, diprovocim针对的是小鼠TLR1/TLR2异源二聚体。TLR1或TLR2抗体显著降低diprovocim对THP-1细胞的影响, 表明人TLR1/TLR2也是diprovocim的靶点。Diprovocim诱导THP-1细胞和小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞中NF-κB蛋白抑制激酶α (inhibitor of NF-κB kinases α, IKKα)、NF-κB蛋白抑制激酶β (inhibitor of NF-κB kinases β, IKKβ)、p38、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK) 和细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases, ERK) 的磷酸化, 以及核因子κB抑制蛋白α (NF-κB inhibitor α, IκBα) 的降解, 表明diprovocim激活了常规的TLR1/TLR2信号, 包括MAPK和典型的NF-κB信号。
Diprovocim还可作为佐剂增强特异性抗体和细胞毒T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic lymphocyte, CTL) 应答, 并与PD-L1抗体协同高效抑制B16黑色素瘤在C57BL/6J小鼠体内生长, 机制为diprovocim与APC上的TLR1/TLR2结合, 激活它们产生促炎细胞因子, 并通过MHC I和MHC II摄取所注射的肿瘤特异性抗原进行加工和呈递。抗原呈递细胞(antigen-presenting cells, APCs) 的抗原呈递、共刺激分子表达和细胞因子分泌诱导抗原特异性CD4 T细胞和CD8 T细胞的增殖和激活, 这两种细胞对肿瘤细胞具有杀伤活性。自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell, NK) 也被促炎细胞因子激活, 并渗透到肿瘤部位。
除上述课题组的研究外, Cheng等最近发现了三个有代表性的TLR2小分子激动剂, 均作用在TLR1和TLR2上, 专门调控TLR1/2二聚化介导的免疫反应。
他们使用计算机辅助药物设计从ZNIC数据库(1 000万个分子) 中筛选出14个化合物, 其中以ZINC6662436 (SMU127) 活性最强(图 7A~C), 其EC50为0.55 ± 0.02 μmol·L-1。将其挑出并进一步进行实验, 实验表明[28], SMU127具有以剂量依赖的方式激活TNF-α的能力(图 8A)。免疫印记实验表明, SMU127可促进HEK-Blue hTLR2细胞中TLR2蛋白的表达。进一步的抗体实验证实, SMU127激活了TLR1/2, 而不是TLR2/6 (图 8B)。而Pam2CSK4作为TLR2/6的阳性对照实验也进一步证实了所选抗体的有效性(图 8C)。SMU127通过NF-κB信号通路, 促进人外周血单个核细胞释放TNF-α。在体内显示出显著的抗乳腺癌的肿瘤免疫效果。流式细胞仪实验表明, SMU127以剂量依赖的方式激活了NF-κB信号通路。在1 μmol·L-1的剂量下, SMU127的激活作用与100 ng·mL-1的Pam3CSK4相当, 而在更高的剂量(10 μmol·L-1) 下, SMU127的激活效果甚至更好(图 7C)。
他们使用HEK-Blue hTLR2细胞筛选了14 000个化合物的合成库和一系列新开发的化合物来激活NF-κB (图 9A, B)。研究表明[29], SMU-Z1通过NF-κB途径特异性地模拟TLR1和TLR2, 从而触发促炎细胞因子的合成。此外, SMU-Z1还可促进脾细胞增殖, 上调CD8+ T细胞、NK细胞和DC细胞的表达, 从而在体内产生抗白血病的抗肿瘤免疫。SMU-Z1以剂量依赖的方式诱导HEK-Blue hTLR2细胞中的NF-κB活化, 其EC50值为(4.88 ± 0.79)×10-9 mol·L-1, 与阳性对照Pam3CSK4 [EC50值为(2.22 ± 0.23)×10-9 mol·L-1] 相当(图 9C)。SMU-Z1可以专门激活TLR2, 但不能激活其他TLR, 包括TLR3、TLR4、TLR5、TLR7和TLR8 (图 9D)。为了确定SMU-Z1是TLR1/2还是TLR2/6激动剂, 他们进行了基于抗体的选择性实验, 由此得出结论: SMU-Z1主要激活TLR1/2信号, 但不激活TLR2/6信号(图 10A, B)。目前的数据支持他们的假设机制, 即SMU-Z1与APC上存在的TLR1/TLR2结合, 触发激活的共刺激分子, 导致细胞因子的分泌促进, 进而导致CD4+和CD8+ T细胞的激活和增殖。由此产生的CTL诱导针对白血病细胞的抗肿瘤免疫, 还能诱导NK介导的肿瘤细胞杀伤(图 10C)。
在前期基础上, 程魁课题组进一步报道了1-苯基-3-(2-硫酚-2-基) 尿类化合物的化学结构和活性关系研究, 以提高化合物ZINC695420的效力和活性, 包括(Ⅰ) 在苯环上引入不同电子效应的取代基或用萘环取代苯环, (Ⅱ) 用硫原子取代氧原子, 并通过在氮和苯基之间添加亚乙基来延长中间链, (Ⅲ) 用其他烷基取代乙基或将其水解为羧酸, 和(Ⅳ) 环大小的变化或稠环庚环被其他取代基取代(图 11)[30]
与ZINC695420相比, SMU-C80在基于细胞的检测中显示出非常显著的活性增加(超过370倍) (图 12AB)。TLR家族在人类中以10种亚型存在, 不同类型的TLR有其特定的天然配体。为了评估针对TLR2的SMU-C80的特异性, 他们测试了不同TLR过表达的HEK Blue细胞中的SEAP信号, 包括HEK-Blue hTLR3 (图 12C)、hTLR4 (图 12D)、hTLR5 (图 12E)、hTLR7 (图 12F) 和hTLR8 (图 12G), 并以其已知配体作为阳性对照。如图 12B所示, SMU-C80以剂量依赖性的方式(EC50 = 31.02 ± 1.01 nmol·L-1) 有效地促进了HEK-Blue hTLR2细胞中SEAP信号的表达, 但对其他HEK-Blue hTLR的激活作用可忽略不计(图 12C~G)。由于TLR2与TLR1或TLR6结合形成功能异二聚体, 他们探讨了SMU-C80靶向TLR1二聚体或TLR2/6的作用。如图 12H所示, 结果表明SMU-C80是一种有效和特异的TLR1/2激动剂, 但不是TLR2/6的激动剂。此外, 机制研究表明, SMU-C80上调TLR1/2, 刺激接头蛋白MyD88, 并诱导IKKα、IKKβ、p38和p65蛋白的磷酸化, 同时促进IκBα的降解。因此, SMU-C80通过MyD88介导的NF-κB信号通路触发下游信号传导(图 13)。SMU-C80是一种低毒的TLR2激动剂(图 13AB), 具有合适的相对分子质量, 有作为小分子用于肿瘤免疫治疗的潜力。
TLR1和TLR2的TIR功能域的晶体结构解析认为[31], TIR功能域是由5个α螺旋从两侧围绕5条β折叠, 呈现α螺旋和β折叠的交替, 连接α螺旋和β折叠的结构称为loop。连接第2个β折叠和第2个α螺旋的结构称为BB-loop, 被认为是TLR与接头分子TIR功能域相互作用的最关键结构。TLR的TIR功能域是通过BB-loop与下游接头分子直接作用。Mistry等[32]对人TLR2 TIR结构域晶体结构的研究发现, 在高度保守的P681和G682BB环残基附近有一个口袋。他们利用计算机辅助药物设计(CADD), 试图确定一种小分子抑制剂, 它可以放在这个口袋里, 并可能扰乱TLR2信号。C16H15NO4 (C29) 是一种潜在的TLR2抑制剂。C29 (图 14) 及其衍生物邻香草醛(o-香草醛) 能抑制人工合成和细菌TLR2激动剂诱导的人HEK-TLR2和THP-1细胞的TLR2/1和TLR2/6信号转导, 但仅抑制小鼠巨噬细胞的TLR2/1信号转导。该研究表明[32], TLR2抑制剂C29能够阻断MyD88依赖的TLR2信号通路, 激活核转录因子NF-κB, 导致肿瘤坏死因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-8等大量炎性因子的转录。
Cheng等[33]采用基于细胞的筛选方法, 从包含1 363个小分子化合物库中发现NCI-25676可以特异性地抑制TLR1和TLR2结合[IC50 = (2.45 ± 0.25) μmol·L-1], 并证实该化合物具有抗氧化、抗癌和调节免疫反应的作用。进一步通过构效关系的分析与筛选, 找到化合物CU-CPT22 (图 14), 其可以非常高效且特异性地抑制TLR1和TLR2形成异二聚体[IC50 = (0.58 ± 0.09) μmol·L-1], 且浓度高达100 μmol·L-1时在小鼠巨噬细胞系Raw264.7细胞中没有明显毒性。此外, 该化合物还可有效地抑制10种代表性激酶的活性及促炎因子的产生, 其在8 μmol·L-1时对TNF-α和IL-1β的抑制率分别达60%和95%。
研究者[34]提出: 由葡萄球菌属分泌一种金葡菌超抗原样蛋白-3 (SSL-3), 可以作为TLR2的抑制剂, 它可以通过2种机制抑制由病原相关的脂肽激活的TLR2信号通路, 即一方面通过阻止配体与TLR2的结合来抑制TLR2激活, 另一方面也可以干扰已经形成的TLR2-脂肽复合物, 阻止TLR2与TLR1或TLR6的异二聚化, 进而抑制下游信号的传导。SSL-3作为TLR1/2的特异性抑制剂, 为将来开发一系列SSL-3的衍生物来抑制TLR1/2信号传导提供了思路。
Xu等[35]通过对化合物文库进行高通量筛选和结构优化, 得到了对TLR2/4信号通路具有有效抑制作用的化合物TX-33 (图 14)。高通量筛选中, TX-1被考虑用于进一步的优化和构效关系(SAR) 研究。小分子TX-1的优化主要分为三个部分: 硝基取代、左芳基取代和中间连接基取代。通过对HEK-TLR-SEAP细胞TLR2和TLR4抑制实验结果的比较, 发现TX-33具有较好的TLR2和TLR4抑制能力。TX-33具有抑制TLR2和TLR4的能力, 其IC50值分别为0.52 ± 0.03和0.46 ± 0.04 μmol·L-1。TX-33作为先导化合物进行实验, 结果表明TX-33对TNF-α和IL-1β的抑制作用分别为0.26 ± 0.06和0.24 ± 0.05 μmol·L-1。酶联免疫吸附实验和Griess实验表明TX-33针对TLR2/4的特异性高于TLR家族的其他成员。在随后的实验中, TX-33通过阻断TLR2/4信号通路来抑制各种癌细胞的增殖。同时, TX33的药物毒性曲线和药效曲线之间存在一个安全窗口, 这为TX-33的应用或进一步优化其结构创造了有利条件。同时推测TX-33也可能抑制TLR家族下游途径中的一些接头蛋白。
Drexel等[36]的研究中, N-(4-乙基苯基)-N′-苯基脲(INH14) (图 15A) 是一种分子量仅为240 Da小分子化合物, 它主要由一种联芳基尿素骨架组成, 这种骨架是许多激酶抑制剂所共有的。实验结果显示, INH14以剂量依赖的方式抑制TLR2介导的NF-κB活性, 半数抑制浓度为4.127 μmol·L-1 (图 15B)。同时还抑制了其他炎症途径(即TLR4、TNF-R和IL-1R)。在INH14处理的细胞中, 作为TLR2途径一部分的蛋白质过表达, 表明靶标位于复合体TAK1/TAB1的下游。免疫印迹分析显示, INH14可降低脂肽(TLR2配体) 激活的细胞对IκBα的降解。这些数据表明(图 15CD), IKKα和/或IKKβ是INH14的靶点, 这一结果得到了激酶测定的证实(IC50 IKKα = 8.97 μmol·L-1; IC50 IKKβ = 3.59 μmol·L-1)。此外, 体内实验表明, INH14减少脂肽诱导的炎症后形成的TNF-α, 用INH14处理卵巢癌细胞后, 这些细胞的NF-κB构筑活性和关闭伤口的能力降低。这些结果表明, INH14通过抑制NF-κB抑制因子激酶(inhibitor of kappa B kinase, IKKS) 而降低了NF-κB的活性。INH14的优化可能导致有效的IKKS抑制剂, 可能被用作抗炎药物。
最近, Yang等研究[37]报道了一个新的TLR2抑制剂SMU-Y6, 通过筛选2 100个天然产物来鉴定TLR2的拮抗剂, 随后确定阿朴吗啡生物碱taspine是一个很好的候选者。通过对10步化学合成路线的分析和结构优化, 得到了活性更高、溶解性更好、药用性能更好的taspine衍生物SMU-Y6 (图 14)。研究表明, SMU-Y6对TLR2的抑制效果最好(IC50 = 0.11 ± 0.04 μmol·L-1), 比taspine提高了10倍。SMU-Y6对TLR3、TLR7和TLR9几乎没有抑制作用, 表现出较强的TLR2特异性。机制研究和序列分析表明, SMU-Y6抑制TLR2, 阻止TLR2/MyD88复合体的形成, 并阻断下游的NF-κB和MAPK信号通路, 从而抑制炎性细胞因子的释放。SMU-Y6能稳定TLR2并与TLR2蛋白结合, 其KD值为0.18 μmol·L-1。此外, SMU-Y6还能有效逆转急性足肿胀和结肠炎小鼠的M1表型巨噬细胞极化, 减少细胞因子的产生和中性粒细胞的浸润, 减轻局部炎症。体内药代动力学研究及安全性评价表明, SMU-Y6半衰期长, 生物利用度高, 体内毒性低, 是一种优良的长期抗炎药物候选药物。
除此之外, Li等[38]发现青蒿脂能下调巨噬细胞表达TLR2, 减少NF-κB通路活化及TNF-α表达, 对金葡菌败血症小鼠有保护作用。以TLR2表达为靶点的药物可为感染性疾病及炎性疾病的治疗提供新方法。Zhang等[39]也发现鱼腥草提取物可通过调控TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路, 并减少炎性因子释放, 从而减轻支原体肺炎疾病症状, 对肺组织起到保护效果。
TLRs信号通路的调控复杂。正向调控的不足, 可能导致机体感染的扩散, 炎症的加重; 负向调控的缺失可以导致炎症过度放大, 促进机体的损伤, 因此TLR2信号通路的激活和抑制必须受到严格的调控。TLR2的激活是增强机体免疫应答的有效手段, TLR2激动剂在疫苗佐剂、抗肿瘤、抗菌和免疫类疾病的治疗方面展现出巨大的潜力。Pam2CSK4和Pam3CSK4类激动剂由于结构复杂、合成难度大、水溶性较差、体内代谢不稳定等因素, 开发缓慢。因此, 寻找结构简单、化学合成便利、生物利用度高、免疫激活效果好的小分子化合物是未来研发TLR2激动剂的主要方向。
TLR2信号转导异常与多种疾病如动脉粥样硬化、肿瘤转移、脓毒症、缺血/再灌注损伤密切相关。已经开发了几种TLR2信号的抑制剂, 但没有一种被批准上市; TLR2的特异性激活剂更是匮乏, 进一步限制了临床应用。更好地了解Toll/IL-1受体抵抗(TIR) 结构域与TLR2信号的相互作用可为新的治疗药物的出现提供新思路。而计算机辅助药物设计是识别TLR2信号通路小分子抑制剂的有效方法, 并有可能识别其他TLR信号通路的抑制剂。总之, TLR2的激活剂可能为肿瘤的免疫治疗提供全新的候选药物分子, 而TLR2的抑制剂将会开发用于非感染性、慢性炎症的治疗; 但是无论是激活剂还是抑制剂, 都必须要面对全身免疫产生的负反馈, 开发特异性的TLR2调节剂及与靶向药物制剂研究专家合作, 将会是一条有效途径。
作者贡献: 柯嘉华和陈丹蕾对这项工作做出了主要的贡献。柯嘉华负责文献检索及论文撰写; 陈丹蕾负责文章选题、图片修改; 程魁修改和校对文章。
利益冲突: 作者声明无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81773558)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073689)
  • 广东省自然科学基金(2020A151501518)
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2023年第58卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0552
  • 接收时间:2023-04-30
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-30
  • 修回日期:2023-07-05
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81773558)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073689)
广东省自然科学基金(2020A151501518)
作者信息
    南方医科大学药学院, 广东省新药筛选重点实验室, 广东 广州 510515

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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