Article(id=1198652608656274053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0547, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683043200000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-03, revisedDate=1684944000000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763710651792, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1691769600000, pubDateStr=2023-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763710651792, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763710651792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763710651792, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198652605778985059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='8', pageStart='0', pageEnd='2540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1691769600000', pubDateStr='2023-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763710651106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763710739504, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2250, endPage=2259, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198652609734210184, articleId=1198652608656274053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress of small molecule fluorescent probes for ferrous ion and heme, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Small molecule fluorescent probes have gained widespread attention for their advantages of high selectivity, sensitivity, and easy to operate, and have played a critical role in the detection of various species. They have also demonstrated great potential in the field of biomedical research. Iron, as the most abundant transition metal in the human body, plays a vital role in many physiological functions. Due to the influence of the reductive microenvironment of cell, ferrous ion (Fe2+) is the main component of labile iron in living cells. Heme, consisting of Fe2+ and protoporphyrin IX, is one of the main signaling molecules that wrap biological iron in the human body, and also participates in many physiological and pathological processes. Therefore, the development of small molecule fluorescent probes for detecting Fe2+ and heme as effective monitoring tools will help to further understand their pathological and physiological functions, with potential applications in other fields. This review summarizes the research progress of small molecule fluorescent probes for Fe2+ and heme detection in recent years, and provides insights into future directions for their development.

, authors=null, authorsList=Chen CHEN, Yi-xin CHEN, Chong-jing ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chong-jing ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198652611781030571, articleId=1198652608656274053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=亚铁离子和亚铁血红素的小分子荧光探针研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

小分子荧光探针以其选择性好、灵敏度高、便于操作等优点受到了广泛的关注, 在许多物种的检测中发挥了重要的作用, 并且在生物医药领域的研究中也表现出了巨大的潜力。铁作为人体中含量最丰富的过渡金属, 利用其氧化还原能力在许多生理功能中都扮演着关键的角色。由于细胞还原性微环境的影响, 亚铁离子(Fe2+)是活细胞中游离铁的主要组成部分。亚铁血红素(heme)由Fe2+和原卟啉IX组成, 是将人体内生物铁包裹在其中的主要信号分子之一, 同样参与许多生理病理过程。因此, 开发用于检测Fe2+及heme的小分子荧光探针作为有效监测工具将有助于进一步了解它们的病理及生理功能, 并有望应用于其他领域。本文综述了近年来用于检测Fe2+和heme的小分子荧光探针研究进展, 并对未来的发展方向进行了展望。

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*张崇敬, Tel: 13161073739, E-mail:
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亚铁离子和亚铁血红素的小分子荧光探针研究进展
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陈晨 , 陈义鑫 , 张崇敬 *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(8): 2250-2259
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (8) : 2250 -2259
亚铁离子和亚铁血红素的小分子荧光探针研究进展
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陈晨, 陈义鑫, 张崇敬*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 活性物质发现与适药化研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050
通讯作者:
*张崇敬, Tel: 13161073739, E-mail:
Research progress of small molecule fluorescent probes for ferrous ion and heme
Chen CHEN, Yi-xin CHEN, Chong-jing ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2023-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0547
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小分子荧光探针以其选择性好、灵敏度高、便于操作等优点受到了广泛的关注, 在许多物种的检测中发挥了重要的作用, 并且在生物医药领域的研究中也表现出了巨大的潜力。铁作为人体中含量最丰富的过渡金属, 利用其氧化还原能力在许多生理功能中都扮演着关键的角色。由于细胞还原性微环境的影响, 亚铁离子(Fe2+)是活细胞中游离铁的主要组成部分。亚铁血红素(heme)由Fe2+和原卟啉IX组成, 是将人体内生物铁包裹在其中的主要信号分子之一, 同样参与许多生理病理过程。因此, 开发用于检测Fe2+及heme的小分子荧光探针作为有效监测工具将有助于进一步了解它们的病理及生理功能, 并有望应用于其他领域。本文综述了近年来用于检测Fe2+和heme的小分子荧光探针研究进展, 并对未来的发展方向进行了展望。

小分子荧光探针  /  亚铁离子  /  亚铁血红素  /  还原能力  /  环化反应  /  螯合作用

Small molecule fluorescent probes have gained widespread attention for their advantages of high selectivity, sensitivity, and easy to operate, and have played a critical role in the detection of various species. They have also demonstrated great potential in the field of biomedical research. Iron, as the most abundant transition metal in the human body, plays a vital role in many physiological functions. Due to the influence of the reductive microenvironment of cell, ferrous ion (Fe2+) is the main component of labile iron in living cells. Heme, consisting of Fe2+ and protoporphyrin IX, is one of the main signaling molecules that wrap biological iron in the human body, and also participates in many physiological and pathological processes. Therefore, the development of small molecule fluorescent probes for detecting Fe2+ and heme as effective monitoring tools will help to further understand their pathological and physiological functions, with potential applications in other fields. This review summarizes the research progress of small molecule fluorescent probes for Fe2+ and heme detection in recent years, and provides insights into future directions for their development.

small molecule fluorescent probe  /  ferrous ion  /  heme  /  reduction  /  cyclization  /  chelation
陈晨, 陈义鑫, 张崇敬. 亚铁离子和亚铁血红素的小分子荧光探针研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2250 -2259 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0547
Chen CHEN, Yi-xin CHEN, Chong-jing ZHANG. Research progress of small molecule fluorescent probes for ferrous ion and heme[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2250 -2259 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0547
铁是生物体内不可或缺的金属元素, 也是人体中含量最丰富的过渡金属[1]。除与蛋白或酶紧密结合的铁外, 游离的弱蛋白或无蛋白结合的铁离子具有更高的反应性[2]。铁离子以两种价态相互转化的形式(Fe3+或Fe2+) 存在于骨髓、血液、肝脏和肌肉[3]中, 利用独特的氧化还原能力[4, 5], 参与了包括血红素合成[6]、氧输送[7]、DNA合成[8]、神经活动[9]等多种生理过程。而这种独特的氧化还原能力也可以通过催化芬顿反应产生活性氧, 从而诱导细胞损伤[10]。在细胞还原性的微环境中, Fe2+的含量要高于Fe3+, 其代谢异常与人体的多种疾病有关。例如, 铁过量出现在帕金森症[11]、癌症[12]、动脉粥样硬化[13]等疾病的发生发展中, 铁缺乏时可能会导致肌无力和缺铁性贫血[14]。除此之外, Fe2+的累积可能会引起细胞铁死亡(ferroptosis)[11, 15-18]。不难看出, Fe2+的稳态对人体的健康来说是十分重要的。另一方面, 人体内还存在许多将生物铁紧紧包裹在其中的蛋白[19]。亚铁血红素(heme) 便是将生物铁包裹在其中的信号分子之一[20], 主要存在于血红蛋白、肌红蛋白、细胞色素、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶等蛋白中[21]。而这种与蛋白紧密结合的heme无法参与依赖heme的信号转导过程[22]。类似于游离的Fe2+, 与蛋白弱结合或不与蛋白结合的heme也被称为游离的heme, 在多种细胞和生物过程中都发挥调节作用[23]。研究指出, heme可激活青蒿素类药物的过氧桥键[24], 是这类化合物发挥抗疟作用的关键。除此之外, 有证据表明, 细胞铁死亡的过程中Fe2+与heme的水平均升高[25]。并且, 在许多癌症中发现了heme的高表达[26]。因此, 有效监测Fe2+和heme对进一步了解其生理和病理功能以及相关应用的开发至关重要。
小分子荧光探针可通过识别基团与被检测物特异性反应或结合, 导致探针本身的光物理学性质发生改变, 进而引起荧光信号的变化, 因此可以利用变化的荧光信号对不同体系中的待测物进行检测。小分子荧光探针的生物成像技术由于操作简单、选择性好、灵敏度高[27, 28]等优点已经成功应用于多种疾病研究中。过去的十几年间, 人们致力于开发各种作用于Fe2+、heme的小分子荧光探针, 这些探针可用于监测生物体或环境中的Fe2+和heme, 并且许多探针在生物医药领域都显示出进一步应用的潜力。本文将对这些小分子荧光探针进行综述, 希望能对同类探针的开发有所启示。
目前报道的Fe2+的小分子荧光探针大多是基于Fe2+能够选择性促进的反应开发的, 其中大部分利用了Fe2+的还原能力(图 1), 以及Fe2+介导的环化反应(图 2), 除此之外, 还有利用Fe2+与配体的螯合作用开发的探针(图 2)。
2016年, Aron等[29]和Spangler等[30]分别报道了基于Fe2+断裂过氧桥键开发的荧光探针(图 1A)。探针的合成受到以青蒿素为代表的抗疟药物中过氧桥键可以被Fe2+断裂的启发。Aron等[29]报道的小分子荧光探针1为比率型探针, 也是第一代用于活细胞环境的内过氧化物探针。该探针使用含有过氧桥键的1, 2, 4-三氧戊环作为linker来调节供体5-AME和受体Cy3染料间的荧光共振能量转移(FRET)。在没有受到Fe2+的作用时, 这两个荧光团可发生FRET效应, 在515和556 nm处发出两个荧光信号。当Fe2+存在时, 过氧桥键被打开, 两个荧光团分离, 无法发生FRET效应, 此时可以观察到515 nm处的荧光信号增加, 556 nm处的荧光信号减弱, 因此, 细胞内的Fe2+的变化可以通过荧光信号比来评估。探针1对Fe2+表现出很好的选择性, 不受其他金属离子、氧化剂和还原剂的干扰。并且, 探针1可以检测包括HEK293细胞在内的多种细胞模型中Fe2+的增加和减少。除此之外, 使用探针1实现了在铁死亡模型中监测Fe2+浓度的变化, 证实了细胞铁死亡与细胞Fe2+浓度有关, 为进一步理解这种新型的细胞死亡奠定了基础。
Spangler等[30]报道的探针2是通过将含有1, 2, 4-三氧戊环的单元与嘌呤霉素连接构成的, 在利用Fe2+对过氧桥键的选择性的同时, 构建了一个基于嘌呤霉素的探针(图 1A)。具体而言, 探针与Fe2+作用后, 释放出嘌呤霉素, 后者与生长的多肽链结合产生共价标签, 该共价标签在细胞固定时可以与嘌呤霉素特异性的抗体结合, 通过免疫荧光法进行检测。探针2对Fe2+有高选择性, 能够比较不同细胞系中Fe2+的水平。研究结果进一步证实了与非肿瘤细胞系相比, 癌症细胞中Fe2+池增加。此外, 在人类结肠癌细胞(RKO) 中, 使用探针2发现, 通过瞬时转染异位表达铁储存蛋白(FTH-1) 或铁转运蛋白(SLC40A1) 会导致细胞内Fe2+浓度显著变化。这种高通量免疫荧光成像的方法为研究细胞内Fe2+的稳态和代谢提供了新的思路。值得注意的是, 上述两个研究的作者对探针1和探针2作用机制中金刚烷部分裂解产物的结构解析并不相同。遗憾的是, 这两个工作都没有对裂解产物进行结构确证。含金刚烷结构的1, 2, 4-三氧戊环与Fe2+的反应产物还需进一步研究。
N-氧化物是叔胺保护基团中常见的一类, 被还原后可以脱保护生成三级胺, N-氧化物类Fe2+小分子荧光探针便是利用了这一点。Nagasawa课题组在这方面做了广泛的研究。2013年, 该课题组的Hirayama等[31]首次报道了基于N-氧化物还原反应的Fe2+选择性小分子荧光探针3 (图 1B)。在没有Fe2+存在时, 探针的氮原子由于“N-O”部分的存在, 无法参与到共轭体系中。当N-氧化物单元被Fe2+还原后, 生成了给电子的叔胺, 探针的荧光开启。并且, 核磁、DFT计算、电化学证实了只有在生理pH范围内, 探针3才会以开放的醌型结构存在。探针3对Fe2+表现出高选择性, 不受到其他金属离子、还原剂和ROS的影响。活细胞成像结果表明, 探针3不仅可以检测外部补充的Fe2+, 还可以观察到细胞内源性的Fe2+
该课题组的Niwa等[32]随后报道了4个基于螺环骨架的N-氧化物类小分子荧光探针4a~4d (图 1B)。与第一代的探针3相比, 螺环化策略显著提高了探针荧光开启速率, 并且通过减小N-氧化物基团的大小提高了对Fe2+的反应速率。探针4同样对Fe2+有很好的选择性, 均能够以剂量依赖的方式观察细胞内的Fe2+。其中使用荧光倍数增加最多的探针4a监测了转铁蛋白介导的内吞作用和溶酶体中Fe2+的累积。该课题组的这部分研究在探针3的基础上将N-氧化物策略引入到了不同的荧光团中, 因此他们认为Fe2+选择性N-氧化物还原体系可以扩展到荧光团中含有芳基叔胺的其他染料中, 接下来的研究也证实了这一点。
2017年, 该课题组[33]再次将N-氧化物还原策略扩展到了其他荧光团中(香豆素, morpholinorhodol和Si-罗丹明B), 得到了含有不同荧光团的小分子荧光探针5a~5c (图 1B)。所合成的探针在水性缓冲液中均对Fe2+表现出选择性的开启响应, 其中探针5c由于螺环结构的存在, 本身背景信号最低, 对Fe2+的响应最好。3个探针均可用于检测活细胞中的Fe2+。使用探针5c观察到在细胞缺氧条件下Fe2+的氧化还原平衡轻微向Fe2+转变, 且Fe2+的上调明显依赖于细胞中的含氧量, 与细胞中的总铁量、铁蛋白以及缺氧激活的酶无关。
2018年, 他们分别报道了两个基于N-氧化物还原的小分子荧光探针(图 1B)。其中探针6a[34]结构中含有两个棕榈酰基团, 能够靶向细胞表面并且停留较长时间, 因此可以检测细胞膜表面的Fe2+。用乙酰基替代6a的棕榈酰基得到的模型探针6b进行了体外实验, 结果表明在水性缓冲液中, 模型探针可以选择性地检测Fe2+。膜靶向的探针6证实了Fe2+是在细胞主要的铁摄取途径(直接转运和内吞作用) 中瞬时产生的。探针7[35]通过在结构中引入三苯基膦基, 从而选择性地靶向线粒体。探针7同样对Fe2+有很好的选择性, 使用细胞更容易摄取的乙酰化形式探针Ac-7可以特异性检测HepG2细胞线粒体中的Fe2+。此外, 通过血红素生成抑制剂与HEK293细胞预孵育, Ac-7成功地检测到了血红素合成抑制导致的细胞内线粒体中Fe2+的累积。
次年, 该课题组[36]又报道了一个可以靶向检测高尔基体中Fe2+的小分子荧光探针8 (图 1B)。通过将基于脂质的高尔基体靶向分子与N-氧化物整合到一个结构中, 探针8实现了对细胞高尔基体中的Fe2+选择性成像, 不会受到其他金属离子、还原剂及活性氧的干扰。细胞成像结果表明, 在补充了外源性Fe2+后, 细胞的荧光强度显著增加, 证实了高尔基体作为Fe2+潜在的亚细胞储存器的作用。使用探针8和他们原先开发的检测溶酶体中Fe2+的探针进行同步成像, 发现Fe2+在高尔基体和溶酶体之间的细胞分布平衡通常以高尔基体为主, 并且这种平衡会因为逆转录酶蛋白VPS35的功能障碍而受到干扰。
除了上述课题组外, 其他课题组也利用N-氧化物还原反应, 开发了一系列对Fe2+高选择性的小分子荧光探针。例如, Yang等[37]在2019年报道了一种基于分子内电荷转移机制开发的近红外双光子小分子荧光探针9 (图 1B)。探针9的结构中含有二氰基甲基-4H-吡喃荧光团(DCM), 能够检测MCF-7细胞中的Fe2+。探针9对Fe2+有高选择性, 能够15 min内对Fe2+快速响应。使用680 nm的双光子显微成像, 探针9成功用于实时监测活细胞中的Fe2+
Feng课题组分别在2020年[38]和2022年[39]基于N-氧化物还原反应报道了两个含有双氰胺异佛尔酮(DCI) 染料的近红外小分子荧光探针1011 (图 1B)。探针10易于合成, 是在DCI-NMe2染料的基础上将二甲氨基转化为N-氧化物得到的, 可以靶向检测细胞脂滴中的Fe2+。在Fe2+存在下, 探针10可表现出明显的近红外荧光增加(700 nm处增强约120倍), 对Fe2+具有高选择性、高灵敏度(检测限51 nm) 及快速响应(5 min) 的特点, 能够对细胞和小鼠体内的Fe2+进行实时成像。探针11是将香豆素荧光团和被N-氧化物保护的DCI染料利用哌嗪单元到一个分子中, 通过FRET效应用于Fe2+检测的近红外比率型小分子荧光探针。与Fe2+作用后, FRET作用开启, 465 nm处的香豆素的荧光信号减弱, 675 nm处DCI的荧光信号逐渐增强, 在0~15 μmol·L-1范围内荧光信号的比率与Fe2+浓度有较好的线性关系。探针11可对细胞内源性和外源性的Fe2+进行成像, 并且可用于监测缺铁性贫血和药物引起的肝损伤中Fe2+浓度的变化。
Yang等[40]报道了一个基于N-氧化物还原开发的用于检测Fe2+的近红外聚集诱导发光(AIE) 探针12 (图 1B)。探针12对Fe2+具有很好的选择性, 能够对HepG2细胞中的内源性和外源性的Fe2+进行成像。AIE探针相对于传统的聚集诱导淬灭(ACQ) 探针具有长期原位生物成像的优势[41]。探针12作为AIE探针, 其与用抗坏血酸钠预处理的HepG2细胞孵育后, 即使在12 h仍保持了原始值的52.1%, 说明探针12在长期追踪Fe2+水平方面具有明显的优势。
Lee等[42]开发了一个将冷冻浓缩效应与N-氧化物化学相结合的小分子荧光探针13 (图 1B)。研究表明, 与25 ℃相比, 冷冻后可以显著提高探针13的检测灵敏性。共聚焦激光显微成像表明, Fe2+参与的N-氧化物还原反应主要发生在类液体层。所合成的探针13是用于检测自然界极地和寒冷环境中的Fe2+的一种有潜力的工具, 有助于更好理解Fe2+对环境的影响。
Dong等[43]在2020年报道的小分子荧光探针14同样是基于N-氧化物还原策略开发的(图 1B)。探针的结构中引入了一个甲酸酯键, 在活细胞中被酯酶水解后, 对Fe2+具有高度灵敏性和选择性, 而死细胞中由于没有有效的酯酶, 与探针14共孵育后, 即使添加了Fe2+, 也无法观察到明显的荧光变化。因此, 14是一个活细胞特异性的探针。成像结果表明, 探针14不仅可以检测活细胞内源性的Fe2+, 还可以检测补充还原物质维生素C诱导的外源性Fe2+的增加。使用探针14对小鼠急性炎症模型中酯酶的活性进行了评价, 表明探针14可用于活体动物酯酶的评估。
此外, Gao等[44]利用N-氧化物还原构建了一个可以选择性检测Fe2+的小分子荧光探针15 (图 1B)。该探针结构简单, 可以通过丹酰氯一步反应合成。在Tris-DMSO (4∶1, pH = 7.4, v/v) 溶液中, 探针15以高选择性和优异灵敏度检测Fe2+, 具有较宽的pH范围(4~7) 和较低的检测限(18 nmol·L-1), 能够在生理盐水和活细胞中对Fe2+进行检测。
2020年, Khatun等[45]将N-氧化物引入到氨基香豆素衍生物中, 开发了小分子荧光探针16 (图 1B)。探针对Fe2+的检测不受到其他金属离子、生物还原剂、酶和氨基酸的干扰。能够检测各种化妆品和活细胞中Fe2+的水平。与存在Fe2+的化妆品反应后, 探针16在视觉上显示出从无色到橙色的转变, 并且可以通过460 nm处的荧光信号对化妆品中的Fe2+进行定量检测。
Xu等[46]在2021年基于N-氧化物还原策略报道了可同时检测Fe2+和H+的小分子荧光探针17 (图 1B)。不同于大部分利用N-氧化物还原开发的“turn-on”型探针, 与Fe2+作用后, 探针17利用光诱导的电子转移机制(PET) 导致荧光淬灭, 再接着与H+作用后PET过程被阻止, 从而荧光再次开启, 因此探针17是一个“on-off-on”型探针。探针17能够选择性检测细胞溶酶体中外源性的Fe2+和H+的水平, 并且由于其强烈的近红外荧光信号, 在小鼠模型中探针17可以无创性(无须去除小鼠皮毛) 地观察补充的Fe2+和H+
类似于N-氧化物可被Fe2+还原生成叔胺, 氮氧自由基同样可以被Fe2+还原生成羟胺结构, 消除原本的荧光淬灭。因此, 科研人员基于氮氧自由基也开发了针对Fe2+的探针。2015年, Maiti等[47]利用氮氧自由基还原策略, 将罗丹明荧光团与氮氧自由基结合到一个分子中, 开发了一个对Fe2+高选择性的磁响应小分子荧光探针18 (图 1C)。在没有Fe2+存在时, 探针18本身的顺磁性导致荧光很弱, 与Fe2+作用后, 氮氧自由基被还原为抗磁性的羟胺, 从而荧光开启, 观察到2.5倍的荧光增强。探针18对Fe3+、Cu+、Zn2+等其他金属离子响应很低。共聚焦实验结果表明, 探针18能够检测活细胞中Fe2+水平的动态变化。此外, 通过共定位实验, 探针18成功地检测了线粒体中的细胞Fe2+池及其动态变化。
Zhang等[48]在2020年报道了一个可以用来检测活细胞和斑马鱼中Fe2+的小分子荧光探针19 (图 1C)。在Fe2+的存在下, 探针结构中的氮氧自由基被还原为羟胺, 荧光强度在50 s内显著增加, 快速的响应时间有利于生物体系中Fe2+的实时监测。探针19对Fe2+的检测不受其他金属离子、还原剂及半胱氨酸的干扰。在Fe2+浓度0~5 μmol·L-1范围内, 荧光强度与Fe2+浓度有较好的线性关系, 检测限低至89 nmol·L-1
Fe2+不仅可以将N-氧化物还原为叔胺, 也可以断裂酰化羟胺中的N-O键, 将其还原为胺。Xuan等[49]2015年开发的用于检测Fe2+的小分子荧光探针20便是利用该机制开发的(图 1D)。将乙酰基引入到萘酰亚胺荧光团中, 乙酰基的吸电子作用淬灭了荧光团本身的荧光, Fe2+作用后, N-O键断裂, 氨基的给电子作用恢复, 荧光增强。探针20可通过一步反应得到, 与Fe2+反应后1 min内荧光增强27倍, 且对Fe2+有较好的选择性, 灵敏度低至0.5 μmol·L-1。使用探针20, 成功地监测了星形胶质细胞中的Fe2+。在体外实验中, 虽然观察到Cu2+和Cu+一定程度上也可点亮探针, 但由于神经元中Cu2+和Cu+含量明显低于Fe2+ [50], 因此并不会影响探针20对Fe2+的检测。除此之外, 通过用Zn2+与脑细胞预孵育, 与未用Zn2+预孵育的细胞相比, 荧光信号明显增强, 说明Zn2+可诱导Fe2+水平增加。并且采用探针20, 该项研究还证实了Fe2+在缺血性脑组织中含量较高。
Qu等[51]在2016年报道了一个利用Fe2+参与的氧化还原水解级联反应开发的探针21 (图 1E)。探针的结构中含有重金属碲, 在氧气的存在下, 通过Fe2+引发的氧化还原反应, 去除碲原子, 消除碲原子对萘酰亚胺荧光团的重原子作用, 导致荧光开启, 从而实现对Fe2+的检测。探针21对Fe2+表现出了良好的选择性, Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+等生物富集金属离子及活性氧对荧光信号的影响很小。在0~25 μmol·L-1 Fe2+浓度范围内, 荧光强度与Fe2+浓度有良好的线性关系, 检测限低至0.15 μmol·L-1。探针21可用于监测HL-7702细胞中补充的Fe2+
2018年, Long等[52]利用Fe2+介导的环化反应得到了一个对Fe2+选择性响应的探针22 (图 2A)。探针22通过C=N双键将香豆素荧光团与邻氨基苯酚的氨基连接起来, C=N键的异构化使探针本身的荧光可以忽略不计, 与Fe2+作用后, 发生环化反应, 生成苯并噁唑环, 从而荧光开启。探针22能够对Fe2+快速响应, 不受其他金属离子、半胱氨酸及谷胱甘肽的影响, 荧光强度在2 min内达到平台期。目前探针22已成功地用于检测活细胞中的Fe2+
前面所描述的利用Fe2+的还原能力, 环化策略开发的小分子荧光探针大部分是基于“turn-on”的荧光开启类探针(探针121117除外)。在利用Fe2+与配体的螯合作用开发的小分子荧光探针中, 大量传统的探针是基于Fe2+的荧光淬灭作用开发的, 也就是“turn-off”型探针。这类探针在铁代谢相关的生理病理学研究中发挥了关键的作用, 但在金属选择性和体内成像方面仍存在一定的挑战[53]。因此科研人员利用Fe2+的螯合作用还开发了“turn-on”和比率型的小分子荧光探针, 在此主要对这两类探针进行综述(图 2B, C)。
Au-Yeung等[54]在2013年报道了一个利用仿生配体与Fe2+的螯合作用开发的小分子荧光探针23 (图 2B)。通过C-O键将仿生配体N-(双-2-吡啶基甲基)-N-(2-吡啶基甲基) 甘氨酸与荧光素结合起来, Fe2+与配体螯合后, 在O2的作用下, C-O断裂, 释放出荧光团, 从而实现对Fe2+的高选择性检测。虽然体外实验中显示探针23也可被Co2+点亮, 但钴胺素作为细胞中Co2+存在的主要形式, 对探针并无反应, 说明生理条件下的Co2+并不会干扰Fe2+的检测。探针23可用于检测水溶液和活细胞中的Fe2+, 共定位实验表明, 探针23主要存在于溶酶体中。作者指出, 这是第一代检测Fe2+的荧光化学工具, 可以可视化补充或消耗铁后活细胞中可以交换的铁的储备变化。除此之外, Wu等[55]在2019年基于类似的策略开发了小分子荧光探针24 (图 2B)。探针24是一个近红外小分子荧光探针, 使用探针24首次观察到了药物诱导的小鼠肝损伤模型中Fe2+水平的增加。
基于Fe2+的螯合作用科研人员还开发了其他“turn-on”型小分子荧光探针。例如, Hou等[56]在2013年报道的基于罗丹明的小分子荧光探针25便是利用Fe2+与氮原子和氧原子的螯合作用开发的(图 2B)。探针在Fe2+存在下, 按照Fe2+∶探针= 1∶2的比例螯合, 阻止螺环和开环结构之间的互变, 从而导致荧光增强。在pH 7.4的PBS中, 探针25对Fe2+具有高选择性, 可用于监测活细胞中的Fe2+
与探针25类似, Santhoshkumar等[57]开发的探针26与Fe2+的螯合比也为1∶2 (图 2B)。由于C=N的异构化, 探针本身的荧光很弱, 与Fe2+螯合后, C=N无法自由旋转, 因此荧光增强。探针26可用于检测CH3CN/H2O=1/1中的Fe2+, 目前已用于市售片剂、番茄汁、黑巧克力和自来水中Fe2+的测定。
Li等[58]在2011年报道了一个基于Fe2+的螯合作用开发的比率型探针27 (图 2C)。探针的结构中含有可与Fe2+螯合的4'-(氨基-甲基苯基)-2, 2', 6', 2''-三联吡啶(Tpy) 单元以及发射波长为635 nm的花青染料(Cy) 和发射波长为507 nm的BODIPY荧光团。在Fe2+的存在下, Tpy部分与Fe2+发生螯合, 通过PET作用将花青染料的荧光淬灭, 但并不淬灭BODIPY的荧光, 且随着Fe2+浓度的逐渐增加, 荧光淬灭作用逐渐增强, 因此可以通过不同波长处的荧光信号比来对Fe2+进行检测。探针27具有良好的细胞膜穿透能力和低的细胞毒性, 可对细胞中的Fe2+进行成像。
监测生物体内的游离heme的变化对与heme相关的生理病理过程来说有着重要的意义。生理过程中, heme与氯高铁血红素(hemin) 之间存在相互转化, 也与蛋白质之间存在相互作用[59], 这就使得对heme的特异性、高选择性的检测存在一定的困难。传统的检测方法一般检测的为总血红素, 并不是单独的heme, 即使近年来开发的检测血红素的基因编码荧光探针, 它们对heme的选择性也受到hemin和锌卟啉(ZnPP) 的干扰, 并且较复杂的操作限制了其在野生型细胞中的使用[60-63]。而单独用于高选择性检测heme的小分子荧光探针最近几年才被开发出来, 目前主要有两种类型, 分别是过氧桥键还原类和N-氧化物还原类, 均为“turn-on”型小分子荧光探针。
2020年, Xu等[64]受到青蒿素等含有过氧桥键的化合物生物活性机制的启发, 设计了第一个可以检测heme的小分子荧光探针28 (图 3)。该探针通过氨基甲酸酯键将4-氨基-1, 8-萘酰亚胺荧光团与含有过氧桥键的部分连接起来。在heme存在下, 探针28通过发生β-消除反应释放出荧光团, 在540 nm处的荧光强度增加了13倍, 探针的荧光强度与低浓度的heme (20~750 nmol·L-1) 有较好的线性关系。所开发的探针28对heme有很好的选择性, 对heme的反应性高于常见的干扰, 包括hemin、ZnPP、蛋白质相互作用的血红素和Fe2+。除此之外, 探针28可用于监测活细胞中的内源性heme水平, 并在溶血模型小鼠中发现heme的水平与溶血程度呈正相关。
2022年, 本课题组[65]受到鹰爪甲素的过氧桥键可以被heme断裂为单独两部分的启发, 通过合理设计, 开发了3个含有BODIPY的小分子荧光探针29~31 (图 3), 其中探针31在heme作用后有高达118倍的荧光增强, 并且对疟原虫进行成像时并不会受到Fe2+和血红蛋白的干扰。使用探针对疟原虫进行特异性成像, 发现所合成的探针均可以时间依赖性地同步成像疟原虫, 探针31有最好的敏感性。通过探针31分别对耐药和不耐药的疟原虫进行成像, 发现相对于不耐药的疟原虫, 耐药的疟原虫发育更为迟缓, 其环期(低heme水平) 更长。除此之外, 使用探针31通过高通量筛选, 发现了一个可以和双氢青蒿素(DHA) 发挥协同作用的化合物扁塑藤素(pristimerin), 其作为疟原虫的环期抑制剂, 在添加pristimerin后, 可显著增加DHA对耐药疟原虫的消融作用。
Nagasawa课题组[25]在他们开发的用于Fe2+的小分子荧光探针的基础上, 受到细胞色素P450仿生反应的启发[66], 于2022年报道了第一个基于N-氧化物还原的用来检测heme的小分子荧光探针32 (图 4)。通过将吸电子的4, 4-二氟哌啶结构引入环状胺的氮氧化合物中促进了heme以Fe2+形式诱导的脱氧反应, 从而得到了对heme有高选择性和敏感性的探针32, 检测限可低至100 pmol·L-1。采用细胞更容易摄取的Ac-32进行实验, 发现在补充了heme合成诱导剂和铁源的细胞中, 所合成的探针也能够有效区分heme和Fe2+。荧光成像结果表明, 在外源性NO刺激后, 探针32可直接检测外源上调的heme和内源性的heme。另外, 探针32验证了FLVCR1a和ABCG2作为heme输出体分别被敲低和抑制后细胞内heme的累积。除此之外, 使用探针32进行监测, 证实了G-四链体作为细胞内heme储存库的作用。并且, 通过Ac-32和他们已开发的探针5c进行双目标成像实验, 发现在铁死亡时, Fe2+和heme均升高, 表明heme参与了细胞铁死亡的过程。
不难看出, 近10年来, 不断有用于Fe2+的小分子荧光探针被开发, 用于检测heme的小分子荧光探针由于hemin、ZnPP等相关物质的干扰以及heme本身的荧光淬灭作用[65]目前开发得还较少, 考虑到heme在生理环境中的重要作用, 因此这类型的探针也受到了广泛的关注。目前已报道的荧光探针大部分在Fe2+和heme相关的生理病理学研究中都表现出了巨大的潜力, 对这类探针的开发有一定启示。一是基于作用机制指导探针设计。从利用Fe2+以及heme参与的反应开发的探针中不难看出, 这种从目标分子可促进的反应出发, 基于作用机制来指导探针的设计可运用到一系列同类探针的开发中。二是利用药效团开发小分子荧光探针。在检测heme的小分子荧光探针中, 过氧桥键作为活性天然产物青蒿素类抗疟药物的药效团, 在探针28~31的结构中起到关键作用。随着青蒿素类药物抗癌活性[67]的不断指出, 利用药效团开发小分子荧光探针的策略不仅能够对目标分子heme进行检测, 也有利于进一步理解活性天然产物是如何发挥作用的。
与此同时, 用于Fe2+及heme的小分子荧光探针的发展仍然面临着许多挑战。在检测Fe2+的小分子荧光探针设计中, 基于Fe2+参与的反应来开发探针是最常用的策略, 其中N-氧化物还原应用较多, 其他策略也表现出了不错的潜力。在这其中, 虽然大部分探针都可对细胞中的Fe2+进行检测, 并且有部分探针应用到了小鼠和石斑鱼中, 不过除个别探针外, 对生物体内Fe2+的实时快速动态检测还是有一定的困难。在用于heme的小分子荧光探针中, 目前还未有在亚细胞水平上靶向不同细胞器中heme的小分子荧光探针, 并且考虑到近红外(NIR) 荧光相对于短波波长荧光的优势[68], 为了进一步理解heme的生理病理学功能, 这两类探针的开发也是必需的。另外, 目前的研究中有部分指出, 探针的荧光强度与一定浓度范围内Fe2+或heme呈线性关系, 但在实际工作中利用线性关系对生物体系不同环境中的Fe2+或heme进行定量还是有一定的困难。市售的相关定量检测试剂盒大多是利用吸光度进行检测, 最低检测限往往在μmol·L-1级, 而已报道小分子荧光探针的最低检测限可低至nmol·L-1甚至pmol·L-1级(探针32), 因此, 利用小分子荧光探针采用合适的方法对不同生物体系中的Fe2+或heme进行定量也是一项有待开发的研究。再者, 无论是用于检测Fe2+还是heme的小分子荧光探针中比率型探针的开发都较少, 相比于“turn-on”型探针, 比率型探针受到其他因素的干扰更小, 往往具有更低的背景荧光信号, 可进一步提高检测的灵敏度和选择性。最后, 在Fe2+和heme的小分子荧光探针开发中均用到了相似的反应基团, 例如过氧桥键和N-氧化物, 说明这类反应基团在特定的条件下可被Fe2+或heme激活, 因此在后续利用这类反应基团开发探针时如何通过巧妙设计避免Fe2+和heme相互干扰或者如何利用这类反应基团开发可同时检测不与蛋白结合的总Fe2+水平也是一个关键问题。相信随着研究的不断深入, 将来定会有更优性能的用于检测Fe2+和heme的荧光探针不断出现, 并在生物医药等相关领域成功应用。
作者贡献: 张崇敬对论文进行整体的构思和修改; 陈晨负责全文的撰写和修改; 陈义鑫对论文进行修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(22177136)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-2-002)
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2023年第58卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0547
  • 接收时间:2023-05-03
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-03
  • 修回日期:2023-05-25
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(22177136)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-2-002)
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    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 活性物质发现与适药化研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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