Article(id=1198628676070896006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628666650493481, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1327, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1669996800000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-03, revisedDate=1680105600000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704945818, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1689091200000, pubDateStr=2023-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704945818, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704945818, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704945818, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628666650493481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='7', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1980', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704943573, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137716668, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832456644490122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628666650493481, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832456644490123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628666650493481, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1940, endPage=1951, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628677442433446, articleId=1198628676070896006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The mechanism of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen and fried Ziziphi Spinosae Semen to improve insomnia based on integrating metabolomics and intestinal flora, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to explore the effects of Ziziphi Spinosae Seme (ZSS) and Fried Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (FZSS) on metabolites and intestinal flora structure in insomnia mice by combining metabolomics analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Animal experimentation was approved according to the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine (approval number: 2021DW172). The prediction targets were validated in para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) induced insomnia mice with administration of ZSS and FZSS for 5 days, respectively. Then pentobarbital sodium induced sleeping test were performed to evaluate the synergistic sleep-aiding effect of ZSS and FZSS. The metabolic profile of serum from insomnia mice was analyzed by UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS. Different metabolites were screened combined with multivariate statistical analysis. The relevant metabolic pathways and networks were constructed by MetaboAnalyst 5.0. Intestinal flora changes were detected by 16S rRNA sequencing technology. Animal study indicated that, compared to PCPA-induced insomnia model, ZSS and FZSS shortened the sleeping latency and increased the sleeping duration. The serum metabolomics results showed that, there are 36 potential biomarkers associated with insomnia were identified. Compared with the model group, 25 and 27 differential metabolites were identified in the ZSS and FZSS groups, respectively. Both ZSS and FZSS groups could significantly adjust to the common 20 differential metabolites. A total of 10 pathways are closely related to insomnia, which including amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism and lipid metabolism. 5 metabolic pathways are shared in ZSS and FZSS, including phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, cysteine and methionine metabolism and so on. Arachidonic acid metabolism is the unique metabolic pathway for ZSS to improve sleep; 3 metabolic pathways including glutamate and glutamine are the unique regulatory pathway for FZSS to improve sleep. PCoA analysis showed that the structure of ZSS and FZSS recovered to blank group, ZSS and FZSS can decrease the abundance of Pvotella and increase the abundance of Lactobacillus. LEfSe and correlation analysis between metabolites and differential intestinal flora showed that kynurenic acid, L-glutamic acid, D-proline are significantly positively associated with Gammaproteobacteria in ZSS and 5-HT, acetylcholine, L-methionine are significantly positively associated with Lactobacillus in FZSS. In conclusion, both ZSS and FZSS can influence metabolic pathways such as amino acids, energy and lipids and regulate the structure of intestinal flora, and then play a part in treating insomnia. However, ZSS and FZSS improve the quality of sleeping by regulating different metabolic pathways and regulating gut microbiota structure. The results of this study provide an experimental basis for illustrating the action mechanism of ZSS and FZSS in treating insomnia and provide a scientific basis for clinical rational medication guidance.

, correspAuthors=Yan YAN, Chen-hui DU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Cong-hui WANG, Rui HAN, Ze LI, Yi-ran HENG, Yao-nan CHEN, Xiang-ping PEI, Yan YAN, Chen-hui DU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628680059679374, articleId=1198628676070896006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=整合代谢组学和肠道菌群探讨生、炒酸枣仁改善睡眠的作用机制特点, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究整合代谢组学技术和肠道菌群分析, 探讨生、炒酸枣仁(Ziziphi Spinosae Seme, ZSS; Fried Ziziphi Spinosae Semen, FZSS) 对失眠小鼠内源性代谢物及肠道菌群结构的影响。动物实验获得山西中医药大学伦理委员会的批准(批准号: 2021DW172)。通过腹腔注射对氯苯丙氨酸(PCPA) 复制小鼠失眠模型, 分别给予ZSS、FZSS治疗5天, 开展戊巴比妥钠诱导睡眠实验, 考察ZSS、FZSS协同助眠作用。采用UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS对失眠小鼠血清进行代谢轮廓分析, 结合多元统计分析, 筛选差异代谢物, 并借助MetaboAnalyst 5.0构建相关代谢通路与网络。利用16S rRNA分析肠道菌群结构及筛选差异性菌群。结果显示, 戊巴比妥钠诱导睡眠实验中, 与模型组相比, ZSS、FZSS均可降低睡眠潜伏期并延长睡眠时间; 血清代谢组学结果显示, 共鉴定36种与失眠相关的潜在生物标志物。与模型组相比, ZSS和FZSS组分别鉴定25和27种差异代谢物, 其中ZSS、FZSS均可显著回调共有的20种差异代谢物。共涉及10条与氨基酸代谢、能量代谢和脂质代谢调控机制密切相关通路。苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成, 半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸等5条代谢通路是ZSS组、FZSS组共有调控途径; 而花生四烯酸代谢是ZSS改善睡眠的独有代谢途径; 谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺等3条代谢通路是FZSS改善睡眠独有的调控途径。PCoA分析表明ZSS组、FZSS组菌群结构均有向空白组恢复的趋势; ZSS、FZSS均可促进普沃菌属丰度下降, 而上调乳酸菌属丰度。LEfSe和相关性分析表明血清差异代谢物犬尿喹啉酸、L-谷氨酸、D-脯氨酸与ZSS组差异菌γ-变形菌纲呈显著正相关; 5-羟色胺、乙酰胆碱、L-甲硫氨酸与FZSS组差异菌乳酸菌属呈显著正相关。综上, ZSS与FZSS均可影响氨基酸、能量及脂质等代谢通路并调控肠道菌群结构, 从而发挥治疗失眠作用, 但在具体的代谢通路及肠道菌群各有特点。本研究结果为阐明ZSS、FZSS治疗失眠作用机制提供了实验基础, 为指导临床合理用药提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=闫艳, 杜晨晖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*闫艳, Tel: 86-351-7018379, E-mail: ;
杜晨晖, Tel: 86-351-3179982, E-mail:
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Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960093875237010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, companyId=1198960093858459791, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960099889869526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ePHZZmQfCP6dgMxfAX10aQ==, figureFileBig=AeP3NIru+BN9r67yfujGRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960100082807540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Effect of Ziziphi Spinosae Seme (ZSS) and Fried Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (FZSS) on the hypnotic response to pentobarbital-induced sleep in mice: sleep latency (A), sleep duration (B). <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> model group. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s.</i> DZP: Diazepam , figureFileSmall=ePHZZmQfCP6dgMxfAX10aQ==, figureFileBig=AeP3NIru+BN9r67yfujGRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960100334465807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=27JXaQ0JQ9nw7CMszmiE0Q==, figureFileBig=RgTRXLWWBqsiO8n8zsX6Yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960100464489244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The reliability investigation of the analytical method using quality control (QC) samples. RSD distribution of metabolites measured in the pooled QC samples: positive ion mode (A) and negative ion mode (B) , figureFileSmall=27JXaQ0JQ9nw7CMszmiE0Q==, figureFileBig=RgTRXLWWBqsiO8n8zsX6Yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960100665815858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=oX+cktrvVIFVs1g248y6yA==, figureFileBig=cHiMm+M68Tx/ygbH4h8MQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960100862948164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= PCA score plot of control group, model group, ZSS group and FZSS group: positive ion mode (A) and negative ion mode (B); OPLS-DA score of Control group and Model group: positive ion mode (C) and negative ion mode (D); permutation test results of control group and model group: positive ion mode (E) and negative ion mode (F); S-plot of control group and model group: positive ion mode (G) and negative ion mode (H). The numbers in G and H are consistent with those in the <a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a mag_xref_table" onclick="clickTabXref(this,'Table1')" rid="Table1">Table 1</a> , figureFileSmall=oX+cktrvVIFVs1g248y6yA==, figureFileBig=cHiMm+M68Tx/ygbH4h8MQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960101047497561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7wy/bmOyJplbXlv/igkrdA==, figureFileBig=OzVxGQliJMaqM6Mxs5HBzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960101169132396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The relative peak area of metabolites of between control, model, ZSS and FZSS. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> model; <sup>△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>△△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>△△△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> ZSS; <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=7wy/bmOyJplbXlv/igkrdA==, figureFileBig=OzVxGQliJMaqM6Mxs5HBzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960101253018487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8z+qyPHKCwtE4o4Zz/5Dew==, figureFileBig=0TcIgxeQ+R1Qt5W5PMZ9Sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960101433373579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Metabolic pathway analysis. A: Model <i>vs</i> control; B: ZSS <i>vs</i> model; C: FZSS <i>vs</i> model. 1: Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis; 2: <i>D</i>-Glutamine and <i>D</i>-glutamate metabolism; 3: Phenylalanine metabolism; 4: Arachidonic acid metabolism; 5: Histidine metabolism; 6: Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; 7: Tryptophan metabolism; 8: Glycerophospholipid metabolism; 9: Arginine biosynthesis; 10: Cysteine and methionine metabolism , figureFileSmall=8z+qyPHKCwtE4o4Zz/5Dew==, figureFileBig=0TcIgxeQ+R1Qt5W5PMZ9Sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960101626311579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=uGt9IGk6jLfIc+JdwKlgdA==, figureFileBig=2ht25q0e+G8I8AC0M7NKdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960101819249582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Schematic diagram of metabolic pathway network. 5-HT: 5-Hydroxytryptamine; 5-HTP: 5-Hydroxytryptophan; <i>L</i>-DOPA: Levodopa; DA: Dopamine; NA: Noradrenaline; GABA: <i>γ</i>-Aminobutyric acid; TCA cycle: Tricarboxylic acid cycle; GSH: Glutathione; PGH2: Prostaglandin H<sub>2</sub>; PGD2: Prostaglandin D2; PGJ2: Prostaglandin J2 , figureFileSmall=uGt9IGk6jLfIc+JdwKlgdA==, figureFileBig=2ht25q0e+G8I8AC0M7NKdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960102037353411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=XWEFU9DaMbHa9eiD+zgozQ==, figureFileBig=T/HL9yCoO3hcc1UJzeH5YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960102188348368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores 4 were generated from LEfSe analysis, showing the differences in bacterial abundance (LEfSe: LDA effect size) , figureFileSmall=XWEFU9DaMbHa9eiD+zgozQ==, figureFileBig=T/HL9yCoO3hcc1UJzeH5YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960102515504103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DXMAEjvu2xFyOOmJQMIEyw==, figureFileBig=tlekkPbJ2BLIJXyoQmRAQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960102704247801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= Correlation analysis between metabolites and differential flora (comparison between groups <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01) , figureFileSmall=DXMAEjvu2xFyOOmJQMIEyw==, figureFileBig=tlekkPbJ2BLIJXyoQmRAQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960102842658818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Metabolite Formula Ion m/z tR/min VIP Trend
Model/Control ZSS/Model FZSS/Model
1 L-Histidine C6H9N3O2 [M+H]+ 156.076 8 1.12 1.49
2 Choline C5H13NO [M+H]+ 104.107 0 1.23 8.87
3 Betaine C5H11NO2 [M+H]+ 118.086 3 1.27 6.08
4 Acetylcholine C7H15NO2 [M+H]+ 146.117 6 1.28 1.93
5 L-Glutamic acid C5H9NO4 [M+H]+ 148.060 4 1.24 1.64 -
6 D-Proline C5H9NO2 [M+H]+ 116.070 6 1.29 3.01
7 Citric acid C6H8O7 [M-H]- 191.019 7 1.34 1.09
8 Valine C5H11NO2 [M+H]+ 118.086 3 1.39 5.80 -
9 L-Acetylcarnitine C9H17NO4 [M+H]+ 204.123 1.62 14.0 -
10 Uric acid C5H4N4O3 [M+H]+ 169.035 6 1.63 9.81 -
11 L-Methionine C5H11NO2S [M+H]+ 150.058 3 1.68 7.50
12 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde C7H6O2 [M+H]+ 123.044 1 1.90 2.51
13 L-Norleucine C6H13NO2 [M+H]+ 132.101 9 2.11 8.23
14 Propionylcarnitine C10H19NO4 [M+H]+ 218.138 7 2.38 5.18
15 5-HT C10H12N2O [M+H]+ 177.102 2 2.54 1.52
16 L-Kynurenine C10H12N2O3 [M+H]+ 209.092 1 3.18 1.46
17 L-Phenylalanine C9H11NO2 [M+H]+ 166.086 3 3.39 13.73
18 Indoleacrylic acid C11H9NO2 [M+H]+ 188.070 6 5.06 13.81
19 γ-Glu-leucine C11H20N2O5 [M+H]+ 261.144 5 5.45 2.72
20 Kynurenic acid C10H7NO3 [M+H]+ 190.049 9 5.58 1.01
21 Indolelactic acid C11H11NO3 [M+H]+ 206.081 2 8.42 1.08 -
22 N-Acetyl-D-tryptophan C13H14N2O3 [M+H]+ 247.107 7 8.52 1.60
23 Palmitic acid C16H32O2 [M-H]- 255.233 15.13 1.25 - -
24 Palmitoylethanolamide C18H37NO2 [M+H]+ 300.289 7 16.00 1.32 - -
25 Stearic acid C18H36O2 [M-H]- 283.264 3 16.97 1.62 - -
26 16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid C16H32O3 [M-H]- 271.227 9 17.81 2.19 - -
27 Benzoic acid C7H6O2 [M-H]- 121.029 5 18.30 2.41 - -
28 Palmitoylcarnitine C23H45NO4 [M+H]+ 400.342 1 18.45 4.79
29 Arachidonic acid C20H32O2 [M-H]- 303.233 18.51 1.85 -
30 Terephthalic acid C8H6O4 [M-H]- 165.019 3 18.66 10.27 -
31 Oleic acid C18H34O2 [M-H]- 281.248 6 19.54 1.07 -
32 Palmitic amide C16H33NO [M+H]+ 256.263 5 21.97 1.09
33 Docosahexaenoic acid C22H32O2 [M+H]+ 329.247 5 22.84 4.04
34 4-Methoxycinnamic acid C10H10O3 [M+H]+ 179.070 3 23.00 3.57
35 PC(18:3(9Z, 12Z, 15Z)/18:2(9Z, 12Z)) C44H78NO8P [M+H]+ 780.554 25.51 12.56 - -
36 Erucamide C22H43NO [M+H]+ 338.341 7 26.47 37.53
), ArticleFig(id=1198960102981070865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628676070896006, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Differential metabolites of in serum in various groups. VIP: Variable importance for the projection; ↓ Means that the relative pe-ak area of group is lowered; ↑ Means that the relative peak area is raised; - Means differential metabolite that is not in the two groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Metabolite Formula Ion m/z tR/min VIP Trend
Model/Control ZSS/Model FZSS/Model
1 L-Histidine C6H9N3O2 [M+H]+ 156.076 8 1.12 1.49
2 Choline C5H13NO [M+H]+ 104.107 0 1.23 8.87
3 Betaine C5H11NO2 [M+H]+ 118.086 3 1.27 6.08
4 Acetylcholine C7H15NO2 [M+H]+ 146.117 6 1.28 1.93
5 L-Glutamic acid C5H9NO4 [M+H]+ 148.060 4 1.24 1.64 -
6 D-Proline C5H9NO2 [M+H]+ 116.070 6 1.29 3.01
7 Citric acid C6H8O7 [M-H]- 191.019 7 1.34 1.09
8 Valine C5H11NO2 [M+H]+ 118.086 3 1.39 5.80 -
9 L-Acetylcarnitine C9H17NO4 [M+H]+ 204.123 1.62 14.0 -
10 Uric acid C5H4N4O3 [M+H]+ 169.035 6 1.63 9.81 -
11 L-Methionine C5H11NO2S [M+H]+ 150.058 3 1.68 7.50
12 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde C7H6O2 [M+H]+ 123.044 1 1.90 2.51
13 L-Norleucine C6H13NO2 [M+H]+ 132.101 9 2.11 8.23
14 Propionylcarnitine C10H19NO4 [M+H]+ 218.138 7 2.38 5.18
15 5-HT C10H12N2O [M+H]+ 177.102 2 2.54 1.52
16 L-Kynurenine C10H12N2O3 [M+H]+ 209.092 1 3.18 1.46
17 L-Phenylalanine C9H11NO2 [M+H]+ 166.086 3 3.39 13.73
18 Indoleacrylic acid C11H9NO2 [M+H]+ 188.070 6 5.06 13.81
19 γ-Glu-leucine C11H20N2O5 [M+H]+ 261.144 5 5.45 2.72
20 Kynurenic acid C10H7NO3 [M+H]+ 190.049 9 5.58 1.01
21 Indolelactic acid C11H11NO3 [M+H]+ 206.081 2 8.42 1.08 -
22 N-Acetyl-D-tryptophan C13H14N2O3 [M+H]+ 247.107 7 8.52 1.60
23 Palmitic acid C16H32O2 [M-H]- 255.233 15.13 1.25 - -
24 Palmitoylethanolamide C18H37NO2 [M+H]+ 300.289 7 16.00 1.32 - -
25 Stearic acid C18H36O2 [M-H]- 283.264 3 16.97 1.62 - -
26 16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid C16H32O3 [M-H]- 271.227 9 17.81 2.19 - -
27 Benzoic acid C7H6O2 [M-H]- 121.029 5 18.30 2.41 - -
28 Palmitoylcarnitine C23H45NO4 [M+H]+ 400.342 1 18.45 4.79
29 Arachidonic acid C20H32O2 [M-H]- 303.233 18.51 1.85 -
30 Terephthalic acid C8H6O4 [M-H]- 165.019 3 18.66 10.27 -
31 Oleic acid C18H34O2 [M-H]- 281.248 6 19.54 1.07 -
32 Palmitic amide C16H33NO [M+H]+ 256.263 5 21.97 1.09
33 Docosahexaenoic acid C22H32O2 [M+H]+ 329.247 5 22.84 4.04
34 4-Methoxycinnamic acid C10H10O3 [M+H]+ 179.070 3 23.00 3.57
35 PC(18:3(9Z, 12Z, 15Z)/18:2(9Z, 12Z)) C44H78NO8P [M+H]+ 780.554 25.51 12.56 - -
36 Erucamide C22H43NO [M+H]+ 338.341 7 26.47 37.53
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整合代谢组学和肠道菌群探讨生、炒酸枣仁改善睡眠的作用机制特点
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王丛辉 1 , 韩瑞 1 , 李泽 1 , 衡依然 1 , 陈尧楠 1 , 裴香萍 1 , 闫艳 2, * , 杜晨晖 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(7): 1940-1951
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(7): 1940-1951
整合代谢组学和肠道菌群探讨生、炒酸枣仁改善睡眠的作用机制特点
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王丛辉1, 韩瑞1, 李泽1, 衡依然1, 陈尧楠1, 裴香萍1, 闫艳2, * , 杜晨晖1, *
作者信息
  • 1.山西中医药大学中药与食品工程学院, 山西 太原 030619
  • 2.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006

通讯作者:

*闫艳, Tel: 86-351-7018379, E-mail: ;
杜晨晖, Tel: 86-351-3179982, E-mail:
The mechanism of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen and fried Ziziphi Spinosae Semen to improve insomnia based on integrating metabolomics and intestinal flora
Cong-hui WANG1, Rui HAN1, Ze LI1, Yi-ran HENG1, Yao-nan CHEN1, Xiang-ping PEI1, Yan YAN2, * , Chen-hui DU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030619, China
  • 2. Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
出版时间: 2023-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1327
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本研究整合代谢组学技术和肠道菌群分析, 探讨生、炒酸枣仁(Ziziphi Spinosae Seme, ZSS; Fried Ziziphi Spinosae Semen, FZSS) 对失眠小鼠内源性代谢物及肠道菌群结构的影响。动物实验获得山西中医药大学伦理委员会的批准(批准号: 2021DW172)。通过腹腔注射对氯苯丙氨酸(PCPA) 复制小鼠失眠模型, 分别给予ZSS、FZSS治疗5天, 开展戊巴比妥钠诱导睡眠实验, 考察ZSS、FZSS协同助眠作用。采用UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS对失眠小鼠血清进行代谢轮廓分析, 结合多元统计分析, 筛选差异代谢物, 并借助MetaboAnalyst 5.0构建相关代谢通路与网络。利用16S rRNA分析肠道菌群结构及筛选差异性菌群。结果显示, 戊巴比妥钠诱导睡眠实验中, 与模型组相比, ZSS、FZSS均可降低睡眠潜伏期并延长睡眠时间; 血清代谢组学结果显示, 共鉴定36种与失眠相关的潜在生物标志物。与模型组相比, ZSS和FZSS组分别鉴定25和27种差异代谢物, 其中ZSS、FZSS均可显著回调共有的20种差异代谢物。共涉及10条与氨基酸代谢、能量代谢和脂质代谢调控机制密切相关通路。苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成, 半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸等5条代谢通路是ZSS组、FZSS组共有调控途径; 而花生四烯酸代谢是ZSS改善睡眠的独有代谢途径; 谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺等3条代谢通路是FZSS改善睡眠独有的调控途径。PCoA分析表明ZSS组、FZSS组菌群结构均有向空白组恢复的趋势; ZSS、FZSS均可促进普沃菌属丰度下降, 而上调乳酸菌属丰度。LEfSe和相关性分析表明血清差异代谢物犬尿喹啉酸、L-谷氨酸、D-脯氨酸与ZSS组差异菌γ-变形菌纲呈显著正相关; 5-羟色胺、乙酰胆碱、L-甲硫氨酸与FZSS组差异菌乳酸菌属呈显著正相关。综上, ZSS与FZSS均可影响氨基酸、能量及脂质等代谢通路并调控肠道菌群结构, 从而发挥治疗失眠作用, 但在具体的代谢通路及肠道菌群各有特点。本研究结果为阐明ZSS、FZSS治疗失眠作用机制提供了实验基础, 为指导临床合理用药提供科学依据。

酸枣仁  /  炒酸枣仁  /  代谢组学  /  肠道菌群  /  改善睡眠机制

This study aimed to explore the effects of Ziziphi Spinosae Seme (ZSS) and Fried Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (FZSS) on metabolites and intestinal flora structure in insomnia mice by combining metabolomics analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Animal experimentation was approved according to the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine (approval number: 2021DW172). The prediction targets were validated in para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) induced insomnia mice with administration of ZSS and FZSS for 5 days, respectively. Then pentobarbital sodium induced sleeping test were performed to evaluate the synergistic sleep-aiding effect of ZSS and FZSS. The metabolic profile of serum from insomnia mice was analyzed by UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS. Different metabolites were screened combined with multivariate statistical analysis. The relevant metabolic pathways and networks were constructed by MetaboAnalyst 5.0. Intestinal flora changes were detected by 16S rRNA sequencing technology. Animal study indicated that, compared to PCPA-induced insomnia model, ZSS and FZSS shortened the sleeping latency and increased the sleeping duration. The serum metabolomics results showed that, there are 36 potential biomarkers associated with insomnia were identified. Compared with the model group, 25 and 27 differential metabolites were identified in the ZSS and FZSS groups, respectively. Both ZSS and FZSS groups could significantly adjust to the common 20 differential metabolites. A total of 10 pathways are closely related to insomnia, which including amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism and lipid metabolism. 5 metabolic pathways are shared in ZSS and FZSS, including phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, cysteine and methionine metabolism and so on. Arachidonic acid metabolism is the unique metabolic pathway for ZSS to improve sleep; 3 metabolic pathways including glutamate and glutamine are the unique regulatory pathway for FZSS to improve sleep. PCoA analysis showed that the structure of ZSS and FZSS recovered to blank group, ZSS and FZSS can decrease the abundance of Pvotella and increase the abundance of Lactobacillus. LEfSe and correlation analysis between metabolites and differential intestinal flora showed that kynurenic acid, L-glutamic acid, D-proline are significantly positively associated with Gammaproteobacteria in ZSS and 5-HT, acetylcholine, L-methionine are significantly positively associated with Lactobacillus in FZSS. In conclusion, both ZSS and FZSS can influence metabolic pathways such as amino acids, energy and lipids and regulate the structure of intestinal flora, and then play a part in treating insomnia. However, ZSS and FZSS improve the quality of sleeping by regulating different metabolic pathways and regulating gut microbiota structure. The results of this study provide an experimental basis for illustrating the action mechanism of ZSS and FZSS in treating insomnia and provide a scientific basis for clinical rational medication guidance.

Ziziphi Spinosae Seme  /  fried Ziziphi Spinosae Semen  /  metabolomics  /  intestinal flora  /  the mechanism of improving sleep
王丛辉, 韩瑞, 李泽, 衡依然, 陈尧楠, 裴香萍, 闫艳, 杜晨晖. 整合代谢组学和肠道菌群探讨生、炒酸枣仁改善睡眠的作用机制特点. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (7) : 1940 -1951 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1327
Cong-hui WANG, Rui HAN, Ze LI, Yi-ran HENG, Yao-nan CHEN, Xiang-ping PEI, Yan YAN, Chen-hui DU. The mechanism of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen and fried Ziziphi Spinosae Semen to improve insomnia based on integrating metabolomics and intestinal flora[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (7) : 1940 -1951 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1327
2020年中国睡眠研究会调查数据显示, 中国成年人失眠率高达38.2%。失眠可导致代谢紊乱, 如心血管疾病、糖尿病和肥胖等多种疾病[1]。酸枣仁为鼠李科植物酸枣Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chou的干燥成熟种子, 始载于《神农本草经》, 具有补肝、宁心、敛汗、生津的功效[2], 是中医药临床治疗失眠的首选药物[3]。目前在酸枣仁中已鉴定出237种化合物, 主要为皂苷类、黄酮类、生物碱类以及脂肪酸等成分[4]。现代研究表明, 酸枣仁具有镇静安神[5]、改善学习记忆[6]、抗抑郁[7]等丰富的药理作用。
2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》记载酸枣仁共有两种饮片形式, 即酸枣仁(ZSS) 和炒酸枣仁(FZSS)[5]。ZSS的功效始载于《新修本草》, 据历代本草记载ZSS炮制前后的功效分为生熟同治和生熟异治两种[8]。有研究[9]表明ZSS、FZSS均具有镇静催眠的功效, 国内外学者对于ZSS炮制机制研究多聚焦在化学成分和药效作用方面。ZSS炮制后大部分黄酮类、皂苷类、生物碱类含量升高, 脂肪酸类成分含量下降显著[8]。ZSS、FZSS的药理作用比较研究主要在镇静安神、改善学习记忆、抗抑郁等方面[10], 而两者改善睡眠作用机制及其不同特点尚未见报道。
近年来, 代谢组学作为一门新兴组学技术, 以高通量、高灵敏度、高分辨率的分析仪器为手段, 用于分析生物体应激后其代谢产物的变化[11, 12]。非靶向代谢组学可以对特定生物体、细胞进行全面、无差别分析, 其中液质联用(LC-MS) 作为常用的非靶向代谢组学分析技术, 具有快速、高效, 专属性强, 准确性高等特点[13]。LC-MS代谢组学目前在炮制研究方面已经被广泛应用于生大黄与大黄炭[14]以及淫羊藿与油炙淫羊藿[15]等中药饮片体内作用机制的研究。微生物-肠-脑轴(MGB)[16]是肠道菌和中枢神经系统之间的双向通讯途径, 肠道菌群及其代谢物通过“脑肠轴”影响宿主大脑功能, 肠道菌群紊乱会导致失眠等神经疾病的发生[17]。肠道菌群已成为治疗中枢神经系统疾病及药物研发的新靶点[18]
本研究整合代谢组学和肠道菌群, 探讨ZSS、FZSS改善对氯苯丙氨酸(PCPA) 失眠大鼠的潜在作用机制特点。本研究复制PCPA失眠大鼠模型, 基于UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS代谢组学技术, 结合多元统计分析筛选鉴定PCPA造模后的生物标志物, 通过Metaboanalyst分析ZSS、FZSS治疗失眠的代谢通路。利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术分析肠道菌群属水平物种组成及相对丰度的变化; 采用LDA分析筛选各组间的差异性菌群。最后, 通过Spearman相关性分析探究肠道菌群与体内代谢产物的相关性, 从而剖析ZSS、FZSS通过体内代谢产物-肠道菌群介导的改善睡眠机制。
仪器  Thermo fisher U3000超高效液相色谱仪(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); Thermo ScientificTM Q ExactiveTM Orbitrap质谱仪、88880018涡旋仪(德国Thermo Scientific公司); CPA225D型十万分之一分析天平(德国Sartorius公司); 冷冻干燥机(北京四环科学仪器厂有限公司)。
试药与试剂  酸枣仁(批号: 210191015) 购于河北安国, 并由山西中医药大学杜晨晖教授鉴定为鼠李科植物酸枣Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chou的干燥成熟种子。炒酸枣仁为实验室自制, 取酸枣仁照清炒法(通则0213), 斯皮诺素和酸枣仁皂苷A的含量均符合2020版《中华人民共和国药典》规定。PCPA (纯度 > 98%, 批号: GK01-QHLL) 购自梯希爱(上海) 生化科技股份有限公司; 地西泮(批号: 1901023203) 购自山东信谊制药有限公司; 质谱级乙腈(批号: 194036)、甲醇(批号: 20211109) 和甲酸(批号: 207035) 均购于美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司; 戊巴比妥钠(批号: P11011) 购自德国默克公司; 生理盐水(批号: 1901023203) 购自石家庄四药有限公司; 无水乙醇(批号: 20180910) 购自天津市致远化学试剂有限公司; 苦味酸(批号: 20170608) 购自天津市大茂化学试剂厂; 5-HT ELISA试剂盒(批号: 20211015) 购自武汉贝茵莱生物科技; 其他试剂为分析纯。
实验动物  SPF级雄性ICR小鼠30只, 体质量为(20 ± 2) g, 购于北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司, 许可证号: SCXK (京) 2016-0011。动物饲养于山西中医药大学实验动物中心, 动物房控制在26 ℃, 湿度控制在55%~65%, 12 h昼夜交替的环境中适应性饲养7天, 自由进食饮水。动物实验获得山西中医药大学伦理委员会的批准(批准号: 2021DW172)。
药物制备  取生、炒酸枣仁样品各300 g, 粉碎(60%过1号药典筛), 加10倍量水, 浸泡30 min, 加热至沸, 回流提取2 h, 滤过, 滤渣再加8倍量水, 继续回流提取2 h, 滤过, 合并滤液, 减压浓缩至1 g·mL-1 (生药量计), 冷冻干燥, 得ZSS、FZSS水提取物冻干粉。
分组及给药  健康ICR小鼠30只, 随机分为空白组(Control)、模型组(Model)、地西泮组(diazepam, DZP)、酸枣仁组(ZSS)、炒酸枣仁组(FZSS), 每组6只。空白组给予生理盐水, 其余组腹腔注射PCPA溶液300 mg·kg-1, 连续注射3天, 以复制PCPA失眠模型[19]。采用ELISA法检测脑组织中5-HT的含量, 比较空白组与模型组脑组织中5-HT的含量变化, 验证失眠模型是否复制成功。ZSS、FZSS组分别给予生、炒酸枣仁水提物20 g·kg-1 (按生药量计), 给药容积为0.02 mL·g-1, 空白组与模型组按比例灌服同体积生理盐水。给药剂量根据动物与人给药剂量换算即得。每日1次, 连续给药5天。
戊巴比妥钠诱导小鼠睡眠实验  第5天灌胃后30 min, 各组小鼠腹腔注射44 mg·kg-1戊巴比妥钠, 观察小鼠在戊巴比妥钠诱导的睡眠潜伏期(注射戊巴比妥钠到小鼠翻正反射消失) 和睡眠时间(小鼠翻正反射消失到恢复正常活动)。末次给药前1天, 所有小鼠禁食不禁水。给药1 h后眼眶采血, 解剖取结肠内容物。
血清样本处理  将收集的血样4 ℃下, 以3 500 r·min-1离心20 min, 收集上清液, 得血清样本, -80 ℃保存。检测前, 4 ℃融化血清样品, 取200 μL血清, 加入预冷的甲醇-乙腈(1∶1) 600 μL, 涡旋1 min, 于4 ℃、13 000 r·min-1条件下离心15 min, 上清液于离心浓缩仪中浓缩至干, 150 μL初始流动相复溶, 涡旋30 s, 4 ℃、13 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 上清液经0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤后进样。分别取上述每个测试样品上清液各10 μL并充分混合, 作为质量控制(quality control, QC) 样本, QC样品在进样时, 每进完1组样本, 插入1个QC样本, 以评估仪器是否稳定。
16S rRNA测序分析  将小鼠解剖后, 收集结肠内容物。选择空白组、模型组、ZSS组、FZSS组, 每组各3个样品交由上海派森诺生物科技有限公司, 进行微生物总DNA提取和16S rRNA V3-V4可变区域的扩增。随后在Illumina Mi Seq测序平台进行高通量测序, 测序的数据按照97%的相似性阈值将序列划分为不同的OTU。使用QIIME2软件, 实现各样本在属水平上的组成分布可视化, 以柱状图呈现结果。通过主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA) 可以在不同的角度表征样本间的群落差异; 根据线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA), 找出每个组内显著富集的物种; 通过联川云平台建立血清差异代谢物与差异菌群的相关性分析, 找出菌群与代谢物的相关性。
色谱条件  采用ACQUITY UPLC® HSS T3柱(150 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm), 流动相为0.1%甲酸水(A) 和0.1%甲酸乙腈(B), 流速为0.35 mL·min-1, 柱温50 ℃, 进样量5 μL。正负离子梯度洗脱如下: 正离子: 0~1 min, 5% B; 1~24 min, 5%~100% B; 24~28 min, 100% B; 28~30 min, 100%~5% B; 30~33 min, 5% B; 负离子: 0~1 min, 2% B; 1~18 min, 5%~100% B; 18~22 min, 100% B; 22~25 min, 100%~2% B; 25~28 min, 2% B。
质谱条件  电喷雾离子源(ESI); 正、负离子模式下离子源温度分别为350 ℃和300 ℃, 毛细管温度320 ℃; 鞘气流速为35 psi (1 psi ≈ 6.9 kPa); 辅助气流速为10 psi; 正、负离子分别扫描, 正、负离子模式下喷雾电压分别为3.5和2.5 kV; 一级全扫描分辨率70 000 FWHM, 二级扫描分辨率为17 500 FWHM; 质谱检测采集范围m/z 100~1 500; 动态排除持续时间为8 s。碰撞能量为20、40、60 eV。
数据处理  采用Thermo自带的Compound Discoverer 2.0软件对LC-MS数据进行峰的解卷积、峰对齐、峰校准和归一化等数据预处理。将归一化峰表数据导入SIMCA-P软件(Umetrics公司, 瑞典) 进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA) 和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(partial leastsquares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA)。结合OPLS-DA分析中的VIP (variable importance in the projection) > 1及t检验(P < 0.05), 筛选空白组与模型组之间显著改变的差异变量。结合二级碎片离子和在线数据库HMDB、Xcalibur等对差异代谢物进行鉴定。通过MetaboAnalyst5.0 (https://www.metaboanalyst.ca/) 对差异代谢物进行代谢通路分析。
统计学分析  采用Graphpad Prism 9.0软件, 联川云平台和派森诺基因云平台进行分析, 戊巴比妥钠诱导小鼠睡眠实验和血清代谢组学实验结果以$\bar{x}$ ± s表示。两组数据比较采用Student's t检验, P < 0.05表明差异具有统计学意义。肠道菌Alpha多样性组间比较采用t检验, 物种差异分析采用Kruskal_wallis秩和检验。
采用ELISA法检测小鼠脑组织中5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) 的水平, 结果显示模型组5-HT水平(160.02 ± 27.98 ng·mL-1) 显著低于空白组(231.23 ± 27.49 ng·mL-1) (P < 0.05), 表明PCPA失眠模型复制成功。戊巴比妥钠诱导小鼠睡眠实验结果如图 1, 与空白组相比, 模型组的睡眠潜伏期显著延长(图 1A), 睡眠时间显著缩短(图 1B) (P < 0.01), 表明模型成立。与模型组相比, 地西泮组的睡眠潜伏期显著缩短, 而各给药组显著降低。与模型组相比, 各给药组的睡眠时间显著延长, 地西泮组延长最为明显。表明ZSS、FZSS均能缩短小鼠睡眠潜伏期, 延长戊巴比妥钠睡眠时间, 均具有镇静安神的作用。
正、负离子柱状图中RSD ≤ 30%的变量分别占70.90%、82.52% (图 2AB)。以上结果表明, 在正、负离子模式下, QC样品数据具有可靠性, 所建立的代谢组学分析方法稳定可靠, 符合大批量进样的分析条件。
图 3AB显示正、负离子模式下空白组与模型组均沿t2轴分开, 表明模型组与空白组存在差异, 从整体上看, PCPA造模干扰了小鼠的正常代谢, 而ZSS、FZSS组以及地西泮组均与模型组显著分开, 且趋近于空白组, 结果表明各给药组对失眠均有不同程度的治疗作用。为了进一步研究失眠小鼠在给予ZSS、FZSS后内源性代谢物的变化, 对空白组和模型组进行了OPLS-DA分析, 结果如图 3CD。所得模型参数在正离子模式下R2X = 0.898, R2Y = 1, Q2 = 0.994, 负离子模式下R2X = 0.732, R2Y = 1, Q2 = 0.931, 模型R2YQ2均接近1, 表明模型具有较高的解释率及预测率。随机排列检验(n = 200), 结果如图 3EF显示, 空白组和模型组正离子R2Q2左侧均低于最右侧, Q2交于Y轴负轴, 表明该模型没有过拟合, 并且预测能力良好, 说明模型有效。以VIP > 1和t检验(P < 0.05) 结合图 3GH筛选潜在差异性代谢物, 通过HMDB数据库对这些差异性代谢物进行鉴定, 空白组和模型组之间共指认出36个差异代谢物(表 1)。ZSS、FZSS组与模型组之间分别有25和27个差异性代谢物, 且ZSS、FZSS组共有22种差异代谢物包括8个氨基酸类, 4个有机酸类、4个酰胺类、1个脂肪酸类、5个其他类。值得注意的是L-乙酰基肉碱、尿酸和花生四烯酸等3个化学成分为ZSS组特有差异代谢物, L-谷氨酸、缬氨酸、吲哚乙酸、油酸和对苯二甲酸等5个化学成分为FZSS组独有的差异代谢物, 详见表 1
为了进一步分析空白组、模型组、ZSS组、FZSS组间各差异代谢物相对含量的变化趋势, 选择ZSS和FZSS组同时具有显著回调趋势的20种差异代谢物, 将其归一化峰面积数据导入Graphpad Prism 9.0软件绘制箱图, 结果见图 4。ZSS和FZSS均可上调18种差异代谢物, 同时下调棕榈酰胺和4-甲氧基肉桂酸等2种差异代谢物。与ZSS组相比, FZSS组可显著回调5-HT、胆碱、乙酰胆碱等11种差异代谢物。
将空白组和模型组筛选出的差异代谢物导入Metaboanalyst 5.0数据库中进行代谢通路分析, 代谢通路影响值(impact value) > 0.1的通路被视为贡献值较大的代谢通路。研究表明模型组与空白组相比具有10条与失眠有关的代谢通路, 如图 5A, 分别为苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成, 苯丙氨酸代谢, D-谷氨酰胺和D-谷氨酸代谢, 花生四烯酸代谢, 组氨酸代谢, 甘油磷脂代谢, 丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢, 色氨酸代谢, 精氨酸生物合成及半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸代谢等通路。由图 5BC可知, ZSS组和FZSS组调控的代谢通路有所不同, 两者存在5条共有代谢通路, 分别为苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成, 苯丙氨酸代谢, 组氨酸代谢, 色氨酸代谢, 半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸代谢等。不同的是ZSS组独有花生四烯酸代谢, 如图 5B所示。与ZSS组相比, FZSS组(图 5C) 增加了3条代谢途径, 分别是D-谷氨酰胺和D-谷氨酸代谢, 丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸的代谢, 精氨酸生物合成途径。
为了进一步显示各差异代谢物之间的关系, 综合KEGG及相关富集分析方法, 构建潜在相关代谢通路(图 6), 可以更清楚地体现ZSS、FZSS均可通过调节氨基酸代谢、花生四烯酸代谢等脂质代谢以及能量代谢等对失眠小鼠的保护机制。结合图 4图 6, 可知差异代谢物L-苯丙氨酸参与苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成及苯丙氨酸代谢, 给予ZSS、FZSS后其相对含量显著上升。差异代谢物5-HT、L-犬尿氨酸以及犬尿喹啉酸参与色氨酸代谢, 通过ZSS、FZSS介导后相对含量均上升。除此之外, 与空白组相比, 参与能量代谢(TCA循环) 的柠檬酸在模型组中的相对含量降低, 给予ZSS、FZSS后相对含量显著上升。值得注意的是, 参与谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺代谢的L-谷氨酸仅为FZSS组生物标志物, 其相对含量在造模前后发生变化, 给予FZSS后有所回调; 而花生四烯酸仅为ZSS组特有生物标志物参与花生四烯酸的代谢, 给予ZSS后相对含量上升。
采用Beta多样性分析和物种组成分析, 来展示不同组别的肠道菌群的差异。Beta多样性结果显示空白组与模型组沿着PCo1 (36.7%) 轴分开, 证明PCPA模型造模成功。ZSS组和FZSS组都有向空白组恢复的趋势。对于物种组成分析, 本实验重点分析了排名前20的菌属, 与空白组相比, 模型组的拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、阿克曼菌属(Akkermansia) 的相对丰度均有所下调; 普沃菌属(Prevotella) 的相对有所丰度上升。与模型组相比, ZSS组和FZSS组的乳酸菌属(Lactobacillus)、拟杆菌属的相对丰度升高, 而普沃菌属的相对丰度降低。值得注意的是, 与ZSS组相比, FZSS组的乳酸菌属的相对丰度升高。
LEfSe (LDA effect size)分析用于识别各组间相对丰度具有显著差异的关键微生物群落(LDA阈值为4.0), 柱长越长代表该菌群的差异越显著。如图 7所示, 空白组的关键差异菌有拟杆菌属、普沃菌属。与空白组相比, 模型组关键差异菌主要有TM7-3、F16、CW040。与模型组相比, ZSS组的关键差异菌主要有理研菌科(Rikenellaceae)、肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)、γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、志贺菌属(Shigella)。与模型组相比, FZSS组的关键差异菌主要有乳酸菌属。
采用Spearman相关系数, 选取血清代谢组学中鉴定的20个差异代谢物与LDA分析中的17个差异菌进行相关性分析, 见图 8。空白组的差异菌拟杆菌属与L-犬尿氨酸、D-脯氨酸等5个差异代谢物呈现显著正相关(P < 0.05); 普沃菌属与L-苯丙氨酸、乙酰胆碱、5-HT等10个差异代谢物呈现显著正相关(P < 0.05)。模型组差异菌TM7-3、CW040、TM7、F16与差异代谢物4-甲氧基肉桂酸呈显著正相关(P < 0.05)。ZSS组的差异菌γ-变形菌纲与差异代谢物犬尿喹啉酸等9个差异代谢物呈现显著正相关(P < 0.05); 肠杆菌科与吲哚丙烯酸显著正相关(P < 0.05); 志贺氏菌属与L-犬尿氨酸呈现显著正相关(P < 0.05)。FZSS组的差异菌乳酸菌属与L-甲硫氨酸、乙酰胆碱等6个差异代谢物呈现显著正相关(P < 0.05)。
失眠与单胺类及氨基酸类等中枢神经递质, 腺苷、前列腺素D2 (prostaglandin D2, PGD2) 等内源性催眠物质, 炎症因子以及能量代谢等功能关系密切[20-22]。课题组前期采用1H NMR代谢组学发现ZSS可调控失眠大鼠的氨基酸代谢和能量代谢从而改善睡眠[23]。本研究采用UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS代谢组学技术, 在空白组和模型组中发现36个潜在的差异性代谢物, 并对差异性代谢物进行了通路分析, 得到10条与失眠模型有关的代谢通路, 发现ZSS、FZSS除可调控氨基酸代谢及能量代谢外, 还可调控脂质代谢。
氨基酸代谢紊乱与失眠密切相关, 本研究中苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成以及苯丙氨酸代谢途径, 是ZSS、FZSS治疗失眠的两条主要代谢通路。苯丙氨酸转化紊乱不仅影响酪氨酸的生成, 而且会影响多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素等兴奋性神经递质合成, 而这些兴奋性神经递质主要参与睡眠-觉醒周期调控[24]。本研究中ZSS、FZSS均可显著回调失眠模型小鼠血清中L-苯丙氨酸的含量, 从而通过调节苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成及苯丙氨酸代谢途径达到治疗失眠的作用。色氨酸代谢通路在诱导睡眠机制中发挥重要的作用[25], 5-HT、L-犬尿氨酸及犬尿喹啉酸均为色氨酸代谢通路的重要代谢产物, 参与多种神经系统疾病过程。5-HT对慢波睡眠的发生和维持起着重要作用[26, 27]。犬尿喹啉酸能够对抗喹啉酸的神经毒性作用, 具有神经保护作用[28]。本研究经ZSS和FZSS干预后5-HT和L-犬尿氨酸的含量均明显回升, 表明ZSS、FZSS可通过回调5-HT和犬尿氨酸含量发挥改善睡眠的作用, 值得注意的是, FZSS对5-HT的回调作用显著强于ZSS。谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺代谢途径紊乱与失眠密切相关。谷氨酸作为兴奋性神经递质, 对于保证大脑的学习和记忆等认知功能有重要作用, 而过量的谷氨酸则会导致神经兴奋性损伤[29]。本研究中谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺代谢途径是FZSS独有代谢途径之一, 给予FZSS后可以回调谷氨酸的含量, 从而逆转失眠造成的谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺代谢途径的紊乱。
脂代谢也参与睡眠的调控, 花生四烯酸是PGD2合成的重要前体物质, 而PGD2亦是有效的内源性促睡眠物质[30]。Liu等[31]通过生信分析发现失眠状态下花生四烯酸生物合成较低, 课题组前期研究表明PCPA失眠大鼠血清中PGD2的含量降低[32], 因此花生四烯酸含量降低可能与失眠相关。本研究中花生四烯酸是ZSS治疗失眠的独有代谢通路, 提示ZSS可通过调节花生四烯酸代谢发挥改善睡眠的作用。胆碱是乙酰胆碱和磷脂酰胆碱的前体物质, 乙酰胆碱是中枢胆碱能系统中重要的神经递质之一, 其主要功能是维持觉醒和改善学习记忆[33]。本研究ZSS、FZSS均可上调胆碱、乙酰胆碱的含量, 提示ZSS、FZSS均可通过调控甘油磷脂代谢达到治疗失眠的作用, 值得注意的是, 与ZSS组相比, FZSS组胆碱、乙酰胆碱的相对含量显著升高(P < 0.05)。
此外, 能量代谢对睡眠也有一定的影响, 三羧酸循环(TCA) 是PCPA模型紊乱的重要能量代谢途径。柠檬酸是TCA循环中的重要成分, 维持TCA循环中的能量供应。刘鑫等[34]发现老年慢性睡眠剥夺模型大鼠肝脏TCA循环速率减慢, 继而导致能量代谢紊乱。本研究模型组柠檬酸的含量显著降低, 经ZSS、FZSS治疗后均有显著上调作用, 提示ZSS、FZSS可通过回调柠檬酸的含量调节TCA循环途径发挥改善睡眠作用。
研究表明乳酸菌属丰度的变化可能会导致失眠多种神经性疾病的发生[35, 36]。ZSS组、FZSS组中乳酸菌属与模型组相比均有所上升, 推测两者可以促进乳酸菌属的丰度的上升从而发挥治疗失眠的作用。有文献[37, 38]报道肠杆菌科和乳酸菌属可分别产生丙酸和丁酸, 为肠嗜咯细胞提供能量, 从而产生5-HT[39]。肠杆菌科和乳酸菌属分别是ZSS和FZSS组差异菌属, 本研究中ZSS可能通过调控肠杆菌科, FZSS通过调控乳酸菌属, 促进肠道5-HT合成从而发挥治疗失眠作用。
相关性分析结果显示, γ-变形菌纲与犬尿喹啉酸呈显著正相关(P < 0.05), 犬尿喹啉酸含量下降可能会导致失眠、抑郁等精神疾病的发生[40], 由此推测ZSS可能通过上调γ-变形菌纲, 促进犬尿喹啉酸的产生发挥治疗失眠的作用。脯氨酸可作为γ-变形菌纲肠杆菌科的唯一氮源或碳源, 脯氨酸可被肠杆菌科降解为谷氨酸, 进而参与下游的生理功能[41, 42]。由此推测ZSS可能通过调控γ-变形菌纲影响脯氨酸代谢从而改善睡眠。乳酸菌属与乙酰胆碱和L-甲硫氨酸呈正相关, 研究表明乳酸菌属可以产生乙酰胆碱, 在记忆和学习等认知功能中发挥重要作用[43], 推测FZSS可能通过上调乳酸菌属, 增加乙酰胆碱等神经递质含量, 发挥治疗失眠作用。甲硫氨酸是一种含硫的必需氨基酸, 研究表明甲硫氨酸可促进有益菌乳酸菌的生长, 从而可减轻肠道炎症, 并维持肠道内稳态[44], 推测FZSS可能是通过调控甲硫氨酸含量, 影响乳酸菌属的生长, 进一步发挥改善睡眠的作用。
课题组前期研究表明ZSS经炒制后斯皮诺素等6种黄酮类、酸枣仁皂苷A等3种皂苷类以及木兰花碱等9种生物碱类成分含量显著上升[45], 并通过体内-体外物质组关联并结合发现斯皮诺素和酸枣仁皂苷等成分为ZSS其发挥镇静催眠作用的潜在效应物质[46]。研究表明斯皮诺素可通过5-羟色胺能系统发挥其镇静催眠作用[47], 结合本研究结果推测ZSS炒制后斯皮诺素等黄酮类成分含量升高, 是导致FZSS组回调失眠大鼠血清中5-HT作用显著高于ZSS组的主要原因。谷氨酸可通过谷氨酸脱羧酶合成γ-氨基丁酸(GABA), GABA是一类重要的抑制性神经递质具有促进睡眠的作用, 酸枣仁皂苷A和木兰花碱可通过介导GABA途径发挥镇静安神作用[48, 49], 进一步影响谷氨酸的合成与释放, 而本研究表明FZSS可通过回调谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺代谢发挥改善睡眠作用。由此推测ZSS经炒制后皂苷类、生物碱类成分的含量升高, 从而增加了FZSS回调的代谢通路。
综上, 本研究表明ZSS、FZSS能够缩短PCPA失眠模型小鼠的睡眠潜伏期, 延长小鼠的睡眠时间。进一步结合血清代谢组学技术和肠道菌群分析, 表明ZSS、FZSS均可通过降低睡眠潜伏期, 延长睡眠时间, 缓解失眠的症状, 同时均可影响氨基酸、能量及脂质等代谢通路, 恢复体内内源性代谢物的稳态; 并通过调控肠道菌群结构影响内源性代谢物含量, 从而发挥治疗失眠作用。但是, 两者在具体的代谢通路调控及肠道菌群结构调节方面又显示出不同的特点。本研究揭示了ZSS、FZSS通过内源性代谢物-肠道菌群介导改善睡眠的可能作用机制, 然而其底层的作用机制, 如肠道菌群是如何影响内源性代谢物进而改善睡眠的具体作用途径, 仍需通过实验深入阐明。综上, 本研究结果将为阐明ZSS及其炮制品治疗失眠的作用机制提供实验基础, 为ZSS与FZSS饮片临床合理应用提供科学依据。
作者贡献: 闫艳、杜晨晖负责研究思路的提出; 王丛辉、韩瑞、李泽、衡依然、陈尧楠参与实验实施及数据处理; 王丛辉、韩瑞撰写文章草稿并负责修改; 裴香萍负责论文写作指导。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 山西省自然科学基金面上项目(20210302123237)
  • 山西省自然科学基金面上项目(20210302123470)
  • 山西省科技厅中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZJSX2021C025)
  • 山西省教育厅科技创新项目(2020L0422)
  • 山西省中医药管理局科研课题(2019ZYYC018)
  • 山西中医药大学青年科学家培育项目(2021PY-QN-07)
  • 山西中医药大学科技创新团队(2022TD2009)
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2023年第58卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1327
  • 接收时间:2022-12-03
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-03
  • 修回日期:2023-03-30
基金
山西省自然科学基金面上项目(20210302123237)
山西省自然科学基金面上项目(20210302123470)
山西省科技厅中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZJSX2021C025)
山西省教育厅科技创新项目(2020L0422)
山西省中医药管理局科研课题(2019ZYYC018)
山西中医药大学青年科学家培育项目(2021PY-QN-07)
山西中医药大学科技创新团队(2022TD2009)
作者信息
    1.山西中医药大学中药与食品工程学院, 山西 太原 030619
    2.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006

通讯作者:

*闫艳, Tel: 86-351-7018379, E-mail: ;
杜晨晖, Tel: 86-351-3179982, E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1327
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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