Article(id=1198628673868886275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628666650493481, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1294, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1669737600000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-30, revisedDate=1675872000000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704945293, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1689091200000, pubDateStr=2023-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704945293, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704945293, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704945293, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628666650493481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='7', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1980', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704943573, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137716668, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832456644490122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628666650493481, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832456644490123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628666650493481, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1904, endPage=1912, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628674137321743, articleId=1198628673868886275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The coronary heart disease of phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome in mini-swine based on platelet proteomics, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the technology of platelet proteomics, the key regulatory proteins and pathogenesis of coronary heart disease with phlegm and blood stasis syndrome were explored and analyzed. Based on the previous laboratory research, the model of coronary heart disease in mini-swine with phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome was duplicated. The model was judged by the changes in blood lipid and myocardial tissue characteristics. Furthermore, the platelet proteins were studied by quantitative proteomics, and the differentially expressed proteins were screened. The critical regulatory proteins and biological pathways of coronary heart disease with phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome were analyzed by bioinformatics. After ten weeks of modeling, the levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-C), triglyceride (TG), creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) in the model group were significantly increased, reflecting the pathological changes such as increased blood lipid, abnormal coagulation function and myocardial ischemia in the model group. In addition, compared with the sham group, there were 26 up-regulated proteins and 8 down-regulated proteins in the platelets of the model group. Combined with bioinformatics analysis, it was found that differential proteins mainly involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, lipid and atherosclerosis, Ras protein signal transduction. Among them, lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB), alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5), neuroblastoma ratsarcoma viral oncogene homolog (NRAS) and Kirsten ratsarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) play a central role when interacting with other proteins and simultaneously participate in multiple action pathways. The results showed that LDHB, ADH5, NRAS, and KRAS may be the marker proteins in CHD with phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome by regulating glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, lipid and atherosclerosis, Ras protein signal transduction and other biological processes.

, correspAuthors=Li LIN, Jian-xun LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ying LI, Lei LI, Hong-xu MENG, Ao-ao WANG, Zi-yan WANG, Guo-yuan ZHANG, Yue SHI, Yan-lei MA, Li LIN, Jian-xun LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628678038024661, articleId=1198628673868886275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于血小板蛋白质组学探讨小型猪痰瘀互结证冠心病的发病机制, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于血小板蛋白质组学技术研究分析痰瘀互结证冠心病的关键调节蛋白和发病机制。基于前期实验室研究基础复制小型猪痰瘀互结证冠心病动物模型, 通过血脂及心肌组织特征变化进行模型判断, 进一步通过定量蛋白质组学技术对血小板蛋白进行研究, 筛选得到差异蛋白, 并通过生物信息学分析痰瘀互结证冠心病的关键调节蛋白及生物途径。动物实验已获得中国中医科学院西苑医院伦理委员会的批准(伦理号2021XLC037)。研究结果表明, 模型组在造模10周后总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C)、极低密度脂蛋白(very low density lipoprotein, VLDL-C)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG) 及肌酸激酶(creatine kinase, CK) 和肌酸激酶同工酶(creatine kinase-MB, CK-MB) 水平均明显升高, 反映模型组出现血脂升高、凝血功能异常及心肌缺血等病理变化特征。此外, 相比于假手术组, 模型组血小板中有26个上调蛋白, 8个下调蛋白。生物信息学分析发现, 差异蛋白主要参与糖酵解/糖异生、丙酮酸代谢、脂质与动脉粥样硬化、Ras蛋白信号转导等。其中乳酸脱氢酶B (lactate dehydrogenase B, LDHB)、乙醇脱氢酶5 (alcohol dehydrogenase 5, ADH5)、神经母细胞瘤病毒癌基因RAS同系物(neuroblastoma ratsarcoma viral oncogene homolog, NRAS) 和Kirsten大鼠肉瘤病毒癌基因同源物(Kirsten ratsarcoma viral oncogene homolog, KRAS) 与其他蛋白质相互作用时起到中枢作用, 并同时参与多条作用通路。结果显示, LDHB、ADH5、NRAS和KRAS可能是痰瘀互结证冠心病中的标志性蛋白, 通过调节糖酵解/糖异生、丙酮酸代谢、脂质与动脉粥样硬化、Ras蛋白信号转导等生物过程, 从而导致痰瘀互结证冠心病的发生。

, correspAuthors=林力, 刘建勋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*林力, Tel: 86-10-62835618, E-mail: ;
刘建勋, Tel: 86-10-62835608, E-mail:
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基于血小板蛋白质组学探讨小型猪痰瘀互结证冠心病的发病机制
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李瑛 , 李磊 , 孟红旭 , 王奥奥 , 王紫艳 , 张国瑗 , 史跃 , 马彦雷 , 林力 * , 刘建勋 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(7): 1904-1912
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(7): 1904-1912
基于血小板蛋白质组学探讨小型猪痰瘀互结证冠心病的发病机制
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李瑛, 李磊, 孟红旭, 王奥奥, 王紫艳, 张国瑗, 史跃, 马彦雷, 林力* , 刘建勋*
作者信息
  • 中国中医科学院西苑医院基础医学研究所, 中药药理北京市重点实验室, 北京 100091

通讯作者:

*林力, Tel: 86-10-62835618, E-mail: ;
刘建勋, Tel: 86-10-62835608, E-mail:
The coronary heart disease of phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome in mini-swine based on platelet proteomics
Ying LI, Lei LI, Hong-xu MENG, Ao-ao WANG, Zi-yan WANG, Guo-yuan ZHANG, Yue SHI, Yan-lei MA, Li LIN* , Jian-xun LIU*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Pharmacology, Beijing 100091, China
出版时间: 2023-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1294
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基于血小板蛋白质组学技术研究分析痰瘀互结证冠心病的关键调节蛋白和发病机制。基于前期实验室研究基础复制小型猪痰瘀互结证冠心病动物模型, 通过血脂及心肌组织特征变化进行模型判断, 进一步通过定量蛋白质组学技术对血小板蛋白进行研究, 筛选得到差异蛋白, 并通过生物信息学分析痰瘀互结证冠心病的关键调节蛋白及生物途径。动物实验已获得中国中医科学院西苑医院伦理委员会的批准(伦理号2021XLC037)。研究结果表明, 模型组在造模10周后总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C)、极低密度脂蛋白(very low density lipoprotein, VLDL-C)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG) 及肌酸激酶(creatine kinase, CK) 和肌酸激酶同工酶(creatine kinase-MB, CK-MB) 水平均明显升高, 反映模型组出现血脂升高、凝血功能异常及心肌缺血等病理变化特征。此外, 相比于假手术组, 模型组血小板中有26个上调蛋白, 8个下调蛋白。生物信息学分析发现, 差异蛋白主要参与糖酵解/糖异生、丙酮酸代谢、脂质与动脉粥样硬化、Ras蛋白信号转导等。其中乳酸脱氢酶B (lactate dehydrogenase B, LDHB)、乙醇脱氢酶5 (alcohol dehydrogenase 5, ADH5)、神经母细胞瘤病毒癌基因RAS同系物(neuroblastoma ratsarcoma viral oncogene homolog, NRAS) 和Kirsten大鼠肉瘤病毒癌基因同源物(Kirsten ratsarcoma viral oncogene homolog, KRAS) 与其他蛋白质相互作用时起到中枢作用, 并同时参与多条作用通路。结果显示, LDHB、ADH5、NRAS和KRAS可能是痰瘀互结证冠心病中的标志性蛋白, 通过调节糖酵解/糖异生、丙酮酸代谢、脂质与动脉粥样硬化、Ras蛋白信号转导等生物过程, 从而导致痰瘀互结证冠心病的发生。

痰瘀互结证  /  冠心病  /  血小板  /  蛋白质组学  /  糖酵解/糖异生

Based on the technology of platelet proteomics, the key regulatory proteins and pathogenesis of coronary heart disease with phlegm and blood stasis syndrome were explored and analyzed. Based on the previous laboratory research, the model of coronary heart disease in mini-swine with phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome was duplicated. The model was judged by the changes in blood lipid and myocardial tissue characteristics. Furthermore, the platelet proteins were studied by quantitative proteomics, and the differentially expressed proteins were screened. The critical regulatory proteins and biological pathways of coronary heart disease with phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome were analyzed by bioinformatics. After ten weeks of modeling, the levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-C), triglyceride (TG), creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) in the model group were significantly increased, reflecting the pathological changes such as increased blood lipid, abnormal coagulation function and myocardial ischemia in the model group. In addition, compared with the sham group, there were 26 up-regulated proteins and 8 down-regulated proteins in the platelets of the model group. Combined with bioinformatics analysis, it was found that differential proteins mainly involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, lipid and atherosclerosis, Ras protein signal transduction. Among them, lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB), alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5), neuroblastoma ratsarcoma viral oncogene homolog (NRAS) and Kirsten ratsarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) play a central role when interacting with other proteins and simultaneously participate in multiple action pathways. The results showed that LDHB, ADH5, NRAS, and KRAS may be the marker proteins in CHD with phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome by regulating glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, lipid and atherosclerosis, Ras protein signal transduction and other biological processes.

phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome  /  coronary heart disease  /  platelet  /  proteomics  /  glycolysis/gluconeogenesis
李瑛, 李磊, 孟红旭, 王奥奥, 王紫艳, 张国瑗, 史跃, 马彦雷, 林力, 刘建勋. 基于血小板蛋白质组学探讨小型猪痰瘀互结证冠心病的发病机制. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (7) : 1904 -1912 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1294
Ying LI, Lei LI, Hong-xu MENG, Ao-ao WANG, Zi-yan WANG, Guo-yuan ZHANG, Yue SHI, Yan-lei MA, Li LIN, Jian-xun LIU. The coronary heart disease of phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome in mini-swine based on platelet proteomics[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (7) : 1904 -1912 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1294
冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病) 是由于冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块形成导致血管管腔狭窄甚至阻塞, 冠状动脉血流减少, 心肌组织氧供失衡, 从而引发心绞痛心肌梗死等临床综合征, 属于中医“胸痹、心痛”的范畴[1, 2]。痰瘀互结是冠心病在中医临床上常见的证型之一, 本病的发生多由正气亏虚或痰浊、瘀血、气滞、寒凝而引起心脉痹阻不畅, 目前对于痰瘀互结证冠心病的发病机制的研究报道仍然较少, 其科学内涵还有待于进一步阐释。
蛋白质组学是一门可以鉴定和量化生物体中蛋白质含量的研究技术, 可以进一步阐明蛋白质的特性并认识特定蛋白质的结构和功能。同时, 蛋白质组学具有特异性、整体性、动态性等特点[3], 这与中医认识疾病的整体观、辩证观有一定的趋同性, 利用其理论方法探索中医学证候本质[4], 能为中医辨证的客观化提供方法[5]。利用蛋白质组学技术筛选痰瘀互结证冠心病相关的蛋白质, 将有利于临床上的诊断和治疗、预后研究。
小型猪在心血管解剖生理和病理机制等方面与人类非常相似, 被认为是制备心血管疾病动物模型的最适动物[6]。本课题组前期已经成功建立符合临床发病过程的小型猪冠心病血瘀证病证结合模型[7], 并且通过血清蛋白质组学分析发现了痰瘀互结证冠心病的关键调节蛋白与调节脂质代谢、炎症、免疫调节等作用相关[8]。本研究在此病证结合模型的基础上, 采用蛋白质组学技术检测血小板样本中蛋白质含量, 进一步筛选得到差异蛋白, 并通过蛋白互作网络找出痰瘀互结证冠心病的关键调节蛋白及相关生物途径, 以期明确痰瘀互结证冠心病的发生机制。
动物  中国实验小型猪(Chinese experimental min-swine, CEMS) 24只, 雌雄不拘, 体重15~20 kg, 由北京北七家美乐养殖场提供, 动物合格证号SCXK (京) 2018-0004。
仪器  MP150多导生理信息分析系统(美国Biopac公司); BV Pulsera型C型臂X光机(荷兰飞利浦公司); BioZ心脏血流动力学监测仪(美国THEICG公司); 快速交换PTCA球囊扩张导管(管径1.3∶1, 美国Boston公司); 导引导丝、6F Cordis血管造影导管和球囊(美国Abbott公司); ICECL31R低温离心机(美国Thermo公司); TEC-7621C型心电监护仪(日本光电工业株式会社); Vivid S5彩色超声诊断仪(美国GE公司); HMIAS-2000病理图像分析系统(北京利金阳科技发展有限公司); RA-1000全自动生化分析仪(美国Technicon公司)。Easy nLC1000纳升级液相色谱仪、Q Exactive Plus四级杆-静电场轨道阱质谱仪(美国Thermo Fisher公司); Synergy UV型超纯水机(美国Millipore公司)。
试剂  戊巴比妥钠, 德国进口分装, 每瓶25 g, 北京化学试剂公司提供, 批号: 020402; 肝素钠注射液, 每支2 mL∶12 500 U, 上海第一生化药业有限公司生产, 批号: 070702; 76%复方泛影葡胺注射液, 每支20 mL、15.2 g, 上海旭东海普药业有限公司生产, 批号: 071101。高脂饲料配方参考文献[9]并加以调整, 每100 kg普通饲料中加入胆固醇2 kg、胆盐0.5 kg和猪油10 kg, 由北京科澳协力饲料有限公司提供, 许可证编号: SCXK (京) 2005-0007。弹力纤维EVG染液, 珠海贝索生物技术有限公司提供, 批号: 071220。尿素购自美国Affymetrix公司, 货号57-13-6; 测序级胰蛋白酶购自美国Promega公司, 货号V511A; 甲酸、二硫苏糖醇(dithiothreitol, DTT)、乙腈(acetonitrile, CAN) 购自美国Thermo Fisher公司, 货号分别为212454、3483-12-3、214241; 碘乙酰胺(iodoacetamide, IAA) 购自美国Sigma公司, 货号I1149; 碳酸氢铵购自美国Amresco公司, 货号1066-33-7。
痰瘀互结证冠心病小型猪模型的建立  基于本课题组[10, 11]前期已经建立的方法, 高脂饲料喂养结合冠状动脉血管内皮损伤的方法建立痰瘀互结证冠心病小型猪模型。小型猪以高脂饲料喂养2周, 每只每天900 g模拟饮食不节, 过食肥甘厚味, 导致动物脾失健运、聚湿生痰。在高脂饲料喂养的基础之上, 用介入法行冠状动脉血管内皮损伤。具体操作: 耳静脉注射戊巴比妥钠(30 mg·kg-1) 麻醉后, 分离右侧颈总动脉, 结扎远心端, 置入6F动脉鞘管, 从动脉鞘管的侧管注入肝素200 U·kg-1。在C型臂X光机透视下, 以6F 35 L右冠导引导管置于左冠状动脉开口行左冠状动脉造影, 观察猪冠状动脉的分布情况, 造影后置入交换导丝, 将导丝置入冠状动脉前降支(LAD) 中部, 将球囊沿导丝进入LAD中部。根据实验动物间LAD血管直径的差异进行球囊加压8~12大气压(ATM), 持续30 s, 反复3次, 每次间隔1 min, 间隔期间球囊不加压, 扩张后维持球囊压力4~6 ATM, 同时轻微拉动球囊, 距离约0.5~1.0 cm。完成后撤除导丝、球囊, 再次造影观察LAD扩张情况, 撤除导引导管, 结扎颈总动脉, 伤口清创, 局部给予1 500 000 U青霉素, 无菌缝合, 单笼喂养观察, 术中连续心电监护。术后继续给予高脂饲料(每只每天900 g) 喂养8周。假手术组给予普通饲料, 仅冠脉造影, 不行介入损伤术。动物饲养及实验均按中国中医科学院西苑医院《实验动物饲养及使用指南》进行, 通过中国中医科学院西苑医院伦理委员会审查(伦理号2021XLC037)。
样本采集  采集假手术及模型动物血液, 按照本课题组建立的方法分离血小板, 取2 mL全血于3.2%枸橼酸钠抗凝管中, 1 100 ×g离心15 min, 取上层。1 800 ×g离心15 min, 血小板沉淀于-80 ℃保存[12]
生化检测  取血3 mL, 1 600 ×g离心10 min, 分离血清, 采用全自动生化分析仪进行血脂测定和心肌酶检测, 血脂测定包括总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C)、极低密度脂蛋白(very low density lipoprotein, VLDL-C)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)。心肌酶检测包括肌酸激酶(creatine kinase, CK) 和肌酸激酶同工酶(creatine kinase-MB, CK-MB)。
心肌组织病理观察  实验结束后, 各组动物颈动脉放血处死, 取被处死动物心脏, 生理盐水冲洗, 称重。血栓栓塞部位以下, 平行于冠状沟处均匀地将心室部分切成5片, 置于TTC染液中, 常温染色15 min, 区分梗死区(TTC非染色区) 与非梗死区(TTC染色区), 以病理图像分析系统描记梗死区心肌面积和心室面积。取第3片梗死交界区心肌置于10%甲醛固定、包埋、切片, 行HE染色及Masson染色光镜下观察其组织结构。
血小板蛋白质组学样品制备  取血小板加入RIPA匀浆(1∶100), 冻融超声3次, 离心后取上清液, BCA定量。将上述蛋白用尿素溶解, 转移到10 K超滤管内超滤离心, 浓缩完成后将溶剂置换成8 mol·L-1尿素, 先加DTT至终浓度20 mmol·L-1, 37 ℃还原30 min, 然后用8 mol·L-1尿素洗涤3次, 浓缩到50 μL, 加入终浓度40 mmol·L-1 IAA, 于黑暗处37 ℃放置30 min。8 mol·L-1尿素洗涤3次, 随后采用50 mmol·L-1碳酸氢铵溶液洗涤3次, 浓缩到50 μL。以1∶25的质量比例(胰蛋白酶∶蛋白) 加入胰蛋白酶, 37 ℃恒温水浴16 h, 加入0.1% (v/v) 甲酸水溶液终止酶切, 更换接收管, 离心, 离心液用于质谱分析。每组取3个样品进行处理。
样品检测  使用Easy nLC 1000纳升级液相色谱仪对处理后的样品进行检测。流动相A: 0.1%甲酸-水, 流动相B: 0. 1%甲酸-乙腈。洗脱梯度: 0~25 min, 5%~9% B; 25~65 min, 9%~23% B; 65~75 min, 23%~32% B; 75~76 min, 32%~95% B; 76~90 min, 95%~95% B。流动相流速为420 nL·min-1。质谱分析在Q Exactive Plus质谱仪上采集完成, 模式为数据依赖型(data dependent acquisition, DDA)。相关参数如下: 一级质谱的分辨率为70 000 FWHM, 扫描范围m/z 400~1 600, 自动增益控制值为3×106, 注入时间50 ms。二级质谱的分辨率设为17 500, 自动增益控制值1×105, 注入时间45 ms, 碰撞能量27 NCE。二级采集的标准设为前20个最强离子作为母离子, 再进行Orbitrap检测。每个样品平行测定3次。
蛋白质鉴定及定量分析  蛋白质鉴定通过Proteome Discoverer 2.5软件进行, 将质谱所得到的原始数据RAW文件导入软件, 在UniProt蛋白质数据库(http://www.uniprot.org/, 包含49 792蛋白序列) 中搜索。参数条件设定如下: 肽段置信度设置为高, 最多蛋白漏切位点数2个, 肽段的长度范围6~144个氨基酸, 母离子质量偏差为10, 碎片离子质量偏差0.02 Da, 固定修饰选择半胱氨酸碘乙酰胺化, 可变修饰选择甲硫氨酸氧化和N-乙酰化, 肽段搜库假阳性率(false positive rate, FDR) 设置为1%。定量分析通过Maxquant软件进行。参数设定: 最多漏切位点2个, 固定修饰为半胱氨酸碘乙酰胺化, 可变修饰为甲硫氨酸氧化和N-乙酰化, 先驱离子质量偏差为20, 碎片离子质量偏差为0.02 Da, 可检测到的肽段最小值为7个氨基酸, 肽段搜库假阳性率FDA为1%。
生物信息学分析  将差异倍数(fold change) > 1.20和P < 0.05的蛋白作为差异蛋白, 基于GO (http://www.geneontology.org/) 进行蛋白本体分析, 基于KEGG (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway.html) 进行蛋白生物功能富集。运用STRING (https://string-db.org/) 分析蛋白质之间的相互作用。
统计学方法  实验结果以$\bar{x}\pm s$表示, 采用单因素方差分析(one way ANOVA) 方法, 方差齐性应用student-Newman-Keuls检验, 方差不齐采用Tamhane's T2检验。P < 0.05为有统计学意义。
本研究发现, 假手术组和模型组小型猪所有指标在0周时均无差异, 在造模结束(即10周) 显示出了一定的差异。与假手术组比较, 模型组血清TC、LDL-C、VLDL-C及CK、CK-MB水平均明显升高(P < 0.05, P < 0.001)。与模型组0周相比, 模型组在造模10周后TC、LDL-C、VLDL-C、TG及CK、CK-MB水平均明显升高(P < 0.05, P < 0.001)(图 1)。
HE染色可见假手术组心肌细胞形态正常, 分布均匀, 心肌纤维排列整齐, 横纹清晰。模型组心肌细胞肥大, 排列紊乱、心肌细胞核有增大融合现象, 间质水肿。心肌纤维排列无序, 可见断裂、肌纤维束增宽现象。
Masson染色可见假手术组心肌细胞呈红色, 心肌细胞排列整齐, 结构清晰, 细胞间无明显胶原纤维沉积; 相比于假手术组, 模型组胶原呈蓝色, 可见心肌细胞及间质有大量胶原纤维增生, 心肌细胞发生严重坏死, 结构模糊, 可见炎性细胞浸润(图 2)。
实验10周时, 假手术组未见明显心肌梗死区域。模型组可见较明显心肌梗死区域, 心室损伤部位心肌厚度变薄趋势(图 3)。
蛋白质组学分析显示, 两组血小板样本中有2 024个非冗余蛋白。样本之间的PCA和相关性分析如图 4所示, 由图可以看出, 两组样本呈现两组聚类, 同组样本相关性较大, 而两组之间的相关系数较低, 表明两组间的样本相对独立, 结果表明本研究的痰瘀互结证冠心病小型猪模型造模成功, 与假手术组呈现明显不同的聚类。
为进一步探索小型猪痰瘀互结证冠心病的发病机制, 使用P < 0.05和fold change > 1.2作为分析标准。与假手术组比较, 在痰瘀互结证冠心病模型组中共鉴定出34个差异表达蛋白, 其中26个上调蛋白, 8个下调蛋白。根据显著性水平和差异倍数进一步绘制火山图(图 5A), 红点代表上调的蛋白质, 蓝点代表下调的蛋白质, 灰点代表非差异表达的蛋白质。差异蛋白热图显示, 相比于假手术组, 痰瘀互结证冠心病模型组差异蛋白在两组中的含量存在明显差异, 并且呈现明显聚类现象。
使用DAVID分类系统(https://david.ncifcrf.gov/summary.jsp) 对所有差异蛋白进行GO分析。GO涵盖3个领域: 生物过程、分子功能和细胞成分, 分析结果如图 6。坐标标尺上包含圆圈外的基因数; 第二个圆圈是背景基因的数量和P值。基因越多, 条形越长。颜色越深, P值越小; 第三圈是每个分类的基因总数; 第四个圆圈代表每个类别的丰富因子[13]。细胞成分富集项表明, 大部分差异表达蛋白位于线粒体(GO: 0005739)、线粒体内膜(GO: 0005743)、胞浆(GO: 0005829) 等。GO分析发现, 差异表达蛋白的分子功能主要包括参与蛋白质折叠的蛋白质结合(GO: 0044183)、ATP结合(GO: 0005524)、蛋白质结合(GO: 0005515) 等。生物学过程主要涉及谷胱甘肽转运(GO: 0034635)、白细胞介素-4的细胞反应(GO: 0071353)、Ras蛋白信号转导(GO: 0007265)、细胞增殖的负调节(GO: 0008285) 等。
使用DAVID分类系统(https://david.ncifcrf.gov/summary.jsp) 和KEGG数据库进行了途径富集分析。选取前10个相关通路作图, 如图 7A所示, 差异蛋白与各种生物学途径相关, 包括半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢、丙酮酸代谢、脂质与动脉粥样硬化、HIF-1信号通路、雌激素信号通路和胰岛素信号通路等途径。
结合差异蛋白的通路分析及GO分析结果, 运用STRING (https://string-db.org/) 分析差异蛋白之间的相互作用, 构建蛋白质互作网络如图 7B, 发现热休克蛋白90α家族B类成员1 (heat shock protein 90 alpha family class b member 1, HSP90AB1)、Kirsten大鼠肉瘤病毒癌基因同源物(Kirsten ratsarcoma viral oncogene homolog, KRAS)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinate dehydrogenase, SDHA)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, GOT2)、乳酸脱氢酶B (lactate dehydrogenase B, LDHB)、Kynurenine氨基转移酶3 (kynurenine aminotransferase 3, KYAT3)、乙醇脱氢酶5 (alcohol dehydrogenase 5, ADH5)、神经母细胞瘤病毒癌基因RAS同系物(neuroblastoma ratsarcoma viral oncogene homolog, NRAS) 位于该网络的中心, 在与其他蛋白质相互作用时起到中枢作用。研究提示, 以上中心蛋白可能为痰瘀互结证冠心病的发病机制中的关键蛋白。
将KEGG通路富集结果和PPI蛋白互作网络中关键蛋白整合分析, 发现HSP90AB1、KRAS、GOT2、LDHB、KYAT3、ADH5、NRAS蛋白质相互协调参与痰瘀互结证冠心病的多种生物过程, 包括半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢、丙酮酸代谢、糖酵解/糖异生、HIF-1信号通路、脂质与动脉粥样硬化、甲状腺激素信号通路和胰岛素信号通路等通路, 这些差异蛋白的功能部分主要与脂质代谢、氨基酸代谢、能量代谢、免疫调节等作用相关(图 8)。
血瘀证是证候生物学研究的前沿领域, 血瘀证已被证明不仅与血小板结构、血管内皮细胞功能、动脉粥样硬化危险因素及冠状动脉狭窄程度密切相关[14], 在基因层面也存在许多调控靶点和调控网络[15, 16]。本研究采用病证结合动物模型痰瘀互结证冠心病小型猪作为研究对象, 研究发现模型组在造模后出现血脂升高、凝血功能异常及心肌缺血等病理变化特征。为进一步探究其发病机制, 通过非标记定量蛋白质组学技术比较假手术组和模型组血小板蛋白的表达水平。经过筛选和鉴定, 最终获得了34个差异表达蛋白, 大部分差异表达蛋白位于线粒体、线粒体内膜、胞浆等。差异蛋白的功能部分主要与脂质代谢、氨基酸代谢、能量代谢、免疫调节等作用相关, 主要参与糖酵解/糖异生、丙酮酸代谢、脂质与动脉粥样硬化、Ras蛋白信号转导等。研究发现, LDHB、ADH5、NRAS和KRAS为关键蛋白, 与其他蛋白质相互作用时起中枢作用, 参与痰瘀互结证冠心病的多种生物过程。
LDHB可同时参与半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢、丙酮酸代谢、糖酵解/糖异生、HIF-1信号通路。机体在缺氧条件下蛋白质功能产能不足, 可通过糖酵解途径利用葡萄糖向乳酸转化获得能量, 从而补充心肌能量的不足[17]。LDHB是糖酵解过程中重要的代谢酶之一, 可催化乳酸和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD) 转化为丙酮酸、还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸和氢离子。丙酮酸是丙氨酸发生氨基化的底物, 参与三羧酸(tricarboxylic acid, TCA) 循环的回补反应, 维持TCA循环的进行[18]。动脉粥样硬化引起心肌缺氧, 使心肌能量发生代谢障碍, TCA循环异常则是能量代谢紊乱的标志。本研究痰瘀互结证冠心病模型组中LDHB含量增加, 表明其可能通过促进丙酮酸代谢和糖酵解过程产生能量以供应心肌[19]。蛋氨酸代谢途径作为谷胱甘肽合成的重要补充途径, 当其发生紊乱时将影响谷胱甘肽合成的主要原料半胱氨酸的含量, 导致机体氧化还原失衡, 使其更易受到自由基的攻击, 造成损伤。
ADH5主要参与丙酮酸代谢和糖酵解/糖异生, 其大量存在于人和动物肝脏、植物及微生物细胞之中, 是一种含锌金属酶, 具有广泛的底物特异性, 可催化谷胱甘肽的氧化。早期研究发现, 胞质和线粒体叶酸通过ADH5介导单碳代谢和甲酸生成。ADH5将S-羟甲基谷胱甘肽(S-hydroxymethylglutathione, 一种由甲醛和谷胱甘苷自发形成的分子) 氧化为S-甲酰基谷胱甘氨酸(S-formylglutathionine), 进而转化为甲酸盐[20]。癌调蛋白的生理功能不仅参与嘌呤和胸腺嘧啶核苷酸的生物合成并影响DNA的复制及修复, 还为核酸、蛋白质和磷脂的甲基化修饰提供原料[21]
GO分析结果显示, 差异蛋白参与Ras蛋白信号转导生物过程, 其中NRAS和KRAS为不同突变亚型的Ras蛋白, Ras蛋白是由Ras原癌基因编码而成, 含有189个氨基酸, 位于细胞膜内侧与鸟苷三磷酸(guanosine triphosphate, GTP) 结合的球蛋白。Ras蛋白作为分子开关, 主要通过与GTP/鸟苷二磷酸(guanosine diphosphate, GDP) 结合来调控信号通路, 与GTP结合时激活下游通路, 与GDP结合时则抑制下游通路[22]。两种状态的转换依靠Ras-GTP酶活化蛋白和鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换因子(guanine nucleotide-exchange factor, GEF) 激活, 并被GTP酶激活蛋白(GTPase-activating protein, GAP) 灭活[23]。RAS信号传导还可以影响细胞内氧化还原平衡, 即活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 和抗氧化剂之间的平衡, 通过ROS产生和ROS清除程序之间的平衡微调氧化还原对于机体稳态至关重要。Ras是MAPK信号转导中的一个关键酶, Ras处于其关键调控点, 会导致炎性反应的发生发展, Ras可以调控MAPK信号通路促进炎症因子的释放, 导致机体一系列炎性反应的发生, 其可作为治疗药物的重要靶标进行后续研究。NRAS和KRAS可同时参与脂质与动脉粥样硬化、甲状腺激素信号通路和胰岛素信号通路。研究表明, KRAS通过上调长链酰基辅酶A合成酶3 (ACSL3) 来促进细胞中脂肪酸的细胞摄取、积累和β-氧化, 这与抗氧化剂的产生有关, 因为脂肪酸氧化产生乙酰辅酶A, 乙酰辅酶A被代谢产生NADPH, 特别是在葡萄糖稀缺的情况下[24]。因此, KRAS驱动的脂肪酸氧化可能支持NADPH的产生并有助于细胞内抗氧化能力[25]。另外, KRAS也可以刺激PI3K, 激活mTOR和AKT信号通路, 其在细胞生长、分化、增殖的调控等方面具有重要作用[26, 27], 但具体机制还需要进一步验证。
综上所述, 此次研究通过运用蛋白质组学方法和信息分析技术发现LDHB、ADH5、NRAS和KRAS为痰瘀互结证冠心病生物过程中的关键蛋白, 主要参与糖酵解/糖异生、丙酮酸代谢、脂质与动脉粥样硬化、Ras蛋白信号转导等生物过程, 对后续临床治疗和药物开发具有重要的指导意义。然而, 本研究仅通过蛋白质组学的分析结果较为片面, 本课题组后续将结合转录组学、代谢组学等进一步筛选痰瘀互结证冠心病的差异蛋白, 以明确活血化瘀药物作用靶点为导向, 系统开展实验揭示痰瘀互结证冠心病的科学内涵。
作者贡献: 李瑛为实验主要完成者及文章主要撰写者; 李磊负责部分实验指导及提供修改意见; 王奥奥、王紫艳、张国瑗负责部分数据采集与处理分析工作; 孟红旭、史跃、马彦雷负责部分实验操作; 林力负责部分实验指导及提供修改意见; 刘建勋提出本文研究思路并指导文章撰写与修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(82030124)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(81873041)
  • 中国中医科学院科技创新工程项目(CI2021A04508)
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2023年第58卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1294
  • 接收时间:2022-11-30
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-30
  • 修回日期:2023-02-09
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(82030124)
国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(81873041)
中国中医科学院科技创新工程项目(CI2021A04508)
作者信息
    中国中医科学院西苑医院基础医学研究所, 中药药理北京市重点实验室, 北京 100091

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*林力, Tel: 86-10-62835618, E-mail: ;
刘建勋, Tel: 86-10-62835608, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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