Article(id=1198628671272616666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628666650493481, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0867, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1660492800000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-15, revisedDate=1669305600000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704944675, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1689091200000, pubDateStr=2023-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704944675, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704944675, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704944675, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628666650493481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='7', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1980', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704943573, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137716668, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832456644490122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628666650493481, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832456644490123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628666650493481, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1751, endPage=1760, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628671624938227, articleId=1198628671272616666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Characterization of the anti-fatigue effect of Astragali Radix from the Shanxi Hengshan area and its association with taurine metabolism based on 1H NMR metabolomic technology combined with network pharmacology, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The objective of this work was to evaluate the anti-fatigue efficacy of Astragali Radix (AR) from the Shanxi Hengshan area and to reveal possible mechanisms by which it relieves fatigue. Efficacy differences between Guangling (GL) and Hunyuan (HY) AR preparations were compared and evaluated, and an 1H NMR metabolomic technique combined with statistical methods was used to identify the metabolites in different groups of mouse gastrocnemius muscle tissues. The differential metabolites after AR treatments were identified according to VIP and P values and the upstream targets were predicted with the help of Metscape. Cytoscape software was utilized to construct a network map of AR potential anti-fatigue targets. Key differential metabolites were identified based on shared targets and entered into the Metaboanalyst website for pathway enrichment analysis, which led to the preliminary elucidation of the molecular mechanisms. The results showed that intervention with AR can significantly improve the swimming-to-exhaustion time, increase liver glycogen, and reduce urea-nitrogen levels in mice. The difference between GL and HY ARs was relatively small, indicating that the quality of AR produced in the Hengshan area is consistent and stable. The metabolic fingerprints of mouse gastrocnemius muscle tissue extracts were composed of 34 metabolites, and the statistical results showed that 19 differential metabolites were significantly reversed after the Hengshan AR intervention. We found that the anti-fatigue effects of AR in the Shanxi Hengshan area were mainly associated with taurine and hypotaurine metabolism through regulation of GAD1, based on network pharmacological analysis. In conclusion, 1H NMR metabolomic techniques were combined with network pharmacology to compare and evaluate the quality of Hengshan ARs, and further associate the fatigue relieve with the regulation of taurine metabolism. This provides a theoretical basis for the resource utilization of Hengshan ARs and the development of anti-fatigue-related products. The animal experiments in this study followed the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanxi University and passed the ethical review of animal experiments (Approval No. SXULL2021028).

, correspAuthors=Xue-mei QIN, Ai-ping LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chun-feng DAN, Qing-yu ZHANG, Pan HE, Xue-mei QIN, Ai-ping LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628674040857453, articleId=1198628671272616666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于1H NMR代谢组学技术结合网络药理学的恒山黄芪抗疲劳药效比较及调控牛磺酸代谢的机制初探, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

比较评价恒山黄芪的抗疲劳药效并初步揭示其通过调控牛磺酸代谢发挥抗疲劳的分子机制。本研究首先比较评价了广灵黄芪与浑源黄芪的药效差异, 其次采用1H NMR代谢组学技术并结合统计学的方法对不同组小鼠腓肠肌组织代谢产物进行分析与指认, 找出受黄芪调控的差异代谢物, 并借助Metscape预测其上游靶标。通过整合课题组前期基于网络药理学的黄芪抗疲劳潜在靶点, 采用Cytoscape软件构建黄芪潜在抗疲劳靶点-共有靶点-差异代谢物相关靶点网络图, 通过度值(degree) 筛选关键靶点。最后依据共有靶点反推确定关键差异代谢物, 并将其输入Metaboanalyst网站中进行通路富集分析, 初步阐明分子机制。结果显示, 黄芪干预能够明显改善小鼠力竭游泳时间, 升高肝糖原并降低尿素氮水平, 且广灵黄芪与浑源黄芪药效差异较小, 即同属恒山山脉所产的黄芪质量较均一。进一步小鼠腓肠肌组织提取物指纹共指认34种代谢物, 统计结果表明19个差异代谢物在恒山黄芪干预后发生显著回调。结合网络药理学最终明确恒山黄芪主要通过调控GAD1干预牛磺酸及次牛磺酸代谢来发挥抗疲劳作用。本研究结合1H NMR代谢组学技术与网络药理学比较评价了恒山黄芪的抗疲劳药效, 并初步揭示了其调控牛磺酸代谢抗疲劳的分子机制, 为恒山黄芪的资源利用以及抗疲劳相关产品研发提供理论依据。本文涉及的动物实验操作均遵循山西大学动物伦理委员会的规定并通过动物实验伦理审查(批准号: SXULL2021028)。

, correspAuthors=秦雪梅, 李爱平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*秦雪梅, Tel: 86-351-7011501, E-mail: ;
李爱平, Tel: 86-351-7018379, E-mail:
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The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960142520775299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, companyId=1198960142499803774, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.山西大学化学生物学与分子工程教育部重点实验室, 山西 太原 030006)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960146819936262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SlsK1XADmU7RUY1iVBC/Jw==, figureFileBig=E3ICk6Gn/kdZwUNfJ8j4Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960146966736910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= HPLC of reference substance (A: ELSD; B: UV) and Astragali Radix samples (C: ELSD; D: UV). 1: Calycosin-7-<i>O</i>-<i>β</i>-<i>D</i>-glucoside; 2: Ononin; 3: Astraisoflavan-7-<i>O</i>-<i>β</i>-<i>D</i>-glucoside; 4: Methylnissolin-3-<i>O</i>-glucoside; 5: Calycosin; 6: Formononetin; 7: 3-Hydroxy-9, 10-dimethoxyptercarpan; 8: Isoflavane; 9: Astragaloside Ⅳ; 10: Astragaloside Ⅲ; 11: Astragaloside Ⅱ; 12: Astragaloside Ⅰ , figureFileSmall=SlsK1XADmU7RUY1iVBC/Jw==, figureFileBig=E3ICk6Gn/kdZwUNfJ8j4Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960147121926170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=xkk1DKRD2zB79miit4537g==, figureFileBig=Li5wZkrNMClRJ9O9PcrZSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960147289698345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The effect of Astragali Radix on the traditional efficacy indicators of mice. A: The change trend of weight; B: The time to exhaustion (TTE); C: The level of liver glycogen; D: The level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN). <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control group (C) , figureFileSmall=xkk1DKRD2zB79miit4537g==, figureFileBig=Li5wZkrNMClRJ9O9PcrZSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960147436498994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FWfPWWAhSkHWbFGPX5a4xw==, figureFileBig=BmaBfS2vVqoSEHuV850gHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960147545550909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Multivariate statistical analysis of the gastrocnemius muscle extract of mice in control group (C), Hunyuan Astragali Radix group (HY) and Guangling Astragali Radix group (GL). A: PCA score scatter plot among C, HY and GL groups; B: PCA score scatter plot between HY and GL groups; C: PLS-DA scatter plot; D: Permutation test; E: PCA score scatter plot between C and Astragali Radix (AR) groups; F: OPLS-DA scatter plot; G: Permutation test; H: S-plot , figureFileSmall=FWfPWWAhSkHWbFGPX5a4xw==, figureFileBig=BmaBfS2vVqoSEHuV850gHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960147662991428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NOTE9nBgCfT05xT0lhlAKg==, figureFileBig=7TEVlEhRSgT0+o2XC9I++A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960147784626251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Network of the Astragali Radix potential anti-fatigue targets-shared targets-key differential metabolites. Orange represents differential metabolite, blue represents metabolite target, green represents potential anti-fatigue target of Astragali Radix, purple is the shared targets, and baby blue is the AR , figureFileSmall=NOTE9nBgCfT05xT0lhlAKg==, figureFileBig=7TEVlEhRSgT0+o2XC9I++A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960147906261074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qyhh/aJwnbe7xBKYnkNdwg==, figureFileBig=227Q/nZjdA05XcUjxY2UbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960148019507293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Key pathway analysis and target verification for anti-fatigue of Astragali Radix. A: Metabolic pathway analysis of the altered metabolic network after Astragali Radix intervention generated by Metaboanalyst website; the effect of the Astragali Radix on the <i>GAD1</i> mRNA and GAD1 protein expression levels. B: RT-qPCR experiment; C and D: Western blot experiment. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> C , figureFileSmall=qyhh/aJwnbe7xBKYnkNdwg==, figureFileBig=227Q/nZjdA05XcUjxY2UbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960148107587682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Chemical GL HY
Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside 0.881 ± 0.008 0.908 ± 0.011
Ononin 0.323 ± 0.010 0.292 ± 0.002
Astraisoflavan-7-O-β-D-glucoside 0.301 ± 0.006 0.286 ± 0.002
Methylnissolin-3-O-glucoside 0.090 ± 0.003 0.077 ± 0.002
Calycosin 0.161 ± 0.006 0.128 ± 0.000
Formononetin 0.074 ± 0.003 0.078 ± 0.002
3-Hydroxy-9, 10-dimethoxyptercarpan 0.028 ± 0.001 0.028 ± 0.000
Isoflavane 0.082 ± 0.008 0.081 ± 0.001
Astragaloside-Ⅳ 0.304 ± 0.006 0.263 ± 0.001
Astragaloside-Ⅲ 0.222 ± 0.003 0.192 ± 0.000
Astragaloside-Ⅱ 0.230 ± 0.002 0.244 ± 0.000
Astragaloside-Ⅰ 0.543 ± 0.005 0.574 ± 0.001
Flavonoid/saponin 1.494 1.475
), ArticleFig(id=1198960148220833898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Quantitative results of active ingredients in Astragali Radix (mg·g-1) from Guangling (GL) and Hunyuan (HY) County in Shanxi Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Chemical GL HY
Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside 0.881 ± 0.008 0.908 ± 0.011
Ononin 0.323 ± 0.010 0.292 ± 0.002
Astraisoflavan-7-O-β-D-glucoside 0.301 ± 0.006 0.286 ± 0.002
Methylnissolin-3-O-glucoside 0.090 ± 0.003 0.077 ± 0.002
Calycosin 0.161 ± 0.006 0.128 ± 0.000
Formononetin 0.074 ± 0.003 0.078 ± 0.002
3-Hydroxy-9, 10-dimethoxyptercarpan 0.028 ± 0.001 0.028 ± 0.000
Isoflavane 0.082 ± 0.008 0.081 ± 0.001
Astragaloside-Ⅳ 0.304 ± 0.006 0.263 ± 0.001
Astragaloside-Ⅲ 0.222 ± 0.003 0.192 ± 0.000
Astragaloside-Ⅱ 0.230 ± 0.002 0.244 ± 0.000
Astragaloside-Ⅰ 0.543 ± 0.005 0.574 ± 0.001
Flavonoid/saponin 1.494 1.475
), ArticleFig(id=1198960148426354803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Metabolite Group δH (multiplicity)
1 Isoleucine δCH3, γCH2 0.94 (t), 1.01 (d)
2 Leucine CH=CH 0.96 (d), 0.97 (d)
3 Valine γCH3, γCH3 1.00 (d), 1.05 (d)
4 β-OH-Butyrate γCH3 1.23 (d), 2.41 (d), 2.31 (d)
5 Lactate αCH, βCH3 1.34 (d), 4.14 (q)
6 Lysine δCH2, βCH 1.72 (m)
7 Alanine βCH3, αCH 1.49 (d), 3.79 (q)
8 Acetate CH3 1.94 (s)
9 Glutamate βCH2, γCH2 2.06 (m), 2.35 (m)
10 Glutamine βCH2, γCH2 2.14 (m), 2.46 (m)
11 TMA CH3 2.86 (s)
12 Dimethylglycine N-CH3, CH3 2.92 (s), 3.72 (s)
13 Creatine CH3, CH2 3.04 (s), 3.94 (s)
14 Ethanolamine CH2NH2, CH2OH 3.87 (t)
15 Choline N(CH3)3 3.20 (s)
16 PC N(CH3)3 3.21 (s)
17 GPC N(CH3)3 3.23 (s)
18 TMAO CH3 3.24 (s)
29 Taurine S-CH2, N-CH3 3.3 (t), 3.43 (t)
20 Scyllo-inositol CH 3.37 (s)
21 Glycine CH2 3.59 (s)
22 Guanidinoacetate CH2 3.81 (s)
23 Glucose 1-CH, 2-5-CH 4.67 (d)
24 Fumarate CH=CH 6.53 (s)
25 Tyrosine 3 or 5-CH, 2 or 6-CH 6.93 (d), 7.17 (dd)
26 Histidine 2-CH, 4-CH 7.95 (s)
27 Phenylalanine 2 or 6-CH, 3 or 5-CH 7.34 (m), 7.38 (m), 7.43 (m)
28 Xanthine 8-CH 7.5 (s)
29 Hypoxanthine 2-CH, 8-CH 8.21 (s), 8.24 (s)
30 Anserine CH2, CH 4.52 (m), 2.71 (m)
31 AMP N-CH=N, N-CH-O, CH-OH 8.58 (s), 8.29 (s), 6.16 (d)
32 Inosine 2-CH (ring), 8-CH (ring), 1-C′H (ribose), 3-C′H (ribose) 8.35 (s), 8.24 (s), 6.11 (d), 4.46 (t)
33 Formate CH 8.47 (s)
34 Nicotinamide 2-CH, 6-CH, 5-CH 7.62 (m), 8.73 (dd), 8.96 (dd)
), ArticleFig(id=1198960148539601018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

List of the main metabolites identified in the 1H NMR spectra of mouse gastrocnemius muscle. TMA: Trimethylamine; PC: Phosphatidylcholine; GPC: Glycerophosphocholine; TMAO: Trimethylamine oxide; AMP: Adenosine monophosphate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Metabolite Group δH (multiplicity)
1 Isoleucine δCH3, γCH2 0.94 (t), 1.01 (d)
2 Leucine CH=CH 0.96 (d), 0.97 (d)
3 Valine γCH3, γCH3 1.00 (d), 1.05 (d)
4 β-OH-Butyrate γCH3 1.23 (d), 2.41 (d), 2.31 (d)
5 Lactate αCH, βCH3 1.34 (d), 4.14 (q)
6 Lysine δCH2, βCH 1.72 (m)
7 Alanine βCH3, αCH 1.49 (d), 3.79 (q)
8 Acetate CH3 1.94 (s)
9 Glutamate βCH2, γCH2 2.06 (m), 2.35 (m)
10 Glutamine βCH2, γCH2 2.14 (m), 2.46 (m)
11 TMA CH3 2.86 (s)
12 Dimethylglycine N-CH3, CH3 2.92 (s), 3.72 (s)
13 Creatine CH3, CH2 3.04 (s), 3.94 (s)
14 Ethanolamine CH2NH2, CH2OH 3.87 (t)
15 Choline N(CH3)3 3.20 (s)
16 PC N(CH3)3 3.21 (s)
17 GPC N(CH3)3 3.23 (s)
18 TMAO CH3 3.24 (s)
29 Taurine S-CH2, N-CH3 3.3 (t), 3.43 (t)
20 Scyllo-inositol CH 3.37 (s)
21 Glycine CH2 3.59 (s)
22 Guanidinoacetate CH2 3.81 (s)
23 Glucose 1-CH, 2-5-CH 4.67 (d)
24 Fumarate CH=CH 6.53 (s)
25 Tyrosine 3 or 5-CH, 2 or 6-CH 6.93 (d), 7.17 (dd)
26 Histidine 2-CH, 4-CH 7.95 (s)
27 Phenylalanine 2 or 6-CH, 3 or 5-CH 7.34 (m), 7.38 (m), 7.43 (m)
28 Xanthine 8-CH 7.5 (s)
29 Hypoxanthine 2-CH, 8-CH 8.21 (s), 8.24 (s)
30 Anserine CH2, CH 4.52 (m), 2.71 (m)
31 AMP N-CH=N, N-CH-O, CH-OH 8.58 (s), 8.29 (s), 6.16 (d)
32 Inosine 2-CH (ring), 8-CH (ring), 1-C′H (ribose), 3-C′H (ribose) 8.35 (s), 8.24 (s), 6.11 (d), 4.46 (t)
33 Formate CH 8.47 (s)
34 Nicotinamide 2-CH, 6-CH, 5-CH 7.62 (m), 8.73 (dd), 8.96 (dd)
), ArticleFig(id=1198960148652847233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Metabolite δH C AR Trend
Isoleucine 0.94 0.226 ± 0.021 0.169 ± 0.022***
Leucine 0.97 0.471 ± 0.040 0.383 ± 0.049***
Valine 1.05 0.134 ± 0.016 0.104 ± 0.018***
β-OH-Butyrate 1.23 0.115 ± 0.021 0.072 ± 0.014***
Lysine 1.72 0.161 ± 0.015 0.145 ± 0.018*
Acetate 1.94 0.318 ± 0.047 0.386 ± 0.055**
Creatine 3.94 1.021 ± 0.155 1.211 ± 0.236*
Ethanolamine 3.87 0.312 ± 0.024 0.267 ± 0.023***
TMAO 3.24 0.674 ± 0.112 0.563 ± 0.032**
Tyrosine 6.93 0.050 ± 0.006 0.039 ± 0.005***
Phenylalanine 7.34 0.049 ± 0.005 0.038 ± 0.006***
Hypoxanthine 8.21 0.005 ± 0.002 0.016 ± 0.008**
Anserine 4.52 0.157 ± 0.023 0.236 ± 0.040***
AMP 8.58 0.131 ± 0.037 0.278 ± 0.073***
Inosine 6.11 0.108 ± 0.013 0.092 ± 0.016*
Taurine 3.43 3.804 ± 0.299 4.155 ± 0.419*
Guanidinoacetate 3.81 0.489 ± 0.048 0.566 ± 0.065**
Fumarate 6.53 0.003 ± 0.001 0.005 ± 0.002*
Formate 8.47 0.023 ± 0.002 0.016 ± 0.002***
), ArticleFig(id=1198960148799647882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

The differential metabolites of mouse gastrocnemius muscle between C and AR groups. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs C

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Metabolite δH C AR Trend
Isoleucine 0.94 0.226 ± 0.021 0.169 ± 0.022***
Leucine 0.97 0.471 ± 0.040 0.383 ± 0.049***
Valine 1.05 0.134 ± 0.016 0.104 ± 0.018***
β-OH-Butyrate 1.23 0.115 ± 0.021 0.072 ± 0.014***
Lysine 1.72 0.161 ± 0.015 0.145 ± 0.018*
Acetate 1.94 0.318 ± 0.047 0.386 ± 0.055**
Creatine 3.94 1.021 ± 0.155 1.211 ± 0.236*
Ethanolamine 3.87 0.312 ± 0.024 0.267 ± 0.023***
TMAO 3.24 0.674 ± 0.112 0.563 ± 0.032**
Tyrosine 6.93 0.050 ± 0.006 0.039 ± 0.005***
Phenylalanine 7.34 0.049 ± 0.005 0.038 ± 0.006***
Hypoxanthine 8.21 0.005 ± 0.002 0.016 ± 0.008**
Anserine 4.52 0.157 ± 0.023 0.236 ± 0.040***
AMP 8.58 0.131 ± 0.037 0.278 ± 0.073***
Inosine 6.11 0.108 ± 0.013 0.092 ± 0.016*
Taurine 3.43 3.804 ± 0.299 4.155 ± 0.419*
Guanidinoacetate 3.81 0.489 ± 0.048 0.566 ± 0.065**
Fumarate 6.53 0.003 ± 0.001 0.005 ± 0.002*
Formate 8.47 0.023 ± 0.002 0.016 ± 0.002***
), ArticleFig(id=1198960148938059922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene name Protein name Uniprot ID Degree Betweenness
CHKB Choline/ethanolamine kinase P00777 2 0.052 012 887
GAD1 Glutamate decarboxylase 1 P00703 2 0.258 230 581
GCH1 GTP cyclohydrolase 1 P00938 2 0.059 211 099
PDE4A cAMP-specific 3′, 5′-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A P04378 2 0.394 544 917
SDHA Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial P00150 2 0.059 211 099
), ArticleFig(id=1198960149068083353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628671272616666, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

The shared targets and the topological properties involved with anti-fatigue effect of Astragali Radix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene name Protein name Uniprot ID Degree Betweenness
CHKB Choline/ethanolamine kinase P00777 2 0.052 012 887
GAD1 Glutamate decarboxylase 1 P00703 2 0.258 230 581
GCH1 GTP cyclohydrolase 1 P00938 2 0.059 211 099
PDE4A cAMP-specific 3′, 5′-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A P04378 2 0.394 544 917
SDHA Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial P00150 2 0.059 211 099
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基于1H NMR代谢组学技术结合网络药理学的恒山黄芪抗疲劳药效比较及调控牛磺酸代谢的机制初探
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但春凤 1, 2, 3 , 张庆瑜 1, 2, 3 , 何盼 1, 2, 3 , 秦雪梅 1, 2, 3, * , 李爱平 1, 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(7): 1751-1760
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(7): 1751-1760
基于1H NMR代谢组学技术结合网络药理学的恒山黄芪抗疲劳药效比较及调控牛磺酸代谢的机制初探
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但春凤1, 2, 3, 张庆瑜1, 2, 3, 何盼1, 2, 3, 秦雪梅1, 2, 3, * , 李爱平1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006
  • 2.地产中药功效物质研究与利用山西省重点实验室, 山西 太原 030006
  • 3.山西大学化学生物学与分子工程教育部重点实验室, 山西 太原 030006

通讯作者:

*秦雪梅, Tel: 86-351-7011501, E-mail: ;
李爱平, Tel: 86-351-7018379, E-mail:
Characterization of the anti-fatigue effect of Astragali Radix from the Shanxi Hengshan area and its association with taurine metabolism based on 1H NMR metabolomic technology combined with network pharmacology
Chun-feng DAN1, 2, 3, Qing-yu ZHANG1, 2, 3, Pan HE1, 2, 3, Xue-mei QIN1, 2, 3, * , Ai-ping LI1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
  • 2. The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030006, China
  • 3. The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
出版时间: 2023-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0867
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比较评价恒山黄芪的抗疲劳药效并初步揭示其通过调控牛磺酸代谢发挥抗疲劳的分子机制。本研究首先比较评价了广灵黄芪与浑源黄芪的药效差异, 其次采用1H NMR代谢组学技术并结合统计学的方法对不同组小鼠腓肠肌组织代谢产物进行分析与指认, 找出受黄芪调控的差异代谢物, 并借助Metscape预测其上游靶标。通过整合课题组前期基于网络药理学的黄芪抗疲劳潜在靶点, 采用Cytoscape软件构建黄芪潜在抗疲劳靶点-共有靶点-差异代谢物相关靶点网络图, 通过度值(degree) 筛选关键靶点。最后依据共有靶点反推确定关键差异代谢物, 并将其输入Metaboanalyst网站中进行通路富集分析, 初步阐明分子机制。结果显示, 黄芪干预能够明显改善小鼠力竭游泳时间, 升高肝糖原并降低尿素氮水平, 且广灵黄芪与浑源黄芪药效差异较小, 即同属恒山山脉所产的黄芪质量较均一。进一步小鼠腓肠肌组织提取物指纹共指认34种代谢物, 统计结果表明19个差异代谢物在恒山黄芪干预后发生显著回调。结合网络药理学最终明确恒山黄芪主要通过调控GAD1干预牛磺酸及次牛磺酸代谢来发挥抗疲劳作用。本研究结合1H NMR代谢组学技术与网络药理学比较评价了恒山黄芪的抗疲劳药效, 并初步揭示了其调控牛磺酸代谢抗疲劳的分子机制, 为恒山黄芪的资源利用以及抗疲劳相关产品研发提供理论依据。本文涉及的动物实验操作均遵循山西大学动物伦理委员会的规定并通过动物实验伦理审查(批准号: SXULL2021028)。

恒山黄芪  /  抗疲劳  /  腓肠肌  /  代谢物组学  /  牛磺酸代谢

The objective of this work was to evaluate the anti-fatigue efficacy of Astragali Radix (AR) from the Shanxi Hengshan area and to reveal possible mechanisms by which it relieves fatigue. Efficacy differences between Guangling (GL) and Hunyuan (HY) AR preparations were compared and evaluated, and an 1H NMR metabolomic technique combined with statistical methods was used to identify the metabolites in different groups of mouse gastrocnemius muscle tissues. The differential metabolites after AR treatments were identified according to VIP and P values and the upstream targets were predicted with the help of Metscape. Cytoscape software was utilized to construct a network map of AR potential anti-fatigue targets. Key differential metabolites were identified based on shared targets and entered into the Metaboanalyst website for pathway enrichment analysis, which led to the preliminary elucidation of the molecular mechanisms. The results showed that intervention with AR can significantly improve the swimming-to-exhaustion time, increase liver glycogen, and reduce urea-nitrogen levels in mice. The difference between GL and HY ARs was relatively small, indicating that the quality of AR produced in the Hengshan area is consistent and stable. The metabolic fingerprints of mouse gastrocnemius muscle tissue extracts were composed of 34 metabolites, and the statistical results showed that 19 differential metabolites were significantly reversed after the Hengshan AR intervention. We found that the anti-fatigue effects of AR in the Shanxi Hengshan area were mainly associated with taurine and hypotaurine metabolism through regulation of GAD1, based on network pharmacological analysis. In conclusion, 1H NMR metabolomic techniques were combined with network pharmacology to compare and evaluate the quality of Hengshan ARs, and further associate the fatigue relieve with the regulation of taurine metabolism. This provides a theoretical basis for the resource utilization of Hengshan ARs and the development of anti-fatigue-related products. The animal experiments in this study followed the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanxi University and passed the ethical review of animal experiments (Approval No. SXULL2021028).

Astragali Radix in Shanxi Hengshan area  /  anti-fatigue  /  gastrocnemius muscle  /  metabolomics  /  taurine metabolism
但春凤, 张庆瑜, 何盼, 秦雪梅, 李爱平. 基于1H NMR代谢组学技术结合网络药理学的恒山黄芪抗疲劳药效比较及调控牛磺酸代谢的机制初探. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (7) : 1751 -1760 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0867
Chun-feng DAN, Qing-yu ZHANG, Pan HE, Xue-mei QIN, Ai-ping LI. Characterization of the anti-fatigue effect of Astragali Radix from the Shanxi Hengshan area and its association with taurine metabolism based on 1H NMR metabolomic technology combined with network pharmacology[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (7) : 1751 -1760 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0867
运动性疲劳是指机体生理过程不能持续其机能在一特定水平和(或) 不能维持预定的运动强度[1]。按性质分类可将其分为身体疲劳和精神疲劳, 一般身体疲劳可通过适当休息便可缓解, 而精神疲劳则需要药物或者其他治疗才得以缓解。据报道, 中草药和食物功能因子可作为延缓疲劳, 加速消除疲劳相关代谢物及提高运动能力的一种重要资源。黄芪(Astragali Radix, AR) 是一种著名的“补气”中药, 临床研究表明AR具有抗心肌损伤[2-5], 促进血管生成[6, 7], 保护内皮功能[8], 保护肝脏[9], 参与免疫调节活动[10-12]等作用, 常用于治疗全身虚弱和慢性疾病, 能够增强全身活力。本课题组前期研究发现山西浑源仿野生芪具有明显的抗疲劳作用, 其作用机制主要与调控细胞色素P450酶涉及的能量代谢以及改善氧化应激等密切相关[13]。进一步网络药理学[14]研究表明, 黄芪可通过调控细胞色素P450、癌症通路, FoxO、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)-蛋白激酶B (Akt)、低氧诱导因子-1 (HIF-1)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)、Ca2+信号通路、氧化应激反应等来发挥抗疲劳作用。此外, 本课题组以抗疲劳药效为评价指标, 发现仿野生黄芪与移栽芪相比效果较好, 不同等级仿野生黄芪中二等黄芪抗疲劳效果较优[15]。众所周知, 山西仿野生黄芪主要分布于恒山山脉, 所以又称之为恒山黄芪[16, 17], 其中尤以浑源县所产的黄芪质量较好、数量较多, 被誉为“黄芪之乡”。调研发现, 广灵县也处于恒山山脉, 是山西仿野生黄芪主产地之一, 然而目前广灵黄芪质量评价鲜有报道。因此, 本研究旨在比较评价恒山黄芪(广灵与浑源产黄芪) 的抗疲劳药效, 并结合代谢组学以及网络药理学技术初步阐明其抗疲劳分子机制。
代谢组学是近年来继基因组学、转录组学和蛋白质组学之后迅速发展起来的新兴研究领域, 是系统生物学的重要组成部分, 可对生物体内所有代谢物进行定性定量分析, 以揭示生物体不同状态下的代谢产物变化规律, 对发现疾病的生物标志物及研究疾病机制等是一种有效且科学的手段。网络药理学从整体和系统的角度探索药物与疾病的关系, 以系统生物学和多重药理学理论为基础, 利用网络可视化和网络分析技术揭示药物、有效成分、靶点和疾病之间复杂的生物网络关系, 以期预测药理作用机制[18]。二者结合成功用于探讨芪参益气滴丸改善心衰, 黄芪总黄酮联合顺铂抗癌以及蒲地蓝消炎口服液抗急性呼吸道感染等的机制[19-21]。因此, 本研究拟基于肌肉代谢组学结合网络药理学方法对恒山黄芪抗疲劳作用进行比较评价并初步探讨其机制。
试剂与样品  采自位于恒山山脉的合作基地(山西浑源县和广灵县) 的五年生仿野生黄芪, 经山西大学中医药现代研究中心秦雪梅教授鉴定为蒙古黄芪Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao的干燥根, 样品保存于山西大学中医药现代研究中心。生理盐水(石家庄四药有限公司)、磷酸氢二钠(天津市光复科技发展有限公司)、重水和3-(三甲基硅基) 氘代丙酸钠(TSP) (青岛腾龙微波科技有限公司)、氘代氢氧化钠、甲醇和磷酸二氢钠(天津市致远化学试剂有限公司), 以上试剂均为分析级。对照品毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷(纯度≥ 99%, 批号: 102944)、芒柄花苷(纯度≥ 99%, 批号: 102715)、紫檀烷苷(纯度≥ 98%, 批号: 100760)、异黄烷苷(纯度≥ 98%, 批号: 100762)、毛蕊异黄酮(纯度≥ 98%, 批号: 13082713)、芒柄花素(纯度≥ 98%, 批号: 111703-201504)、紫檀烷(纯度≥ 98%, 批号: 20150625)、异黄烷(纯度≥ 98%, 批号: 100466) 均购自江苏永健医药科技有限公司; 黄芪皂苷Ⅰ (纯度≥ 98%, 批号: 16012906)、黄芪皂苷Ⅱ (纯度≥ 98%, 批号: 16031010)、黄芪皂苷Ⅲ (纯度≥ 98%, 批号: 16012908)、黄芪皂苷Ⅳ (纯度≥ 98%, 批号: 16022804) 购于成都曼斯特生物科技有限公司。尿素氮(BUN) 试剂盒购于上海复星长征医学科学有限公司; 糖原(glycogen) 试剂盒购于上海优选生物科技有限公司。
仪器  CPA225D电子天平(德国Sartorius公司), 1260高效液相色谱仪(安捷伦公司), Bruker 600-MHz Avance Ⅲ NMR Spectrometer (600.13 MHz质子频率, 德国布鲁克公司), TGL高速台式冷冻离心机(湖南湘仪离心机仪器有限公司), G50组织匀浆研磨仪(上海生工公司), ZX-LGJ-18普通型冷冻干燥机(上海知信实验仪器技术有限公司), Prime30生化自动分析仪(美国Thermo Scientific公司), Spectra Max 190酶标仪(美国MD公司), Nano Drop 2000超微量分光光度计(美国Thermo公司), ABI Stepone Plus实时荧光定量PCR仪(美国应用生物系统公司), Chemi Doc TM XRS+凝胶成像仪(美国Bio-Rad公司)。
黄芪水提液的制备  取黄芪100 g, 浸泡8 h, 分别以10倍和8倍量的水, 分两次回流提取, 每次提取2 h, 最终浓缩为1 g·mL-1, 冷冻在-20 ℃储存, 于给药前稀释至合适浓度。以9 g·kg-1·d-1的剂量给药。
黄芪中12种成分定量分析  依据本课题组前期的提取方法[22]采用高效液相色谱法对黄芪中的8种黄酮与4种皂苷进行定量分析, 在安捷伦1260系统上进行色谱分析, 该系统由在线脱气器、四元泵、检测器、自动进样器和柱温箱组成。样品在Venusil MP C18柱(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) 上分离, 柱温为25 ± 5 ℃, 流动相为乙腈(A)∶水(B), 梯度洗脱条件为0~8 min, 0~20% A; 8~15 min, 20%~30% A; 15~30 min, 30%~43% A; 30~40 min, 43%~60% A; 40~50 min, 60%~100% A; 50~60 min, 100% A; 60~66 min, 100%~20% A, 体积流量为1.0 mL·min-1。蒸发光(evaporative light-scattering detector, ELSD) 检测参数: 空气泵压力为0.5 MPa, 气体流速为2.5 L·min-1, 漂移管温度为55 ℃, 增益值为1.0; 紫外(ultraviolet detector, UV) 检测波长为230 nm。采用外标两点法和一点法对黄芪中12种成分进行定量。
动物与分组  选SPF (无特定病原体) 级健康雄性ICR小鼠18~22 g若干只, 购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司, 动物许可证号: SCXK (京) 2016-0006, 饲养环境: 温度25 ± 2 ℃, 湿度50% ± 10%, 12 h明暗交替。小鼠适应一周后, 先进行游泳能力筛选, 剔除不会游泳和游泳能力强的, 筛选出36只小鼠, 分为空白组(C)、浑源黄芪组(HY) 和广灵黄芪组(GL), 共3组, 每组12只。所有小鼠每天按每10 g体重0.1 mL灌胃, 空白组给予相应生理盐水, 给药组给予不同黄芪水提液, 其余时间自由饮水和摄食, 连续21天, 期间每隔3天称重。上述动物实验遵循山西大学动物伦理委员会的规定并通过动物实验伦理审查(批准号: SXULL2021028)。
负重游泳测试  最后一次给药结束后1 h, 所有小鼠均进行了负重游泳实验, 铅(约每只小鼠体重的5%)附着在尾根上, 所有小鼠均在相同条件下(25 ± 1 ℃, 高35 cm, 直径10 cm的圆形水槽) 游泳, 之后立即记录力竭时间(time to exhaustion, TTE), 即10 s内未能升至水面以上且缺乏明显的协调动作。此外, 在进行负重游泳测试之前, 训练所有小鼠无负荷游泳3天(20 min·d-1) 以适应水况。负重游泳实验结束后, 从游泳缸里取出小鼠, 用干毛巾擦干, 摘眼球取血, 收集的血液在3 500 r·min-1下离心20 min, 取上清液, 并分装, 于-80 ℃保存, 备用。随后通过颈椎脱臼法处死小鼠, 分别剥离所有小鼠的肝脏和肌肉(腓肠肌) 组织, 于液氮中速冻, -80 ℃保存, 备用。
生化分析  尿素氮采用全自动生化分析仪进行检测; 肝糖原采用试剂盒进行检测。仪器与试剂盒的使用均严格按照说明书要求进行。
代谢组学分析  肌肉组织解冻后, 取150 mg, 剪碎(冰上操作) 后置于1.5 mL EP管中, 加入甲醇-水(2∶1) 0.9 mL, 冰浴上匀浆提取, 匀浆液于4 ℃、13 000 r·min-1离心15 min, 取上清液, 转移至1.5 mL EP管中冷冻干燥, 吹干后的样品用磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 7.40, 包含10% D2O, 0.1 mol·L-1的Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4, 0.01% TSP) 800 μL溶解, 于4 ℃、13 000 r·min-1离心20 min, 取上清液600 μL, 转移至5 mm的核磁管中, 进行核磁分析。
1H NMR测试条件  Bruker 600-MHz Avance Ⅲ NMR谱仪采集数据, 样品采用Noesygppr1d序列以压制水峰, 扫描次数为64, 谱宽12 345.7 Hz, 图谱大小65 536数据点, 脉冲宽度(PW) = 30° (12.7 μs), 傅里叶变换LB = 0.3 Hz, 延迟时间为5.0 s。
1H NMR图谱处理  采用MestReNova核磁图谱处理软件对所有1H NMR图谱进行手动相位和基线调整。所有图谱以TSP (δ 0.00) 为标准对谱图进行化学位移的校正, 对δ 0.60~9.00区域的谱图进行0.01等宽度分段积分, 水峰δ 4.68~5.20区域切除, 将产生的所有积分数据进行“质量”归一化, 以消除称取组织的重量差异, 最终获得数据矩阵。
RT-qPCR与Western blot检测小鼠肌肉中GAD1 mRNA与蛋白的表达
RT-qPCR实验  利用Trizol试剂对小鼠腓肠肌组织样本(n = 6) 进行总RNA的提取, 并采用微量分光光度计对其浓度及纯度进行检测。其次逆转录成cDNA, 选取mRNA作为模板, 随后引物采用Primer3 (http://primer3.ut.ee/) 在线软件设计, 由生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司合成。根据定量试剂盒说明书操作, 对表达的GAD1进行荧光定量PCR测定, 每个样本重复测定3次, 采用SYBR green法在ABI Stepone Plus实时荧光定量PCR仪上完成测定。
Western blot实验  选取每组6只小鼠腓肠肌组织对其进行总蛋白的提取以及含量的测定。采用10% SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分离, 于25 V、1.0 A转膜30 min。转膜后用5% BSA于4 ℃封闭4 h。封闭完毕后, 加入一抗(抗GAD1抗体1∶1 000) 于4 ℃孵育12 h。将膜用1×TBST清洗5次后, 然后与HRP标记的二抗稀释液室温摇床孵育2 h, 清洗3次。1×TBST洗膜5次后, 加入ECL化学发光显影液显影, 以β-actin作为内参蛋白, 再用Chemi Doc TM XRS + 凝胶成像仪对目的条带进行扫描, 使用Image Studio Ver软件对扫描结果进行半定量分析, 计算目的蛋白/内参蛋白的灰度值。
数据处理  运用SIMCA-P软件(version 13.0, Umetrics, Umea, Sweden) 将积分数据矩阵进行中心化和标度化后, 进行多元统计分析。首先采用主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA), 其可以反映样本内部固有的差异性和相似性, 以显示数据的原始分类状态; 进一步采用偏最小二乘法判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis, PLS-DA) 和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA), 结合OPLS-DA的VIP值和相应的S-plot寻找样品间的差异代谢产物。采用GraphPad Prism (version 8.0.1, Graph Pad Software, Inc.) 软件对差异代谢物进行one-way ANOVA分析, 以P < 0.05表示有统计学意义。
图 1, 黄芪中4种皂苷包括皂苷Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ在ELSD检测器被检测到, 而8种黄酮类成分包括毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、芒柄花苷、紫檀烷苷、异黄烷苷、毛蕊异黄酮、芒柄花素、紫檀烷、异黄烷因存在紫外吸收在UV检测器有较好的响应。经计算, 广灵黄芪的黄酮类(8种黄酮含量之和)/皂苷类(4种皂苷含量之和) 的比值为1.494, 浑源黄芪为1.475, 二者相差较小, 表明各类成分相差不大(表 1)。
图 2A所示, 三组小鼠的体重均随时间的推移呈现上升趋势, 各黄芪干预组小鼠的体重与空白组相比, 无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。图 2B是小鼠力竭游泳时间统计图, 与空白组相比, 广灵组小鼠的力竭游泳时间显著延长, 浑源组的力竭游泳时间有极显著提高; 而广灵组与浑源组的力竭游泳时间并无显著性差异。如图 2C所示, 与空白组相比, 广灵组小鼠肝脏中糖原有显著升高趋势, 浑源组呈极显著增高; 图 2D为血清尿素氮的水平, 与空白组相比, 广灵组显著下降, 而浑源组无显著性差异。
根据Chenomx NMR suite (试用版, Chenomx Inc., Canada) 中标准化合物的化学位移, HMDB (the Human Metabolome Database, http://www.hmdb.ca/) 和BMRB (Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank, http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/) 数据库以及文献[23, 24]中数据对图谱进行指认, 在小鼠腓肠肌中共指认出34种代谢产物, 包含大量的氨基酸、碳水化合物、有机酸、核苷酸等化合物(表 2)。
虽然1H NMR图谱反映的信息比较全面, 但是难以确定组间的微小差异, 因此需借助多元统计进一步分析。首先, PCA是一种经典的无监督方法, 可显示数据的原始分类状态。在PCA得分图中(图 3A, R2X = 0.453, Q2 = 0.137), 空白组与两种黄芪给药组沿T1轴明显分离, 而浑源组与广灵组差异较小。为进一步分析浑源组与广灵组之间的差异, 首先采用PCA散点图(图 3B, R2X = 0.324, Q2 = 0.083) 以观察其分离趋势, 可以看出浑源组与广灵组无明显分离; 随后, 进行PLS-DA分析(一种有监督的模式识别方法, 可以最大限度地实现组间分离) 和模型预测。PLS-DA得分图(图 3C, R2X = 0.341, R2Y = 0.994, Q2 = 0.602) 发现, 广灵组与浑源组有分离趋势, 然而模型预测(图 3D) 显示Q2所在回归线交于纵轴正半轴, 表示该模型构建不成立。
因此后续研究将浑源与广灵组合为一组, 命名为黄芪给药组(AR), 并对空白组与黄芪给药组(AR) 间的差异进行深入分析。同样, 先采用PCA散点图(图 3E, R2X = 0.453, Q2 = 0.137) 以观察其两组的分离趋势, 可以看出给药组与空白组明显分离, 进一步采用OPLS-DA分析, 其须建立在PLS-DA模型成立的基础上。从图 3G可以看出, 排列实验中随机变量y变量产生的R2Q2排列值均小于原始值(其中, R2Q2值分别表示对数据的解释程度和对模型的预测能力) 表明模型有效可靠。基于OPLS-DA分析(图 3F, R2X = 0.302, R2Y = 0.991, Q2 = 0.758), 通过S-plot图(图 3H) 和独立样本t检验(P < 0.05), 结合VIP > 1寻找差异代谢物, 共鉴定得到19个具有显著差异的潜在生物标志物。与空白对照组相比, 异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、β-羟基丁酸、赖氨酸、乙醇胺、氧化三甲胺、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、肌苷、甲酸水平显著降低, 而乙酸、肌酸、次黄嘌呤、鹅肌肽、磷酸腺苷、牛磺酸、胍基乙酸、富马酸水平显著升高, 详细变化趋势见表 3
本课题组前期基于网络药理学技术, 首先预测黄芪的活性成分, 通过与抗疲劳靶点进行匹配映射共筛选出黄芪抗疲劳潜在靶点76个[25]。借助Metscape预测19种差异代谢物的上游靶标, 与上述76个黄芪抗疲劳潜在靶点取交集, 得到共有靶点, 将得到的黄芪抗疲劳潜在靶点、差异代谢物和对应的上游靶标以及共有靶点输入Excel表格, 建立对应关系的Network, 并获得type文件; 然后将type文件导入Cytoscape软件, 构建黄芪潜在抗疲劳靶点-共有靶点-差异代谢物相关靶标网络图, 如图 4所示, 共有309个节点, 323条边, 其中节点与拓扑网络中的度(degree) 值相关, 度值表示网络中节点的连接数, 度值越高, 则表示节点在网络中的重要性越大; 边则代表差异代谢物与黄芪潜在抗疲劳靶点的相互作用。通过拓扑运算, 最终确定5个共有靶标CHKB、GAD1、GCH1、PDE4A和SDHA的拓扑参数, 见表 4
基于黄芪潜在抗疲劳靶点和差异代谢物靶点的共有靶点, 依据它们之间的对应关系, 反推共有靶标的代谢物, 最终确定5个差异代谢物包括牛磺酸、甲酸、富马酸、AMP、乙醇胺为关键代谢物。将关键代谢物输入Metaboanalyst网站中进行通路富集分析, 结果如图 5A所示, 图中圆点越大表示该途径在整体代谢轮廓中占的比重越大, 颜色越深表示该通路越显著, 作用越明显。在此基础上, 综合Raw P值(< 0.05)、误判率(false discovery rate, FDR) 和Impact (> 0.01) 值共发现6条重要的代谢通路: 牛磺酸及次牛磺酸代谢、嘌呤代谢、酪氨酸代谢、初级胆汁酸生物合成、甘油磷脂代谢和TCA循环, 推测它们与黄芪抗疲劳作用密切相关。
与空白组相比, 黄芪给药组的GAD1基因表达量显著增加(图 5B); 黄芪给药组的GAD1蛋白含量显著增加(图 5CD)。结果表明, 黄芪水提物可通过调控GAD1干预牛磺酸与次牛磺酸代谢通路来改善小鼠的疲劳。
牛磺酸及次牛磺酸的代谢通路, 主要涉及了半胱氨酸、半胱亚磺酸、次牛磺酸以及牛磺酸等多个化合物的代谢。牛磺酸又称β-氨基乙磺酸, 是一种具有一定保健和治疗作用的内源性氨基酸, 广泛分布于动物的脑、心脏、肝、肾、骨骼、血液等组织中, 具有增强神经调节功能、调节钙稳态、抗氧化、缓解疲劳、提高免疫力等多种生物学功能[26-32]。它由含硫氨基酸如半胱氨酸、胱氨酸和蛋氨酸等在动物机体内经一系列酶促反应合成, 研究显示牛磺酸可以促进体内自由基的清除, 对脂质过氧化反应导致的疲劳具有显著改善作用[33]。牛磺酸与中药复方联合使用可发挥更好的抗疲劳作用。卢森威等[34]研究人参黄精等中药提取物与牛磺酸配伍的抗疲劳功效发现, 中药含量一定时, 抗疲劳效果随着牛磺酸配伍比例的增加而增强。在郭连芳等[35]的牛磺酸与复方淮山药合用药效研究中, 发现牛磺酸与中药合用后, 小鼠力竭游泳时间显著延长, 表明牛磺酸可使该药的抗疲劳效果增强。此外, 给予中药提取物也可使肌肉中的牛磺酸水平增加。有研究报道, 在口服黄芪后, 肌肉中牛磺酸的水平升高, 可能是由于它在运动刺激导致细胞损伤时发挥保护细胞功能及延缓骨骼肌的衰老等作用相关, 从而达到缓解疲劳的效果[36]。Wang等[37]利用气相-质谱联用技术研究丹参提取物对运动性衰竭大鼠的干预作用, 发现给予丹参后, 大鼠肌肉中牛磺酸水平升高, 使得大鼠的抗氧化能力增强, 从而达到抗疲劳的效果。Shui等[38]研究发现, 补充中药益冠健后, 血清中的牛磺酸增加, 可能反映了细胞对抗疲劳的全能量状态。本研究发现了小鼠肌肉样本的代谢轮廓中牛磺酸含量显著增加, 表明黄芪可能是通过调控牛磺酸与次牛磺酸代谢发挥抗疲劳作用, 这与前人研究结果一致。
哺乳动物中牛磺酸的合成, 主要依赖于半胱亚磺酸(CSA) 生物合成路径, 合成过程为: 半胱氨酸在半胱氨酸双加氧酶(CDO) 的作用下氧化为半胱亚磺酸, 进而在半胱亚磺酸脱羧酶(CSAD) 或谷氨酸脱羧酶1 (GAD1) 催化下脱羧生成次牛磺酸; 另半胱氨酸也可以在一些酶的催化下转化为半胱胺, 在半胱胺双加氧酶(ADO) 的催化下形成次牛磺酸; 最后次牛磺酸氧化生成牛磺酸; 半胱氨酸也可以氧化生成氧化半胱胺酸, 然后在半胱亚磺酸脱羧酶(CSAD) 或谷氨酸脱羧酶1 (GAD1) 催化下形成牛磺酸。其中GAD1是自然界中生物体内广泛存在的一种酶, 参与羧基裂解, 具有调控牛磺酸及次牛磺酸代谢的作用, 能够促进牛磺酸含量增加, 以达到缓解疲劳的作用。而牛磺酸也可以对其有正反馈调节作用, 如Santora等[39]和El Idrissi等[40]的研究中发现给予牛磺酸后, GAD1的表达水平会升高。在Liu等[41]的研究中发现GAD1主要分布于肌肉和肾脏中, 疲劳状态下肌肉中的GAD1上调, 致使牛磺酸水平上升, 从而达到缓解疲劳的作用。在本研究中, 黄芪干预后小鼠肌肉中GAD1酶和GAD1上调, 表明其在黄芪抗疲劳中发挥了重要的作用。
综上, 本研究采用1H NMR代谢组学比较评价了恒山黄芪的药效差异, 通过与网络药理学结合初步探明牛磺酸代谢是黄芪发挥抗疲劳的一个重要途径。研究结果将为黄芪的应用提供理论基础, 也为基于活性的中药质量评价提供方法参考。
1H NMR技术具有重复性好、备样简单、分析时间短、可检测大量代谢物等特点, 在代谢组学研究中占有重要的地位。但黄芪对机体的代谢影响是非常复杂的, 单一的核磁共振分析难以检测到机体内的所有代谢产物, 也就难以全面的反映黄芪对机体的系统影响, 故后续将采用液相色谱-质谱法和气相色谱-质谱法等技术对其代谢轮廓进行分析, 以期系统阐释黄芪抗疲劳作用, 并对关键靶点进行体内外实验验证。
作者贡献: 但春凤是本文的主要撰写者, 搜集资料并分析, 撰写草稿; 张庆瑜、何盼是实验的参与者; 李爱平、秦雪梅负责本文思路的提出; 李爱平指导并修改论文。所有作者阅读并认可终稿。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 山西省深度贫困县科技精准扶贫专项(2019FP-03)
  • 山西省卫生健康委员会“十大晋药”中药材质量标准规范制定和综合利用研究项目(Zyczl2020001)
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2023年第58卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0867
  • 接收时间:2022-08-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-15
  • 修回日期:2022-11-25
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山西省深度贫困县科技精准扶贫专项(2019FP-03)
山西省卫生健康委员会“十大晋药”中药材质量标准规范制定和综合利用研究项目(Zyczl2020001)
作者信息
    1.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006
    2.地产中药功效物质研究与利用山西省重点实验室, 山西 太原 030006
    3.山西大学化学生物学与分子工程教育部重点实验室, 山西 太原 030006

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*秦雪梅, Tel: 86-351-7011501, E-mail: ;
李爱平, Tel: 86-351-7018379, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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