Article(id=1198628667799732780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628666650493481, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1234, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1668528000000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-16, revisedDate=1678032000000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704943847, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1689091200000, pubDateStr=2023-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704943847, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704943847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704943847, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628666650493481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='7', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1980', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704943573, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137716668, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832456644490122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628666650493481, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832456644490123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628666650493481, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1833, endPage=1841, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628668617622061, articleId=1198628667799732780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Searching for potential biomarkers reflecting early injury and progressive of podocytes in nephropathy based on cellular metabolomics combined with ROC analysis, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The pathogenesis of the nephrotic syndrome is complex and the pathological types are diverse, so the minor symptoms in its early phases are difficult to detect. Renal biopsy is the gold indicator for the diagnosis of renal pathology and progression, but poor patient compliance shows, and the optimal treatment time is often delayed. Therefore, the discovery of biomarkers for early diagnosis and disease progression monitoring is of great clinical significance. In this study, doxorubicin-injured podocyte models were used to simulate human kidney disease at different stages of progression. LC-MS-based metabolomic technology combined with statistical methods was used to screen and identify the potential biomarkers associated with early injury or progression of podocytes. The results of cell viability, apoptosis tests and podocyte structural protein analysis showed that the model was successfully constructed, and the degree of podocyte injury was significantly different between the two modeling methods. According to VIP > 1 and P < 0.05 based on the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model, nine differential metabolites reflecting early podocyte injury and twelve differential metabolites reflecting the injury progression were screened, respectively. ROC analysis was adopted to focus on the potential biomarkers that can reflecting the early podocyte injury including L-tryptophan, guanosine triphosphate (GTP), 5′-thymidylic acid (dTMP) and thymidine, and the biomarkers reflecting the injury progression of podocytes composed of L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine acid, uridine 5′-diphosphate (UDP) and guanosine 5′-diphosphate (GDP) AUC > 0.85. It indicated that these eight metabolites may have high sensitivity and diagnostic ability. This study provides a reference for the research on biomarkers of progressive diseases.
, correspAuthors=Xue-mei QIN, Zhan-xin YAO, Wei-na GAO, Ai-ping LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yun-feng ZHU, Ting CUI, Yi-rui ZHAO, Xue-mei QIN, Zhan-xin YAO, Wei-na GAO, Ai-ping LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628669695558229, articleId=1198628667799732780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于细胞代谢组学结合ROC寻找反映肾病足细胞早期损伤及进程的潜在生物标志物, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
肾病综合征发病机制复杂, 病理类型多样, 早期症状轻微不易发觉。肾穿刺活检作为肾病病理及进程诊断的金指标, 但患者接受程度低, 常常延误最佳治疗时间。因此, 发现可用于肾病早期诊断以及能够用于反映疾病进程的生物标志物对于临床具有重要意义。本研究以多柔比星损伤的足细胞模型模拟人类不同进展时期的肾病, 采用基于LC-MS的代谢组学技术结合统计学方法筛选并鉴定体外反映肾病足细胞早期损伤以及损伤进程的潜在生物标志物。细胞活力、凋亡测试以及足细胞结构蛋白分析结果显示, 模型复制成功, 且两种造模方式下足细胞损伤程度明显不同。依据正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA) 模型VIP > 1和P < 0.05分别筛选出9个反映肾病足细胞早期损伤以及12个反映损伤进程的差异代谢物。进一步经ROC分析聚焦可用于反映肾病足细胞早期损伤的潜在生物标志物为L-色氨酸、三磷酸鸟苷(guanosine triphosphate, GTP)、胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷酸(5′-thymidylic acid, dTMP)、胸苷, 及用于监测足细胞损伤进程的潜在生物标志物为L-苯丙氨酸、L-酪氨酸、二磷酸尿苷(uridine 5′-diphosphate, UDP)、二磷酸鸟苷(guanosine 5′-diphosphate, GDP) AUC均大于0.85, 表明这8种代谢物可能具有较高的敏感性及诊断能力, 这一研究为进展性疾病相关生物标志物的研究提供参考。
, correspAuthors=秦雪梅, 姚站馨, 高蔚娜, 李爱平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=mKdHrIDRfWu/Osi4lEgPng==, magXml=BQMB0SFq3qjRwHoa4/WHdQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=rd8HhbfNI4FykAAjb5iJxw==, pdfFileSize=2816019, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=MtsK4DLnA9kiWxPfdtphDQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=VXnwFdlTPZWmZTbju8Z4WQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=朱云峰, 崔婷, 赵怡蕊, 秦雪梅, 姚站馨, 高蔚娜, 李爱平)}, authors=[Author(id=1198960093560668274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198960093657137280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, authorId=1198960093560668274, language=EN, stringName=Yun-feng ZHU, firstName=Yun-feng, middleName=null, lastName=ZHU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 3, address=1. Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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1, 3, address=1.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006
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33: 316-325., articleTitle=Chronic kidney disease is associated with attenuated plasma metabolome response to oral glucose tolerance testing, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960101630509872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, awardId=Zyczl2020001, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省卫生健康委员会“十大晋药”中药材质量标准规范制定和综合利用研究项目(Zyczl2020001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960101777310529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, awardId=82204595, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学青年基金(82204595), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960101911528274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, awardId=2019FP-03, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省深度贫困县科技精准扶贫专项(2019FP-03), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960093048963140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960093057351748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, companyId=1198960093048963140, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960093069934661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, companyId=1198960093048963140, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960093174792275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960093183180883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, companyId=1198960093174792275, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Shanxi Provincial Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Taiyuan 030006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960093195763796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, companyId=1198960093174792275, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.山西省中西医结合医院, 山西 太原 030006)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960093321592927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960093443227747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, companyId=1198960093321592927, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. Institute of Environmental and Operation Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960093455810664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, companyId=1198960093321592927, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.军事科学院军事医学研究院环境医学与作业医学研究所, 天津 300050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960099868902031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=kDn+RSvVkbBmEN3mL62z/Q==, figureFileBig=G2dhFAIvf5zEI2UBC5JKhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960100045062820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Establishment and evaluation of cellular models induced by doxorubicin. A: MTT assay detecting cell viability; B: Flow cytometry detecting cell apoptosis; C: The corresponding quantified histograms; D: Detection of podocin and nephrin protein expression levels in MPC5 cells using western blot; E: Podocine protein; F: Nephrin protein. n = 3, $\bar{x}$ ± s. ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 vs C; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs M1. C: Control group; M1: Model 1 group; M2: Model 2 group , figureFileSmall=kDn+RSvVkbBmEN3mL62z/Q==, figureFileBig=G2dhFAIvf5zEI2UBC5JKhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960100305109695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Yae6/dAivtLZ6c1RwTjHbw==, figureFileBig=2h4pz++P3dAuyFoIYQJutw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960100456104655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption=
PCA score plot (A and B), PLS-DA model verification plot (C and D) and S-plot (E and F) between the control group (C) and model 1 group (M1); A, C, E: Positive ion mode; B, D, F: Negative ion mode , figureFileSmall=Yae6/dAivtLZ6c1RwTjHbw==, figureFileBig=2h4pz++P3dAuyFoIYQJutw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960100590322393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=o95ND5UFdYKORvCQobBEKQ==, figureFileBig=LxiKdqfBsP3RCs6jrQtnjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960100791648998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption=
PCA score plot (A and B), PLS-DA model verification plot (C and D) and S-plot (E and F) between the control group (C) and model 2 group (M2); A, C, E: Positive ion mode; B, D, F: Negative ion mode , figureFileSmall=o95ND5UFdYKORvCQobBEKQ==, figureFileBig=LxiKdqfBsP3RCs6jrQtnjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960100930061045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wE83w/RDho3VAQDZSukhAw==, figureFileBig=UjUkB/+RRIA+f7ei1cYTIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960101089444610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption=
Multivariate statistical analysis of differential metabolites. A: Venn diagram of differential metabolites between different groups; B: ROC analysis of potential biomarkers reflecting injury progression; C: Metabolic pathway analysis of potential biomarkers reflecting injury progression; D: ROC analysis of potential biomarkers reflecting podocyte early injury; E: Metabolic pathway analysis of potential biomarkers reflecting podocyte early injury. CM1: The control group and model 1 group; CM2: The control group and model 2 group; M1M2: The model 1 group and model 2 group , figureFileSmall=wE83w/RDho3VAQDZSukhAw==, figureFileBig=UjUkB/+RRIA+f7ei1cYTIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960101286576910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| No. | Metabolite | Formula | m/z | RT/min | Ion | Trend |
| M1 vs C | M2 vs C | M1 vs M2 |
| 1 | N-Acetyl-DL-serine | C5H9NO4 | 146.044 7 | 2.11 | M-H | ↑ | ↑* | ↑ |
| 2 | L-Glutamic acid | C5H9NO4 | 146.045 2 | 1.45 | M-H | ↑ | ↑*** | ↑** |
| 3 | L-Phenylalanine | C9H11NO2 | 164.070 7 | 7.43 | M-H | ↑** | ↑ | ↓ |
| 4 | Uridine 5′-diphosphate | C9H14N2O12P2 | 402.991 3 | 2.14 | M-H | ↑ | ↑** | ↓** |
| 5 | Adenosine-5′-diphosphate | C10H15N5O10P2 | 426.019 6 | 2.94 | M+H | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
| 6 | Guanosine 5′-diphosphate | C10H15N5O11P2 | 442.013 6 | 2.10 | M-H | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
| 7 | Adenosine triphosphate | C10H16N5O13P3 | 505.983 7 | 3.24 | M+H | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ |
| 8 | Uridine-5-diphospho-α-D-galactose | C15H24N2O17P2 | 565.044 4 | 2.07 | M-H | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ |
| 9 | Uridine 5′-monophosphate | C9H9NO3 | 178.049 6 | 9.94 | M+H | ↑* | ↓ | ↓ |
| 10 | L-Tyrosine | C9H11NO3 | 180.065 4 | 5.06 | M-H | ↑** | ↑ | ↓** |
| 11 | S-Adenosylhomocysteine | C14H20N6O5S | 383.110 5 | 6.88 | M-H | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
| 12 | Adenosine monophosphate | C10H14N5O7P | 346.052 0 | 2.70 | M+H | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ |
| 13 | L-Lactic acid | C3H6O3 | 89.025 4 | 2.53 | M-H | ↑ | - | - |
| 14 | L-Tryptophan | C11H12N2O2 | 203.080 7 | 8.53 | M-H | ↑* | - | - |
| 15 | Uridine 5′-monophosphate | C9H13N2O9P | 323.026 1 | 2.16 | M-H | ↓ | - | - |
| 16 | Succinic acid | C4H6O4 | 117.019 0 | 4.26 | M-H | ↑* | - | - |
| 17 | Ureidosuccinic acid | C5H8N2O5 | 175.033 5 | 2.00 | M-H | ↓** | - | - |
| 18 | Thymidine | C10H14N2O5 | 241.080 7 | 7.42 | M-H | ↑*** | - | - |
| 19 | 5′-Thymidylic acid | C10H15N2O8P | 321.045 9 | 5.88 | M-H | ↑*** | - | - |
| 20 | Inosinic acid | C10H13N4O8P | 347.035 7 | 2.83 | M-H | ↓ | - | - |
| 21 | Guanosine triphosphate | C10H16N5O14P3 | 523.996 5 | 1.84 | M+H | ↑* | - | - |
| 22 | Pyroglutamic acid | C5H7NO3 | 128.035 1 | 3.57 | M-H | - | ↓ | - |
| 23 | Citric acid | C6H8O7 | 191.018 1 | 3.18 | M-H | - | ↑ | - |
| 24 | Cytidine triphosphate | C9H16N3O14P3 | 481.974 7 | 1.44 | M-H | - | ↑ | - |
| 25 | 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid | C5H7NO2 | 112.039 8 | 2.05 | M-H | - | ↑* | - |
| 26 | Flavin mononucleotide | C17H21N4O9P | 455.092 9 | 9.08 | M-H | - | ↑ | - |
| 27 | Ketoleucine | C6H10O3 | 129.055 1 | 9.15 | M-H | - | ↓ | - |
| 28 | Flavin adenine dinucleotide | C27H33N9O15P2 | 784.144 2 | 8.32 | M+H | - | ↓ | - |
| 29 | Spermidine | C7H19N3 | 146.165 0 | 1.21 | M+H | - | ↓ | - |
| 30 | Oleamide | C18H35NO | 282.279 7 | 21.23 | M+H | - | ↓* | - |
), ArticleFig(id=1198960101387240218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628667799732780, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=
Summary of biomarkers in the C group vs M1 group or vs M2 group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| No. | Metabolite | Formula | m/z | RT/min | Ion | Trend |
| M1 vs C | M2 vs C | M1 vs M2 |
| 1 | N-Acetyl-DL-serine | C5H9NO4 | 146.044 7 | 2.11 | M-H | ↑ | ↑* | ↑ |
| 2 | L-Glutamic acid | C5H9NO4 | 146.045 2 | 1.45 | M-H | ↑ | ↑*** | ↑** |
| 3 | L-Phenylalanine | C9H11NO2 | 164.070 7 | 7.43 | M-H | ↑** | ↑ | ↓ |
| 4 | Uridine 5′-diphosphate | C9H14N2O12P2 | 402.991 3 | 2.14 | M-H | ↑ | ↑** | ↓** |
| 5 | Adenosine-5′-diphosphate | C10H15N5O10P2 | 426.019 6 | 2.94 | M+H | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
| 6 | Guanosine 5′-diphosphate | C10H15N5O11P2 | 442.013 6 | 2.10 | M-H | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
| 7 | Adenosine triphosphate | C10H16N5O13P3 | 505.983 7 | 3.24 | M+H | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ |
| 8 | Uridine-5-diphospho-α-D-galactose | C15H24N2O17P2 | 565.044 4 | 2.07 | M-H | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ |
| 9 | Uridine 5′-monophosphate | C9H9NO3 | 178.049 6 | 9.94 | M+H | ↑* | ↓ | ↓ |
| 10 | L-Tyrosine | C9H11NO3 | 180.065 4 | 5.06 | M-H | ↑** | ↑ | ↓** |
| 11 | S-Adenosylhomocysteine | C14H20N6O5S | 383.110 5 | 6.88 | M-H | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
| 12 | Adenosine monophosphate | C10H14N5O7P | 346.052 0 | 2.70 | M+H | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ |
| 13 | L-Lactic acid | C3H6O3 | 89.025 4 | 2.53 | M-H | ↑ | - | - |
| 14 | L-Tryptophan | C11H12N2O2 | 203.080 7 | 8.53 | M-H | ↑* | - | - |
| 15 | Uridine 5′-monophosphate | C9H13N2O9P | 323.026 1 | 2.16 | M-H | ↓ | - | - |
| 16 | Succinic acid | C4H6O4 | 117.019 0 | 4.26 | M-H | ↑* | - | - |
| 17 | Ureidosuccinic acid | C5H8N2O5 | 175.033 5 | 2.00 | M-H | ↓** | - | - |
| 18 | Thymidine | C10H14N2O5 | 241.080 7 | 7.42 | M-H | ↑*** | - | - |
| 19 | 5′-Thymidylic acid | C10H15N2O8P | 321.045 9 | 5.88 | M-H | ↑*** | - | - |
| 20 | Inosinic acid | C10H13N4O8P | 347.035 7 | 2.83 | M-H | ↓ | - | - |
| 21 | Guanosine triphosphate | C10H16N5O14P3 | 523.996 5 | 1.84 | M+H | ↑* | - | - |
| 22 | Pyroglutamic acid | C5H7NO3 | 128.035 1 | 3.57 | M-H | - | ↓ | - |
| 23 | Citric acid | C6H8O7 | 191.018 1 | 3.18 | M-H | - | ↑ | - |
| 24 | Cytidine triphosphate | C9H16N3O14P3 | 481.974 7 | 1.44 | M-H | - | ↑ | - |
| 25 | 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid | C5H7NO2 | 112.039 8 | 2.05 | M-H | - | ↑* | - |
| 26 | Flavin mononucleotide | C17H21N4O9P | 455.092 9 | 9.08 | M-H | - | ↑ | - |
| 27 | Ketoleucine | C6H10O3 | 129.055 1 | 9.15 | M-H | - | ↓ | - |
| 28 | Flavin adenine dinucleotide | C27H33N9O15P2 | 784.144 2 | 8.32 | M+H | - | ↓ | - |
| 29 | Spermidine | C7H19N3 | 146.165 0 | 1.21 | M+H | - | ↓ | - |
| 30 | Oleamide | C18H35NO | 282.279 7 | 21.23 | M+H | - | ↓* | - |
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